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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Transferts de charge et de la SEI“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Transferts de charge et de la SEI"
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Feldman, Marion, Yoram Mouchenik, and Marie Rose Moro. "Prise en charge des dyades mère traumatisée-bébé: une contrainte à la pensée et à la pratique." Revista Latinoamericana de Psicopatologia Fundamental 18, no. 2 (2015): 253–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1415-4714.2015v18n2p253.5.
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Dans le champ de la protection de l’enfance, la prise en charge de certaines dyades mère-bébé met en difficultés les professionnels et on constate une mise en échec des suivis. L’objectif est de montrer qu’il faut penser un soin plus adapté pour ces dyades. Au travers de la présentation d’une situation clinique et de son suivi, les auteurs montrent l’impact des traumas vécus par une mère dans son pays d’origine sur le développement de son bébé né en France, et de quelles façons ces traumas contaminent également les professionnels prenant en charge la dyade. Les contre-transferts négatifs peuvent créer parfois des divergences de points de vue dans les prises en charge et mettre en échec le soin proposé aux dyades mère-bébé. Ces contre-transferts témoignent d’un “partage du traumatisme”...
2
Kobayashi, Karen. "Vern L. Bengtson and Ariela Lowenstein (Eds.). Global Aging and Challenges to Families. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter, 2003." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 23, no. 4 (2004): 375–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cja.2005.0023.
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RÉSUMÉCette collection éditée contient les essais d'auteurs de neuf pays qui analysent les retombées du vieillissement de la population sur les familles aux niveaux individuel, collectif et socio-structurel. Fondés sur la notion de perspectives du tracé de vie et de la modernisation, les thèmes clés comprennent, notamment : 1) l'importance continué de la solidarité familiale et intergénérationnelle dans la vie des personnes âgées; 2) l'incidence de la longévité croissante des aînés sur la prise en charge par les familles; 3) la diversité et la complexité croissantes des relations familiales, et leur incidence sur les transferts et le soutien intergénérationnels; 4) les rapports entre attentes et attitudes et transferts et soutien intergénérationnels; et 5) les liens d'interdépendance entre la solidarité publique (d'État) et privée (la famille). L'ouvrage, qui réunit les perspectives diverses d'un groupe de chercheurs internationaux spécialisés dans le trajet de vie et le vieillissement, permet d'amorcer un débat mondial sur des sujets émergents, tels que le rôle du capital social dans la création de réseaux sociaux pour les personnes âgées prises en charge par leur famille, et l'importance de la nature et du sens des transferts privés sur la solidarité intergénérationnelle et le bien-être des familles.
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SAUVET, F., S. BANZET, N. KOULMANN, and L. BOURDON. "Transferts de chaleur et coup de chaleur d’exercice. Applications à l’hyperthermie d’exercice et au refroidissement." Médecine et Armées Vol. 40 No. 3, Volume 40, Numéro 3 (June 1, 2012): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17184/eac.6612.
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L’hyperthermie d’exercice est par définition l’un des éléments constitutifs du coup de chaleur d'exercice. Elle résulte de la conjonction de facteurs intrinsèques, tels que le niveau d’adaptation à la chaleur et l’état de fatigue, et extrinsèques : l’intensité et la durée de l’effort, les conditions météorologiques et les facteurs vestimentaires. Les facteurs extrinsèques sont discutés sous l’angle des modifications aux transferts de chaleur qu’ils imposent entre le corps et son environnement. La compréhension des mécanismes de ces transferts de chaleur permet aussi d’optimiser les moyens de refroidissement à mettre en oeuvre sur le terrain, dans les moyens d’évacuation et à l’hôpital, lors de la prise en charge du coup de chaleur d'exercice.
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Richard, François. "Transferts et contre-transfert dans les prises en charge multifocales." Revue de psychothérapie psychanalytique de groupe 21, no. 1 (1993): 167–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rppg.1993.1215.
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Cet article envisage les translations latérales du transfert au cours des prises en charge multifocales en institution médico-psychologique ainsi que le risque de clivage entre la psychothérapie psychanalytique et les autres types d’intervention thérapeutique, ce qui introduit à une conception polytopique de l’Inconscient. Dans une première partie est étudiée la virtualité polytopique du transfert, les contre-attitudes et contre-transfert s ainsi suscités, à propos de plusieurs exemples cliniques. Quelques conclusions techniques sont proposées. La réflexion est ensuite élargie à une tentative de contribution à la théorie du transfert et du contre-transfert dès lors que l’on conçoit l’Inconscient tout à la fois comme société interne où entrent en relation des objets internalisés et comme projection des instances topiques individuelles. Le contre-transfert se voit alors défini comme spécification mais aussi comme point aveugle des transferts du patient. Les prises en charges multifocales contribuent à l’analyse des nœuds intersubjectifs et des alliances inconscientes qui lient un sujet à son symptôme. La théorie de leur technique peut contribuer à un projet de métapsychologie du sujet maillon de la chaîne généalogique et membre du groupe, c’est-à-dire à une métapsychologie de l’intersubjectivité transindividuelle.
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Chollet-Xémard, C., D. Michel, P. Szuster, D. Cervellin, and E. Lecarpentier. "Retour d’expérience des transferts en HéliSmur de patients Covid-19." Annales françaises de médecine d’urgence 10, no. 4-5 (2020): 266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/afmu-2020-0262.
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L’augmentation du nombre d’hospitalisations en réanimation de patients graves atteints de la Covid-19 a nécessité le transfert d’un certain nombre d’entre eux vers des régions moins touchées que le Grand Est et l’Île-de-France afin de ne pas dégrader la qualité des soins. Les HéliSmur ont fait partie intégrante du dispositif d’évacuation de ces patients. Utilisés au quotidien, ils ont confirmé leur utilisation en cas de crise où la problématique des élongations est une difficulté. Cependant, le recours aux HéliSmur a nécessité une adaptation de tous à de nouvelles modalités opérationnelles. Le transport de patients critiques, le port d’un équipement de protection individuelle par l’équipe médicale et les membres d’équipage ainsi que les procédures renforcées de bionettoyage ont impacté les temps d’intervention mais aussi la charge mentale des personnes à bord. La mise en place d’équipes médicales dédiées et rompues aux transferts héliportés a permis d’optimiser la prise en charge complexe de ces patients tant sur le plan médical qu’aéronautique. Nous présentons notre retour d’expérience des transferts en HéliSmur que nous avons réalisés au départ de la région francilienne.
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Wolff, François-Charles. "Les transferts ascendants au Bangladesh, une décision familiale?" Articles 82, no. 1-2 (2006): 271–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/013472ar.
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Résumé Cet article apporte un éclairage sur la prise de décision dans la famille, dans le domaine des transferts versés par les enfants adultes à leurs parents âgés. D’un côté, un enfant doit composer avec son éventuel conjoint pour s’occuper de ses parents et beaux-parents. De l’autre, chaque enfant peut compter sur un éventuel soutien de ses frères et soeurs pour la prise en charge des ascendants. Nous cherchons ici à savoir dans quelle mesure il importe de prendre en compte ces effets de fratrie pour comprendre les solidarités ascendantes. Nous examinons l’existence d’éventuels arrangements intrafamiliaux à partir de l’enquête MHSS réalisée en 1996 au Bangladesh. Nos résultats économétriques pour les transferts ascendants indiquent que les comportements des frères et soeurs ne sont pas indépendants les uns des autres.
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Lagergren, Mårten. "Transfers between Levels of Care in a System of Long-term Care for the Elderly and Disabled." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 15, no. 1 (1996): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0714980800013313.
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RÉSUMÉLes modes de référence de patients entre différents niveaux de soins dans un système local de soins de longue durée pour personnes âgées et handicapées sont décrits et analysés à l'aide des données collectées de 1985 à 1991 dans la commune de Solna grâce au système de contrôle appelé ASIM. Ces références entre niveaux de soins avaient lieu dans les deux sens, mais la fréquence des transferts vers le bas était faible comparée au nombre de transferts vers le haut – en particulier pour les foyers-logements et les résidences-hôtels. Pour tous les niveaux de soins, on a constaté de grandes variations dans le degré d'incapacité des personnes prises en charge, suggérant le charactère non-systématique des procédés d'évaluation lors de l'admission dans les services de soins. Une analyse des changements intervenus avec le temps dans les modes de référence a illustré l'interdepéndence des différents niveaux des soins. La réduction des ressources des services de soins hospitaliers de longue durée a eu pour résultats un arrêt presque total des références à partir des résidences-hôtels et une augmentation générale de l'incapacité moyenne des patients pris en charge.
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Cigno, Alessandro, and Anna Pettini. "Traitement fiscal optimal des familles quand la fécondité est endogène." Textes d’analyse 75, no. 1-2-3 (2009): 239–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/602291ar.
