Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Tragopan satyra“

Current rates of climatic change will affect the structure and function of community assemblages on Earth. In recent decades, advances in modelling techniques have illuminated the potential effects of various climatic scenarios on biodiversity hotspots, including community assemblages in the Himalayas. These techniques have been used to test the effects of representative concentration pathways (RCPs) AR5-2050, based on future greenhouse gas emission trajectories of climate change scenario/year combinations, on pheasants. Current bioclimatic variables, Miroc-esm, Hadgem2-AO and Gfdl-cm3, in future climate change scenario models, were used to predict the future distribution and the gain/loss of future habitat area, within the Himalayas, of the pheasant, Satyr Tragopon (Tragopan satyra). The results indicate that future climatic conditions may significantly affect the future distribution of Satyr Tragopon and the effectiveness of protective areas (PAs). Using the python based GIS toolkit, SDM projection, regions of high risk under climate change scenarios were identified. To predict the present distribution of the species, environment parameters of bioclimatic variables, red reflectance, blue reflectance, solar azimuth angle, altitude, slope, aspect, NDVI, EVI, VI, and LCLU were used. The forest cover (NDVI) and the canopy cover (EVI), and variables affecting forest structure, namely altitude, slope, solar azimuth angle and Bio7, were the primary factors dictating the present distribution of T. satyra. The predicted trend of habitat shifting of T. satyra in the Himalayas to higher altitudes and latitudes will gradually become more prominent with climate warming.

SummaryCall counts of Satyr Tragopan Tragopan satyra were conducted in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India, for three years (1995–1997). Twenty-eight groups of calling birds were recorded in 1995, 19 in 1996 and 24 in 1997 with mean density estimates (groups/km2) of 6.19/km2, 4.52/km2 and 5.46/km2 respectively. During the three years, the number of calling groups varied only on one trail. Birds called early (04h45–05h00) and the calling frequency varied from 33% to 88%. Calling peaked in April and there were significant differences in the number of groups calling in April and May in 1995 and 1996. Adverse weather conditions and wind affected calling and the audibility of calls. During spring, the Satyr Tragopan was found to be associated with both open and closed habitats. The main possible threats to this species were grazing and tree lopping. Despite some shortcomings this survey method appears to be most suitable for monitoring Satyr Tragopan.

AbstractRelative to long-distance migrants, altitudinal migrants have been understudied, perhaps because of a perception that their migrations are less complex and therefore easier to protect. Nonetheless, altitudinal migrants may be at risk as they are subject to ongoing anthropogenic pressure from land use and climate change. We used global positioning system/accelerometer telemetry to track the partial altitudinal migration of the satyr tragopan Tragopan satyra in central Bhutan. The birds displayed a surprising diversity of migratory strategies: some individuals did not migrate, others crossed multiple mountains to their winter ranges, others descended particular mountains, and others ascended higher up into the mountains in winter. In all cases migration between summer breeding and winter non-breeding grounds was accomplished largely by walking, not by flying. Females migrated in a south-easterly direction whereas males migrated in random directions. During winter, migrants occupied south-east facing slopes whereas residents remained on south-west facing slopes. Migratory and resident tragopans utilized a range of forest types, with migratory individuals preferring cool broadleaved forests during winter. These complex patterns of migration suggest that conservation measures should extend across multiple mountains, protect the full range of forest types and encompass multiple landscape configurations to protect aspect diversity. Given the diversity of migratory strategies employed by this single species it seems clear that more research on altitudinal migrants is needed to understand what must be done to ensure their future in an era of widespread land-use and climate change.

Abstract We sequenced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from cytochrome b (cyt b) and the control region (CR) for all five extant species in the genus Tragopan. We incorporated information on comparative patterns and rates of molecular evolution into phylogenetic analyses, using both a single-gene and a combined data approach. Sequence variability was distributed heterogeneously among the three domains of CR and the three codon positions of cyt b, but the two genes evolved at comparable rates, on average, and produced concordant topologies independent of the method used for phylogenetic reconstructions. Phylogenetic trees suggest that Tragopan includes two main evolutionary lineages grouping caboti-temminckii (clade A), and blythii-satyra (clade B). A shorter CR sequence from one museum sample could not consistently resolve the position of T. melanocephalus. The mtDNA phylogeny is better supported than alternative topologies inferred from morphological and behavioral traits and is compatible with a mechanism of allopatric speciation of Tragopan in two different episodes about 4 and 2 million years ago. In those periods, the vicariant events that might have fostered allopatric speciation of Tragopan are represented by landscape changes that affected the Indohimalayan region after the sudden rising of the Himalayas less then 8 million years ago, and by climatic fluctuations during the Pleistocene less than 2 million years ago.

The lack of data on accumulation and distribution of chemical elements in body organs of decorative birds in Ivanovo has moved us to find the specifics of microelements concentration in the livers and mus-cles of decorative pheasants of different species. The presence of microelements was researched by using the Kvant-2А spectrophotometer, with ashing of samples going according to GOST 30178-96. From the total accumulation of microelements in question, the amount of Fe and Zn in the liver makes up 92,6-28,7%, and 71,4-96,7% in the muscles. The amount of Fe in the liver of Phasianus colchicus is 2,1-4,4 times higher than of other species of pheasants, and the amount of Fe in the muscles of Tragopan satyra is 2,6-4,2 times higher than of other species of pheasants. In the pheasants` livers the diapason of Zn con-tent did not exceed 38%, with the muscles of Phasianus colchicus having 6,3-7,3 times the amount of Zn in comparison to other species. The amount of Cu in the liver and muscles of Lophura leucomelanos is higher in comparison with other birds. For Syrmaticus ellioti, the liver contains 4,2-6,9 times less Mn, but they have 1,9-3,8 times more Mn in their muscles than other pheasants. The amount of Ni in the pheasants` livers is located in the diapason of 0,12-0,59 mg/kg, and 0,25-0,47 mg/kg in the muscles. The accumulation of Pb in the muscles is 0,25-0,47 mg/kg, with livers of Tragopan satyra and Syrmaticus el-lioti having 0,55 and 0,74 mg/kg. The concentration of Co in the pheasants’ muscles turned out to be 0,007-0,011 mg/kg, with 0,011-0,035 mg/kg in the livers. In the muscles and livers of Lophura leuco-melanos the levels of Cadmium are lower by 58,3-82,1% and 51,8-78,8% accordingly, in comparison to other species of pheasants. Therefore, species-specific tendencies of pollutants accumulation are noted. Were noted higher concentrations of Fe and Pb in the muscles and Mn and Ni in the livers of Phasianus colchicus; Cu in the muscles and livers of Lophura leucomelanos; Mn, Co and Cd in the muscles and Pb in the livers of Syrmaticus ellioti. No pattern in the microelement distribution in the livers and muscles was noted.