Dissertationen: „Transaction costs and information problems“

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Boos, Erik, Ludwig Wahlqvist und Daniel Maman. „Fastighetspaketering : Det populära förfarandets effekt för mindre fastighetsbolag“. Thesis, Malmö universitet, Institutionen för Urbana Studier (US), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-43052.

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Det populära förfarandet fastighetspaketering som idag är branschnorm, innebär att det ägande bolaget överlåts och utseendet på transaktionsprocessen förändras. Förändringen innebär en utökad undersökningsprocess, i form av en Due Diligence. Due Diligence innebär vanligtvis en undersökning av fastighetens tekniska, ekonomiska och juridiska aspekter. Fastighetspaketeringar medför däremot en ytterligare undersökning parallellt av bolaget. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur mindre aktörers transaktionsprocess påverkas vid förvärv av paketerade fastigheter samt vilka konsekvenser deras Due Diligence får. För att uppnå studiens syfte har en kvalitativ metod använts för att begrunda det empiriska materialet. Det empiriska materialet grundar sig på fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer med respondenter från mindre fastighetsbolag. Studien visar att transparensen på den svenska fastighetsmarknaden är högre än genomsnittet, trots detta förekommer asymmetrisk information. Den asymmetriska informationen kan däremot motverkas genom en Due Diligence. Därav krävs det att informationen i en Due Diligence bearbetas på ett korrekt och kontrollerat sätt, om så inte vore fallet utmynnar det i en kostsam process. På så vis är mindre fastighetsbolag villiga att betala kostnaden för informationen i en Due Diligence. Bearbetas inte informationen fullständigt kan det leda till lägre lönsamhet, vilket studien påvisar vara en avgörande faktor för mindre fastighetsbolag.
Packaging of Real Estate is today considered a popular transaction method and an industry norm. A result of the procedure is that the owning company is transferred in the transaction, however this means that the appearance of the transaction process changes. The change involves an extended investigation process, in the form of a Due Diligence. Due Diligence usually refers to an investigation of the property’s technical, financial and legal aspects. Packaging of real estate, on the other hand, entails an added parallel investigation of the company. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the transaction process affects smaller real estate companies by the acquisition of packaged properties, and what consequences it has on their Due Diligence. To achieve the purpose of this study, a qualitative method has been used to gather our empirical data. The empirical material is based on four semi-structured interviews with four different interviewees from smaller real estate companies. The study shows that transparency in the Swedish real estate market is above average, despite this, asymmetric information occurs. The asymmetric information, on the other hand, can be counteracted by Due Diligence. Therefore, it is required that the information in a Due Diligence is processed in a correct and controlled manner, otherwise it results in a costly process. Therefore, smaller real estate companies are willing to pay the cost of information in a Due Diligence. Failure to process the information completely can lead to lower profitability, which the study shows is a decisive factor for smaller real estate companies.

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Solis-Webster, Martha Julia. „Information asymmetry and transaction costs in a cross-cultural business transaction“. reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/13468.

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The intent of this paper is to provide a practitioners insight into the present and foreseeable future of problem of transaction cost economics related to culture and business etiquette that may increase the of complexity of business communication. We will also explore whether it impacts participant's mindsets regarding opportunistic or passive aggressive behavior. We will study the role of culture, ethics, information asymmetry, and legal systems regarding their importance towards the business contracts and lack of knowledge in local environments. We will make connections to contract theory strategies and objectives and recommend business practices. Furthermore, economic theory explores the role of the impossibility of the perfect contract. Historical and present day operational factors are examined for the determination of forward-looking contract law indications worldwide. This paper is intended provide a practitioners view with a global perspective of a multinational, mid-sized and small corporations giving consideration in a non-partisan and non-nationalistic view, yet examines the individual characteristics of the operational necessities and obligations of any corporation. The study will be general, yet cite specific articles to each argument and give adequate consideration to the intricacies of the global asymmetry of information. This paper defends that corporations of any kind and size should be aware of the risk of international business etiquette and cultural barriers that might jeopardize the savings you could obtain from engaging international suppliers.

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Wang, Huamao. „Optimal portfolio choice under partial information and transaction costs“. Thesis, University of Leeds, 2011. http://kar.kent.ac.uk/44797/.

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We develop and analyze a model of optimal portfolio choice with a finite time horizon T. The investor's objective is to maximize the expected utility of terminal wealth based on partial information generated by stock prices. Rebalancing the portfolio composed of a stock and a bank account incurs transaction costs. This thesis extends the literature by examining the joint impact of partial information and transaction costs on investors' decisions and expected utilities. After estimating the uncertain drift from historical prices, an investor updates the estimate over [0, T] based on partial information. This investor learns about the drift with the Kalman-Bucy filter, which provides a statistically optimal estimate. Three regions of the state space with two free boundaries characterize the optimal portfolio strategy. A numerical algorithm using dynamic programming and a Markov chain approximation solves the model. The existing algorithm with known parameters is time consuming and liable to cause underflow or overflow of the range of values represented. We propose four improvements to overcome the drawbacks. The algorithm with modifications can be applied to the model under partial information according to the separation principle. We define two measures to quantify the losses in utility caused by partial information and transaction costs. Four quantities are introduced to describe investors' trading behaviours. With simulations of stock prices and the drift, the comparative analysis of five market parameters reveals the properties of the model and tests the robustness of the algorithm. Compared with the investors who use erroneous estimates of the drift, the learning investor's portfolio holdings are close to the informed investor's portfolio holdings. The average cost per transaction to the learning investor is the lowest. This investor has these benefits because the filter reduces uncertainty. We discuss the implications for practitioners to highlight the practical contributions of this research.

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Islamoglu, Mehmet. „Information technology, transaction costs and governance structures : an institutional approach“. Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402133.

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Bonnevier, Emma, und Lowisa Nyman. „European Market Infrastructure Regulation : En institutionell analys av implementeringsproblematiken och dess kostnader“. Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-120784.

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Bakgrund: Med grund i finanskrisen år 2008, infördes förordningen European Market Infrastructure Regulation, EMIR, för att öka transparensen och minska motpartsrisken på den europeiska derivatmarkanden. Marknaden påvisar att implementeringen av regelverket har varit problematiskt då regelverket anses vara otydligt formulerat. Enligt undersökningar, ökar transaktionskostnaderna på derivatmarknaden till följd av EMIR. Nya aktörer faller, till följd av regelverket, under Finansinspektionens tillsyn vilket ytterligare bidrar till en implementeringsproblematik värd att analysera. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att utreda och utifrån institutionell teori analysera vilka kostander och problem som uppkommit vid implementeringen av EMIR samt diskutera lösningar för dessa. Genomförande: För att uppnå studiens syfte har författarna använt sig av institutionell teori samt ett kvalitativt tillväggångssätt. Empirin är behandlad med ansats i utredning av den implementeringsproblematik berörda parter upplevt till följd av EMIR. Empirin erhålls genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Med berörda parter avses, i studien, olika intressenter på den marknad som uppstått i och med implementeringen av EMIR. Med teorin som grund kommer olika lösningar på implementeringsproblematiken diskuteras i analysen. Slutsats: Regelverket anses vara otydligt och komplext vilket leder till ökade transaktionskostnader. Flertalet kostnader samt problem har identifierats som framträdande i samband med implementeringen av EMIR. De olika lösningarna som presenteras, förklaras vara olikt beroende på om aktören anses vara större eller mindre på marknaden. Författarna kan slutligen se en långsiktig nytta med EMIR.
Background: Due to the financial crisis of year 2008. European Market Infrastructure Regulation, EMIR, was introduced to increase transparency and reduce the counterparty risk on the European derivatives market. The market demonstrates that the implementation has been problematic and an indistinct designing is expressed. According to studies, increased transaction costs have occurred due to the regulation. Operators that usually not are included by oversight by the Swedish FSA, now are due to EMIR which contributes to an implementation problem essential to analyse. Aim: The aim with the study is to investigate and by institutional theory analyse what costs and problems that occurs at the implementation of EMIR and to discuss solutions for these. Completion: To accomplish the aim of the study, the writers have used institutional theory and a qualitative approach. The empirical data is treated with focus on the implementation problems that affected parts experienced due to EMIR. The empirical data will be concluded with semi – structured interviews. The affected parts, in the study, are different stakeholders on the market that has developed because of the implementation of EMIR. With the theory as background different solutions to the implementation problems will be discussed in the analysis. Conclusion: The regulation is considered to be unclear and complex which results in increased transaction costs. Several costs and problems have been identified in conjunction with the implementation of EMIR. The different solution provided is explained to depend on if the participant is considered a small or a big contestant on the market. The writer can ultimately se a long – term utility with EMIR.

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Carpentier, Chantal Line. „Value of information for targeting agro-pollution control: a case study of the lower Susquehanna watershed“. Diss., Virginia Tech, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/38022.

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Poizat, Axelle. „Freins et leviers à une réduction d’utilisation des antibiotiques en élevage bovin liés à l’organisation économique des filières, aux systèmes d’exploitation et au conseil“. Thesis, Nantes, Ecole nationale vétérinaire, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ONIR109F/document.

