Dissertationen zum Thema „Traditional farming“
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1
Grubbs, Morris Allen. „Wendell Berry’s Cyclic Vision: Traditional Farming as Metaphor“. TopSCHOLAR®, 1990. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1552.
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Although Wendell Berry’s first book, a novel, appeared in 1960, he did not gain significant national attention until the publication of his nonfiction manifesto, The Unsettling of America: Culture and Agriculture, in 1977. Since its publication, Berry has moved increasingly toward the prose of persuasion as he continues to sharpen his argument in support of a practical, continuous harmony between the human economy and Nature. His canon as a whole – the poems, essays, and novels – is an ongoing and thorough exploration of man’s use of and relationship to the land.
Arguing that the health of a culture is linked to the health of its land, Berry focuses on agriculture, particularly the growing conflict between traditional farming (which espouses a harmonious cyclic vision) and modern agribusiness (which espouses a discordant linear vision). As a traditional farmer wedded to the land, Berry derives his ideas and images largely from his practical experiences and form his devotion to careful and responsible land stewardship. He also, in his nonfiction, turns to several agricultural (as well as a few literary) writers of the past and present to lend support to his arguments.
Berry’s strong sense of Nature’s cycle is the basis for his imagery of departures and returns. As a crucial part of the cycle, death is prerequisite to life, and Berry shows the importance of understanding “that the land we live on and the lives we live are the gifts of death” (Home Economics 62). The power of Nature’s cycle is at once destructive and restorative; Berry teaches that by allying our human economy more with natural cyclic processes rather than with man-made linear – and ultimately destructive – ones, we and future generations can live with hope and assurance through the possibility of renewal.
Traditional farming has taught Berry the concepts which inform his poems and essays (as well as his novels and short stories, which merit a separate study beyond the scope of this paper.) For example, he has learned, and continues to learn, the importance of understanding and acknowledging the primal, and ruling, character of a “place”; of looking to Nature for guidance, instruction, and justice; and of allying farming practices to Nature’s “Wheel” of birth, growth, maturity, death, and decay. This cycle and related motifs unify and connect his central themes, particularly death as a means of renewal. In Berry’s view, one of the cruxes in the agricultural crisis is that, whereas traditional farming seeks a natural balance between growth and decay, industrial farming, because of its pull toward mass production, stresses growth only (a linear inclination), which wears out the land and leads inevitably to infertility. Tracing our modern crisis to our past and to our present character and culture, Berry shows the ramifications of our abuse of Nature’s “gifts.”
2
Boag, Franca Elise. „Integrated Mediterranean farming and pastoral systems : local knowledge and ecological infrastructure of Italian dryland farming /“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq22954.pdf.
3
Tipper, Richard. „Technological change in contemporary peasant farming systems of northern Chiapas, Mexico“. Thesis, University of Stirling, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2598.
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A study of the process of technological change in contemporary Mayan agricultural systems was undertaken by an action research method that involved close collaboration with the rural development efforts of farmers in the northern highlands of Chiapas, Mexico. Firstly, the socioeconomic context of technological change in Chiapas was described, with special reference to the effects of markets on agricultural development. Secondly, theta actors affecting the productivity and sustainability of the regions principal agricultural systems: maize and beans for subsistence and coffee for cash were described and measured. The use of traditional swidden methods of maize cultivation with shorter fallow periods was found to be causing a significant decline in the fertility of soils. Alternative, non-burning methods were found to be sustainable in terms of soil fertility, but required high labour inputs and were less productive during a 2-3 year transition period. Despite government programmes to promote the development of coffee plantations most farmers had adopted only ad hoc improvements, and coffee system productivities were found to be generally low. Models integrating dynamic and linear progranuning components of the improvement problem systems in maize and coffee production were constructed using evidence from the field studies. By examining a number of hypothetical scenarios, further hypotheses about the coffee and maize systems were generated. It was inferred that the relative scarcity of farm labour, cash or land resources would affect the optimum technical decisions of farmers. In particular, it was concluded that farmers with scarce cash resources would face most difficulty (in terms of loss of effective income) in adopting non-burning maize techniques and the promoted methods of coffee plantation improvement. On the basis of the evidence from the field studies and the modelling exercises a number of technical, project and policy recommendations were advocated. These were based upon the objective of maximising the potential competitive strengths of the peasant mode of production, including: the efficient use of marginal, dispersed and inaccessible resources and the production of a wide range of specialised agricultural and forestry products.