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RÉSUMÉ Les effets et le choix optimal d’instruments de politique destinés aux familles (allocations pour enfants à charge, taxes sur les biens consommés spécifiquement par les enfants, etc.) sont analysés à l’aide d’un modèle économique où les ménages possèdent un choix en matière de fécondité. Quand la fécondité est un facteur endogène, nous obtenons des résultats remarquables si nous considérons simultanément les avantages pour enfants à charge et l’imposition du revenu et de la consommation. Entre autres, les différentes capacités des familles à élever des enfants et, par conséquent, toutes choses étant égales par ailleurs, les variations du nombre d’enfants, peuvent ne pas être pertinentes d’un point de vue fiscal si l’État peut effectuer des transferts forfaitaires (impôts/subventions) personnalisés aux familles. Plus surprenant encore, on peut montrer que, si l’État est dans l’impossibilité de procéder à des transferts forfaitaires personnalisés, mais qu’il est en mesure de distinguer les biens consommés exclusivement par les enfants de ceux qui sont propres aux adultes, il pourrait alors être optimal d’imposer selon le nombre d’enfants et de subventionner les biens propres aux enfants (c’est-à-dire d’aider financièrement les parents de manière à les inciter à dépenser davantage pour chaque enfant mis au monde, plutôt que de les amener à avoir plus d’enfants et à lésiner quand il s’agit de subvenir à leurs besoins).
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Doyen-Lang, S., L. Lang, A. Charlier, M. F. charlier, and E. McRae. "Calcul des energies et transferts de charge des mercurographitures KHgC4 et RbHgC4 par une methode quantique." Carbon 32, no. 6 (1994): 1059–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(94)90215-1.
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Maillet, Grégoire M., Guillaume Raccasi, Mireille Provansal, et al. "Transferts sédimentaires dans le Bas-Rhône depuis le milieu du 19e siècle : essai de quantification." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 61, no. 1 (2009): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/029569ar.
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Résumé En raison des contraintes géographiques et hydrographiques qui le caractérisent (influence des affluents méditerranéens, affaiblissement du profil longitudinal, proximité du niveau marin), le Bas-Rhône présente une tendance historique au stockage des sédiments dans sa plaine d’inondation, responsable de la progradation de la plaine deltaïque. Il constitue aujourd’hui une zone-clé essentielle à la compréhension des relations entre le bassin-versant et le milieu océanique, aussi bien pour le transfert de la charge sédimentaire que pour les différents polluants dont celle-ci est le vecteur. Il apparaît donc nécessaire de déterminer quelle est sa capacité de transfert et quelle part du transit sédimentaire est stockée dans les différents compartiments de cet espace. Les données utilisées sont issues de sources bibliographiques directes (mesures in situ, travaux de quantification) et indirectes (superposition de cartes bathymétriques, reconstitution de l’historique des débits). Disponibles à diverses échelles temporelles et spatiales, ces sources permettent de proposer un bilan du fonctionnement sédimentaire depuis 150 ans et d’analyser les discontinuités du transit particulaire, en tenant compte de la part du stockage (permanent ou temporaire) dans les lits fluviaux et du transfert vers l’embouchure, puis le littoral et la plate-forme continentale. Ce bilan démontre que le Rhône actuel est un bon conducteur de sa charge solide jusqu’à l’embouchure et que cette dernière stocke de moins en moins le flux sédimentaire. Ce fonctionnement est interprété comme étant la conséquence des aménagements qui contraignent l’écoulement fluvial depuis le milieu de 19e siècle.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Transferts de charge et de la SEI"
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Roustan, Hervé. "Modélisation des transferts couples de charge et de chaleur dans un électrolyseur industriel de production de fluor." Grenoble INPG, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPG0079.
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Ce travail décrit la conception du modèle numérique du comportement électrique et thermique des cellules industrielles d'électrolyse du fluor de la société comurhex. Le but de cette étude est de déterminer les vecteurs densité de courant, le potentiel électrique et les isothermes dans l'électrolyseur. La modélisation a été conduite pas à pas dans le but de séparer les difficultés. En premier lieu, un modèle électrique de l'électrolyseur a été élaboré. Pour sa mise au point, il a été nécessaire de surmonter de nombreuses difficultés. En particulier, le traitement de la discontinuité du potentiel à travers les interfaces anode/bain, à cause des surtensions a été une grosse difficulté. Ensuite, un nouveau modèle couplant les équations d'électricité et de thermique (en conduction uniquement) a été construit. Cependant, ce modèle n'était pas satisfaisant car il négligeait les phénomènes de convection qui sont prépondérants dans le transfert thermique au sein de la cellule. C'est pourquoi, un dernier modèle incluant les précédentes équations et celles de Navier-stokes a été créé. Ce modèle prend en compte le dégagement gazeux aux électrodes. Ce dernier modèle donne de très bons résultats et tout particulièrement en ce qui concerne le transfert thermique. Ce modèle est un outil très utile pour la compréhension du comportement de la cellule. C'est un outil performant pour l'optimisation de l'électrolyseur ou pour la conception d'une nouvelle cellule
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Dellali, Emna. "Étude théorique et expérimentale des écoulements oscillants alternés d’un gaz au sein de micro et milli-régénérateurs de moteur Stirling." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCD023.
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Le présent travail concerne l’étude thermique et fluidique d’un régénérateur thermique de moteur Stirling aux échelles millimétrique et micrométrique. Il s’intègre dans le cadre du projet MISTIC (Micro Stirling Clusters) financé par l’ANR. Le régénérateur thermique étudié permet de limiter les apports en énergie externe au système en recyclant la quantité de chaleur rejetée pendant le cycle thermodynamique. La conception des structures miniatures du régénérateur a été conditionnée par le procédé de fabrication choisi.Les porosités étudiées varient entre ε = 0, 8 et 0, 9 pour un facteur de forme égal à F.F = 0, 3. A l’issue des simulations numériques et des essais expérimentaux réalisés sur les prototypes micrométrique et millimétrique du régénérateur, nous avons pu mettre en évidence respectivement l’effet de la porosité, de la course du piston, des fréquences d’écoulement et du gradient thermique imposé sur les performances thermofluidiques du régénérateur. Par ailleurs, des corrélations du coefficient de perte de charge ont été établies et confrontées à celles présentes dans la littérature. Nous avons également quantifié la puissance de pompage requise pour la circulation alternative du fluide pendant un cycle thermique qui s’est avérée tributaire de la porosité, de la course du piston ainsi que de la fréquence de l’écoulement. Le calcul des efficacités thermiques du régénérateur a été menée sur les deux phases d’accumulation et de restitution de l’énergie thermique au cours du cycle thermodynamique. Nous avons établi une diminution de l’efficacité thermique en fonction du nombre de Reynolds de l’écoulement sans pour autant obtenir de résultats concluants quant à l’effet de la porosité. Une estimation de la figure de mérite a montré une tendance globale croissante du rapport pertes de charges/transferts thermiques en fonction du nombre de Reynolds de l’écoulement<br>The present work presents a thermofluidic study of a Stirling engine regenerator both at the micro and millimeter scales within the framework of the MISTIC (Micro Stirling Clusters) project financed by the ANR. The studied thermal regenerator allows to limit external energy supply to the system by recycling the heat rejected during the thermodynamic cycle. It is composed of a staggered-pillars matrix crossed by an oscillatory gas flow. The design of the miniature structures of the regenerator was conditioned by the chosen manufacturing process. The micro-regenerator design was conditioned by the chosen manufacturing process. The investigated porosities vary between ε = 0.8 and 0.9 for a shape factor equal to F.F = 0.3. The numerical simulations and experimental results for both prototype scales highlight the effects of the porosity, the piston stroke, the gas flow frequencies and the thermal gradient on the regenerator thermofluidic performances. Besides, correlations of the pressure loss coefficient were established and confronted with those available in the literature. We also calculated the pumping power required during a thermal cycle which depends on the porosity, the piston stroke as well as the gas flow frequency. The calculation of thermal efficiencies of the regenerator was led on both phases of heat store and heat refund. We established a decrease of the thermal efficiency according to the number of Reynolds, no concluding results were obtained for the effect of the porosity. A rough estimation of the figure of merit showed an increase of the pressure drop to thermal heat loss ratio according to an increasing Reynolds number of the gas flow
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Rabab, Houssam. "Modeling of sodium-ion batteries for on-board diagnosis of their states of charge and health." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Compiègne, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COMP2809.