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Réduire les usages d’antibiotiques est un des leviers principaux pour contrer l’avancée de l’antibiorésistance qui menace l’efficacité du traitement des maladies bactériennes humaines et animales. En filières bovin laitier et jeunes bovins de boucherie, deux maladies de production sont responsables des principaux usages d’antibiotiques, respectivement les mammites et les maladies respiratoires. L’objectif de la thèse a été d’identifier auprès des acteurs des filières des verrous limitant l’amélioration des pratiques la diminution de l’utilisation d’antibiotiques, puis d’identifier des leviers d’action. En élevage de jeunes bovins de boucherie, des entretiens auprès d’acteurs de la filière (éleveurs et responsables) et des enquêtes auprès d’éleveurs ont permis d’identifier que l’organisation de la filière est un des principaux verrous. Cependant, les caractéristiques des systèmes d’exploitations et les compétences des éleveurs constituaient également une potentielle limite. En élevage bovin laitier, des entretiens ont permis de montrer que les perceptions et connaissances des éleveurs semblaient être un des freins majeurs à l’amélioration des pratiques, le système d’exploitation semblant intervenir à la marge. En élevage bovin allaitant, des leviers permettant d’améliorer la coordination entre les acteurs de la chaîne de valeur ont été identifiés. En élevage laitier, un programme innovant de formation et de conseil a été évalué dans le cadre d’une étude d’intervention, montrant une amélioration des connaissances et perceptions des éleveurs sur la prévention et l’utilisation des antibiotiques
Reducing antibiotic use is one of the main levers to limit the increase of antimicrobial resistance, which threatens the effectiveness of the treatments of human and animal bacterial diseases. In dairy and young beef bull sectors, antibiotics are mainly used to control two production diseases, respectively mastitis and bovine respiratory diseases (BRD). The objective of the thesis was to identify with sectors’ stakeholders’ limitations for the improvement of antibiotic use practices, then to identify levers of action. In the young beef bulls’ sector, interviews with stakeholders and farmers showed that the organization of the value chain, because of its potential influence on BRD risk factors, was one of the main limitation identified. However, the characteristics of farming systems and farmers’ skills were also a potential limitation. In the dairy sector, interviews have shown that farmers’ perceptions and knowledge seemed to be one of the major limitation to the improvement of the practices. The farming system seemed to have only limited influence. In young beef bulls sector, levers to improve coordination between stakeholders in the value chain have been identified. In dairy farming, an innovative training and advising program was evaluated as part of an intervention study, showing an improvement in the knowledge and perceptions of farmers regarding prevention measures and antibiotic use

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McNaughton, Maurice L. „Deregulation, Uncertainty, and Information Technology in the Electric Utility Industry: A Transaction Cost Interpretation of the Drivers and Consequences of Vertical Disintegration“. restricted, 2005. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11132005-061139/.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2005.
Title from title screen. Arun Rai, Johnathan Wareham, committee co-chairs; Subhashish Samaddar, Joseph Katz, committee members. Electronic text (249 p. : ill. (some col.), col. maps) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed July 13, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 239-247).

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Vestin, Sofia, und Chien Le. „Vad är en hållbar bank? : En kvalitativ studie om hur en mångtydig definition av begreppet hållbarhet påverkar banksektorn och dess aktörer“. Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-149481.

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Bakgrund: Det finns idag ett stort utbud av banker på den svenska marknaden och den allmänna diskussionen påvisar att intresset för att välja en hållbar bank ökar från samhället. I dagsläget har merparten av bankerna i det svenska samhället implementerat sin egen hållbarhetspolicy, med egna riktlinjer och kravställningar de skall följa, samt en beskrivning om vilka principer de sägs stå bakom. I och med att begreppet hållbarhet inte är reglerat i lagstiftningen leder detta till att begreppet tolkas på olika sätt och kan innebära svårigheter för kunder, eftersom det kan finnas skillnader i hållbara bankers inriktning när det gäller investeringar och utlåningar. Därmed kan det ifrågasättas om kunden är medveten om vad den investerar i. Med utgångspunkt utifrån detta finns det ett intresse att analysera och belysa hur de olika aktörerna på banksektorn själva definierar begreppet för att sedan komma fram till en mer konkret förklaring av vad som menas med begreppet för att underlätta för kunderna. Syfte: Uppsatsen syftar till att analysera och belysa hur den svenska banksektorn tolkar och implementerar hållbarhetsaspekten i dess verksamhet och hur den rådande mångtydiga definitionen av begreppet hållbarhet påverkar sektorn och dess aktörer. Metod: För att besvara studiens syfte har ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt använts. Efter att ha studerat relevant litteratur samt analyserat hur den svenska banksektorns hållbarhetsarbete så har en egenkonstruerad analysmodell utvecklats. Denna analysmodell ligger till grund för referensramen, utformandet av intervjumallen samt analys av den insamlade datan. Sammanlagt har nio semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med banker, externa oberoendegranskningsparter och kunder. Slutsats: En hållbar bank är en bank som aktivt arbetar för att minimera dess negativa påverkan på människa, samhälle och miljö, såväl som aktivt tar till vara på de möjligheter de har för att främja hållbar utveckling. Bristen på transparens och tydlighet i kombination med en banksekretess ger utrymme för opportunistiskt beteende hos bankerna. Lemonsproblematiken råder inte för banker generellt i dagsläget men det finns tendenser inom mindre verksamhetsgrenar såsom fondförvaltning. Slutligen är dagens regelverk och övervakning inte tillräckliga för att reducera informationsasymmetrier och opportunistiskt beteende. Externa oberoende granskningsaktörer synar opportunistiskt beteende men kanäven ge upphov till opportunistiskt beteende i form av vitmålning.
Background: Today, there is a wide range of banks on the Swedish market and the general discussion shows that interest in choosing a sustainable bank is increasing from the society. At the moment, most of the Swedish banks have implemented their own policies, guidelines and requirements regarding sustainability, which they are following, as well as a description of the international principles they are said to stand behind. As the concept of sustainability is not regulated in the legislation, this means that the term is interpreted in different ways and may cause difficulties for the customers, as there may be differences in the focus of sustainable banks in terms of financing and investing. Therefore, it can be questioned if the customer is aware of what they invest in. Based on this, it is found interesting to analyse and enlighten how the different actors, in the banking sector, define the term sustainability, in order to clarify and explain what the definition of sustainability means, within the banking sector, to facilitate for the customers. Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to analyse and illustrate how the Swedish banking sector interprets and implements the sustainability aspect in their organisation and how the current ambiguous definition of sustainability affects the sector and its agents. Method: In order to answer the purpose of the study, a qualitative approach has been used. A unique analysis model has been developed. This after studying relevant literature and analysing how the Swedish banking sector works regarding sustainability. This analysis model forms the basis for the theory, the design of the interview template and the analysis of the collected data. In total, nine semi-structured interviews were conducted with banks, external independent auditors and customers. Conclusion: A sustainable bank is a bank that actively works to minimize its negative impact on humans, society and environment, as well as actively embracing the opportunities they have for promoting sustainable development. The lack of transparency and clarity in combination with bank secrecy creates a space for opportunistic behaviour from the banks. The Markets for “Lemons” do not exist at the moment in the banking sector, as a whole, but there are tendencies in specific operation groups, such as fund management. Today's regulatory and monitoring is not enough to reduce information asymmetries and opportunistic behaviour. External independent auditors bring opportunistic behaviour to the surface but can also cause opportunistic behaviour in terms of whitewashing.

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Bergamaschi, Sidnei. „Modelos de gestão da terceirização de tecnologia da informação: um estudo exploratório“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-17062005-075636/.

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A terceirização, ou o processo de transferência de suas atividades, por parte das organizações, para terceiros, é uma prática utilizada há muito tempo e que vem se tornando mais comum. O mesmo também ocorre especificamente em relação às atividades da área de Tecnologia da Informação, desde o início da utilização dos computadores nas organizações até os dias atuais. Diversos são os motivos que levam as organizações a terceirizar, parcial ou totalmente, suas diferentes atividades e serviços na área de Tecnologia da Informação, sendo muitos deles associados à redução de custos, melhoria de qualidade e foco nas atividades essenciais da organização. Algumas teorias econômicas embasam as decisões de terceirização por parte das organizações, particularmente a economia dos custos de transação, custos de produção e teoria de agência. Esta tese tem como objetivo realizar um estudo exploratório sobre as formas de contratação e gerenciamento da terceirização de Tecnologia da Informação, bem como de fatores que influenciam a adoção dessas formas. A tese propõe um modelo, elaborado com base na literatura existente sobre o assunto, segundo o qual, determinados fatores econômicos e objetivos estratégicos das organizações influenciam na escolha de um modelo de gestão da terceirização. Além disso, o modelo propõe uma taxonomia para as formas de gestão da terceirização de Tecnologia da Informação, divididas em dois grupos: os modos de contratação e os modos de gerenciamento, e também analisa os relacionamentos específicos entre eles. A pesquisa utilizou uma amostra composta por 228 empresas, em sua maior parte indústrias, usuárias de serviços de Tecnologia da Informação, que participaram de um survey, através de um website na internet. Sobre os dados provenientes da amostra foram aplicadas várias técnicas estatísticas, como análise de correlação, análise de clusters e análise de variância, para validar as hipóteses do modelo. Os resultados obtidos confirmam o modelo de pesquisa parcialmente, comprovando os relacionamentos entre as formas de contratação e gerenciamento, porém, não permitindo conclusões definitivas sobre a influência de fatores econômicos e objetivos estratégicos na definição e escolha dos modelos de gestão. Dos relacionamentos entre as formas de contratação e gerenciamento é possível identificar um conjunto de três arranjos distintos, para a gestão da terceirização de TI pelas organizações. Além disso, são apresentados resultados e conclusões adicionais a respeito dos responsáveis pelo processo de terceirização, pelo orçamento de terceirização, quantidade e diversidade de serviços terceirizados e, ainda, sobre a satisfação com os resultados obtidos com a terceirização de serviços de TI. Dos relacionamentos entre as formas de contratação e gerenciamento é possível identificar um conjunto de três arranjos distintos, para a gestão da terceirização de TI pelas organizações.
Outsourcing, or the process of transferring activities to third parties has being underused for a long time and it is becoming a common practice. This is also true in the Information Technology area, ever since computers have been introduced in organizations. There are many reasons associated to the partial or total outsourcing of activities and services in Information Technology, many of them regarding cutting costs, quality improvement and focus on the organization core activities. Some economic theories support the outsourcing decisions such as transaction costs economics, production costs and the agency theory. The objective of this Thesis is to present an exploratory study regarding contracting and management models in Information Technology outsourcing, as well as, the factors that have being taken into consideration in the decision for such models. This Thesis proposes a model, based on the existing literature on the subject, in which companies specific economic factors and strategic objectives influence the choice for an outsourcing management model. Furthermore, the model proposes a taxonomy for the outsourcing management in Information Technology, divided into two groups: contracting and management models. It also analyses the specific relationship between them. The survey has collected information from 228 companies, most of them industries which use Information Technology services and that have answered a questionnaire in a Internet website. Some statistical methods have been applied on the collected sample data; such as, correlation analysis, cluster analysis and variance analysis in order to support the model hypothesis. The results partially confirm the research model, validating the relationship between contracting and management models. However, it was not possible to draw final conclusions on the influence of economic factors and strategic objectives in defining and choosing management models. From de relationships between contracting and management models it is possible to identify a set of three distinct groups for the management of Information Technology outsourcing in the organizations. Moreover, additional results and conclusions are presented regarding the responsibility for the outsourcing process, budgets, amount and diversity of outsourcing services, and, satisfaction with the outsourcing services results in Information Technology.