4
Kitchen, Julie Louise. „Nutrition and nutrional value of wheat grown in organic and conventional farming systems in South Australia“. Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phk618.pdf.
5
Derakhshani, Nava. „"God has locked the sky" : exploring traditional farming systems in Tigray, Ethiopia“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97123.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Tigray region in northern Ethiopia is a historic centre of agricultural production and home to many subsistence farmers that still use traditional farming systems and practise rain-fed agriculture. The region has been affected adversely by famines and periodic droughts for centuries and is vulnerable to climate change. Farmers are producing on small plots of often degraded land and through their own actions have depleted the natural resources they rely on, in particular soil, water and trees. This study sought to explore the environmental degradation of Tigray through both a literature review of its agricultural socio-political history and a lived experience in the village of Abraha We Atsebaha among farmers of the region. It uses a variety of methodologies and methods, including a literature review, grounded theory, narrative inquiry and ethnography, to expand on the factors that have contributed to the current degradation, the implications for traditional farming and the potential for land regeneration. The first journal article seeks to explore how Ethiopians have shaped their natural environment. In particular, it focuses on deforestation, soil degradation, the role of changing governance and land-ownership patterns, and the effects of climate change. The article demonstrates that traditional farming systems do not operate in isolation from their socio-political and environmental context. The second journal article provides an in-depth narrative inquiry conducted in Abraha We Atsebaha over a three-month period in 2014. This village is known for its indigenous farming knowledge, commitment to regeneration and innovation in conservation practices. Interviews were conducted with selected farmers and local leaders and informal discussions were carried out with government extension representatives using the ethno-ecological cosmos-corpus-praxis guidelines to enable an integrated exploration of the nature of traditional farming, the causative factors of environmental deterioration and the resultant communal response. In addition to written interview notes, observations and field notes were recorded daily. Photographs are used to give a real sense of the community and their work. It emerged during this process that underlying belief systems were exceptionally important in a context of traditional conservation. Both articles discuss the development work undertaken by government in the rural farming sector and the successes and challenges faced. They also show that elements of traditional farming, sustainability measures and environmental care were suspended in favour of short-term survival as a consequence of social, political and population stressors. This study provides learning points, gained from insights gleaned from the literature review and the lived experience, for improving development interventions in this region. This study did not explicitly explore the role of religion in conservation or the potential long-term effects of current government policies and initiatives. However, it contributes to the small pool of literature on the region focused on traditional farming systems by providing a comprehensive overview of the drivers of degradation (historical and current) and offers a unique, “soft” experiential narration of a village in northern Ethiopia that allows insight into farmer experiences, pressures and adaptation efforts.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Tigray-streek in die noorde van Ethiopië is ’n historiese sentrum van landbouproduksie en die tuiste van menige bestaansboer wat nog op tradisionele boerderystelsels en reënbesproeiing staatmaak. Die streek het eeue lank onder hongersnood en periodieke droogtes gebuk gegaan en is kwesbaar vir klimaatsverandering. Boere bewerk klein stukke, dikwels afgetakelde, grond en het deur hul eie optrede die natuurlike hulpbronne waarop hulle staatmaak – veral die grond, water en bome – uitgeput. Hierdie studie was daarop toegespits om ’n beter begrip te vorm van die omgewingsaftakeling in Tigray. Vir hierdie doel is ’n literatuurstudie van die sosiopolitieke landbougeskiedenis van die gebied onderneem, en is die lewe in die dorp Abraha We Atsebaha tussen boere van die streek ervaar. Die navorsing het van ’n verskeidenheid metodologieë en metodes, waaronder ’n literatuuroorsig, gegronde teorie, narratiewe ondersoek en etnografie, gebruik gemaak om lig te werp op die faktore wat tot