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La thèse présente un modèle basé sur la physique pour les cellules sodium-ion de type NVPF/HC. Le modèle tient compte des complexités de la modélisation de ces cellules, notamment à cause de leurs non-linéarités liées au courant, à la température et à l'état de charge (State of charge : SoC). La structure du modèle est un circuit équivalent amélioré par des concepts utilisés dans les modèles à particules uniques (Single particle model : SPM) pour former une structure ECM-SPe, adaptée aux diagnostics de SoC et d'état de santé (State of health : SoH). La structure ECM-SPe sépare les effets de la diffusion en phase solide et en phase liquide. Il est montré que la modélisation classique des effets de diffusion en phase solide par une impédance entraîne de nombreuses difficultés. En remplacement, une approche novatrice est proposée en utilisant des décalages en SoC de la tension en circuit ouvert (Open circuit voltage : OCV). Ces décalages sont en lien direct avec les phénomènes électrochimiques, ce qui permet la mise en place de modèles de non-linéarités physiques. La structure ECM-SPe caractérise divers phénomènes électrochimiques sous forme de contributions de tension : surtension ohmique ou statique (Vs), surtension de surface (Vsurf) qui comprend les surtensions des transferts de charge et de l'interphase solide-électrolyte (Solid-electrolyte interphase : SEI), surtension de diffusion en phase liquide (Vld) et la tension d'équilibre de surface (Surface equilibrium voltage : SEV). Des modèles analytiques pour les non-linéarités en courant, en température et en SoC sont proposés pour chaque contribution de tension. Ces modèles des non-linéarités sont basés sur des équations théoriques et empiriques pour caractériser les paramètres du modèle sans recours à des tables d'interpolation. Le modèle NVPF/HC est l'ensemble de la structure ECM-SPe avec les modèles des non-linéarités des contributions en tension. La thèse détaille les protocoles expérimentaux pour la détermination des paramètres, ce qui comprend des tests à courant constant, des créneaux de courant, et des spectroscopies d'impédance, réalisés sous divers courants, températures et SoC. La performance du modèle est validée par des comparaisons avec des données expérimentales, démontrant des résultats prometteurs. En plus, le modèle NVPF/HC peut servir comme un outil de diagnostic des transferts de charge et de la SEI en séparant leurs non-linéarités en courant, température et en SoC. Le modèle montre sa fiabilité pour estimer la tension de la cellule dans des applications à courant variable, avec de bonnes performances à des courants allant jusqu'à ±5C et des températures au-dessus de 5 °C. L'étude souligne également la nécessité de développer des tests de caractérisation distincts pour les contributions de diffusion solide et liquide<br>The thesis presents a physics-based model for sodium-ion cells of the NVPF/HC type. The model takes into account the complexities involved in modeling these cells, notably due to their nonlinearities in current, temperature and state of charge (SoC). The model structure is an equivalent circuit enhanced by concepts used in single particle models (SPM) to form an ECM-SPe structure, suitable for diagnosis of the SoC and the state nof health (SoH) of the cell. The ECM-SPe structure separates the effects of solid-phase and liquid-phase diffusion. It is shown that classical modeling of solid-phase diffusion effects by impedance leads to numerous difficulties. As a replacement, an innovative approach is proposed using shifts in SoC of the open circuit voltage (OCV). These shifts are directly related to electrochemical phenomena, enabling the implementation of physical nonlinearity models. The ECM-SPe structure characterizes various electrochemical phenomena as voltage contributions: ohmic or static overvoltage (Vs), surface overvoltage (Vsurf) which includes charge transfers and the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) overvoltages, liquid phase diffusion overvoltage (Vld) and the surface equilibrium voltage (SEV). Analytical models for current, temperature and SoC nonlinearities are proposed for each voltage contribution. These nonlinearity models are based on physical and empirical equations to characterize the model parameters without the use of lookup tables. The NVPF/HC model consists of the ECM-SPe structure with the nonlinearity models for the voltage contributions. The PhD details experimental protocols for parameter determination, which include constant current tests, pulse tests, and impedance spectroscopies, performed under various currents, temperatures and SoC. The performance of the model is validated by comparisons with experimental data, demonstrating promising results. In addition, the NVPF/HC model can be used as a diagnostic tool for charge transfers and SEI by separating their nonlinearities in current, temperature and SoC. The NVPF/HC model shows its reliability for estimating the cell voltage in variablecurrent applications, with good performance at currents up to ±5C and temperatures above 5 ◦C. The study also highlights the need to develop distinct characterization tests for solid and liquid diffusion contributions
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Albrecht, Antoine. "Étude numérique des transferts dynamiques et thermiques au sein d'un mélange turbulent gaz-goutte-particule : application à la zone d'injection de charge d'un réacteur à lit fluidisé de FCC." Toulouse, INPT, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPT026H.
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L'objectif de ce travail est d'améliorer la compréhension et la modélisation Eulerienne de l'écoulement turbulent triphasique gaz-goutte-particule qui siège dans la zone d'injection de charge d'un réacteur à lit fluidisé de FCC. Deux types de calcul numérique sont réalisés : une méthode Euler-Euler moyennées (résolution des équations Euleriennes moyennées) et une méthode Euler-Lagrange directe (suivi Lagrangien des inclusions et résolution directe de la phase porteuse). L'approche Euler-Euler retenue met en œuvre une adaptation à l'écoulement triphasique considéré des équations moyennées du modèle à deux fluides avec transfert de masse et de chaleur. Appliquée à la simulation [], elle a permis une étude qualitative de l'écoulement dans le riser et une caractérisation plus fine des mécanismes de transfert gaz-goutte-particule []Une étude des couplages dans cette zone et une validation de l'adaptation du modèle à deux fluides utilisée ont ensuite été entreprises par expérimentation numérique. Ce type de simulation utilise une approche Euler-Lagrange [] et effectue un suivi [] avec une approximation du type "point-force" pour les transferts gaz-inclusions. Basée sur une série de simulations diphasiques gaz-goutte, une étude de sensibilité à différents facteurs tels que le couplage inverse dynamique, le glissement moyen ou la variance initiale de température du gaz, a préalablement été menée afin d'en permettre une meilleure compréhension. Des calculs d'une configuration locale gaz-goutte-particule définie à partir de la simulation moyenne ont ensuite été réalisés. Ils ont permis une caractérisation plus précise de l'écoulement local et la validation a priori d'hypothèses adoptées pour la simulation moyennée telles que l'équilibre dynamique local gaz-goutte ou le caractère négligeable des tranferts thermiques par collision particule-goutte. [] Une analyse plus poussée a été entreprise pour l'équation de variance de température des inclusions dont le modèle de fermeture standard devient inefficace en présence d'un glissement moyen inter-phase important ou d'une variance de température du gaz insuffisante. Une première correction de ce modèle a été proposée et testée a priori et a posteriori.
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Whitbeck, John. "Réseaux mobiles opportunistes : visualisation, modélisation et application aux transferts de charge." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066304.
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Les appareils communicants sans fil se fondent de plus en plus dans notre vie quotidienne. Ceux-ci forment de nouveaux réseaux opportunistes qui permettent à des données de circuler entre des réseaux sans fils hétérogènes, désorganisés et souvent peu fiables. Partant de nouvelles techniques d'analyse sur les graphes dynamiques, cette thèse propose et développe un cas d'application prometteur des réseaux opportunistes: les transferts de charge entre réseaux. L'analyse des graphes de connectivité temporels se révèle difficile. Dans cette thèse, nous développons la notion de mobilité plausible, qui infère, a partir d'un trace de contacts donnée, une trace de mobilité compatible. De plus, nous définissons le concept de graphes d'accessibilité qui indiquent la connectivité spatio-temporelle. Appliqués aux jeux de données usuels, ils montrent qu'il est impossible d'atteindre des taux d'acheminement acceptables pour des communications point-à-point mais que la taille de l'ensemble minimal couvrant tend à n'être qu'une petite fraction du nombre total de noeuds. Ainsi, nous montrons comment les réseaux opportunistes peuvent être utilisés pour transférer de façon significative la charge de trafic dans des situation où deux technologies radios coexistent, l'une étant typiquement pervasive, à faible débit et chère, tandis que l'autre est à portée plus courte mais avec des débits plus élevés et un coût moindre voire nul. Cette dernière forme le réseau opportuniste que sera utilisé pour disséminer la majorité du contenu, tandis que la première sert à la fois de canal de contrôle et canal de secours pour palier aux carences de connectivité du réseau opportuniste<br>Wireless communicating devices are everywhere and increasingly blend into our everyday lives, they form new opportunistic networks that allow data to flow across often unreliable, unorganized, and heterogeneous wireless networks. By developing new analysis techniques for temporal dynamic graphs, this thesis proposes and implements a strong use-case for opportunistic networks: data offloading. Analyzing real-life connectivity graphs is difficult. In this thesis, we develop the plausible mobility approach, which infers, from a given contact trace, a compatible node mobility. Furthermore, we define reachability graphs that capture space-time connectivity. When applied to common contact traces, they show that acceptable delivery ratios for point-to-point communications are often out of reach, regardless of the DTN routing protocol, but that the size of the space-time dominating set tends to be a small fraction of the total number of nodes. Accordingly, we show how opportunistic networks may be used to significantly offload broadcast traffic in situations were two radio technologies coexist, typically a pervasive, low-bitrate, and expensive radio, alongside a shorter-range, high-bitrate, and cheaper one. The latter forms the opportunistic network that is used for disseminating most of the content, whereas the former serves both as a control channel for monitoring and as a data channel for bridging the connectivity gaps in the opportunistic network. In this thesis we propose Push-and-Track, a mobility-agnostic framework that leverages an opportunistic network to reliably disseminate content to large numbers of mobile nodes, while minimizing the load on the pervasive radio
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Goudy, Violaine. "Synthèse, caractérisation et réactivité de composés polymétalliques pour la photochimie et les transferts de charge." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENCM0016/document.
