Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Transcriptome bactérien“

A toxicidade aquática de ingredientes ativos farmacêuticos (IFAs) e medicamentos é pouco explorada na literatura. A nevirapina (NVP) é um antirretroviral, inibidor não nucleosídeo da enzima transcriptase reversa. Este estudo avaliou a toxicidade aquática desse IFA isolado e como um medicamento à base de NVP. Para isso, foram analisados os efeitos sobre a viabilidade dos organismos aquáticos Chlorella vulgaris, Artemia salina e Aliivibrio fischeri. Foram aplicados os testes de inibição do crescimento por 72 h para a microalga C. vulgaris, de mortalidade por 24 h para o microcrustáceo A. salina e o de inibição da bioluminescência por 15 min para a bactéria A. fischeri. O modelo estatístico de dose-resposta não paramétrico log-logístico foi utilizado para obter as concentrações efetivas (CE) de 50% e 10% para a NVP isolada e para o medicamento. Constatou-se que a NVP isolada afetou a viabilidade das três espécies estudadas, porém, o medicamento à base de NVP não foi tóxico para A. salina. Ressalta-se que a CE50% de NVP diferiu estatisticamente entre o IFA e o medicamento para A. fischeri e A. salina. Observou-se também que há uma estreita faixa de concentração entre o aparecimento dos primeiros efeitos observáveis e dos efeitos tóxicos de NVP nessas espécies. Isso reforça a importância do estudo e do controle de lançamento desse IFA no ambiente. Por fim, concluiu-se que é possível implementar o monitoramento da toxicidade ambiental de micropoluentes na rotina industrial, utilizando testes de toxicidade padronizados e economicamente acessíveis, que oferecem rapidez e praticidade na análise de efluentes.

L'objectif de ce travail était d'identifier les bases moléculaires associées au caractère "prévalent" ou "sévère" de souches de C. Difficile, par une analyse comparative globale, tana génomique que transcriptomique. Nous avons dû pour cela développer un ensemble d'outils bioinformatique pour analyser les données générées. Nous avons obtenu par séquençage, le contenu et le niveau d'expression des gènes de 9 couples de souches correspondant à 5 souches « prévalentes » associées à des souches phylogénétiquement proche et rarement retrouvées en milieu hospitalier et à 4 souches « sévères » associées à des souches phylogénétiquement identiques mais ayant été responsables de formes modérées de l'infection. Nous avons réalisé les génomes « brouillons » de ces 18 nouvelles souches de C. Difficile sur lesquels ont été alignées les séquences des transcriptomes. L'annotation des nouveaux génomes dépendant fortement de la qualité d'annotation de la souche de référence, nous avons du réaliser une réannotation de l'ensemble des gènes de la souche CD630 de C. Difficile (Monot et al, / Med Micro 2011). Par ailleurs, nous avons développé une interface web spécifiquement créée pour visualiser et analyser l'ensemble des données de séquençage (Monot et al, en révision). Finalement, cette analyse nous a permis 1) d'établir les différences de contenu et d'expression des gènes des couples de souches des deux groupes d'intérêt « prévalent » et « sévère », ii) de réaliser le core et pan génome de C. Difficile ainsi que les reconstructions phylogénétiques à partir de ces nouveaux génomes séquences et iii) de révéler des variabilités génétiques globales et uniques entre les souches étudiées
Since 2000 both the severity and the mortality of the Clostridium difficile infections increased due to the emergence of new hypervirulent strains. To identify the molecular basis of emergence and increase virulence of CJ difficile strains, we conducted comparative pairwise genetic and transcriptomic analyses from a selection of

Le combat contre les infections bactériennes reste un enjeu majeur de santé publique notamment avec la dissémination des Entérobactéries productrices de carbapénèmases, capables d’hydrolyser l’ensemble des β-lactamines. On assiste à l’émergence de certains clones épidémiques, se distinguant par leur distribution mondiale, leur forte transmissibilité et leur capacité à persister chez les patients. L’exemple le plus parlant est le cas du clone de Klebsiella pneumoniae appartenant au « sequence type » (ST) 258 et responsable de la diffusion mondiale de la carbapénèmase KPC (Klebsiella Pneumoniae Carbapenemase) portée majoritairement par des plasmides de la famille InFIIk. Les raisons du succès de ce clone et de l’association KPC/IncFIIk/ST258 ne sont pas encore totalement élucidées. Par ailleurs, il n’existe pas de corrélation entre le niveau d’expression d’une carbapénèmase, la sensibilité in vitro de la souche vis à vis des carbapénèmes et l’efficacité clinique d’un traitement par ces molécules. Les phénomènes d’héterorésistance aux carbapénèmes sont fréquents chez les souches produisant KPC, mais l’impact clinique est inconnu. Les mécanismes de régulation de l’expression des carbapénèmases ne sont pas élucidés.Les objectifs de cette thèse résident dans l’analyse des facteurs génétiques associés à la diffusion et la persistance de clones multi-résistants ainsi que l’analyse de l’expression des β-lactamases associées.La première partie de ce travail porte sur l’analyse de l’évolution in vivo d’une souche de K. pneumoniae ST258 produisant KPC ayant persisté chez un patient pendant près de 5 ans. L’analyse comparative des génomes provenant