die huidige aftakeling bygedra het, die implikasies vir tradisionele boerdery, en die potensiaal vir grondvernuwing. Die eerste tydskrifartikel verken hoe Ethiopiërs hul natuurlike omgewing gevorm het. Dit konsentreer veral op ontbossing, grondaftakeling, die rol van veranderende staatsbestuurs- en grondbesitpatrone, en die uitwerking van klimaatsverandering. Die artikel toon dat tradisionele boerderystelsels nie afsonderlik van hul sosiopolitieke en omgewingskonteks funksioneer nie. Die tweede tydskrifartikel beskryf ’n narratiewe diepte-ondersoek wat oor ’n drie maande lange tydperk in 2014 in Abraha We Atsebaha onderneem is. Hierdie dorp is bekend vir sy inheemse landboukennis, toewyding aan vernuwing, en innoverende bewaringspraktyke. Onderhoude is met ’n uitgesoekte groep boere en plaaslike leiers gevoer, en voorligtingsbeamptes van die staat is by informele gesprekke betrek. Die etno-ekologiese cosmos-corpus-praxis-riglyne is gebruik om ’n geïntegreerde studie te onderneem van die aard van tradisionele boerdery, die oorsaaklike faktore van omgewingsaftakeling, en die gevolglike gemeenskapsreaksie. Benewens skriftelike aantekeninge gedurende die onderhoude, is waarnemings en veldnotas ook daagliks opgeteken. Foto’s word gebruik om die gemeenskap en hul werk getrou uit te beeld. Gedurende hierdie proses het aan die lig gekom dat onderliggende oortuigingstelsels besonder belangrik is in ’n tradisionele bewaringskonteks. Albei artikels bespreek die ontwikkelingswerk wat die regering in die landelike boerderysektor onderneem, sowel as die suksesse en uitdagings daarvan. Dit toon ook dat elemente van tradisionele boerdery, volhoubaarheidsmaatreëls en omgewingsorg as gevolg van maatskaplike, politieke en bevolkingsfaktore laat vaar is ten gunste van korttermynoorlewing. Die insigte wat uit die literatuuroorsig sowel as die lewenservaring in die bestudeerde gemeenskap spruit, bied lesse vir die verbetering van ontwikkelingsintervensies in die streek. Die studie het nie uitdruklik die rol van godsdiens in bewaring of die potensiële langtermynuitwerking van huidige staatsbeleide en -inisiatiewe ondersoek nie. Tog dra dit by tot die klein hoeveelheid beskikbare literatuur oor tradisionele boerderystelsels in die streek deur ’n omvattende oorsig te bied van die (historiese en huidige) snellers van aftakeling, en vertel dit ’n unieke, ‘sagte’ ervaringsverhaal oor ’n dorp in die noorde van Ethiopië om sodoende insig in landbou-ervarings, -druk en -aanpassingspogings te bied.
6
Sherif, Souad Mohammed. „The economic feasibility of introducing aquaculture into traditional farming systems in Arizona“. Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288781.
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The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the economic feasibility of introducing fish culture into irrigated cotton production on farms in central Arizona. The representative farm adopted in this study is a cotton farm described in Arizona Field Crop Budgets, 1994-95. The only adjustment necessary for the farmer to make is to keep water in the ditches at all times. Water as a production variable for fish production was thus calculated only for the additional quantity required. Analysis of these production systems was accomplished by budgeting procedures as well as statistical analysis. The economic-engineering (synthetic firm technique) was employed to develop the input-output coefficients necessary for analysis. Five fish densities and eight ditch capacities were tested. The production function was estimated using input and yield data. Three functional forms (linear, quadratic and Cobb-Douglas) were examined to determine how well they estimated the production system. Using budget analysis, a fish stocking density of six fish per cubic meter and a ditch capacity of 2,925 m3 appear to provide the optimal production scenario, if the percentage of fish reaching harvestable size is improved from 66 percent to at least 80 percent. This density has been proven to require minimum production costs and to provide the most efficient use of resources. However, production functions estimated in this study indicate that profits can be increased through additional use of feed. At any ditch capacity, a density of six fish per cubic meter, provides the optimal economic results, MVP = PX2 Finally, the implication of the findings of this study are that raising tilapia in irrigation ditch systems on cotton farms in central Arizona is feasible at a stocking density of six fish per cubic meter. Studies to improve the percentage of fish reaching marketable size at this density is very critical. Increasing the initial size of the fingerlings could be a consideration in improving the percentage of fish reaching marketable size and eventually increasing optimum economic returns.