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Norrbin, Filippa, und Ebba Stenbeck. „Vägen till lyckad robotrådgivning : En kvalitativ studie om kundförtroende och transaktionskostnader“. Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-150926.

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Bakgrund: Den automatiserade rådgivningen är ett nytt fenomen på den svenska marknaden som innebär att kunderna ställs inför nya utmaningar när det kommer till investeringsrådgivning. Det har i tidigare forskning inte undersökts hur förtroendet ser ut angående robotrådgivning ur ett kundperspektiv vilket bidrar till ett intresse hos författarna att täcka denna kunskapslucka. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka förutsättningarna för automatiserad kundrådgivning att brett slå igenom, detta genom att analysera potentiella kunders förtroende för tjänst och leverantör samt hur kunder ser på potentiella transaktionskostnadshinder. Det senare genom att undersöka hur kunden uppfattar den tillgängliga informationen, behovet av finansiell kunskap, psykologiska fällor samt kundens syn på eventuellt svekfullt beteende. Genomförande: Studiens genomförande bygger på en kvalitativ metod med åtta intervjuer med privatpersoner och en med en produktägare. Respondenternas förtroende samt åsikter har undersökts genom att sätta upp ett hypotetiskt scenario med den automatiserade rådgivningen. Det har sedan jämförts hur väl robotrådgivningen hanterar de problem som kan uppstå vid investeringsrådgivning jämfört med den traditionella rådgivningen för att på så sätt förenkla respondenternas möjlighet att ge så utvecklade och nyanserade svar som möjligt. Slutsats: Studien visar att det generella förtroendet för den automatiserade rådgivningen kan anses likvärdigt med det som finns för den traditionella rådgivningen, dock har robotrådgivningen en stor brist i de informationsasymmetrier som råder mellan kunden och roboten. På grund av den asymmetriska informationen kan kunden ha svårt att avgöra kvaliteten på robotrådgivningen och kan leda till att denne avstår från att använda sig av en sparrobot.
Background: The automated advisory is a new phenomenon at the Swedish market which means that the customers is faced with new challenges when it comes to investment advisory. It has in previous research not been investigated how the confidence is regarding the robo advisory through a customer-perspective which contributes to an interest from the author’s side to cover this knowledge gap. Aim: The aim with this essay is to investigate the conditions for the automated customer advisory to penetrate the market widely, this by analyze potential customers confidence for the service and supplier together with how the customers looks at potential transaction cost barriers. The later by investigating how the customer perceives the available information, the need for financial literacy, psychological traps together with the customers view on deceitful behavior. Completion: The completion of the study is based on a qualitative approach with eight private individuals and one product owner. The respondent’s confidence and opinions have been investigated by setting up a hypothetical scenario regarding the automated advisory. It has later on been compared how well the robo advisory can handle the problems that may occur during investment advisory compared to the traditional advisory to simplify the respondents opportunity to give as developed and nuanced answers as possible. Conclusion: The study shows that the general confidence for the automated advisory can be considered equivalent with what exists for the traditional advisory, but the automated advisory have a great shortage in the asymmetrical information which prevails between the customer and the robot. Because of the asymmetric information the customer may have difficulties to determine the quality of the robo advisory, which can lead to the customer refraining to use a robo-advisor.

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Thrasher, Jessica. „The Unintended Consequences of Industry Mandates: How EMV is Changing the U.S. Payments Landscape“. Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/517062.

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Business Administration/Interdisciplinary
D.B.A.
The 2015 mandate of Europay MasterCard and Visa (EMV) “chip card” technology in the U.S. left the payments market primed for the adoption of alternative technologies. The goal of this study is to determine the factors that contribute to the adoption of new, alternative payment technologies by integrating the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Switching Cost Theory and operationalizing both theories in a consumer context. Through a survey of 210 chip card and mobile payment users, this study finds the TAM dimensions of self-efficacy, perceived usefulness, and social influence are key determinants of a user’s propensity to use a new technology in a mandated consumer context and introduces switching costs as an important antecedent to a consumer’s likelihood to use an alternative payment technology. More generally, this work integrates those theories to gain insight into how industry mandates influence user behavior with regards to consumer acceptance of alternative technologies.
Temple University--Theses

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Cazzari, Roberto Bomgiovani. „A compreensibilidade das informações contábeis e sua relação com os custos de transação sob a óptica dos profissionais de investimento“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12136/tde-25032013-153458/.

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Essa dissertação foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de responder ao seguinte problema de pesquisa: há indícios de que notas explicativas das demonstrações financeiras que sejam menos compreensíveis, na visão de profissionais de investimento, conduzem a custos de transação maiores no estabelecimento de contratos? Por custos de transação, entendem-se aqueles referentes à coleta de informações, os custos de negociação e os de estabelecimento de contratos (COASE, 1991). Uma informação de difícil compreensibilidade, portanto, seria um catalisador de novos custos de transação, trazendo ineficiências no estabelecimento de contratos futuros. Para atingir os objetivos desejados, foram distribuídos questionários aos profissionais de investimento no 22º Congresso APIMEC que foi realizado nos dias 30 a 31 de agosto de 2012. Do total de participantes, 54 pessoas responderam o mesmo. De modo geral, verificou-se que sob a situação de tempo escasso e um grande custo de decodificação das notas explicativas, o que aumenta os custos de transação, pode-se conjecturar que algumas análises estejam sendo feitas de modo ineficiente, o que poderia conduzir a ineficiências no estabelecimento de contratos futuros. Verificou-se também que há indícios de que há excesso de informações e não falta das mesmas, o que conduziria a problemas de informação imperfeita e não de informação incompleta (LOPES, 2008).
This dissertation was developed in order to answer the following research problem: Is there evidence that the explanatory notes in the financial statements that are less understandable, by the investment professionals point of view, lead to higher transaction costs in establishing contracts? For transaction costs, we understood those that are related to information collection, the costs of negotiating and establishing contracts (COASE, 1991). A difficult understandability of information would therefore be a catalyst of new transaction costs, bringing inefficiencies in establishing future contracts. To achieve the desired goals, questionnaires were distributed to investment professionals in 22º Congresso Apimec that was held on 30 to 31 August 2012. Of all participants, 54 people responded it. In general, it was found that under the situation of limited time and a large cost to decode the notes, which increases transaction costs, it can be conjectured that some analyzes are being done inefficiently, which might lead inefficiencies in the establishment of futures contracts. It was also found that there is evidence that there is too much information and not lack of them, which would lead to problems of imperfect information and not incomplete information (LOPES, 2008).

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Rostro, Bruno Montanari. „Contribuições da análise econômica do direito para a fase pré-contratual“. reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/168612.

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As negociações na fase pré-contratual permitem às partes determinarem de que forma certa operação econômica será concretizada e cumprida por cada um dos particulares, materializando-se como importante ferramenta para as partes estabelecerem, consensual e racionalmente, as melhores alternativas em termos de eficiência que estão à disposição. Inexistem rigidez e regramento específico no processo negocial, estando seu desenvolvimento submetido aos interesses e às pretensões de cada um dos negociantes, e o seu resultado varia de acordo com o tipo de negociação, as estratégias adotadas e o poder de barganha individual. Não obstante, há outros fatores que também condicionam o desenrolar e o desfecho deste processo, mas em geral impedindo a obtenção de resultados tão benéficos quanto os que poderiam ser alcançados em um paralelo livre de ineficiências. Em um mundo factual as partes precisam lidar com as adversidades existentes nas negociações se desejarem concluir o contrato e dele se beneficiar, seja por meio de medidas particulares ou por intermédio de soluções regulatórias, as quais têm a missão de fornecerem adequados incentivos para sua aplicação tornar-se socialmente desejável. Além disso, em virtude de as negociações serem norteadas pela autonomia de vontade e liberdade contratual, sem deveres de vinculação, os atos de exercício destes direitos devem ser medidos para que não produzam lesões ao patrimônio jurídico dos demais envolvidos nas tratativas. Tal controle é exercido pela incidência da boa-fé objetiva na fase pré-contratual, a qual impõe deveres de conduta aos particulares durante as negociações. Também é a regra da boa-fé o supedâneo da responsabilidade civil para recomposição dos prejuízos advindos de situações que malfiram a confiança gerada ao longo das tratativas, daí que o conteúdo da indenização nestas hipóteses deve considerar as justas expectativas criadas pelas partes e ser balizado para que o lesado não acabe em situação melhor do que estaria se o eventual contrato tivesse sido concluído e integralmente cumprido.
Negotiations in the pre-contractual stage allow the parties to determine how a certain economic operation will be carried out and fulfilled by each of the individuals, and is an important tool for the parties to establish, in a consensual and rational manner, the best alternatives available in terms of efficiency. There is no rigidity or specific regulation in the negotiation process, in such way that its development is submitted to the interests and the pretensions of each one of the traders, and its result varies according to the type of negotiation, strategies adopted and individual bargaining power. There are other factors that also condition the unfolding and outcome of this process, but generally preventing the achievement of results as beneficial as those that could be achieved in an inefficiency-free parallel. In a factual world, the parties need to deal with the adversities in the negotiations if they wish to conclude the contract and benefit from it, either through particular measures or through regulatory solutions, which have the task of providing adequate incentives so that their implementation is socially desirable. Moreover, because the negotiations are guided by the autonomy of will and contractual freedom, without binding obligations, the exercise of these rights must be measured so that they do not produce damages to the legal patrimony of others involved in the negotiations. Such control is exercised by the incidence of objective good faith in the pre-contractual phase, which imposes conduct duties on individuals during the negotiations. It is also the rule of good faith the foundation of civil liability for the recovery of damages arising from situations that mislead the confidence generated during the negotiations, hence the content of compensation in these cases must consider the fair expectations created by the parties and be restricted so that the injured party does not end up in a better situation than it would have been if the contract had been completed and fully complied with.