de 17 isolats a permis de mettre en évidence une diversification génétique importante ainsi que la sélection de mutations modifiant la virulence de la souche et sa sensibilité aux antibiotiques. Afin de caractériser les raisons du succès de certains plasmides portant KPC, une analyse transcriptomique d’une souche de Escherichia coli TOP10 transformée par un plasmide multi-réplicon IncFIIk-IncFIB exprimant KPC-2, a été réalisée en présence ou non d’imipénème. Les gènes les plus exprimés dans ces conditions sont les gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques et certains gènes essentiels à la réplication du plasmide. La présence d’imipénème affecte peu la transcription des gènes plasmidiques mais induit un stress oxydatif important dans l’ensemble de la souche. Par ailleurs, l’analyse de l’expression du gène blaKPC-2 dans différentes espèces par 5’-RACE a permis de révéler que ce gène de résistance est sous la dépendance de plusieurs promoteurs, dont la force diffère selon le fond génétique. Cette caractéristique pourrait expliquer le succès de certains isoformes du transposon Tn4401 permettant une meilleure expression du gène blaKPC-2, dans certaines espèces. Les outils développés dans cette thèse ont également été appliqués à l’analyse d’un clone d’Enterobacter kobei ST125 dont la céphalosporinase naturelle ACT-28 possède une activité d’hydrolyse accrue vis à vis de l’imipénème. Enfin, l’analyse du génome de la première souche Shewanella sp. produisant une BLSE de type CTX-M-15 a permis de révéler la présence d’un nouveau variant oxacillinase chromosomique avec activité carbapénèmase, appelé OXA-535. OXA-535 est proche d’OXA-436, un autre variant carbapénèmase porté par un plasmide ayant déjà disséminé chez les Entérobactéries. L’analyse de l’environnement génétique des gènes blaOXA-535 et blaOXA-436 confirme le rôle du genre Shewanella comme progéniteur des carbapénèmases de classe D. Ce travail contribue à une meilleure compréhension de la diffusion de certains clones multi-résistants et des mécanismes contrôlant l’expression des gènes de résistance aux β-lactamines
Multidrug resistant bacteria and in particular carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae remain a major health public challenge. Some successful clones are emerging globally, due to their high transmissibility and their ability to colonize and persist in patients over time. Genomic analyses revealed that the dissemination of KPC carbapenemase is closely related to the spread of Klebsiella pneumoniae of the sequence-type (ST) 258 and to few successful plasmids linked to IncFIIk family. However, the reasons of the association between K. pneumoniae ST258, IncFIIk plasmids and KPC that led to the rapid spread of this clone are currently unknown.Furthermore, there is no correlation between expression level of a carbapenemase-encoding gene, in vitro susceptibility to carbapenems and efficiency of a carbapenem-based treatment. Most of the time, KPC-producing K. pneumoniae exhibit a heteroresistant phenotype with carbapenems, but its clinical impact remains unknown. The mechanisms underlying the regulation of carbapenemases expression remain to be explored.The objectives of the thesis are to obtain deeper insights into genomic plasticity of carbapenemase–producing clones, and into the expression of their β-lactamases.The first part of this work was dedicated to the in vivo evolution of a single strain of KPC-producing K. pneumoniae ST258 that colonized a patient for almost 5 years. Genomic comparison of 17 isolates revealed a remarkable diversification with occurrence of several mutations with impact on bacterial virulence and susceptibility to antibiotics.Several studies extensively described the genetic structures of blaKPC-carrying plasmids, but information regarding gene expression at the whole plasmid level are lacking. Accordingly, we performed RNA-seq on Escherichia coli TOP10 transformed with an IncFIIk-IncFI blaKPC-2-carrying plasmid, with or without imipenem exposure. In both conditions, plasmid-encoded genes related to antimicrobial resistance and involved in plasmid replication were the most expressed. Imipenem exposure led to a more general response with overexpression of E. coli numerous chromosome-encoded genes involved in oxidative stress response. In addition, analysis of blaKPC-2 gene expression in several species using 5’RACE revealed the presence of several promoters whose strength depends on the bacterial genetic background. This could promote higher expression of blaKPC-2 gene and explain the association of some isoforms of Tn4401 in different species. The tools developed in the frame of this work were also applied to study a single Enterobacter kobei ST125 clone whose natural cephalosporinase (ACT-28) has increased hydrolytic activity towards imipenem. Finally, genomic analysis of the first ESBL-producing Shewanella sp. was performed. It revealed the presence of blaCTX-M-15 and blaSHV-2 genes carried on an IncA/C plasmid and a new chromosomally-encoded oxacillinase variant of OXA-48 with carbapenemase activity, called OXA-535. OXA-535 was found to be closely related to OXA-436, another carbapenemase which has recently spread in Enterobacteriaceae. Analysis of the genetic environment of both blaOXA-48-like genes confirmed the role of Shewanella spp. as progenitors of class D carbapenemases.Overall, this work contributes to a better comprehension of the diffusion of multi-drug resistant clones and of the mechanisms implicated in β-lactamase expression