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Ces travaux s'inscrivent dans le cadre général de la conversion et du stockage de l'énergie lumineuse. Ces systèmes nécessitent généralement l'association de plusieurs constituants comme un photo-sensibilisateur couplé à un centre métallique secondaire activable et présentant des propriétés catalytiques. Le verrou principal de ces systèmes réside dans l'efficacité du transfert de charge photo-induit. Afin de progresser dans la compréhension fondamentale du transfert de charge photo-induit, le comportement électrochimique et photo-physique d'espèces moléculaires a été comparé à celui de polymères de coordination analogues.La mise au point d'une voie de synthèse permettant l'accès aux espèces moléculaires bimétalliques via un ligand pontant et à leurs polymères de coordinations analogues a été la première étape de ces travaux. Les études électrochimiques et photo-physiques des espèces moléculaires intégrant un ou deux photo-sensibilisateurs ont permis de mettre en évidence des caractéristiques importantes pour un transfert de charge photo-induit. Ainsi, l'impact de certains aspects de la nature et de la structure des complexes et des ligands (ancillaires et pontants) sur les propriétés physicochimiques a pu être déterminé. La complexation du centre métallique activable (cobalt) aboutit à une chute importante du temps de vie de l'état excité traduisant une communication électronique entre les deux centres métalliques. L'insertion de groupements électro-donneurs sur les ligands ancillaires du photo-sensibilisateur induit un transfert d'électron favorisé vers le second centre métallique. L'étude a ensuite été portée sur les polymères de coordination (PC) analogues. Deux types de PC ont été développés, un premier où les nœuds du réseau sont uniquement des entités photo-sensibilisatrices, le catalyseur étant complexé au ligand organique pontant, un deuxième constitué d'une alternance régulière de nœuds photosensibles et de nœuds catalytiques. Ces composés, de nature amorphe, ont été synthétisés et leurs propriétés photo-physiques ont été étudiées. Enfin, des tests catalytiques de réduction de CO2 et de proton ont été réalisés sur différents composés moléculaires et polymères de coordination<br>This work falls within the global project of the light energy conversion and storage. These systems require the association of several molecular constituents as a photosensitizer coupled to a catalyst. In order to improve the fundamental understanding on photo-induced charge transfer, the photo-physical behavior of molecular species was compared to their coordination polymers analogs. The first step of this work was to develop a synthetic pathway leading to bimetallic molecular species through an organic bridging ligand and to their coordination polymers analogs. The electro-chemical and photo-chemical studies of molecular species incorporating one or two photosensitizing units highlight the essential parameters for a photo-induced charge transfer. The effect of the nature and structure of the complexes and the ligands (ancillary ligands and bridging ligands) on physico-chemical properties was studied. Complexation of cobalt induces a significant drop of the excited state lifetime assigned to an electronic communication between the two metallic centers. Incorporation of electro-donating substituents on the ancillary ligands linked to the photosensitizer unit leads to a better electron transfer to the second metal center. Then the study was focussed on the coordination polymer (PC) analogs. Two kinds of PC were synthesized, a first one incorporating only photosensitizing units as nodes, the catalyst being coordinated to the organic ligand, a second one with photosensitizing and catalytic units as nodes. These amorphous materials were synthesized and their photo-physical properties were studied. Finally the first attempts for the photo reduction of CO2and protons were realized on molecular species and coordination polymers
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Verbanck, Michel. "Transferts de la charge particulaire dans l'égout principal de la ville de Bruxelles." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212578.
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Mermond, Yannick. "Transferts de chaleur dans un mélange constitué de fluide frigorigène et d'huile." Nancy 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NAN10287.
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La présence d'huile de lubrification dans les installations frigorifiques industrielles et domestiques, liée aux divers systèmes de compression, remet en cause les méthodes classiquement employées pour le dimensionnement des échangeurs de chaleur, et notamment les évaporateurs à tubes et calandres. Le caractère imprévisible de l'influence de l'huile sur l'ébullition en convection forcée des fluides frigorigènes a été souligné par de nombreuses études, qui mettent aussi en évidence un comportement local des transferts de chaleur. Un dispositif expérimental spécifique et un outil de dépouillement adapté, la thermique inverse, ont permis d'obtenir la distribution du coefficient de transfert de chaleur sur la paroi interne d'un tube lisse. Cette nouvelle représentation des résultats expérimentaux fait clairement apparaître l'influence du lubrifiant sur l'ébullition convective des fluides frigorigènes. Elle met aussi en évidence le couplage local des deux contributions à l'ébullition en convection forcée : ébullition nucléée et ébullition convective. L'intégration des résultats locaux aboutit à des valeurs locales moyennes du coefficient de transfert qui ont pu être comparées aux valeurs fournies par divers modèles de la littérature. Les limitations de ces modèles sont présentées. Des propositions sont faites afin de prendre en compte les divers effets du lubrifiant sur les transferts de chaleur, les configurations des écoulements diphasiques, ainsi que sur les pertes de pression linéaires<br>The phase out of chlorine containing refrigerants (CFC and HCFC) has led to the introduction of new refrigerants and lubricants to the market. The interest in using HFC fluids as working fluids in heat pumps and refrigerating systems has increased during the last decade due to their ability to replace fluids harmful to the stratospheric ozone layer. The study presents the influence of synthetic oil (POE ISO 68) on flow boiling of refrigerants R134a (pure fluid) and R410A (R32/R125 50%/50%). Local and average heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops have been measured for a smooth horizontal tube. The distribution of the heat transfer coefficient at the inner walI has been obtained from solving the inverse heat conduction problem (IHCP) and resulted in a local combination of nucleate and convective contributions to flow boiling. Local heat transfer coefficients have been averaged and displayed as a function of the vapour quality. For R134a: small amounts of oil (1 % to 6% in the liquid phase) increased the heat transfer coefficient at low and intermediate vapour qualities (Iess than 0. 60) compared to pure fluid. However a hugh reduction of the heat transfer has been observed at higher vapour qualities. For R410A: oil dramatically decreases the heat transfer coefficient compared to pure fluid. Pressure drops are also affected by small amounts of lubricant: an important increase has been noted for both fluids. Available design methods for flow boiling heat transfer coefficient (superposition, enhancement, asymptotic) badly predict the experimental results. Nevertheless a new design method accounting for flow patterns has shown good agreements. The influence of the lubricant on the heat transfer is discussed and a new proposition is made to calculate pressure drops
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Delacôte, Cyril Walcarius Alain. "Etudes électroanalytiques de processus de transfert de matière et de charge au sein de silices." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCD_T_2005_0147_DELACOTE.pdf.
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Berny, Stéphane. "Transferts de charges assistés par les dithiopyrannylidènes dans les cellules solaires organiques et les hétérostructures magnétiques." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066367.
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Ce travail de thèse porte sur la compréhension et l’optimisation des processus de transferts de charges assistés par des semi-conducteurs organiques dans des composants électroniques dédiés à la conversion d’énergie (cellules photovoltaïques) et au stockage de l’information (hétérostructures magnétiques). Nous étudions une nouvelle famille de composés bicycliques quinoïdes, les dithiopyrannylidènes (DITPY), analogues électroniques du TTF et structurellement proches du rubrène. Dans des cellules photovoltaïques utilisant le DITPY comme matériau donneur, le transfert de charge photoinduit vers l’accepteur PCBM n’est pas efficace. Par contre, l’insertion de couches minces nanostructurées de DITPY entre l’anode métallique et le matériau photoactif (P3HT:PCBM) permet d’améliorer le transfert des charges positives vers le circuit externe. Des mesures à l’échelle locale réalisées par microscope à force atomique en mode détection de courant (CS-AFM) nous permettent de proposer une interprétation mécanistique du principe de fonctionnement de ces couches interfaciales anodiques. L’optimisation du transfert de charge provient d’une réduction considérable des pertes électriques liées aux processus de recombinaisons bimoléculaires. La compréhension du comportement du contact métal/DITPY a été étendue au domaine de l’électronique polarisée en spin. L’intégration d’une couche organique ultra-mince entre deux c de Fe3O4 et de cobalt conduit à un transfert efficace par effet tunnel tout en permettant de conserver les aimantations caractéristiques des deux matériaux inorganiques. Ce résultat ouvre notamment des perspectives dans l’utilisation du DITPY dans des jonctions tunnel magnétiques.
Bücher zum Thema "Transferts de charge et de la SEI"
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Canada. Bill: An act to change the tenure of the Indian lands in the township of Durham. S. Derbishire & G. Desbarats, 2001.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenBuchteile zum Thema "Transferts de charge et de la SEI"
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Mott, Sir Nevill. "Liquid semiconductors and metal-insulator transitions in liquids." In Conduction in Non-Crystalline Materials. Oxford University PressOxford, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198539797.003.0008.