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Schlabitz, Clarissa Jahns. „Custos de transação e o mercado de crédito brasileiro : uma análise sob a ótica da nova economia institucional“. reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/16406.

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O mercado de crédito brasileiro oferta uma quantidade reduzida de crédito a preços elevados, denotando sinais de um resultado não eficiente. Uma das explicações para esse fato é a existência de altos custos de transação no mercado, que acabam por restringir sua dimensão e elevar o custo total. Um estudo que identifique os custos de transação e seus componentes pode auxiliar na avaliação desse resultado, bem como pode contribuir para o entendimento dos aspectos necessários para o seu aprimoramento. O referencial teórico da Economia dos Custos de Transação fornece uma série de ferramentas analíticas que permitem essa avaliação, focando a existência de custos de transação não-nulos. O objetivo deste estudo é justamente analisar os determinantes dos custos de transação e seus efeitos no mercado de crédito brasileiro. Para tanto, é realizada uma revisão da literatura da Economia dos Custos de Transação, de forma a apresentar o instrumental analítico. Além disso, é feita uma caracterização dos mercados de crédito, apontando para as possíveis fontes de custos de transação. Logo após, analisa-se o mercado de crédito brasileiro sob a ótica Economia dos Custos de Transação e realiza-se um exercício econométrico para avaliar qual o impacto dos custos de transação sobre o a oferta de crédito pessoal no Brasil. Como resultado, destaca-se duas fontes principais de custos de transação. A primeira é a elevada assimetria informacional presente nas transações de crédito, que é fruto de sistemas de compartilhamento de informações pouco desenvolvidos. A segunda é a ineficiência do enforcement, por suas características de lentidão, custos elevados e imprevisibilidade. Essas duas fontes apresentam-se como os principais determinantes dos custos de transação que influenciam negativamente a oferta de crédito no Brasil, e, mais especificamente, o nível de concessões de crédito pessoal. Essa hipótese é ratificada pelos resultados do exercício econométrico realizado no estudo.
The Brazilian credit market supplies little volume of credit at elevated prices, which signals nonefficient market results. The existence of high transaction costs in the credit market is one of the issues that are raised to explain these results because they restrain the credit market dimensions and elevate its costs. Therefore their correct identification could help to evaluate the market results and could also to contribute for the comprehension of the aspects which are necessary for its improvement. The Economic of Transaction Costs offers a theoretical referential that allows for this evaluation to take place by focusing on the existence of non-null transaction costs. This study analyses the transaction-cost determinants of the Brazilian credit market. To do so, the Economics of Transaction Cost literature is briefly presented and it is followed by a credit market description. Subsequently the Brazilian credit market is analyzed and an econometric exercise is offered. As a result, two main sources of transaction costs are identified in the market. The first one is the asymmetric information that is current at credit transactions and has its roots at the underdeveloped information sharing systems. The second one is the inefficient enforcement which is said to be slow, costly and unpredictable. Therefore, those two sources are pointed to be the transaction-cost determinants that adversely impact the credit supply in Brazil and, more specifically, the personal credit market. This hypothesis is reaffirmed by the econometric results presented in the study.

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Strand, John. „Utvecklingsmöjligheter inom Due Diligence i fastighetstransaktioner“. Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-146885.

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Due Diligence is today an important part of the transaction process through sales of properties and is an important process for both sellers and buyers. The process intends to review an asset before a transaction to minimize the risks associated with the acquisition by detecting weaknesses and verify the asset's characteristics. The use of Due Diligence has become increasingly common over the past twenty years in the Swedish real estate market and there is no indication that this trend will decrease but rather increase. Although there is widespread use of the process both in acquisitions of corporations and properties, both in Sweden and in the rest of the world, it is costly for the purchasers and the concept is far from fully developed. This thesis aims to clarify what the real estate market thinks about the potential development of the process itself and the role of the actors. The main question is what opportunities exist to develop the concept of Due Diligence in real estate transactions. Given the high economic values that are found in real estate transactions, it is highly relevant to perform Due Diligence and therefore it is also important to review the opportunities to change this process if it is requested and feasible. The conclusions of the thesis shows that the actors in the real estate market believes that there are opportunities for development in the use of Due Diligence The possibilities includes seller's expanded role in information gathering , process delays , clearer and more transparent processes and a continuous development of the actors’ own processes. The thesis concludes with four proposals for a development process: An increased use of Due Diligence conducted by the seller as a complement to the buyer's own investigation, clearer procurement of consultants from the real estate owners, more accessible information earlier in the process from the sellers and consistent monitoring of the implemented processes.
Due Diligence utgör idag en viktig del av transaktionsprocessen vid överlåtelser av fastigheter och är en viktig process för både säljare och köpare. Processen avser att granska en tillgång inför en transaktion för att minimera riskerna med förvärvet genom att upptäcka brister och kontrollera tillgångens egenskaper. Användningen av Due Diligence har blivit allt vanligare de senaste tjugo åren på den svenska fastighetsmarknaden och inget tyder på att denna utveckling kommer att avta utan snarare tillta. Trots att det finns ett utbrett användande av processen både vid företags- och fastighetsförvärv, i både Sverige och i övriga världen, så är det kostsamt för beställarna och konceptet är långt ifrån färdigutvecklat. Detta examensarbete har som syfte att klargöra vad fastighetsmarknaden anser om potentiella utvecklingsmöjligheter av själva processen och de aktiva aktörernas roller. Den huvudsakliga frågeställningen är vilka möjligheter som föreligger att utveckla konceptet Due Diligence vid fastighetstransaktioner. Med tanke på de stora ekonomiska värdena som finns i fastighetstransaktioner är det högst relevant att utföra Due Diligence och därför är det också av stor vikt att se över möjligheter att förändra denna process om det efterfrågas och är genomförbart. Slutsatserna i examensarbetet visar på att aktörerna på fastighetsmarknaden anser att det finns utvecklingsmöjligheter i användandet av Due Diligence. Möjligheterna innebär bland annat säljarens utökade roll i informationsinsamlingen, processens tidsåtgång, tydligare och mer transparenta processer samt ett kontinuerligt utvecklingsarbete av aktörernas egna processer. Examensarbetet avslutas med fyra förslag avseende en utveckling av processen: Ett ökat användande av Due Diligence genomförd av säljaren som komplement till köparens egen granskning, tydligare upphandlingar av konsulter från fastighetsägarna, mer tillgänglig information tidigare i processen från säljarna och konsekventa uppföljningar av genomförda processer.

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Eriksson, Elin, und David Höglund. „Processen för inhämtande av finansiell information : En undersökning av generation Y:s agerande i ett nytt informationslandskap“. Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-159801.

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BACKGROUND: Generation Y are habitual technology and internet users who prefer to collect information fast and easy. The search-costs are considered to have decreased since information is more accessible now than before, but the valuation costs have instead increased when both disinformation and misinformation is present. Generation Y’s financial behaviour have been proved by earlier researches to have been affected by financial literacy, financial socialisation, interests and needs, which may also have a crucial part in their information-seeking behaviours. Research has concluded, by a quantitative approach, which information sources is preferred by generation Y but why these information sources are preferred and what costs they cause are missing from the current research literature. AIM: The purpose of this dissertation consists of two parts. Firstly, it is to examine how young adults belonging to generation Y collect and critically value financial information with the help of their own experience, reasoning and influence from other people to substantiate a financial decision. Secondly, the purpose is to analyse generation Y’s perceived transaction costs in their handling of accessible financial information and how these processes are affected by financial socialisation, financial literacy, interests and needs. COMPLETION: This dissertation takes the qualitative approach as nine semi-structured interviews have been carried out. The respondents have discussed several different aspects which revealed detailed insight in their information-seeking behaviour where there were features of retellings about personal information-seeking in regard to financial information. CONCLUSION: Generation Y prefer to use people or the internet as information sources because that is where the perceived search and valuation costs are the lowest. Their preferences are affected by the perceived costs, these costs in turn are affected by financial literacy, financial socialisation, interest and needs. Considering the four dimensions of financial capability, it is apparent that interests is the crucial element to generation Y if they want to attain all four dimensions by themselves. In those cases where interests are lacking, financial advisory services can replace generation Y’s need to attain all four dimensions.
BAKGRUND: Teknikvana och internetanvändande generation Y föredrar att inhämta information snabbt och enkelt. Med lättillgänglig information anses sökkostnader vara lägre än tidigare men värderingskostnader ökar då både desinformation och missinformation förekommer. Generation Y:s finansiella beteende har av tidigare forskning visats påverkas av både deras finansiella bildning, ekonomiska socialisering, intresse samt behov, vilka även kan ha en avgörande roll i deras informationssökande. Forskning har med en kvantitativ ansats konstaterat olika informationskällor som generation Y föredrar men varför dessa informationskällor föredras och vilka kostnader de medför saknas i det nuvarande forskningsläget. SYFTE: Uppsatsens syfte består av två delar. För det första är syftet att undersöka hur unga vuxna från generation Y inhämtar och kritiskt granskar finansiell information utifrån egna erfarenheter, resonemang och påverkan från andra människor för att underbygga ett finansiellt beslut. Därefter är syftet att lyfta fram och analysera generation Y:s upplevda transaktionskostnader i deras hantering av lättillgänglig finansiell information och hur dessa processer påverkas av ekonomisk socialisering, finansiell bildning, intresse och behov. GENOMFÖRANDE: Studien har haft en kvalitativ ansats och därav har nio semistrukturerade intervjuer gjorts med individer tillhörande generation Y. Respondenterna fick diskutera kring olika aspekter för att få insikt i deras informationsinhämtning där även egna återberättelser om individuella informationsinhämtning om finansiella dilemman förekom. SLUTSATS: Generation Y föredrar att vända sig till experter, amatörer eller internet för att det är där de lägsta sökkostnader och värderingskostnader upplevs finnas. Deras preferenser påverkas utifrån upplevda transaktionskostnaderna, som i sin tur har influerats av både finansiell bildning, ekonomisk socialisering, intresse och behov. Utifrån de fyra dimensionerna av finansiell kompetens, framgår det att intresse är den avgörande faktorn för att generation Y ska uppnå alla fyra kompetenser på egen hand. I de fall där intresse saknas, kan finansiell rådgivning ersätta generation Y:s behov av att uppnå alla fyra finansiella kompetenser.