Outil d’évaluation des risques microbiologiques d’origine alimentaire, et d’optimisation des procédés de transformation, la microbiologie prévisionnelle ne considère pas l’influence de l’état physiologique des microorganismes sur leur comportement. L’objectif de ce travail est d’identifier des marqueurs permettant de rendre compte de l’impact de l’adaptation cellulaire face à un stress acide. Dans ce cadre, la résistance acide de Bacillus weihenstephanensis a été étudiée et des ARNm ont été identifiés en tant que biomarqueurs de résistance.(i) La résistance acide a été quantifiée via des méthodes culturales pour différents passés cellulaires. L’adaptation à un stress salin est défavorable à la résistance acide en comparaison à des conditions optimales de croissance ou à une adaptation spécifique au stress acide. Néanmoins,la résistance acide de B. weihenstephanensis est modulée de la même façon par l’acidité de l’environnement, indépendamment des conditions de culture préalablement rencontrées.(ii) Un outil basé sur la technologie Pall GeneDisc®a été développé pour permettre la quantification de l’expression génique par RT-qPCR.(iii) La corrélation des données Omic et de résistance acide a permis la sélection de biomarqueurs permettant de différencier les cellules les plus résistantes des cellules les plus sensibles présentent au sein d’une population bactérienne.(iv) Des corrélations linéaires et non linéaires ont également permis de définir des ‘direct biomarker’ qui correspondent aux gènes dont l’expression peut être linéairement corrélée à la résistance; et des ‘long-acting biomarker’ qui correspondent aux gènes dont l’expression transitoire est corrélée à une résistance acide stable.(v) Une analyse multivariée a été utilisée afin de prendre en compte les interactions entre l’expression des différents gènes impliqués dans la résistance acide et a permis la sélection de 9 gènes comme biomarqueurs de résistance acide. Enfin, des premières données prometteuses ont été obtenues. Il serait ainsi possible d’utiliser l’expression génique d’une population bactérienne à un instant donné pour prévoir sa survie dans un environnement létal
Predictive microbiology is a tool to assess food microbiological risks and optimise food processes. However predictive microbiology which predicts the bacterial behaviour does not take bacterial physiological state into consideration. The aim ofthis work is to identify molecular biomarkers to assess the impact of bacterial adaptation on the subsequent acid resistance. In this study, the acid resistance of Bacillus weihenstephanensis wasinvestigated and mRNAs were identified as acid resistance biomarkers.(i) The bacterial acid resistance of different mildstress adapted cells was quantified using cultural methods. Mild salt-adapted cells were less resistant than cells grown in optimal conditions;and the latter less resistant than acid-adaptedcells. However, the bacterial resistance of B.weihenstephanensis followed the same patternwhen facing acidic changes of the environment and that, whatever the environmental condition previously encountered.(ii) For RT-qPCR gene expression quantifications a specific rotative PCR device based on the PallGeneDisc® Technology was developed.(iii) Omic data and bacterial acid resistances correlation allows the selection of biomarkers to track the more resistant and the more sensitive cells present within the bacterial population.(iv) Both linear and non linear correlations allowed to define two types of biomarkers: ‘Directbiomarker’ for which expression patterns uponmild stress treatment were linearly correlated to the subsequent acid resistance and ‘long-actingbiomarkers’ which were transiently up-regulatedduring mild stress exposure and correlated to increased acid resistance over time.(v) A multivariate analysis was performed to correlate the acid bacterial resistance and the gene expression of vegetative cells. This mathematical method provides the advantage to take gene expressions and their interactions into account and allowed the selection of 9 genes as acid resistance biomarkers of B. weihenstephanensis. Finally, some promising results were also obtained. There by, it would be feasible to use gene expression at a given time to predict the bacterialsurvival behaviour in lethal acid conditions

Orientadores: Marcos Antonio Machado, Alessandra Alves de Souza
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Avaliou-se as alterações transcricionais em laranja 'Pera' (Citrus sinensis L. Osb.) promovidas por quitosana (CHI) e ácido salicílico (SA), utilizando RNA-seq, e o efeito destes compostos no controle do cancro cítrico (Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri) e da clorose variegada dos citros (CVC - Xylella fastidiosa). As plantas foram tratadas com CHI ou SA e após 48h e 24h, respectivamente, foram coletadas amostras foliares para avaliar seus transcriptomas. Para a avaliação dos eliciadores sobre o cancro cítrico e a CVC, as plantas foram tratadas com CHI ou SA e após 48h e 24h, respectivamente, inoculadas com as duas bactérias separadamente. A partir de 24h da inoculação, foram coletadas amostras foliares para avaliar a curva de