7
Mhlontlo, Simphiwe. „Effects of sheep kraal manure and intercropping with maize on growth, nutrient uptake and yield of a vegetable Amaranthus accession in the central region of the Eastern Cape, South Africa“. Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/76.
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Amaranthus is among the nutritious indigenous plant species that are gathered from the wild in the Eastern Cape to prepare a traditional meal known as ‘imifino’ or ‘isigwampa’ to supplement the necessary proteins, vitamins and minerals which are poor in maizebased meals. Amaranthus species are adapted to wild conditions unsuitable for exotic vegetables and could be cultivated but information on its fertility requirements, as sole or intercrop, is the key for its domestication and production as a leafy vegetable, particularly where manure is used. Two dry-land and one glasshouse experiments were conducted to study the effects of sheep kraal manure application rate, intercropping with maize and soil type on growth, fresh and dry matter yields, nutrient uptake and grain yield of a local Amaranthus accession that grows wild in the Eastern Cape. Sheep kraal manure rates ranging from 0 to 10 t ha-1 and an NPK {2:3:4(30) + 0.5% Zn} fertilizer as a positive control, applied at rates recommended for spinach, were tested. In the Gqumahashe experiment, where Amaranthus was grown as a sole crop, low manure rates (≤ 2.5 t ha-1) resulted in plant heights and fresh matter yields which were comparable to those in the unfertilized control, whereas higher rates (5 and 10 t ha-1) and recommended NPK fertilizer had higher levels both at 30 and 60 days after transplanting (DAT) at p < 0.05. At 30 DAT, manure application rates of ≥ 2.5 t ha-1 and the NPK fertilizer treatment, produced greater shoot dry-matter yields (29.35, 30.75 and 37.68 g plant-1) than the unfertilized control (17.11 g plant-1) at p < 0.05. Uptake of N and P in the leaves increased with increase in manure application rate with N uptake reaching a maximum (308 mg plant-1) at a manure rate of 2.5 t ha-1 which corresponded with the maximum dry matter yield. There was no effect of manure rate or fertilizer on residual soil N and Ca, whereas P, K, Mg and Zn increased. In a pot experiment with soils from Ntselamanzi and Gqumahashe Villages, manure rates ≥ 2.5 t ha-1 resulted in plant heights and fresh matter yield that compared well with the NPK fertilizer treatment in the Gqumahashe soil whereas only the 10 t ha-1 manure treatment was comparable to the NPK fertilizer treatment in the Ntselamanzi soil. Only treatments with ≥ 5 t ha-1 manure had stem girth (1.00 and 1.07 cm) that compared well to NPK fertilizer (1.03 cm) in the Ntselamanzi soil whereas in the Gqumahashe soil, all manure levels compared well to NPK fertilizer (1.02 cm). However, no significant difference was observed in plant height and stem girth and fresh matter due to soil type. In both soils, the 1.3-10 t ha-1 manure treatments had dry leaf weight comparable to plants fertilized with NPK fertilizer (3.72 g plant-1 for the Ntselamanzi soil and 3.65 g plant-1 for the Gqumahashe soil) and were bigger than the unfertilized control (2.2 g plant-1 for the Ntselamanzi soil and 1.38 g plant-1 for the Gqumahashe soil) at p < 0.05. Uptake of N, P and K increased as result of manure application but nonetheless, it was less when compared to plants fertilized with NPK fertilizer in both soils. In a field intercropping experiment carried out at Ntselamanzi, growth and yield of sole and intercropped Amaranthus plants grown with manure improved when compared to the unfertilized control and compared well to NPK fertilizer. At 30 days after transplanting (DAT), both sole and intercropped plants grown with ≥ 2.5 t ha-1 manure had fresh and dry matter yield comparable to plants fertilized with NPK fertilizer. At 60 DAT, intercropped plants grown with all manure levels had bigger fresh matter yield when compared to unfertilized control (836.0 g plant-1) whereas for sole cropped plants only those grown with ≥ 2.5 t ha-1 compared to NPK fertilizer (1467.7 g plant-1) at p < 0.05. Uptake of N, P, K, Ca and Mg increased with increase in manure application in both sole and intercropped Amaranthus. Whereas Amaranthus did not suffer from the competition in the intercrop, maize biomass and grain yield were severely reduced with the effects being evident after 60 DAT. Based on results of this study, it is therefore suggested that, if Amaranthus is to be intercropped with maize under dry land conditions of the Central Region of the Eastern Cape, sheep manure should at least be applied at rate of ≥ 2.5 t ha-1 and Amaranthus be harvested at 30 DAT.