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Souza, Thelma de Mesquita Garcia e. „O dever de informar e sua aplicação ao contrato de seguro“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2132/tde-07062013-143302/.

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Este estudo trata da informação que permeia os contratos e de sua aplicação ao contrato de seguro, da perspectiva do Direito e da Economia, ciências sociais que se complementam, porque aplicadas à mesma realidade, que será mais fielmente retratada se analisada sob ângulos diferentes, mas correlatos. Perquirindo a função da informação no contrato, constata que, se concernente a elemento essencial deste, a ele adere, passando a integrá-lo, o que determina sua importância nesse contexto e indica o regime jurídico que lhe deve ser aplicado. A investigação da distribuição da informação entre os contratantes e dos efeitos eventualmente nocivos da assimetria informacional, como o incentivo ao oportunismo, o aumento dos custos de transação e a obtenção de ganhos indevidos do contrato, induz à discussão dos critérios orientadores da disciplina jurídica da informação no âmbito contratual. A despeito da utilidade dos padrões para disciplinar condutas não alcançadas pelas regras, este estudo aponta que a boa-fé, em razão de suas idiossincrasias, não é padrão eficiente para reger a informação nos contratos, devendo ficar relegada à função residual. A aplicação do dever de informar com o objetivo de impor às partes transparência e veracidade conferiria mais objetividade e operacionalidade ao regime da informação nos contratos. Mas, a despeito da questionável eficiência da boa-fé como indutora da troca de informações entre as partes, foi o padrão de conduta escolhido pelo sistema jurídico para balizar a interação dos contratantes. Devido às peculiaridades do contrato de seguro, e à nocividade dos efeitos da assimetria informacional neste contexto, exige-se dos contratantes a máxima boa-fé. Se a regra é a máxima transparência e a absoluta veracidade, deverá ser restritiva a interpretação de eventuais exceções. Como a informação se prende ao cerne da operação econômica subjacente, afetando o cálculo do risco e a fixação do prêmio, e consequentemente, a mutualidade, diz respeito à função e à finalidade do instituto. Por isso, a interpretação condescendente de eventuais omissões ou distorções de informação relevante afrontaria o princípio da máxima boa-fé, que não pode ser mitigado, sob pena de comprometer o equilíbrio do contrato e afetar sua finalidade sócio-econômica. O estudo demonstrou a inadequação do tratamento da informação em relação ao substrato econômico do contrato de seguro, especialmente no que concerne à exigência de comprovação da má-fé nas omissões e distorções da verdade pelo segurado. Criticou também a aplicação dogmática da presunção da boa-fé, que reverte ao segurador o ônus da prova da má-fé do segurado, anulando o efeito sancionador da imposição do dever de informar.
The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the importance of information in contract law, the disclosure duties and its application to insurance contracts, from legal and economic perspectives. Since Law and Economics are social sciences applied to the same environment and are mutually complementary, this bifocal approach leads to a more accurate portrait of reality seen from different but correlated points of view. The analysis of the role of information reveals that if it concerns the contract essential element, it becomes part of it and determines the legal rules that should be applied to it. The inquiry of information distribution patterns shows that it can eventually bring about detrimental effects which induce the discussion of the criteria underlying the legal regime of information in contract law. Asymmetric information can be harmful if it encourages opportunism, increases transaction costs and grants one party undue gains from the contract. In spite of the usefulness of standards to regulate conducts not reached by rules, this study shows that good faith, due to its idiosyncrasies, is not an efficient standard to govern information in contracts. Thus, it should be assigned a residual function. The application of the duty to inform with the purpose of imposing full disclosure and accuracy to the parties ensures more objectivity to the information regime in contracts. However, good faith was the standard chosen by the legal system to rule the parties interaction, despite its recognized inefficiency to induce information exchange among agents. Due to the particular features of the insurance contract, and to the harmful effects of informational asymmetry in this context, law imposes the parties a higher standard of good faith. If the legal standard is the utmost good faith, eventual exceptions to this pattern should be restrictively interpreted. Since information is connected with the economic mechanism of the insurance contract because it affects risk and premium evaluation, it is strictly related to the function and purpose of the contract. Therefore, condescending interpretation of nondisclosure, misrepresentation and fraud would violate the principle of utmost good faith. Its mitigation will affect the contract balance and its economic and social purposes. This dissertation demonstrates the inadequacy of the information legal regime, especially regarding the requirement of proving bad faith related to nondisclosure, misrepresentation or fraud. It also criticizes the dogmatic application of the presumption of good faith that lays upon the insurer the burden of proving bad faith of the insureds conduct, nullifying the sanctioning effect of the imposition of the duty to inform.

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Tadaris, Danny, und Alexander Tsimbidakis. „Företagsobligationer : Den nya företagsfinansieringen i morgondagens samhälle?“ Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-28388.

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Introduktion: Historiskt sett har de svenska företagens lånebaserade finansiering mestadels utgjorts av banklån. Efter finanskrisen 2008 har bankerna tvingats till att minska utlåningen när de numera jobbar utefter det nya regelverket Basel III. Rapporter från bland annat riksbanken och svenskt näringsliv menar att detta regelverk kommer att slå hårdast mot svenska små bolag. Forskning inom området menar att den svenska marknaden för företagsobligationer inte fått den utveckling den borde haft. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att söka en förståelse till varför den svenska marknaden för företagsobligationer förefaller att vara underutvecklad bland små bolag, samt att undersöka urvalets lämplighet för ett framtida inträde på den svenska företagsobligationsmarknaden. För att styrka uppsatsens resultat kommer studien även att inkludera ett jämförelseindex hämtat från Large Cap. Metod: För att infria studiens syfte har en metodtriangulering tillämpats. Empirin har delvis samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med aktörer listade på svenska Small Cap. En intervjuguide utformades på basis av studiens förda problematik och teoretiska referensram. Empirin har även samlats in genom en multipel regressions analys i syfte att undersöka urvalets lämplighet för ett framtida inträde på den svenska företagsobligationsmarknaden. Slutsats: Resultatet vi erhöll från studien är att den svenska marknaden för företagsobligationer fortfarande är underutvecklad. Studien visade att de mindre bolagens kunskap till marknaden är bristfällig och att bankernas nya roll som intermediär skapar informationsasymmetrier och således stora transaktionskostnader. Studien kan även konkludera att företags storlek, mätt i totala tillgångar, skulle kunna utgöra en företagsspecifik variabel som kan förklara en otillräcklig kreditvärdighet för ett eventuellt inträde på företagsobligationsmarknaden.
Introduction: Historically, the Swedish companies' loan-based financing mostly consists of bank loans. After the 2008 financial crisis, banks have been forced to reduce lending as they now work along the new Basel III regulations. The Swedish Riksbank and the Swedish business community believe that this regulation will hit hardest towards smaller companies. Researches in the field believe that the Swedish corporate bond market did not receive the development it ought to have been. Aim: The purpose of this study is to seek an understanding of why the Swedish corporate bond market seems to be underdeveloped among small companies and also to examine the future suitability regarding a future entry on the Swedish corporate bond market, for the selection. To put the study results into perspective, the study will include a benchmark gathered from the Large Cap. Method: To meet the study objective, a method triangulation is applied. The empirical data has partly been collected through semi-structured interviews with actors listed on the Swedish Small Cap. An interview guide was designed on the basis of the study´s problematization and theoretical framework. The empirical data is also collected through a multiple regression analysis, in order to examine the sample suitability for future entry into the Swedish corporate bond market. Conclusion: The results we obtained from this study is that the Swedish corporate bond market is still underdeveloped. The study showed that the smaller companies knowledge of the market is insufficient and that the banks' new role as intermediate are creating information asymmetries and henceforth high transaction costs. The study may also conclude that the company's size, measured in total assets, could provide a firm-specific variable that can explain an inadequate credit rating for a possible entry into the corporate bond market.

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Mozzini, Silvia Helena Risch. „Fatores de decisão de terceirização em tecnologia da informação“. reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/37185.