crescimento de ambas as bactérias, a redução da severidade e/ou incidência das doenças e respostas de defesa da planta por RT-qPCR. Com os resultados do transcriptoma, observou-se que mais genes foram induzidos pelo tratamento com SA do que com CHI. O tratamento com SA aumentou a expressão de genes que participam da via de sinalização do SA na planta (WRKY50, PR2 e PR-9) e genes da biossíntese do etileno e ácido jasmônico (ACS 12, fator de transcrição contendo domínio AP2 e OPR3). Além disso, promoveu a indução de genes relacionados ao metabolismo secundário, processos redox e estresse biótico. No tratamento com CHI, foi observada maior indução de genes relacionados ao metabolismo secundário. Para ambos os tratamentos, a via da auxina foi reprimida. No experimento para controle do cancro cítrico, observou-se que ambos os eliciadores promoveram reduções na severidade e incidência da doença. Entretanto, a CHI pareceu não interferir diretamente na formação do biofilme pela bactéria, mas pode ter dificultado a multiplicação de X. citri na planta. O SA retardou a entrada da bactéria na planta e, aparentemente, inibiu mais a formação do biofilme bacteriano do que a CHI. Comparações da expressão gênica entre os eliciadores reforçam a ideia de que a CHI tem maior potencial de induzir resistência ao cancro cítrico do que SA. No experimento para o controle da CVC, observou-se que a CHI induziu importantes genes da via do SA (NPR1, TGA, EDS1) e etileno (EIN-3, PR-4) 24h após a inoculação. Aplicações exógenas de SA potencializaram o seu efeito endógeno na planta, pois houve indução de NPR1, TGA e PRs. Entretanto, não foi possível estabelecer uma relação clara entre a multiplicação de X. fastidiosa, a incidência da doença e o uso da CHI e SA em laranja 'Pera', já que na maioria das avaliações não houve redução da população bacteriana em amostras foliares e não houve redução da incidência em plantas tratadas. Com base nos resultados, observou-se que CHI e SA induziram diversos genes envolvidos em respostas de defesa em laranja 'Pera'. Entretanto, essas respostas podem ser moduladas diferencialmente a depender do patógeno que afeta a planta, pois os eliciadores foram eficientes no controle da X. citri, um patógeno que coloniza o mesófilo da planta, entretanto não foram efetivos no controle da X. fastidiosa, um patógeno que coloniza o xilema da planta, embora respostas de defesa tenham sido expressas nos momentos iniciais (24h) após a inoculação com X. fastidiosa
Abstract: This study was carried out to evaluate transcriptional modification in sweet orange 'Pera' (Citrus sinensis L. Osb.), promoted by chitosan (CHI) and salicylic acid (SA), using RNA-seq, and the effect of these compounds on citrus canker (Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri) and citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC - Xylella fastidiosa). Plants were treated with CHI or SA and after 48h and 24h, respectively, leaf samples were collected to assess the transcriptome. In the experiments for disease assessment, the plants were treated with CHI or SA and after 48h and 24h, respectively, inoculated. Starting from 24h after inoculation, leaf samples were collected to evaluate the multiplication of the pathogens (X. citri and X. fastidiosa), reduction of the severity and / or incidence and plant defense responses by RT-qPCR. Based upon the transcriptome results, it was observed that more genes were induced by SA than by CHI. SA treatment increased the expression of genes that participate in the SA signaling pathway in the plant (WRKY50, PR2 and-PR9), and genes involved in the biosynthesis of ethylene and jasmonic acid (ACS 12, transcription factor containing AP2 and OPR3 domain). Besides these, SA promoted induction of genes of secondary metabolism, redox processes and biotic stress. The treatment with CHI exhibited higher induction of genes related to secondary metabolism. For both treatments, the auxin pathway was suppressed. In the experiment for the control of citrus canker, it was observed that both elicitors reduced the severity and incidence of the disease. However, CHI seems not to interfere directly in biofilm formation, but may have hindered the multiplication of X. citri in the plant. The SA slowed down the entry of the bacteria into the plant and, apparently, inhibited the formation of biofilm more efficiently than the CHI. Comparisons of gene expression between elicitors reinforce the idea that CHI has higher potential to induce resistance to citrus canker than SA. In the experiment for the control of CVC, it was observed that the CHI induced important genes of the SA (NPR1, TGA, EDS1) and ethylene (EIN-3, PR-4) pathways 24h after inoculation. Exogenous applications of SA potentiated its endogenous effect in the plant, since there was induction of EDS-1, NPR1, TGA and PRs. However, it was not possible to establish a clear relationship between the multiplication of X. fastidiosa, the incidence of the disease and the use of CHI and SA in 'Pera' sweet orange, since most of the assessments did not show reduction of bacterial populations in leaf samples and there was no reduction of the incidence in treated plants. Based upon the results of this study, it was observed that CHI and SA induced several genes involved in defense responses in 'Pera' sweet orange. However, these responses can be modulated differentially depending on the pathogen that affects the plant. This fact was demonstrated in this study, as elicitors were effective in controlling X. citri, a pathogen that colonizes the mesophyll of the plant, but were not effective in controlling X. fastidiosa, a pathogen that colonizes the xylem of the plant, although defense responses were expressed in the early stages (24 h) after inoculation with X. fastidiosa