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Abstract Liquid semiconductors were first studied systematically by the Leningrad school (see the review by loffe and Regel (1960) and the books by Gubanov (1963) and Glazov et al. (1969)). Recently many of them have been investigated in several other centres. In our view there is little difference in principle between the theories necessary to treat liquid and solid non-crystalline semiconducting materials, except that any defects (such as dangling bonds and valence alternation pairs described in Chapter 7), which may pin the Fermi energy, will have a concentration which minimizes the free energy and which varies strongly with temperature. Cutler and Rasmolondramanitra (1984) have analysed the properties of non-metallic Se-Te alloys in these terms; neutral and charged dangling bonds (valence alternating pair) may exist, with motion of charge between them (see also Cutler 1977). A main theme in this chapter is the discussion of the liquid divalent metal Hg, and the monovalent metals Cs and Rb, at temperatures and densities near to that at which a metal-insulator transition occurs, this involving work at high temperatures; we also give a short discussion of metal—ammonia solutions, which also show a transition with decreasing concentration of metal. We normally use a pseudogap model, though in some materials it is preferable to assume that defects exist in thermal equilibrium, for instance, as already stated, neutral and charged dangling bonds, so that hopping or unactivated charge transfer can occur.
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Gokhale, Jagadeesh. "Demographic Change, Generational Accounts, and National Saving in the United States." In Sharing the Wealth. Oxford University PressOxford, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198296201.003.0004.
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Abstract In recent years the role of fiscal policy in redistributing resources across generations has been subjected to intense scrutiny. That is not surprising because fiscal policy has played an increasingly important role in transferring resources between generations, especially in developed economies.1 Until recently, however, no technique was available for measuring the extent of intergenerational wealth redistribution via the public channel. This gap has now been filled by ‘generational accounting’, a method for keeping track of prospective and lifetime resource flows towards or away from specific generations as a result of a government’s tax and spending policies (Auerbach, Gokhale, and Kotlikoff 1991, 1994; Kotlikoff 1992). A generational account is the present value of taxes (net of transfers) per capita that members of a given generation may expect to pay to the government during their remaining lifetime if current fiscal policy is maintained. Generational accounting studies of the United States reveal a sizeable imbalance in US fiscal policy: the continuation of current policy for those now alive will entail the imposition of enormously larger fiscal burdens on generations to come. Similar conclusions emerge from generational accounting analyses for Italy, Germany, Norway, and Canada. (See Gokhale, Raffelhuschen, and Walliser 1995 for the case of Germany; Auerbach et al. 1992 for Norway; Oreopoulos 1995 for Canada; and Franco, et al. 1994 for Italy.)
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West-Eberhard, Mary Jane. "Heterotopy." In Developmental Plasticity and Evolution. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195122343.003.0020.
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Heterotopy is the spatial analogue of heterochrony: it is evolutionary change in the site of expression of a phenotypic trait. Gould (1977) attributes the word “heterotopy” to Haeckel, who used it in a more specialized way, to mean evolutionary change in the germ layer from which an organ differentiates. Wray and McClay (1989, p. 810) list several examples of heterotopy, including the origin of muscles in tetrapod forelimbs from different somites, the origin of vertebrate primordial germ cells from different germ layers, and homeotic “heterotopic” mutations that transfer appendages from one body segment to another. A broad definition of heterotopy extends the concept to include spatial patterning, not only transposition from one location to another, but spatial organization of quantitative processes such as growth (Zellditch et al., 1992) or the location of precursors during the development of homologous traits (Wray and McClay, 1988, p. 313). As in other categorizations of transitions, heterotopies could as well be classified in other ways, such as duplication. Severtzoff signaled a general relationship between heterochrony and heterotopy when he wrote that “heterochrony in development is a means of topographic coordination; i.e., new adaptation of the parts to each other.” Many morphological heterochronies in plants produce heterotopic change, since the morphological ontogeny of a plant is recorded in its adult architecture. Thus, changes in timing of expression of juvenile and adult leaf forms result in heterotopic change in architecture of the mature plant, with the juvenile leaves appearing high on the stem, rather than only basally as before. A clear and oft-described example of environmentally mediated heterotopic change was demonstrated in early experiments on melanization in the Himalayan rabbit (Sturtevant, 1913; Iljin, 1927; Iljin and Iljin, 1930; see discussions in Schmalhausen, 1949 [1986]; Huxley, 1942; Levinton, 1988). In the Himalayan rabbit, as in the Siamese cat, pigment normally develops only in the extremities, where skin temperature is below the general body temperature. Individuals raised at temperatures above 30°C develop white extremities.
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Nepstad, Daniel, and Paulo R. S. Moutinho. "The Recovery of Biomass, Nutrient Stocks, and Deep-Soil Functions in Secondary Forests." In The Biogeochemistry of the Amazon Basin. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195114317.003.0012.
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Secondary forests cover approximately one third of the 0.5 million km2 of the Brazilian Amazon that have been cleared for agriculture (Houghton et al. 2000, Fearnside and Guimarães 1996). These forests counteract many of the deleterious impacts of forest conversion to agriculture and cattle pasture. They absorb carbon from the atmosphere, they reestablish hydrological functions performed by mature forests, and they reduce the flammability of agricultural landscapes. Secondary forests transfer nutrients from the soil to living biomass, thereby reducing the potential losses of nutrients from the land through leaching and erosion. They also allow the expansion of native plant and animal populations from mature forest remnants back into agricultural landscapes. The study of forest recovery has focused on aboveground processes, primarily biomass accumulation. The few studies that have examined the recovery of belowground functions in Amazon secondary forests have been restricted to the upper meter or less of soil (e.g. Buschbacher et al. 1988). A review of our knowledge of secondary forest recovery is needed that incorporates accumulating evidence that approximately half of the region’s forests rely upon root systems extending to depths of several meters to maintain evapotranspiration during prolonged seasonal drought (Nepstad et al. 1994, Jipp et al. 1998, Nepstad et al. 1999a, Hodnett et al. 1997; see also Richter and Markewitz 1995). This discovery demands a conceptual shift in our approach to forest recovery on abandoned land. Are secondary forests capable of regrowing deep root systems, thereby recovering hydrologic functions and fire resistance of the mature forest? At what rate does this recovery take place? How does this ability to tap a large soil volume change our thinking about the role that nutrient shortages play in restricting secondary forest recovery? In this chapter, we begin to address these questions with the goal of furthering a mechanistic understanding of forest recovery on abandoned Amazonian lands. Our analysis focuses on three measures of secondary forest development: biomass accumulation, nutrient accumulation, and hydrological recovery. We choose biomass accumulation, because it is the best integrative measure of secondary forest development, it is the basis for estimates of carbon sequestration by secondary forests, and it is the most frequently measured secondary forest parameter.
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Hitchcock, Louise A., and Aren M. Maeir. "Lost in Translation: Settlement Organization in Postpalatial Crete—A View from the East." In Minoan Architecture and Urbanism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793625.003.0021.
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This contribution will consider problems and issues related to understanding architecture and urbanism in postpalatial Crete in its larger Mediterranean context, with reference particularly to Philistia but also to Cyprus and mainland Greece (Fig. 13.1). Comparisons with Philistia and Cyprus are relevant because many scholars have argued for a migration to these regions in the form of large scale colonization, and they have attempted to identify Aegean influences and even direct architectural transfers in these regions (as outlined in sections 13.2 and 13.4). This paper takes a more moderate or minimalist position: that any migration to these regions from the Aegean was limited and entangled, taking the form of what Knapp (2008: 266–8, 289, 292, 356; see also Hitchcock and Maeir 2013) has termed a ‘hybridization process’. However, a comparative approach among the Mediterranean regions has value regardless of where one positions oneself on the issue of migration, cross-cultural influence, and/or interconnections (see now Knapp and Manning 2016). The value lies in cross-cultural patterning that may be identified based on common postpalatial changes in social organization, structures, and practices; levels of technology; climate; and geography. It is the search for such patterning that typifies the approach to studying culture in cultural anthropology (e.g. Haviland et al. 2011). The benefit in identifying architectural patterns and differences across IIIC pottery-producing cultures can help to identify both common social practices and regional differences. Furthermore, we will argue that understanding architecture on multiple scales (urbanism, curation, design, and technique) in this era should emphasize IIIC commonalities, rather than past studies that have privileged and over-emphasized continuities with the palatial Bronze Age. While such continuities are interesting and worth drawing attention to, emphasizing them minimizes the significance of the breakdown and diminishing of official architectural styles. In addition, given that the data base for architecture is much smaller than for ceramic studies, a comparative approach can bring new insights gained by using different methods—as in Driessen’s study of complementarity in the different use of similar spaces by males and females as indicated by different types of artefact patterning in each space (see chapter 5).
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Transferts de charge et de la SEI"
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Barbara, Paul F. "Ultrafast studies on intramolecular charge transfer and solvation dynamics." In International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena. Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/up.1990.tub2.