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A prática da terceirização por parte das organizações é uma prática que vem sendo utilizada há muito tempo e tornou-se cada vez mais comum. O mesmo também ocorre em relação às atividades da área de Tecnologia da Informação, onde a terceirização vem assumindo um papel muito importante devido ao crescente do número de organizações que estão adotando essa prática, pelos altos valores envolvidos, ou ainda pelas formas e arranjos cada vez mais inovadores que estão se formando para o uso da terceirização em Tecnologia da Informação. Diversas são as razões que levam os executivos a terceirizar, parcial ou totalmente, suas diferentes atividades e serviços na área de Tecnologia da Informação, sendo muitos deles associados à redução de custos, melhoria da qualidade e foco nas atividades essenciais da organização. Os motivos pelos quais as organizações terceirizam têm sido foco de muitos estudos acadêmicos importantes, onde ainda são identificadas lacunas. Nesse contexto, esse trabalho tem como objetivo identificar os fatores que impactam no processo decisório de terceirização em Tecnologia da Informação. Diante disso, o principal objetivo desse trabalho é responder a seguinte questão: “que fatores devem ser considerados no processo decisório com relação à terceirização da Tecnologia da Informação?” O método utilizado é a pesquisa Survey realizada a partir de modelo validado apresentado pela literatura. O modelo precisou ser adaptado para a área de Tecnologia da Informação que resultou em um modelo contendo as dimensões Estratégia, Ambiente, Características do Processo de TI, Custos e Características dos Fornecedores de TI. O processo de validação e refinamento utilizou a Análise de Confiabilidade (Coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach) e a Análise Fatorial Fatorial Exploratória Discriminante. A partir do resultado dessas validações, foi identificada a possibilidade de diferentes arranjos de variáveis nas dimensões, porém manteve-se o padrão validado anteriormente sem contestação da literatura. A principal contribuição dessa pesquisa para a prática gerencial é o fornecimento de um instrumento de pesquisa que prevê a identificação dos fatores de determinantes para a decisão de terceirização em Tecnologia da Informação sob o ponto de vista do contratante. Esse modelo pode auxiliar executivos na decisão de terceirizar ou não suas atividades em Tecnologia da Informação.
The practice of Outsourcing by organizations has been used for years and it has become more and more common. The same has been occurring as to the activities of the area of Information Technology , where outsourcing has been occupying a relevant role due to the growing number of companies adopting this practice, the high amounts involved, or, still, the more and more innovating arrangements being formed for the utilization of outsourcing in Information Technology. There are many reasons for the executives to outsource, partial or totally, their different activities and services in the area of Information Technology, many of them associated to the reduction of costs, quality improvement and focus on the essential activities of the organization. The reasons why the organizations outsource have been the focus of many important academic studies, where many gaps are still identified. In this context, the aim of this work is to identify the factors that impact on the decision process of outsourcing in Information Technology. So, the main goal of this work is the answer for the following question: “which are the factors that shall be considered in the decision process relating to outsourcing of Information Technology".This work is a survey developed from a validated model presented by literature. The model had to be adapted to the area of Information Technology and resulted in a model containing the following dimensions: Strategy, Environment, Features of IT Process, Costs and Characteristics of IT Suppliers. The validation process and refining have used the Analysis of Reliability (Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient) and Discriminatory and Exploratory Factor Analysis. From the result of such validations, it has been identified the possibility of different arrangements of variables in the dimensions; however, it has been maintained the standard previously validated with no objection of literature. The main contribution of this survey for the managerial practice is the supply of a research tool which foresees the identification of determinant factors for outsourcing in Information Technology related to the contractor. The model may help the executives decide on the outsourcing of their activities related to Information Technology or not.

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Picolo, Angelo Antonio. „Natureza e limites do plano de recuperação de empresas: aspectos jurídicos e econômicos“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2132/tde-18032013-091853/.

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O trabalho tem por objetivo à análise jurídica do plano de recuperação e suas consequências práticas, questionando até que ponto o objetivo de um acordo imposto será alcançado, tendo em vista os diferentes interesses em jogo. A primeira parte é dedicada ao exame das disciplinas da recuperação, traçando um histórico evolutivo deste instrumento a partir da concordata. Neste ponto, são apresentadas as teorias quanto a sua natureza jurídica. A segunda parte, por sua vez, aponta breves considerações de como o direito alienígena disciplina a recuperação. Na terceira parte, o trabalho analisa a recuperação como jogo estratégico, pois existem riscos inerentes a sua execução. Isso porque, do ponto de vista econômico, o plano de recuperação, por ser contrato incompleto, impõe riscos, por portar variáveis não previstas, como por exemplo, a mudança de política econômica ou a crise financeira mundial. Assim sendo, o trabalho analisa as possibilidades de renegociação dos termos do plano, bem como as soluções que podem ser usadas quando da incompletude. Neste sentido, analisa os mecanismos da arbitragem, da governança coorporativa e da cláusula hardship, além dos princípios da boa-fé objetiva, função social do contrato, função social da empresa e teoria da imprevisão. Como a recuperação judicial e extrajudicial representam meios de reestruturação que beneficiam a coletividade de interessados: estando de um lado o devedor que pretende obter prazos para o cumprimento de suas obrigações; de outro lado os credores que visualizam uma forma de obter seus créditos, ainda existem outros (credores) que poderão discordar da proposta. Para sanar esta possibilidade (do credor buscar a solução individual de seus interesses em contraposição àqueles coletivos dos credores) a Lei 11.101/05 criou a modalidade impositiva, na qual se impõe aos dissidentes o acordo dos que aderiram voluntariamente. Por este motivo, há divergências quanto a natureza jurídica do plano de recuperação. Neste sentido, a quarta parte do trabalho traz considerações quanto a natureza jurídica dos planos de recuperação judicial e extrajudicial.
The aim of this work is assess the legal analysis of a judicial recovery plan and its practical consequences, questioning to what extent the objective of an agreement will be reached if come into force, given the different interests at stake. The first part deals with the consideration of the disciplines of recovery, tracing the evolutionary history of this instrument from a point of concordata. At this point, theories as to their legal nature are presented. The second part, in turn, brings brief considerations of how the foreign laws discipline the recovery. In the third part, the paper examines the recovery as a strategic game, since there are risks inherent in its execution. From an economic point of view, these risks arise from an incomplete contract carrying unforeseen variables, for instance, the change in the economic policy as well as the world wide financial crisis. So, the paper analyzes the possibilities of renegotiating the terms of the plan, as well as solutions that can be used when the incompleteness. In this sense, analyzing the mechanisms of arbitration, corporate governance and the hardship clause, in addition to the principles of objective good faith, the contract´s social function, the company\'s social function and theory of unpredictability. As the judicial and extrajudicial´s recovery represents means of restructuring, which benefits the collective of the people involved: on one side the debtor who wishes to obtain deadlines for compliance with its obligations, on the other side creditors who see a way to get their credits back, and also there are others (creditors) who may disagree with the proposal. To address this possibility (the creditor seeking the solution of his individual interests as opposed to those collective interests of creditors) Law 11.101/05 created the imposing form, which is imposed on dissidents, the agreement of those who joined voluntarily. For this reason, there are differences of opinion about the legal nature of the recovery plan. In this sense, the fourth part of the work brings the legal considerations in plans and extra-judicial recovery.

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Ramirez, Coelho Gabriel. „Estudo sobre contratos entre investidores e gestores de venture capital no Brasil“. reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/1828.

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During the last two decades, the private equity and venture capital industry role in Brazil has significantly increased, with the expansion of resources under management and number of transactions. At the same time, the degree of sophistication of its legal environment and contractual structures has increased to cope with the particularly intense agency problems present due to (i) low liquidity of assets; (ii) the long term nature of contracts; (iii) the potentially huge asymmetry of information between investors and managers. This dissertation explores the presence of restrictions to the venture capital fund managers’ activities; and shows that there is a strong relation between the number of restrictions and the intensity of agency problems, but inconclusive evidence relating the restrictions to demand conditions.
Nas duas últimas décadas, o papel dos setores de private equity e venture capital no Brasil aumentou significativamente, com a expansão do volume de recursos sob gestão e do número de transações. Ao mesmo tempo, a sofisticação do marco legal e das formas de contratação aumentou para que fosse possível lidar com os problemas de agência, que são particularmente intensos devido (i) à baixa liquidez dos ativos em que investe, (ii) à duração do compromisso entre as partes e (iii) à potencialmente elevada assimetria de informação entre elas. Este trabalho explora a presença de restrições às atividades dos gestores de recursos de private equity e venture capital, e mostra que há uma forte correlação entre a quantidade de restrições e a intensidade dos problemas de agência, mas que as evidências quanto à relação entre as restrições e as condições de demanda não são conclusivas.

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Tankam, Chloé. „Analyse économique du développement des nouveaux marchés biologiques : le cas des marchés biologiques domestiques au Kenya“. Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF10480.

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L’agriculture biologique sort aujourd’hui des frontières des pays du Nord en se développant dans de nombreux pays dits du Sud. Cette dynamique a tout d’abord été celle d’un positionnement sur des filières d’export de produits à haute valeur ajoutée. Parallèlement à l’export, émergent dans un nombre croissant de pays en développement, et notamment au Kenya, des marchés domestiques. La thèse pose la question des dynamiques permettant l’émergence et le développement de ces nouveaux marchés. La recherche est structurée autour de quatre questions. La première porte sur les formes d’organisation des échanges de produits biologiques à Nairobi. À partir du cadre de l’économie néo-institutionnelle, nous expliquons comment, en l’absence de systèmes de certification crédibles, ces produits parviennent à être vendus avec premiums. La seconde question porte sur les conditions d’accès des producteurs à ces marchés. Il est fréquent de mettre en avant leur caractère plus rémunérateur. Or, une partie des producteurs qui pourraient effectivement vendre sur ces marchés privilégient les marchés conventionnels. À partir du concept de coûts de transaction, nous montrons le rôle de coûts de négociation et de suivi. Dans notre troisième chapitre, nous posons la question des effets de l’accès à ces marchés sur la diversification des cultures des producteurs, et par là sur la durabilité économique et environnementale de leurs exploitations. À partir des apports de la micro-économie, nos résultats confirment l’effet positif de l’accès aux marchés biologiques.Enfin, notre quatrième et dernier chapitre consiste en une analyse de l’efficacité de ces marchés et des conditions de leur pérennité. Nous proposons une grille d’analyse associant économie de l’information et analyse de la construction de la qualité. Elle nous permet de comparer les différents dispositifs de certification existant au Kenya. L’analyse montre que le dispositif le moins efficace est celui qui est amené à se développer, posant ainsi la question de la pérennité des marchés biologiques domestiques kenyans
Over the past two decades the organic agro-food system has been transformed, extending beyond Northern countries and expanding in many so-called developing countries.This dynamic was first a positioning on high added value products’ export markets. Since several years, domestic markets have emerged in a growing number of developing countries, including Kenya. This thesis attempts to shed light on the dynamics explaining these new markets’ emergence and development. The research is based on four questions. The first one concerns the way organic transactions have been organized in Nairobi. Based on neo institutional economics, we explain how, in the absence of credible certification systems, these products are able to be sold with premium. The second question deals with the conditions of producers’ access to these markets. It is common to highlight that organic domestic Kenyan markets are more profitable than conventional ones. However, some producers, who could actually sell in these markets, prefer conventionalones. Thanks to the concept of transaction costs, we show the role of negotiation and monitoring transaction costs. Chapter 3 analyses the effects of selling on organic market on crops’ diversification, as a proxy of economic and environmental sustainability .Based on microeconomics’ contributions our results confirm the positive effect of organic markets. Finally, our fourth and final chapter provides an analysis of the conditions of these markets sustainability. We propose an analysis grid combining economy of information and quality construction approach, based on Hirschman (1970) works.This grid helps us comparing different certification and verification schemes existing in Kenya. Analysis shows that the least effective scheme is the one that is bound to grow,raising the question of the sustainability of Kenyan domestic organic markets