Doutorado
Bioquimica
Doutora em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Orientadores: Adriana Zerlotti Mercadante, Fabio Marcio Squina
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: Espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) e nitrogênio (ERN) são geradas dentro das células pela exposição a agentes endógenos e exógenos, estas espécies, quando em níveis normais, encontram-se envolvidas na produção de energia, regulação do crescimento celular, sinalização intercelular e síntese de substâncias biológicas importantes. Por outro lado, se produzidas em excesso, podem provocar oxidação lípidica, de proteínas ou do DNA causando o que conhecemos por estresse oxidativo. Para combater o excesso de espécies reativas, os organimos produzem moléculas antioxidantes tais como os carotenoides e enzimas como superóxido dismutase e catalase. No entanto, é difícil apontar as estratégias de adaptação dos micro-organismos em resposta a diferentes condições de estresse através do estudo individual de moléculas produzidas. Diante do exposto, esta pesquisa teve por objetivo elucidar o genoma, proteoma e transcriptoma bem como a produção de carotenoides da bactéria termófila Thermus filiformis quando submetida à algumas condições de cultivo: presença e ausência de H2O2 e temperatura de crescimento abaixo (63 ?C) e acima (77 ?C) do seu ótimo (70 ?C). Para tanto, o genoma e transcriptoma foram analisados com o emprego de tecnologias de sequenciamento de última geração e ferramentas computacionais, e a proteômica e os carotenoides foram caracterizados por cromatografia líquida e espectrometria de massas. Além disso, devido à conhecida capacidade antioxidante e alto potencial de aplicabilidade na indústria farmacêutica, cosmética e de formulação de alimentos, foi feita a clonagem, expressão e caracterização da enzima superóxido dismutase de Thermus filiformis (TfSOD). A TfSOD apresentou atividade enzimática utilizando como cofator tanto manganês quanto ferro e termoestabilidade a até 80 ?C. O sequenciamento de DNA produziu um total de 9.680.471 reads pareados e uma montagem com n50 = 85,2Kb, n90 = 17,1kb, contig de maior tamanho com 275,5kb e um tamanho total de 2,46MB. A predição genética resultou em 2.403 genes codificadores de proteínas. Na análise de transcriptoma, 97,1% dos genes codificadores de proteínas preditos apresentaram expressão com valores detectáveis de RSEM (RNA-Seq by Expectation-Maximization). Através da análise do transcriptoma foram identificados 37% e 5,86% dos genes diferencialmente expressos (p-valor<0,05) nos ensaios com diferentes temperaturas e com e sem adição de H2O2, respectivamente. Através da análise do proteoma, no ensaio com diferentes temperaturas, foi encontrado um total de 27,7% proteínas diferencialmente expressas com um FDR (False Discovery Rate) < 0,05%, sendo 20% significativamente diferentes (p-valor<0,05, teste T) e, no ensaio com e sem adição de H2O2, um total de 28,3% com um FDR < 0,05%, sendo 6% significativamente diferentes (p-valor<0,05, teste T). Algumas diferenças foram observadas na produção de carotenoides de acordo com cada condição de cultivo. Quanto ao perfil de carotenoides, nas condições a 70 ?C e a 77 ?C os carotenoides majoritários foram termozeaxantina-15 e termozeaxantina-13, enquanto que para condição a 63 ?C foram termozeaxantina-15 e zeaxantina livre. A amostra cultivada a 70 ?C sem adição de H2O2 apresentou a maior quantidade de carotenoides totais (1.516 ?g/g), por outro lado o extrato rico em carotenoides que apresentou maior capacidade de desativação do radical peroxila (50,5) foi o da amostra com adição de H2O2. Os resultados do presente estudo mostram que os principais processos afetados pela mudança de temperatura e adição de peróxido de hidrogênio foram: catabolismo, transcrição e tradução de proteínas. Observou-se também que a alteração na temperatura teve uma maior influencia na expressão diferencial de genes e proteinas do que a adição de peróxido. Através das análises do trancriptoma e do proteoma de T. filiformis foram identificadas enzimas termo-estáveis com potencial de aplicação industrial, como por exemplo alfa-amilases, alfa-galactosidases e esterases. Além disso, o extrato rico em carotenoides dessa bactéria apresentou capacidade de desativar o radical peroxila superior à capacidade de extratos de frutas e até mesmo de padrões de carotenoides