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Caunce, Stephen Andrew. „Farming with horses in the East Riding of Yorkshire : some aspects of recent agricultural history“. Thesis, University of Leeds, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328699.
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Larsson, Jimmie. „Traditional agricultural landscapes and their importance in the fight against land degradation“. Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-43201.
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Markförstöring är idag ett utbrett problem som till stor del är orsakat av konventionellt jordbruk och ohållbar markanvändning. Traditionella jordbrukslandskap har i många områden bedrivits under lång tid utan att uppvisa samma problem samtidigt som de haft hög artmångfald. Denna litteraturstudie studerar dessa landskap med inriktning på Europa och Ostasien. Resultatet visar att det är flera faktorer som är viktiga i deras bevarande av artmångfald såsom heterogenitet, konnektivitet och intermediära störningar. Utöver detta så är effektiv återvinning av näringsämnen, användning av poly-kulturer och jordbrukslandskapens låga intensitet, viktiga faktorer som skyddat dem från överexploatering. Problemet med traditionella jordbrukslandskap är att de inte är ekonomiskt hållbara. Även om restaurering av ekosystem är ett av FN:s mål det kommande decenniet så sker det inte om det inte finns ett incitament att restaurera. Genom att bättre förstå hållbara jordbrukslandskap kan vi i framtiden skapa både ekologiskt resilienta och ekonomiskt stabila produktionslandskap som inte bara gynnar samhället utan även artmångfalden.
10
Vorster, Halina Johanna. „The role and production of traditional leafy vegetables in three rural communities in South Africa“. Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02122009-115129/.
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Guenat, Dominique Vincent. „Study of the transformation of traditional farming in selected areas of Central Bhutan : the transition from subsistence to semi-subsistence, market oriented farming /“. Zurich, 1991. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=9296.
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Milestad, Rebecka. „Building farm resilience : prospects and challenges for organic farming /“. Uppsala : Dept. of Rural Development Studies, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/a375.pdf.
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Zhou, Xiaofeng. „Adoption of non-traditional enterprises by Virginia farmers“. Thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07112009-040519/.
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Alhamidi, Sameer K. „New directions towards sustainability of agricultural systems /“. Alnarp : Dept. of Crop Science, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/a425-ab.html.
15
Palmer, Carol. „Reconstructing and interpreting ancient crop management practices : ethnobotanical investigations into traditional dryland farming in northern Jordan“. Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1994. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1809/.
Annotation:
This study is an exploration of agricultural decision-making and an investigation into the effects of different crop management practices on weed composition. The aim of this research is to enable the reconstruction of ancient crop management practices from archaeological weed assemblages and to inform archaeological interpretation, i.e. to interpret what the identified ancient crop management practices may imply. This particular Investigation focuses on con temporary and recent 'traditional' farmers in northern Jordan. The first aspect of this study looks at agricultural practice and agricultural decision making. In order to sustain agricultural production farmers rotate their crops - typically with a period of bare, or cultivated, fallow. The choice of crop rotation regime (and indeed, how crops are managed during the agricultural year) is affected not only by environmental factors but also by cultural and social factors. For example, contemporary farmers who own livestock often cultivate legume crops rather than practice fallow between wheat years. On the other hand, short-falls in labour can result in the elimination of legumes from a crop rotation regime. In the past 60 years, the system of land tenure in the study area has profoundly changed - from communal to private ownership - and this also has affected crop management practices. The implications of these observations for archaeological Interpretation are assessed. The second aspect of this study examines the way different crop management practices affect weed composition. Although the main factor affecting weed composition was found to be vegetation zone, there was also some indication that crop management practices do indeed affect weed composition, but further substantiation is required. There is evidence that cultivated fallow favours the presence of weeds which can germinate in either autumn or spring whilst continuous cultivation encourages the establishment of perennial weeds. In both cases, tilage - the number of episodes and the timing of the operations - would seem to be the key factor. The way these results can be developed in the future are discussed.