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Hedman, Surlien Peter. „Economic advantages of Blockchain technology VS Relational database : An study focusing on economic advantages with Blockchain technology and relational databases“. Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för industriell ekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-17366.

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Many IT-systems are when created not designed to be flexible and dynamic resulting in old and complex systems hard to maintain. Systems usually build their functionality and capability on the data contained in their databases. The database underlines such system, and when data do not correspond between different and synchronizing systems, it is a troublesome debugging process. This is because systems are complex and the software architecture is not always easy to understand. Due to increasing complexity in systems over time, making systems harder to debug and understand, there is a need for a system that decreases debugging costs. Furthermore, result in better transaction costs. This study proposes a system based on blockchain technology to accomplish this. An ERP system based on blockchain with encrypted transactions was constructed to determine if the proposed system can contribute in better transaction costs. A case study at multiple IT-companies and comparison to an existing ERP system module validated the system. A successful simulation showed that multiple parts could read and append data to an immutable storage system for one truth of data. By all counts, and with proven results, the constructed blockchain solution based on encrypted transactions for an ERP system can reduce debugging costs. It is also shown that a centralized database structure where external and internal systems can get one truth of data, decreases transaction costs. However, it is the decision makers in companies that need to be convinced for the constructed system to be implemented. A problem is also when modifications to the object type, then historical transactions cannot be changed in an immutable storage solution. Blockchain is still a new technology, and the knowledge of the technology and the evolution of the system determines if the proposed software architecture will result in better transaction costs.

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Benedetti, Giuseppe. „Investissement optimal et évaluation d'actifs sous certaines imperfections de marché“. Phd thesis, Université Paris Dauphine - Paris IX, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00957313.

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Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à des sujets différents en mathématiques financières, tous liés aux imperfections de marché et à la technique fondamentale de la maximisation d'utilité. Elle comporte trois parties. Dans la première, qui se base sur deux papiers, nous considérons le problème d'investissement optimal sur un marché financier avec coûts de transaction proportionnels. On commence par étudier le problème d'investissement dans le cas où la fonction d'utilité est multivariée (ce qui s'adapte particulièrement bien aux marchés des devises) et l'agent a une dotation initiale aléatoire, qui peut s'interpréter comme une option ou un autre contrat dérivé. Après avoir analysé les propriétés du problème et de son dual, nous utilisons ces résultats pour examiner, dans ce contexte, certains aspects d'une technique de pricing devenue populaire dans le cadre des marchés incomplets, l'évaluation par indifférence d'utilité. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous étudions le problème d'existence d'un ensemble de prix (appelés "prix fictifs" ou "shadow prices") qui offrirait la même utilité maximale à l'agent si le marché n'avait pas de frictions. Ces résultats sont utiles pour clarifier le lien entre la théorie classique des marchés sans frictions et la littérature en croissance rapide sur les coûts de transaction. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, nous considérons le problème d'évaluation de produits dérivés par indifférence d'utilité dans des marchés incomplets, où la source d'incomplétude provient du fait que certains actifs ne peuvent pas être échangés sur le marché, ce qui est le cas par exemple dans le cadre des modèles structurels pour le prix de l'électricité. Sous certaines hypothèses, nous dérivons une caractérisation en terme d'équations différentielles stochastiques rétrogrades (EDSR) pour le prix, et nous nous concentrons ensuite sur les options européennes en établissant en particulier l'existence d'une stratégie de couverture optimale, même lorsque le payoff présente des discontinuités et est éventuellement non borné. Dans la dernière partie, nous analysons un simple problème de principal-agent à horizon fini, où le principal est essentiellement interprété comme un régulateur et l'agent comme une entreprise qui produit certaines émissions polluantes. Nous traitons séparément les problèmes du principal et de l'agent et nous utilisons la théorie des EDSR pour fournir des conditions nécessaires et suffisantes d'optimalité. Nous effectuons également des analyses de sensibilité et nous montrons des résultats numériques dans le but de fournir une meilleure compréhension du comportement des agents.

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Zambaldi, Felipe. „The Brazilian credit market for small and medium-sized firms: an adaptive marketing approach“. reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/4439.

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Neste trabalho, o mercado brasileiro de crédito para pequenas e médias empresas (PMEs) é analisado sob a perspectiva do marketing adaptativo, em que se assume que atividades mercadológicas como segmentação, gestão de relacionamento com clientes, apreçamento e desenvolvimento de produtos, são determinadas pela utilidade obtida por agentes de mercado ao atenderem a demanda. Identifica-se que a existência de assimetria de informações e de custos de transação limita e direciona as atividades de marketing no mercado estudado. A partir de uma amostra com 65.535 propostas de crédito, recebidas e avaliadas por um grande banco brasileiro entre janeiro de 2004 e setembro de 2006, estima-se a utilidade do banco em operações de crédito. Adicionalmente, 17.149 transações de empréstimos concedidos pelo banco ao segmento de pequenas empresas entre abril de 2006 e março de 2007, são investigadas. Finalmente, um conjunto de dados com 1,636 registros obtidos pela junção das bases de dados de propostas e de transações mencionados, é analisado em termos das relações entre taxas de juros e os totais de cobertura oferecidas por meio de garantias de crédito. Os resultados revelam a existência de um ambiente de marketing adaptativo, em que os pequenos tomadores de crédito produtivo são racionados, e aceitam pagar taxas de juros mais elevadas do que outros segmentos. Produtos de créditos baseados em garantias líquidas e com altas taxas de juros são desenvolvidos para suprir de maneira oportuna este segmento racionado de pequenas empresas. Ademais, a utilidade do banco em operações de crédito é afetada pela informação privada que captura ao longo de relacionamentos mantidos com seus cientes. Os resultados implicam que o sistema de marketing financeiro brasileiro não desempenha papel formativo no desenvolvimento econômico, que seria de fomento ao crédito produtivo por meio de empréstimos a baixo custo para pequenas e médias empresas. Um sistema formativo de marketing é improvável em um ambiente com informação imperfeita, como o mercado de crédito brasileiro. O estudo traz informações úteis àqueles interessados no desenvolvimento de mercados de crédito produtivo, tais como profissionais de instituições financeiras; agentes responsáveis por políticas públicas e monetárias de fomento ao crédito; e empreendedores de pequeno e médio porte que necessitem de financiamento externo para seus negócios.
In this work, the Brazilian credit market for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is analyzed from an adaptive marketing perspective, in which marketing activities such as segmentation, customer relationship management, pricing and product development are determined by the utility that market players get when they satisfy the demand. The existence of information asymmetry and transaction costs is identified to limit and drive marketing initiatives in the studied credit market. From a sample of 65,535 credit proposals analyzed by a large Brazilian bank from January 2004 to September 2006, the bank’s utility in a credit transaction is studied. Additionally, 17,149 credit transactions provided by the bank to the small business segment from April 2006 to March 2007 are investigated. Finally, a data set with 1,636 registers, obtained from the merge of the mentioned samples of proposals and transactions, is investigated in terms of the relations between interest rates and the collateral committed in credit proposals. The results reveal the existence of an adaptive marketing environment, in which small business borrowers are credit rationed and accept to pay higher interest rates than other segments. Credit products based on liquid collateral and high interest rates are designed to opportunistically supply this rationed small business segment. Also, the bank’s utility from a credit transaction is affected by the private information it captures along its relationships with customers. Findings imply that the Brazilian financial marketing system does not perform a formative function in economic development, which would be to foster the demand for productive credit by means of low-priced loans to small and medium-sized enterprises. However, a formative marketing system is not likely to occur in an environment characterized by imperfect information, like the Brazilian credit market. This study provides relevant information to those who are interested in the development of productive credit markets, like professionals of financial institutions; public and monetary policy makers; and small and medium-sized business entrepreneurs whose businesses face the need for external funding.

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Tröger, Ralph. „Supply Chain Event Management – Bedarf, Systemarchitektur und Nutzen aus Perspektive fokaler Unternehmen der Modeindustrie“. Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-155014.