Abstract: Reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species are produced in the cells by exposure to endogenous and exogenous agents, these species, when at normal levels, are involved in energy production, cell growth regulation, intercellular signaling and synthesis of important biological substances. On the other hand, if overproduced, can cause lipid, protein and DNA oxidation, leading to what is known as oxidative stress. To combat excessive reactive species, organisms produce antioxidant molecules such as carotenoids and enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase. However, it is difficult to point out the adaptation strategies of microorganisms in response to different stress conditions through the study of individual molecules. Therefore the aim of this research was to elucidate the genome, proteome and transcriptome, as well as the carotenoid production of Thermus filiformis when submitted to the some cultivation conditions under stress: without and with hydrogen peroxide and temperature below (63 ?C) and above (77 ?C) the optimum (70 ?C). In order to achieve this aim, the genome and transcriptome were analyzed using next generation technology and computational tools, and proteome and carotenoids were characterized by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Moreover, due to its known antioxidant capacity and potential application on pharmaceutical, cosmetics and food formulations, a superoxide dismutase from Thermus filiformis (TfSOD) was cloned, expressed and characterized. The TfSOD showed cambialistic characteristics, once it had enzymatic activity with either manganese or iron as cofactor and thermostability until 80 ?C. The DNA sequencing produced a total of 9,680,471 paired reads and the produced assembly had an n50 = 85.2Kb, n90 = 17.1kb, the largest contig size = 275.5kb and total size of 2.46MB. Gene prediction resulted in 2,403 protein coding genes. In the transcriptome analysis, 97.1% of predicted protein coding genes showed detectable expression with RSEM values (RNA-Seq by Expectation-Maximization). Through the computational analysis of T. filiformis transcriptome 37% and 5.86% of the genes significantly different (p-value < 0.05) in the assays with different temperatures and with and without H2O2 were identified, respectivelly. In the total proteome analysis a total of 27.7% proteins were differentially expressed with a FDR (False Discovery Rate) < 0.05%, being 20% significantly different (p-value < 0.05, T-test) in the temperature assay and 28.3% proteins with a FDR (False Discovery Rate) < 0.05%, being 6% significantly different (p-value < 0.05, T-test) in the H2O2 assay. Some changes were observed in the carotenoid production according to the cultivation condition. Regarding to the carotenoid profile, the major carotenoids under conditions at 70 ?C (without and with H2O2) and at 77 ?C were thermozeaxanthin-15 and thermozeaxanthin-13 while at 63 ?C were thermozeaxanthin-15 and free-zeaxanthin. The sample cultivated at 70 ?C without H2O2 showed the highest amount of total carotenoid (1516 ?g/g of dry mass), on the other hand the sample with the highest antioxidant capacity was the one cultivated at 70 ?C with H2O2. The carotenoid rich extract of all conditions studied showed a peroxyl scavenging capacity higher than those carotenoid rich extracts from some fruits and from some carotenoid standards, demonstrating the potential applicability of T. filiformis extracts in industry. The results of this study show that the main processes affected by temperature change and addition of H2O2 were: catabolism, transcription and protein translation. It was also observed that the change in temperature has greater influence on the differential expression of genes and proteins than the H2O2 addition. Through trancriptome and proteome analysis of T. filiformis thermostable enzymes have been identified with potential industrial applications, such as alpha-amylases, alpha-galactosidases and esterases. Moreover, the extract rich in carotenoids of this bacterium had a greater peroxyl radical scavenging capacity than the capacity of fruit extracts and even carotenoids standards
Doutorado
Ciência de Alimentos
Doutora em Ciência de Alimentos

Les progrès fulgurants de ces dix dernières années réalisés dans les domaines de la microinformatique et de la microfluidique associés au génie génétique (PCR et séquençage) ont permis un changement d'échelle dans la quantité des données acquises au cours d'une même expérience. La transcriptomique est directement issue de ces avancées technologiques. Ce mémoire présenté pour l'obtention d'une Habilitation à Diriger des Recherdes porte sur l'analyse du transcriptome de la bactérie intracellulaire obligatoire des pucerons, Buchnera aphidicola. Dans la première partie, les principales méthodes d'analyses statistiques différentielles et d'intégration des données transcriptomiques sont présentées sous la forme d'une analyse bibliographique. La deuxième partie est consacrée au développement d'outils bioinformatiques : ROSO, un logiciel d'optimisation des sondes oligonucléotidiques, la puce Buchnera et SITRANS, un système d'information pour la gestion et la publication des données d'expression. Enfin, la dernière partie est consacrée à la caractérisation du transcriptome de Buchnera en condition de stress trophique de son hôte, le puceron du pois Acyrthosiphon pisum. La régulation transcriptionnelle chez les bactéries symbiotiques intracellulaires à génome réduit est encore actuellement très mal connue. Cette question sera abordée chez Buchnera tout d'abord au niveau évolutif par l'étude de la relation entre l'expression des gènes et leur organisation dans le génome, puis au niveau fonctionnel, par la caractérisation de la réponse de la bactérie à une diminution de la quantité d'acides aminés essentiels dans le substrat nutritif du puceron, combinée à un stress osmotique.