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Much of the recent activity on the study of fast charge (electron) transfer ET reactions stems from the growing appreciation that the rates of ET can be affected by solvent dynamics in contrast to traditional theories of ET which are based on a quasi—equilibrium assumption. Our work has emphasized femtosecond studies of the excited state, S1 small barrier, ultrafast ET reactions of aromatics, including BA, ADMA, derivatives of ADMA, and several other molecules. We have shown theoretically that emission dynamics at the short wavelength edge of the fluorescence band accurately measures the decay of the prepared (reactant’s) concentration. Results on the solvent dependence of <τET> demonstrate that the ET kinetics of the various molecules are controlled by solvation dynamics, see Table 1. However, we have shown that simple continuum models for solvation dynamics (when combined with theories of ET) do not correctly predict ET rates. Rips and Jortner have analyzed our data and shown that the MSA model (combined with ET theory) more accurately agrees with experiments. This emphasizes the importance of molecular interactions in dynamic solvent effects on chemical reactions.
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Bailey, J. C., and R. S. Bunker. "Local Heat Transfer and Flow Distributions for Impinging Jet Arrays of Dense and Sparse Extent." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30473.
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Full-surface heat transfer coefficient distribution measurements have been made using a liquid crystal thermography technique for several cases of normally impinging jet arrays onto a flat, smooth surface within a region bounded on three sides. While the impingement target plate remains of a fixed size, the impingement jet array has been changed to cover a wide range of conditions, extending beyond the currently available literature data. Axial and lateral jet spacing values of x/D and y/D of 3, 6, and 9 have been used, all with square orientation and in-line jets. The jet plate-to-target surface distance z/D has been varied from 1.25 to 5.5. Jet Reynolds numbers ranged from 14,000 to 65,000. In the sparse array limiting case, the number of jet rows is four in the axial direction and three in the lateral direction. For the dense array limiting case, the number of jet rows is 26 in the axial direction and 20 in the lateral direction. Using both heat transfer and pressure distribution measurements, results are compared to the existing correlation of Florschuetz et al. [1], showing excellent agreement in regions of common parameters. In regions not previously reported in the literature, the present study extends the streamwsie row-averaged heat transfer coefficient correlation of [1] with a modified correlation for design use.
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Soares, Carolina, Débora G. Souza, Andreia Silva da Rocha, Luiza Machado, Bruna Bellaver, and Eduardo R. Zimmer. "BRAIN ENERGETICS EVALUATION IN EARLY STAGES OF AMYLOID PATHOLOGY IN A RAT MODEL OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE." In XIII Meeting of Researchers on Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1980-5764.rpda086.
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Background: Transgenic models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) overexpress human APP, PS1 or PS2 mutations. These models present amyloid-beta pathology but do not recapitulate the complexity of AD. Interestingly, the transgenic rat model TgF344-AD, which overpresses human APP and PS1 mutations, seems to follow a more similar disease progression, manifesting progressive tau tangle-like pathology and late cognitive impairment. Yet, whether they develop energy metabolism changes as we see in AD remains unclear. Objective: Here, we investigated brain bioenergetics in 6-7 months F344-AD/WT rats, an age where animals present early amyloid pathology but no memory impairment - mimicking the human preclinical AD. Methods: We used high-resolution respirometry to assess mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation capacity (OXPHOS), electron transfer capacity (ET), respiratory control ratio (RCR) and reserve capacity (R) in brain homogenates of male and female F344-AD and WT rats (n = 6-8, per group). Results: The results were analyzed by Welch’s t test: 1. Frontal cortex a)OXPHOS (p=0.307); b)ET (p=0.99); c)RCR (p=0.138); d)R (p=0.482). 2. Hippocampus a)OXPHOS (p=0.446); b)ET (p=0.409); c)RCR (p=0.952); d)R (p=0.503). Conclusion: In conclusion, at 6-7 months, changes in the respirometry in the brain of F344-AD rats were not observed. We hypothesize that these measures will be altered at older ages.
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Chaiwan, P., J. E. J. Burtonshaw, R. N. Thomas, A. Paluszny, and R. W. Zimmerman. "A Three-Dimensional, Finite Element-Based Study of the Effect of Heterogeneities on Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Deformation During Cold Fluid Injection." In 57th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-2023-0485.
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ABSTRACT This paper investigates the effects of the injection of (relatively) cold CO2 into a saline aquifer, focusing on the effects that local heterogeneities may have on the geomechanical changes observed during injection. Representative properties of the Smeaheia site, a full-scale carbon storage site in the North Sea, are used in the simulation. The geometry of the Smeaheia site is represented by a simplified three-dimensional geometric model containing four rock layers, and a fault that spans multiple layers. Thermo-poro-elastic deformation is modeled using a finite element approach, with the coupled solution of fluid flow, heat transfer, and mechanical deformation of the Smeaheia site. The boundary conditions are based on in situ conditions at the Smeaheia site, along with fixed injection temperature and flow rate. The effects of injection rates, injection periods, injection temperatures, heterogeneities, fault, and fracture properties are investigated. The results show that the changes in temperature, pressure, and stresses are concentrated in the vicinity of the injection point, with a limited effect on the caprock away from the injection well. Thermal stresses dominate the overall stress reduction, shifting the stress state towards the failure condition. The flow rate causes a localized effect on the pressure field, due to the high permeability of the reservoir. Heterogeneity in the Young's modulus yields variations in deformation which are of comparable magnitude to the effects of cold injection. INTRODUCTION Cold fluid injection is a topic of interest in future sustainable technology for both geological carbon storage and geothermal energy. Fluids injected into the subsurface often have lower temperatures than in situ reservoirs (Li et al., 2021; Salimzadeh et al., 2018a). The temperature difference can induce thermal stresses, thermally driven fracture, and contraction of the rock caused by heat transfer between the fluid and reservoir fractures and rock matrix (Celia et al., 2015; Jeanne et al., 2014; Rutqvist, 2012; Taylor & Bryant, 2014).
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Sargison, J. E., S. M. Guo, M. L. G. Oldfield, G. D. Lock, and A. J. Rawlinson. "A Converging Slot-Hole Film-Cooling Geometry: Part 2 — Transonic Nozzle Guide Vane Heat Transfer and Loss." In ASME Turbo Expo 2001: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2001-gt-0127.
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This paper presents the first experimental measurements on an engine representative nozzle guide vane, of a new film cooling hole geometry, a Converging Slot-Hole or Console. The patented console geometry is designed to improve the heat transfer and aerodynamic performance of turbine vane and rotor blade cooling systems. These experiments follow the successful validation of the console design in low-speed flat-plate tests described in Part 1 of this paper (Sargison et al [1]). Stereolithography was used to manufacture a resin model of a transonic, engine representative nozzle guide vane in which 7 rows of previously tested fan-shaped film-cooling holes were replaced by 4 rows of consoles. This vane was mounted in the annular vane ring of the Oxford Cold Heat Transfer Tunnel for testing at engine Reynolds numbers, Mach numbers and coolant to mainstream momentum flux ratios using a heavy gas to simulate the correct coolant to mainstream density ratio. Heat transfer data were measured using wide band thermochromic liquid crystals and a modified analysis technique. Both surface heat transfer coefficient and the adiabatic cooling effectiveness were derived from computer-video records of hue changes during the transient tunnel run. The cooling performance, quantified by the heat flux at engine temperature levels, of the console vane compares favourably with that of the previously tested vane with fan-shaped holes. The new console film cooling hole geometry offers advantages to the engine designer due to a superior aerodynamic efficiency over the fan-shaped hole geometry. These efficiency measurements are demonstrated by results from mid span traverses of a four hole pyramid probe downstream of the nozzle guide vane.
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Kosleck, Sascha. "Real-Time-Forecast of Wave-Structure Interaction in Natural Sea States: Influence of the Wave Encounter Angle." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-24407.
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In an offshore environment the ability to predict the development of a natural wave field can be of significant interest for a wide range of operations, such as for example on/off loading of cargo, installation or heavy lift processes, helicopter landing or even dynamic positioning. Being able to deterministically predict natural sea state just in time also allows for the prediction of wave structure interaction. Hence, not only motions in 6 degrees of freedom, for an arbitrary number of vessels or structures, but also velocities and accelerations at certain points of interest can be derived before they occur. Especially in difficult, slightly unclear weather conditions at the edge of operational limitations additional information on a potential exceedance of operational limits, such as for example wave heights, motions or accelerations, help to differentiate between safe and critical situations. Objective of the work conducted within the last years by Clauss, and Kosleck et al. is the development of a linear, deterministic approach for the just-in-time prediction of an ocean wave field of arbitrary specification. The survey presented within this paper focuses on the forecast of natural sea states and wave induced vessel/structure motions based on information gathered from a series of surface elevation snapshots of the surrounding free water surface. In order to investigate the approach a typical North Sea sea states with an underlying JONSWAP spectrum is generated and investigated at model scale. Simultaneous measurements of the surface elevation at over 450 different positions along the direction of wave propagation enable the artificial generation of surface elevation snapshots, used as input for the prediction method. Furthermore, these measurements also provide the basis for a comparison of calculated predictions and measurements at a huge variety of positions along the tank. The development of algorithms based on frequency domain analyses and the characterization of the sea state using a linear approach, enable the prediction of natural sea states in time and space — inside a well-defined range of validity. Knowing the general motion behaviour (transfer functions) of a structure/vessel together with the wave train to be encountered in the near future, its motion behaviour can subsequently be derived deterministically, taking into account that for the sailing vessel the transfer functions change depending on the actual cruising speed. The motion forecast procedure is compared and validated using measurements of the motion behaviour of an LNG carrier, again at model scale. So far, it has been shown (please see [1]) that the developed linear methods for the prediction of the motion behaviour of a stationary or cruising vessel/structure deliver excellent results for the vessel heading at different speeds but constant heading, namely 180° and 0° (defining head seas and following seas). This paper presents, for the first time, investigations with a vessel at zero speed but changing heading, hence a time varying change of the angle of wave attack.