16
Kardell, Örjan. „Hägnadernas roll för jordbruket och byalaget 1640-1900 /“. Stockholm : Uppsala : Kungl. Skogs- och lantbruksakad. ; Dept. of Economics, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/a445.pdf.
17
O'Meara, Nathaniel, und Richard W. Stoffle. „Mrs. Bodie and Island Life: A Short Story of Fishing, Farming and Bush Medicine in the Exuma Cays, Bahamas- As told by Ester Mae Bodie“. Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology, University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/292602.
Annotation:
This document is an oral history of Ester Mae Bodie, one of the Exumas’ renowned plant experts. During the Bahamas Marine Protected Area Study, members of Richard Stoffle’s research team spent numerous hours interviewing Mrs. Bodie a range of topics including ethnobotany, traditional marine use, the proposed MPAs, and her life growing up in the Exumas. In order to honor her contributions to the overall project, members of the Stoffle team constructed this document to share her story.
18
MacLean, Roger R. „A trans-disciplinary approach integrating farm system data to better manage and predict Striga infestations /“. Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38228.
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The following research developed an approach and methodology to simultaneously gather and integrate social and natural science farm system data of developing countries into one data base. The overall approach was based on Weber's theory of abstraction, which requires the identification of the broadest number of variables as possible. The first step to understanding the farm system was to overview a number of the key variables which represented a number of key farm components; the second step was to juxtapose and blend together the various forms of data in linear forms against a test variable of Striga infestation levels; the third step was to evaluate if the amount of knowledge gained in predicting Striga infestation levels was statistically significant by cross correlating soil nutrient levels, crop management approaches, farmers' perceptions of Striga infestation and spatial distances; the fourth step was to use parametric and non-parameterc analytical tools in conjunction with data compression to locate the best combination of parameters to better manage Striga. The final part of the process was to identify and integrate the crop, field and social data into a profile of farmer's who have the highest and lowest likelihood of being infested by Striga by using a soil nutrient concentration baseline as the indicator. The results were that natural and social science data could be successfully combined, integrated and have statistically significant cross correlations. These correlations indicate that specific spatial parameters combined with specific soil components, farmer's management and crop placement could be used as predictors of Striga infestation levels. As well the farmers' perception could be validated using natural science data.
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Mpuzu, Misery Sikelwa. „The impact of farmer support programmes on market access of small holder farmers in the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal Provinces“. Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007140.
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Most smallholder farmers in South Africa are characterized by poor resources such as land, labour and capital while they play an important role in poverty alleviation especially in poor rural areas. Smallholder farmers are increasingly recognized because of their contribution to household food security. The world markets are increasingly being integrated due to globalization and liberalization. As a result, smallholder farmers are facing increasing market competition, not only in international markets but in local markets as well. However, smallholder farmers often face a number of barriers to accessing these markets arising in part from the tightening of food safety and quality standards requiring compliance with phytosanitary and sanitary standards and growing power of supply chain integration. Furthermore, the viability of these smallholder producers is constrained by institutional obstacles which include lack of access to information, high marketing and transaction costs and low quality and lack of critical volume in the absence of bulking up arrangements, etc. These barriers have contributed to the exclusion of smallholder/small-scale farmers from formal markets. In order to address these obstacles and speed up the pace of agrarian reform many support schemes (farmer support programmes) are now being designed to specifically address market access and value chain issues through unique co-innovation arrangements to improve the farmer’s access to profitable international chains. A number of farmer support programmes (FSP) have