La colonisation de la plante par les bactéries phytostimulatrices du genre Azospirillum est un aspect important de la symbiose associative avec le végétal, mais les réponses de la bactérie à la présence de la plante et de ses exsudats sont peu connues. L’influence des exsudats du blé sur le transcriptome d’Azospirillum a été étudiée par (i) une approche globale sans a priori, afin d’identifier les gènes induits en présence d’exsudats, et (ii) une approche ciblée, portant sur l’analyse du gène phytobénéfique acdS. La première, fondée sur l’induction différentielle de fluorescence (DFI) et la cytométrie en flux, a identifié de nouveaux gènes induits, dont nirK (nitrite réductase). La seconde a montré que plusieurs constituants présents dans les exsudats régulent la transcription d’acdS. Ce travail indique que les exsudats ont un effet important sur l’expression génique du partenaire bactérien
Plant colonization by phytostimulating bacteria of the genus Azospirillum is an important aspect of the associative symbiosis with the plant, but bacterial responses to the presence of the plant and its exudates are poorly documented. The effect of wheat exudates on Azospirillum transcriptome was studied by following (i) a global approach without a priori, in order to identify exudate-induced genes, and (ii) an approach targeting the phytobeneficial gene acdS. The first one, based on differential fluorescence induction (DFI) promoter trap technique and flow cytometry, identified new exudates-induced genes including nirK (nitrite reductase). The second one showed that several compounds found in exudates regulate the transcription of acdS. This work indicates that exudates have an important effect on gene expression in the bacterial partner

Dans le but de caractériser la pollution métallique dans l’environnement, seules des analyses chimiques exhaustives sont réalisées. Alors que celles-ci sont sensibles et spécifiques, le manque d’informations concernant la biodisponibilité des polluants présents rend l’information incomplète. Pour remédier à ce problème, des bactéries détectrices ont été développées. Permettant la quantification de la fraction biodisponible d’un polluant et l’évaluation de la toxicité associée, ces bioessais ont largement été utilisés au cours des deux dernières décennies. Cependant, malgré les avantages de cette technique, les études reportent leur manque de spécificité, limitant ainsi leurs applications environnementales. Cette thèse cherche à établir une méthodologie d’analyse complète en vue de l’étude de la contamination métallique à destination d’échantillons environnementaux. Tout d’abord, des bioessais ont été développés pour la détection de trois métaux. Pour pallier la faible spécificité de ces souches, une analyse transcriptomique à l’échelle du génome de la bactérie E. coli a aussi été réalisée. Suite à l’établissement et à la validation de la méthodologie d’analyse d’importants jeux de données, des profils de réponse transcriptomiques spécifiques de (i) la présence de métal et de (ii) la concentration en métal ont été établis. Ceux-ci permettent de détecter les métaux et de quantifier la toxicité associée à la présence de mélanges de métaux dans divers environnements. Enfin, par le développement et le couplage des analyses biologiques et chimiques, nous avons mis en évidence le potentiel de cette méthode pour une caractérisation complète des pollutions environnementales
In order to characterize the metallic pollution in the environment, only exhaustive chemical analyzes are performed. While these analyses are sensitive and specific, the lack of information on the bioavailability of pollutants makes this characterization incomplete. To address this problem, biosensing bacteria have been developed. Allowing the quantification of the bioavailable fraction of a pollutant and the evaluation of the associated toxicity, these bioassays have been widely used during the last two decades. However, despite the advantages of this technique, many studies have reported their lack of specificity, limiting their use for environmental applications. This thesis aims to establish a complete methodology of analysis for metallic contamination of environmental samples. In the first part, bioassays were developed for the detection of three metals. To overcome the low specificity of these strains, genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of E. coli bacterium was also performed. Following the establishment and the validation of the methodology for large datasets analyzes, specific transcriptomic response profiles dedicated to (i) the presence of metal and (ii) their concentrations were established. These profiles allow the detection of mixed metals in various environmental matrices. Thus, through the development and coupling of biological and chemical analyzes, we have highlighted the potential of this method for a complete characterization of environmental pollution