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Supply Chain Event Management (SCEM) bezeichnet eine Teildisziplin des Supply Chain Management und ist für Unternehmen ein Ansatzpunkt, durch frühzeitige Reaktion auf kritische Ausnahmeereignisse in der Wertschöpfungskette Logistikleistung und -kosten zu optimieren. Durch Rahmenbedingungen wie bspw. globale Logistikstrukturen, eine hohe Artikelvielfalt und volatile Geschäftsbeziehungen zählt die Modeindustrie zu den Branchen, die für kritische Störereignisse besonders anfällig ist. In diesem Sinne untersucht die vorliegende Dissertation nach einer Beleuchtung der wesentlichen Grundlagen zunächst, inwiefern es in der Modeindustrie tatsächlich einen Bedarf an SCEM-Systemen gibt. Anknüpfend daran zeigt sie nach einer Darstellung bisheriger SCEM-Architekturkonzepte Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten für eine Systemarchitektur auf, die auf den Designprinzipien der Serviceorientierung beruht. In diesem Rahmen erfolgt u. a. auch die Identifikation SCEM-relevanter Business Services. Die Vorzüge einer serviceorientierten Gestaltung werden detailliert anhand der EPCIS (EPC Information Services)-Spezifikation illustriert. Abgerundet wird die Arbeit durch eine Betrachtung der Nutzenpotenziale von SCEM-Systemen. Nach einer Darstellung von Ansätzen, welche zur Nutzenbestimmung infrage kommen, wird der Nutzen anhand eines Praxisbeispiels aufgezeigt und fließt zusammen mit den Ergebnissen einer Literaturrecherche in eine Konsolidierung von SCEM-Nutzeffekten. Hierbei wird auch beleuchtet, welche zusätzlichen Vorteile sich für Unternehmen durch eine serviceorientierte Architekturgestaltung bieten. In der Schlussbetrachtung werden die wesentlichen Erkenntnisse der Arbeit zusammengefasst und in einem Ausblick sowohl beleuchtet, welche Relevanz die Ergebnisse der Arbeit für die Bewältigung künftiger Herausforderungen innehaben als auch welche Anknüpfungspunkte sich für anschließende Forschungsarbeiten ergeben.

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Mayer, Suzanne Merizon. „Transaction costs and land information systems“. 1993. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/28977771.html.

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Zhang, Q., Charlie X. Cai und K. Keasey. „Market reaction to earnings news: A unified test of information risk and transaction costs“. 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6251.

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We examine how information risk and transaction costs influence the initial and subsequent market reaction to earnings news. We find that the initial market reaction is higher per unit of earnings surprise for higher information risk firms (information content effect). Furthermore, it is information risk that induces transaction costs that limit the initial market reaction and lead to higher subsequent drift (transaction costs effect). Information risk does not have an effect on drift beyond that achieved through transaction costs. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding the linkage between information risk and transaction costs in price discovery around public disclosure.

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Casal, João. „Vehicle routing problems : investigação e construção de um sistema de informação geográfica“. Master's thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/22289.

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Dissertação de mestrado em Engenharia de Sistemas
O problema de encaminhamento de veículos ou Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP), apesar de ser estudado há mais de 5 décadas, toma nos dias de hoje especial relevo devido à escalada de custos associados ao sector da logística, que acompanham a subida do preço dos combustíveis. Paralelamente a este fator surgem avanços tecnológicos baseados na Web que permitem a obtenção, representação e análise de dados georreferenciados e textuais em aplicações próprias. Esta dissertação propõe-se a combinar estudos relativos ao problema de encaminhamento de veículos com tecnologias informáticas de cartografia digital baseadas na Web, para chegar a uma ferramenta de apoio à decisão na referida área da logística. No presente documento apresentar-se-á inicialmente o resultado de uma investigação sobre os VRP, seus constituintes, objetivos genéricos e principais instâncias, avançando-se de seguida para um estudo sobre as formas de resolução dos mesmos. Nesse ponto serão apresentados algoritmos exatos, heurísticas, meta-heurísticas e aproximações multiobjectivos que são bibliograficamente propostas para resolver a problemática. Apresentar-se-á de seguida o desenvolvimento de um Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG) de apoio à decisão. Este permitirá ao decisor albergar informação textual sobre o seu VRP, sendo que a informação cartográfica será construída com base nas informações prestadas e em dados obtidos automaticamente em serviços Web da aplicação Google Maps. A ferramenta facultará ao utilizador propostas de solução para o problema utilizando duas heurísticas construtivas e um método de melhoria local. Em nome da flexibilidade do sistema também será possível ao decisor gerar as suas rotas sem os referidos automatismos. Para demonstrar as potencialidades do sistema apresentar-se-ão vários testes à aplicação desenvolvida. Acredita-se que a ferramenta em questão além de permitir a análise e compreensão detalhada das heurísticas utilizadas devido à representação gráfica dos resultados das mesmas, tem aplicabilidade em casos reais e potencial de crescimento e adaptação que lhe permitem ser a base de outras ferramentas construídas para casos específicos.
Despite being studied for more than 5 decades, the Vehicle Routing Problems (VRP) takes on special importance nowadays due to the escalating costs associated with logistics that come along with the rise of de fuel price. Alongside with this factor, there are technological advances emerging that enable Web-based retrieval, representation and analysis of spatial and textual data. The purpose of this dissertation is to combine an investigation about the problem of vehicle routing with computer technologies of Web-based digital mapping, to reach a decision support tool in that logistics area. In this document, the results of an investigation into the VRP will be presented, namely its components, objectives and generic instances, following up to a study about the methods to solve them. At this point will be studied exact algorithms, heuristics, meta-heuristics and multipurpose approximations that are bibliographically proposed to solve the problem. Subsequently will be presented the development of a Geographic Information System (GIS) for decision support where the decision maker may accommodate textual information about his VRP. The cartographic data will be built based on the information provided by the user and on data that will be automatically provided by Google Maps Web services. The application will provide to the user proposals for solving the problem using two constructive heuristics and a method of local improvement. On behalf of the flexibility of the system, it will also be possible to the decision maker to generate his own routes without the automation implicit on referred heuristics. To demonstrate the capabilities of the software, various tests will be presented. It is believed that the developed tool, in addition to offer detailed analysis and understanding of the heuristics used due to the graphical representation of the results, has applicability to real cases and potential of growth and adaptation that allow it to be the basis of other tools built for specific cases.

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Zavala, Carlos Gustavo Villela. „Determinants for the effective provision of public goods by honduran hometown associations in the United States: the Garífuna case“. 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3779.

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Magister Artium - MA
The study concludes that the existence of HTAs in the USA is explained by the socially enforced institution of the hijos del pueblo (sons of the town) having a duty to help their hometowns, as well as the private benefits of preserving Garífuna traditions and the possibility of helping repatriate dead immigrants. Fulfilling this duty (and the consequent prestige attained) provides the incentives to send CRs home. In the cases studied, CRs were used to partly finance potable water projects, electricity projects, road paving, a community centre and the construction of a Catholic temple. In most of the cases HTAs worked with a local development organisation, known as Patronato, which formed specific committees for executing projects, for example the water and the electricity committees. For the construction of the temple, a religious organisation known as Pastoral was the local partner. The term Collective Remittances (CRs) refers to the money sent by migrant associations, known as Hometown Associations (HTAs), to Community-Based Organisations (CBOs) in their hometowns for financing public works projects. Few cases of CR are known in Honduras. The only ones reported are among the Garífunaethnic group living on the Caribbean Coast, and with a large migrant community in New York City (NYC). This mini-master’s thesis is the first study written on CRs in Honduras. It studies CR experiences in four Garífuna hometowns and their corresponding HTAs in NYC. It answers three questions: How do CRs work in each case? What are the determinants for HTAs to provide CRs to the hometowns? And what are the determinants for local CBOs in the hometowns to use the CRs effectively to provide public goods in the hometowns? CR is conceptualised as a that chooses which local group and project to finance, and the local CBO, which is the agent

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André, Ana Paula Dias Martins. „Outsourcing SI : riscos e benefícios para as organizações“. Master's thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/3735.

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Mestrado em Gestão de Sistemas de Informação
Face a um ambiente de negocios em constante evolução, as organizações procuram adoptar modelos de funcionamento mais ágeis e capazes de potenciar a sua capacidade de resposta às exigências do mercado. Neste sentido o Outsourcing apresenta-se como uma opção estratégica para as organizações, tendo vindo a ganhar uma aceitação cada vez maior por parte dos gestores. O Outsourcing tem registado um crescimento a nível europeu e também em Portugal, o que é evidente pelo aumento da despesa em Outsourcing por parte das organizações. Apesar do seu crescimento, a verdade é que há ainda muitos contratos de Outsourcing que falham no final dos primeiros anos, tornando-se objecto de forte criticismo. Existem vantagens associadas ao Outsourcing, mas existem igualmente riscos não menosprezáveis, sendo o conhecimento de uns e outros de grande relevância. Com este estudo pretende-se contribuir para o conhecimento sobre os riscos associados ao Outsourcing de Sistemas de Informação (SI), os benefícios que se podem obter através da sua adopção e avaliar em que medida os grupos intervenientes no mercado português -Fornecedores do Serviço, Clientes e Influenciadores de Mercado - convergem nas suas visões sobre os mesmos. Para a prossecução daquele objectivo foi realizado um estudo Delphi on-line, combinado com a classificação Q-sort, o que permitiu obter as perspectivas de cada grupo sobre os riscos e sobre os benefícios do Outsourcing.
Presented with an ever-changing business environment, today's organisations continuously look for more agile ways of working, capable of increasing their ability to respond to market demands. In this context, Outsourcing has emerged as a strategic option to be considered and has been increasingly accepted and adopted by managers. The rise in organisations* Outsourcing-related expenditure in recent years shows that Outsourcing has grown - not only in Europe but also in Portugal. In spite of this growth, however, many of these contracts still fail during their initial years, meaning that Outsourcing has also been subject to strong criticism. There are advantages to Outsourcing but also significant risks associated to it, and the examination of both is therefore of great relevance for informed decision-making. The objective of this study is to contribute to the understanding of the risks and benefits associated to Information Systems (IS) Outsourcing and also to determine to what extent a common view about them is shared by the Portuguese market players - Service Providers, Customers and Opinion Makers. In order to accomplish this, an on-line Delphi study was conducted, combined with the Q-sort technique, which allowed to obtain each player's perspective on IS Outsourcing's risks and benefits.

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