been implemented in South Africa to reduce the risk of a lack of capacity and a lack of economic and/or financial experience in smallholder farms. Intervention measures have been instituted to these smallholder farmers to assist them to move out of poverty through agricultural production. The aim of this study was to understand the roles played by farmer support programmes in addressing income and welfare levels and sustainability of smallholder farmers in South Africa. Eighty nine (89) farmers were interviewed for this study and almost half (49%) of them received support from various organizations while 51% of the sampled farmers did not receive any support. The study was designed to compare the two groups between the treated and control group to assess the impact of these programmes.Using a Tobit and Propensity Score Matching technique, potential diffusion effects were eliminated between farmers supported by Farmer Support Programmes and farmers that did not belong to support services. The latter was selected from comparable communities with no agricultural support services. Findings from the Tobit regression and propensity score matching are consistent across the two methods, suggesting that being a member of any agricultural support programme has a significant positive impact on income and welfare of smallholder farmers.Farmer Support Programmes and collective marketing activities such as the collection and sale of members’ products appear to have a significant and positive impact on smallholder welfare of those farmers engaged in them. In the second analysis the study tested the types of arrangements that farmers would adopt to market their produce. From the results it was established that those farmers who were supported by institutional arrangements or FSP had better access to markets than those farmers who operated as individuals. Marginal effects are used to show the degree to which farmers chose a particular marketing channel or institutional arrangement that these farmers take when trying to access better paying markets. Then the final analysis is on factors that determine the extent to which collective action contribute to farmers’ income and market access. A number of variables (age, distance to the market, region the farmers are located) were evaluated using the multinomial regression model. Empirical results suggest that among South African cooperatives, those established in KwaZulu-Natal and partly in the Eastern Cape and upon the voluntary initiative of farmers are more sustainable and have access to better paying markets both locally and internationally than the other areas. The results also show that NGO-supported cooperatives have a longer life span than Government controlled cooperatives.
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Dorresteijn, Ine [Verfasser], und Joern [Akademischer Betreuer] Fischer. „Biodiversity conservation in traditional farming landscapes - The future of birds and large carnivores in Transylvania / Ine Dorresteijn. Betreuer: Joern Fischer“. Lüneburg : Universitätsbibliothek der Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1074758404/34.
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Dorresteijn, Ine Verfasser], und Jörn [Akademischer Betreuer] [Fischer. „Biodiversity conservation in traditional farming landscapes - The future of birds and large carnivores in Transylvania / Ine Dorresteijn. Betreuer: Joern Fischer“. Lüneburg : Universitätsbibliothek der Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:luen4-opus-143486.
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Hägerhäll, Caroline. „The experience of pastoral landscapes /“. Alnarp : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5724-6.pdf.
23
Long, Scot Eric. „The complexity of labor exchange among Amish farm households in Holmes County, Ohio“. The Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1064374526.
24
Htwe, Thin Nwe [Verfasser]. „Changes of traditional farming systems and their effects on land degradation and socio-economic conditions in the Inle Lake region, Myanmar / Thin Nwe Htwe“. Kassel : Universitätsbibliothek Kassel, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1100737561/34.
25
Wickham, Trevor Wayne. „Farmers ain't no fools exploring the role of participatory rural appraisal to access indigenous knowledge and enhance sustainable development research and planning : a case study of Dusun Pausan, Bali, Indonesia /“. Waterloo, Ont., Canada : University Consortium on the Environment, 1993. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/37546949.html.
26
Karlsson, Hanna. „Öjingsvallen vid sjön Öjingen : en pollenanalytisk studie av en fäbodvall i Ängersjö, Hälsingland /“. Umeå, 2001. http://epsilon.slu.se/8464495.pdf.
27
Norell, Henrik. „Eco-services of mussel farms : An energy and cost comparison with traditional alternatives“. Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-32667.