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Pirnstill, Logan M., Yue Qiu, and Chirag Kharangate. "Investigation of Universal Consolidated Database for Heat Transfer Coefficient in Flow Condensation and Machine Learning Modelling." In ASME 2023 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2023 17th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2023-107311.
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Abstract Miniature condensers have been recognized as an effective tool for developing compact heat rejection devices. However, due to complex physical behaviors resulting from phase change, predicting necessary quantities like heat transfer coefficient has proven to be a difficult task. This study will use a database of 37 flow condensation studies for development of machine learning tools to predict two-phase heat transfer coefficient. In comparison to previous work performed by Zhou et. al. [1], this study will utilize thermodynamic data, dimensionless flow data, channel type, channel geometry, single and multichannel systems, and fluid species, as a more comprehensive means of predicting heat transfer coefficient. This study finds that in conjunction with the dimensionless quantities used in previous studies [1], the variables; mass velocity, quality, latent heat, specific volume, and hydraulic diameter are all of important significance to accurately predicting heat transfer coefficient. This study is a comprehensive Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) as well as a machine learning based model for accurately predicting heat transfer coefficient. We find Mean Absolute Percent Error (MAPE), using simple multi-linear regression, of significantly less magnitude using our more comprehensive database as compared to previous works. Machine Learning methods also show a reduction in MAPE as compared to previous studies, as well as compared to previous semi-empirical correlations for heat transfer coefficient.
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Merchant, Reem, and Sunil S. Mehendale. "Application-Based Methodology for Assessment of Flow Boiling Correlations in Microfin Tubes." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-52105.
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The high flow boiling heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) and comparatively low pressure drop of microfin tubes make them suited to meet the ever-increasing energy efficiencies and burgeoning raw material costs of HVAC & R systems. Since the late 1980s, many empirical or semi-empirical correlations have been proposed to predict the in-tube boiling HTC for microfin tubes. A vast number of experimental studies have also been published for microfin tubes under different operating conditions with different refrigerants. However, due to the complex behavior of two-phase flows, it has been observed that no single correlation can predict the flow boiling HTC reasonably for the entire spectrum of geometric and operating parameters. The objective of the current study is to develop and provide researchers and practicing engineers with a predictive tool that will help them select the most accurate flow boiling HTC correlation for any practical HVAC & R application. Six popular and widely used correlations have been selected for investigation, which include Yu et al. [1], Thome et al. (as cited in [2]), Cavallini et al. [3], Yun et al. [4], and Chamra and Mago [5] and Wu et al. [6]. Each correlation has been carefully and critically assessed to discover its strengths, weaknesses and applicability to practical situations. In general, for tubes with root diameters greater than 5 mm, Thome et al. [2] and Cavallini et al. [3] predict the flow boiling HTC very well for CO2 and halogenated refrigerants respectively. For tubes with root diameters less than 5 mm, Wu et al. [6] is recommended. However, these recommendations can and do change with an alteration in flow or geometric parameters. Hence a tool is needed to measure the applicability of these correlations. The extensive experimental database collected for this research includes 1636 data points taken from 22 published articles. This wide-ranging database contains experimental points that incorporate all of the geometric and operating conditions that are used in the air-conditioning industry today. Traditionally, experimentation has been the principal means of ascertaining the HTC of microfin tubes. However, such testing is very costly and time consuming. The innovative numerical methodology developed in this work provides the practitioner with a tool to quantify the performance of a correlation for a specific application. This approach has been tested by the authors for several experimental points that span the entire range of real-world geometric and operating parameters. The use of this novel numerical procedure will save the HVAC & R industry significant experimental time and cost.
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Schumacher, Susanne, and Ulrike Stadler-Altmann. "REFLECTIONS ON OFFERS AND USE OF DIGITAL MEDIA FOR TRANSFERRING KNOWLEDGE IN TEACHER EDUCATION." In International Conference on Education and New Developments. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021end075.
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Digital processing, augmented reality and virtualisation have been developed and tested in the gaming world and working environment for some time. In educational settings, media should become learning objects that arouse the interest of learners, establish a connection to their previous knowledge, and enable interactive action and self-control (cf. Göhlich & Zirfas, 2007; Sesink, 2008). In parallel with technological developments, the question of imparting knowledge methods as well as increasing learners' knowledge is consistently subject of debates on competence in higher education didactics (see Erhardt, 2010). In terms of knowledge theory, the question arises to which extent knowledge changes as a result of media processing and, not least, how students' knowledge assets build up, transfers and influence each other (see Stadler-Altmann & Keiner, 2010). In the first decade of the millennium, numerous activities introduced in higher education had been carried out related to media-based knowledge transfer and information acquisition in the context of curricular offerings, pilot events or third party financed projects with non-university cooperation partners (Iske & Meder, 2010; Gördel at al., 2018; Hofhues, Jochuma & Kohrs, 2013; Reinmann, Ebner & Schön, 2013). In this paper, concepts of media-supported teaching and learning environments in the context of the training of pedagogical professionals in South Tyrol are depicted. Didactic designs for lectures and seminars are presented and critically reflected. These two teaching formats are mainly intended for the one-level master's degree in Primary Education at the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano. The design research approach chosen for this purpose does not diminish input-output comparisons, but rather raises the question of which media-pedagogical innovations and didactic interventions can improve the existing teaching-learning situation (Fishman et al., 2013). First, the pedagogical fields of action are analysed by considering both the specific context of the given structure at university and the existing teaching-learning settings. Consequently, impulses for a didactic re-framing in the context of the methodological dimensions of control and teaching style will be discussed in the light of the current state of research.
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Zhang, Hong, Jianhua Wang, Xiangyu Wu, and Haiying Lu. "A Simplified Approach to Design Transverse Ribs Which Array Alternately in Rectangular Channel." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22562.
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To identify optimum configuration of ribbed cooling channel, an experimental investigation is performed at the Reynolds number from 10300 to 26250, based on the hydraulic diameter of the rectangular passage with cross section 12 × 29 mm2. Despite the fact that the extended surface through rib array can enhance the heat exchange between the passage wall and the coolant flow, the rib array could also result in a large pressure loss due to the friction and obstruction of the ribs. This paper presents a simplified approach to optimize the ribbed passage configuration. Through the optimization, a ribbed channel with higher synthetical performance, a relatively higher heat transfer coefficient and lower pressure loss, can be obtained. In the experiments, the transverse ribs studied have 0.5mm rounded edges both at the root and end of the ribs, the ratio of the rib height to the hydraulic diameter of the passage ranges from 0.118 to 0.353, and the ratio of the rib pitch to the height ranges from 5 to 10. The experiments are carried out by two steps. At first, the ratio of the rib height to the hydraulic diameter of the passage is fixed, and the pitch of two neighboring ribs is changed. Through comparing the experimental results, an optimal pitch to height ratio is confirmed. In the second step, the optimal pitch to height ratio is fixed, while the rib height is changed. After integrally analyzing the experimental results obtained from the two steps, an optimal ribbed channel with higher synthetical performance is obtained. The result shows that the configuration with the ratios of p/e = 7.5 and e/Dh = 0.235 has the best synthetical performance. The experimental data of Rallabandi et al. (2009) are used to compare and validate the optimization approach, and the results are coincident. This approach can be used to simplify the design process of the ribbed passage, not only to experimental investigations but also to numerical analyses.
Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Transferts de charge et de la SEI"
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Ptsuty, Norbert, Andrea Habeck, and Christopher Menke. Shoreline position and coastal topographical change monitoring at Gateway National Recreation Area: 2017–2022 and 2007–2022 trend report. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299536.