Les composés organiques hydrophobes (HOCs), lipides et hydrocarbures, représentent une part significative de la matière organique dans l’environnement marin. Leur faible solubilité dans l’eau exige de la part des bactéries qui les dégradent des adaptations physiologiques permettant de stimuler leur transfert de masse de la phase organique vers la phase aqueuse où ils sont assimilés. La formation de biofilm à l’interface HOC-eau est l’une de ces adaptations. La bactérie marine Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus (Mh), qui est capable d’utiliser un catalogue assez large de HOCs comme les alcanes, les alcools gras et les triglycérides, a été utilisée comme modèle d’étude de la formation de biofilms aux interfaces HOCs-eau. Le but de mes recherches était de : (i) mener la caractérisation fonctionnelle des gènes aupA et aupB, qui sont surexprimés en condition de biofilm sur hexadécane et (ii) dresser, par une étude de transcriptomique, une liste de gènes potentiellement impliqués dans l’adhésion et la formation de biofilm aux interfaces HOCs-eau dans le but d’appréhender les mécanismes moléculaires mis en jeu. L’étude fonctionnelle de aupA et aupB a révélé que ces deux gènes forment un opéron dont l’expression est activée par divers types de HOCs. Il a aussi été démontré qu’ils sont impliqués dans le transport de l’hexadécane et dans la formation de biofilm sur alcanes. La protéine AupA est localisée dans la membrane externe de Mh et AupB, une lipoprotéine présumée, est située dans la membrane interne. AupA appartient à une sous-famille de transporteurs FadL-like, spécifique des bactéries marines hydrocarbonoclastes (HCB). La distribution phylogénétique de l'opéron aupAB limitée aux bactéries marines ayant la capacité de dégrader les alcanes et sa présence en nombreuses copies chez certaines souches d’Alcanivorax sp. suggèrent fortement que les protéines Aup joueraient un rôle primordial dans l’adaptation des HCB à l’utilisation d’alcanes comme sources de carbone et d’énergie. L’analyse transcriptomique des cellules de Mh adhérées (après 15 min ou 3 h de contact) ou formant un biofilm aux interfaces HOCs-eau a révélé une modification importante et précoce de leur transcriptome. De nombreux gènes intervenant dans le métabolisme des HOCs, la production de polysaccharides, la synthèse d’acides aminés et de protéines ribosomales présentent une expression modulée dès 15 min d’adhésion. La surexpression des gènes de flagelle et du chimiotactisme conjointement avec celle de gènes de pili en condition d’adhésion évoquent une possible mobilité des cellules de Mh à l’interface dans les étapes précoces du développement du biofilm. De plus, il semblerait que le facteur de transcription RpoN soit impliqué dans la régulation de la formation de biofilm chez Mh et que les prophages puissent intervenir dans la structure et/ou la dispersion du biofilm. Enfin, le rôle potentiel d’un îlot génomique dans la formation de biofilm sur trioléine a été suggéré
Hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs), such as lipids and hydrocarbons, represent a significant part of the organic matter in the marine environment. Their low solubility in water requires from bacteria that degrade them physiological adaptations to stimulate their mass transfer from the organic to the aqueous phase where they are assimilated. Biofilm formation at the HOC-water interface is one of those adaptations. The marine bacterium Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus (Mh) which is able to use a broad range of HOCs such as alkanes, fatty alcohols and triglycerides, was used as a model to study the biofilm formation at HOCs-water interfaces. The aim of my research was to (i) conduct the functional characterization of aupA and aupB genes which are overexpressed in biofilm on hexadecane, (ii) draw up a list of genes, through a transcriptomic study, that are potentially involved in adhesion and biofilm formation at HOCs-water interfaces in order to understand the molecular mechanisms involved.Functional study of aupA and aupB revealed that these two genes form an operon whose expression is activated by various types of HOCs. They have also been shown to be involved in the transport of hexadecane and in biofilm formation on alkanes. The AupA protein is localized in the outer membrane and the predicted lipoprotein AupB is located at the inner membrane. AupA belongs to a subfamily of the FadL-like transporters, specific to marine hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (HCB). The phylogenetic distribution of the aupAB operon restricted to marine bacteria having the ability to degrade alkanes and its presence in multiple copies in somestrains of Alcanivorax sp. strongly suggest that Aup proteins play a key role in the adaptation of HCB to use alkanes as carbon and energy sources. The transcriptomic analysis of Mh cells adhering (after 15 min or 3 h of contact) or forming a biofilm at HOCs-water interfaces revealed significant and early changes in their transcriptome. The expression of many genes involved in the metabolism of HOCs, polysaccharides production, amino acids and ribosomal proteins synthesis is modulated as early as 15 min of adhesion. The overexpression of flagella and chemotaxis genes together with that of pili in adhesion condition suggest a possible motility at the interface during the early stages of biofilm development. In addition, it appears that the transcription factor RpoN is involved in the regulation of biofilm formation in Mh and that prophages could play a role in the structure and/or dispersal of the biofilm. Finally, a potential role of a genomic island in biofilm formation ontriolein was suggested