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This trend report summarizes the results of shoreline position and coastal topography monitoring conducted at Gateway National Recreation Area (GATE) in 2007 through 2022. The data collection and report were completed by Rutgers University for the National Park Service, Northeast Coastal and Barrier Network, Inventory and Monitoring Program. Gateway National Recreation Area (GATE) is made up of three units: Sandy Hook Unit, Jamaica Bay Unit (Breezy Point, Plumb Beach), and Staten Island Unit (Great Kills, Miller Field, Fort Wadsworth). Shoreline position change results include a spatial depiction and statistical analysis of annual changes and 5-year changes in shoreline position as well as a longer-term trend analysis incorporating the full shoreline analysis of 2007 through 2022, all following the model presented in Psuty et al. (2022a). Coastal topography datasets include profiles of survey data collected annually, annual change metrics, net change metrics, as well as an alongshore depiction of net change, following the model presented in Psuty et al. (2012). This 2007–2022 trend report is the third GATE trend report to incorporate both shoreline position and coastal topographical change data. Due to the variable exposure to incident waves influencing inputs of sediment to the alongshore transport system in the various units from updrift sources, there was no common direction of shoreline displacement or profile change throughout the GATE park units. Engineering structures along the beach and adjacent to inlets altered the shoreline position and coastal topography responses in much of GATE. Generally, the largest vectors of shoreline position change and changes in coastal topography were produced by natural impacts such as storms and by anthropogenic impacts such as dredging or beach nourishment at an updrift location. All of the park units in GATE displayed the impacts of an absence of a source of sediment to counter the erosional impacts of the coastal storms. All of the units had a net inland displacement of shoreline position over the survey period, with some short term recovery associated with local pulses of sediment transfer. Sites with ocean exposure were more heavily eroded (Sandy Hook Oceanside, Breezy Point Oceanside, and Great Kills Oceanside), than sheltered sites (Sandy Hook Bayside, Breezy Point Bayside, Great Kills Bayside, Plumb Beach, Miller Field, Fort Wadsworth). A comparison of the shoreline position and profile data from this survey period with those from the previous trend reports highlights the impacts of Hurricane Sandy and the variety of recovery episodes throughout GATE (Psuty et al. 2018). The trend lines for the sites are often divided into pre-Hurricane Sandy (2012) and post- Hurricane Sandy because of the magnitude of the changes to the shoreline position (1D) and coastal topography (2D) metrics. There was considerable resilience in the system to re-establish the dune-beach system, although not in its original location. The continuing negative sediment budget and the increasing rate of relative sea-level rise will result in episodic inland migration of the dune-beach system and will necessitate a concomitant review of the allocation of space for visitor use and recreation.
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Hodul, M., H. P. White, and A. Knudby. A report on water quality monitoring in Quesnel Lake, British Columbia, subsequent to the Mount Polley tailings dam spill, using optical satellite imagery. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330556.
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In the early morning on the 4th of August 2014, a tailings dam near Quesnel, BC burst, spilling approximately 25 million m3 of runoff containing heavy metal elements into nearby Quesnel Lake (Byrne et al. 2018). The runoff slurry, which included lead, arsenic, selenium, and vanadium spilled through Hazeltine Creek, scouring its banks and picking up till and forest cover on the way, and ultimately ended up in Quesnel Lake, whose water level rose by 1.5 m as a result. While the introduction of heavy metals into Quesnel Lake was of environmental concern, the additional till and forest cover scoured from the banks of Hazeltine Creek added to the lake has also been of concern to salmon spawning grounds. Immediate repercussions of the spill involved the damage of sensitive environments along the banks and on the lake bed, the closing of the seasonal salmon fishery in the lake, and a change in the microbial composition of the lake bed (Hatam et al. 2019). In addition, there appears to be a seasonal resuspension of the tailings sediment due to thermal cycling of the water and surface winds (Hamilton et al. 2020). While the water quality of Quesnel Lake continues to be monitored for the tailings sediments, primarily by members at the Quesnel River Research Centre, the sample-and-test methods of water quality testing used, while highly accurate, are expensive to undertake, and not spatially exhaustive. The use of remote sensing techniques, though not as accurate as lab testing, allows for the relatively fast creation of expansive water quality maps using sensors mounted on boats, planes, and satellites (Ritchie et al. 2003). The most common method for the remote sensing of surface water quality is through the use of a physics-based semianalytical model which simulates light passing through a water column with a given set of Inherent Optical Properties (IOPs), developed by Lee et al. (1998) and commonly referred to as a Radiative Transfer Model (RTM). The RTM forward-models a wide range of water-leaving spectral signatures based on IOPs determined by a mix of water constituents, including natural materials and pollutants. Remote sensing imagery is then used to invert the model by finding the modelled water spectrum which most closely resembles that seen in the imagery (Brando et al 2009). This project set out to develop an RTM water quality model to monitor the water quality in Quesnel Lake, allowing for the entire surface of the lake to be mapped at once, in an effort to easily determine the timing and extent of resuspension events, as well as potentially investigate greening events reported by locals. The project intended to use a combination of multispectral imagery (Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2), as well as hyperspectral imagery (DESIS), combined with field calibration/validation of the resulting models. The project began in the Autumn before the COVID pandemic, with plans to undertake a comprehensive fieldwork campaign to gather model calibration data in the summer of 2020. Since a province-wide travel shutdown and social distancing procedures made it difficult to carry out water quality surveying in a small boat, an insufficient amount of fieldwork was conducted to suit the needs of the project. Thus, the project has been put on hold, and the primary researcher has moved to a different project. This document stands as a report on all of the work conducted up to April 2021, intended largely as an instructional document for researchers who may wish to continue the work once fieldwork may freely and safely resume. This research was undertaken at the University of Ottawa, with supporting funding provided by the Earth Observations for Cumulative Effects (EO4CE) Program Work Package 10b: Site Monitoring and Remediation, Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, through the Natural Resources Canada Research Affiliate Program (RAP).
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Or, Etti, David Galbraith, and Anne Fennell. Exploring mechanisms involved in grape bud dormancy: Large-scale analysis of expression reprogramming following controlled dormancy induction and dormancy release. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7587232.bard.
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The timing of dormancy induction and release is very important to the economic production of table grape. Advances in manipulation of dormancy induction and dormancy release are dependent on the establishment of a comprehensive understanding of biological mechanisms involved in bud dormancy. To gain insight into these mechanisms we initiated the research that had two main objectives: A. Analyzing the expression profiles of large subsets of genes, following controlled dormancy induction and dormancy release, and assessing the role of known metabolic pathways, known regulatory genes and novel sequences involved in these processes B. Comparing expression profiles following the perception of various artificial as well as natural signals known to induce dormancy release, and searching for gene showing similar expression patterns, as candidates for further study of pathways having potential to play a central role in dormancy release. We first created targeted EST collections from V. vinifera and V. riparia mature buds. Clones were randomly selected from cDNA libraries prepared following controlled dormancy release and controlled dormancy induction and from respective controls. The entire collection (7920 vinifera and 1194 riparia clones) was sequenced and subjected to bioinformatics analysis, including clustering, annotations and GO classifications. PCR products from the entire collection were used for printing of cDNA microarrays. Bud tissue in general, and the dormant bud in particular, are under-represented within the grape EST database. Accordingly, 59% of the our vinifera EST collection, composed of 5516 unigenes, are not included within the current Vitis TIGR collection and about 22% of these transcripts bear no resemblance to any known plant transcript, corroborating the current need for our targeted EST collection and the bud specific cDNA array. Analysis of the V. riparia sequences yielded 814 unigenes, of which 140 are unique (keilin et al., manuscript, Appendix B). Results from computational expression profiling of the vinifera collection suggest that oxidative stress, calcium signaling, intracellular vesicle trafficking and anaerobic mode of carbohydrate metabolism play a role in the regulation and execution of grape-bud dormancy release. A comprehensive analysis confirmed the induction of transcription from several calcium–signaling related genes following HC treatment, and detected an inhibiting effect of calcium channel blocker and calcium chelator on HC-induced and chilling-induced bud break. It also detected the existence of HC-induced and calcium dependent protein phosphorylation activity. These data suggest, for the first time, that calcium signaling is involved in the mechanism of dormancy release (Pang et al., in preparation). We compared the effects of heat shock (HS) to those detected in buds following HC application and found that HS lead to earlier and higher bud break. We also demonstrated similar temporary reduction in catalase expression and temporary induction of ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, thioredoxin and glutathione S transferase expression following both treatments. These findings further support the assumption that temporary oxidative stress is part of the mechanism leading to bud break. The temporary induction of sucrose syntase, pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase indicate that temporary respiratory stress is developed and suggest that mitochondrial function may be of central importance for that mechanism. These finding, suggesting triggering of identical mechanisms by HS and HC, justified the comparison of expression profiles of HC and HS treated buds, as a tool for the identification of pathways with a central role in dormancy release (Halaly et al., in preparation). RNA samples from buds treated with HS, HC and water were hybridized with the cDNA arrays in an interconnected loop design. Differentially expressed genes from the were selected using R-language package from Bioconductor project called LIMMA and clones showing a significant change following both HS and HC treatments, compared to control, were selected for further analysis. A total of 1541 clones show significant induction, of which 37% have no hit or unknown function and the rest represent 661 genes with identified function. Similarly, out of 1452 clones showing significant reduction, only 53% of the clones have identified function and they represent 573 genes. The 661 induced genes are involved in 445 different molecular functions. About 90% of those functions were classified to 20 categories based on careful survey of the literature. Among other things, it appears that carbohydrate metabolism and mitochondrial function may be of central importance in the mechanism of dormancy release and studies in this direction are ongoing. Analysis of the reduced function is ongoing (Appendix A). A second set of hybridizations was carried out with RNA samples from buds exposed to short photoperiod, leading to induction of bud dormancy, and long photoperiod treatment, as control. Analysis indicated that 42 genes were significant difference between LD and SD and 11 of these were unique.