Annotation:
Eutrophication of seas, particularly near the coasts, is a topic of high current concern. Itleads to increased primary production and a higher frequency of algal blooms. The enhancedprimary production also increases the turbidity of the water, making it harder for ecologicallyimportant benthic macro algae, e.g. seaweed, to colonize bottoms on deeper waters. EU directives, as well as national law, demand decreases in nutrients, e.g. nitrogen, reachingthe sea. Another approach to decreasing the amount of nutrients in the sea could be musselfarming. Mussel farming is an established, albeit small, industry on the Swedish west coast. The useof mussels to remove nitrogen, however, is a more recent application. Lysekil municipalityhas been granted exemption from improving the nitrogen removal in Långevik waste watertreatment plant. Instead, mussel farms are used to remove nitrogen, which was estimated to bea less costly solution. This thesis investigates the advantages in money and energy in using mussel farming. Theuse of a mussel farm to remove nitrogen from sea water is compared with removing nitrogenin a WWTP. In addition, the production of mussel fertilizer, through a composting process, iscompared with producing a corresponding amount of artificial fertilizers. The results show that mussel farms are neither more economic nor energy efficient inremoving nitrogen and producing fertilizer than the conventional alternatives examined Mussel fertilizer, however, is not the most lucrative product that the mussels from the farmcan give. Alternatives, such as fodder or human consumption, are discussed in the report. Furthermore, the mussel fertilizer qualifies as organic fertilizer. A comparison with otherorganic fertilizers could prove mussels more economic or energy efficient, but such acomparison is out of the scope for this thesis. Finally, some data, e.g. the energy demand for nitrogen removal in the WWTP, were roughestimations. More research and investigations are needed in order to achieve more accurateconclusions.Eutrofiering i haven, speciellt kustnära vatten, är ett högaktuellt problem. Det leder till ökadprimärproduktion och frekvens av algblomningar. Den förhöjda primärproduktionen lederäven till ökad turbiditet, något som försvårar för ekologiskt viktiga bentiska arter, t.ex. sjögräs(ålgräs), att kolonisera bottnar på djupare vatten. Så väl EU-direktiv som nationell lagstiftning kräver en minskning i näringsämnen, bl.a.kväve, som når havet. Ett verktyg för att klara av dessa minskningar kan vara musselodlingar. Musselodling är en etablerad, men liten, industri på den svenska västkusten. Musslor som enkväveavskiljningsmetod är däremot en ny tillämpning. Lysekil kommun har fått undantag frånatt bygga ut kvävereningen i Långevik vattenreningsverk. I stället används musselodlingar föratt ta bort kväve, vilket ansågs vara en billigare metod. Detta examensarbete undersöker fördelarna i pengar och energi i att användamusselodlingar för att få bort kväve från havsvatten, jämfört med att avskilja kväve ivattenreningsverk. Dessutom jämförs produktionen av musselgödning, genom att komposteramusslor från musselodlingen, med att producera motsvarande mängder med konstgödsel. Resultaten visar att musselodlingar vare sig är billigare eller mer energieffektiva än dekonventionella alternativen för att ta bort kväve och producera gödsel. Musselgödning är däremot inte den mest lönsamma produkt som musslorna frånmusselodlingen kan ge. Alternativ som foder och mänsklig konsumption diskuteras i rapporten. Vidare kan musselgödning godkännas som KRAV-gödsel. I en jämförelse mot andraKRAV-gödsel kan musselgödning visa sig mer ekonomisk eller energieffektiv, men en sådan jämförelse ligger utanför detta arbetes tidsram. Slutligen var vissa data grova uppskattningar, t.ex. energiåtgången för kväveavskiljning i vattenreningsverk. Mer forskning och undersökningar behövs för att nå mer tillförlitligaslutsatser.
www.ima.kth.se
28
Askew, Hannah. „Farmers' local ecological knowledge in the biotech age : a multi-sited ethnography of fruit farming in the Okanagan Valley“. Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99572.
Annotation:
In this Master of Arts Thesis in Anthropology I examine the controversy in the Okanagan Valley over the introduction of GM seed technologies into local agricultural processes. I explore via a multi-sited ethnography how local fruit farmers in this region view GM seed technologies and their perception of how these technologies will impact their farming practices. I argue that (a) the use of GM seeds as currently regulated in Canada threatens to erode farmers' local knowledge of plant breeding and that (b) this erosion is of consequence not only to local farmers but to society generally because the environmental knowledge and skills possessed by local farmers is crucial to the protection of biodiversity, environmental sustainability, and food security.
29
Hashe, Luvuyo E. „The role of the state and the environment in indigenous livestock farming: a case study of Debe Marela, Middledrift area, Eastern Cape“. Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/372.
Annotation:
The study focused on the role of the State and the environment in indigenous livestock farming in Debe Marela in Middledrift. Although communal farmers in the area used ethnoveterinary medicines to treat and prevent animal diseases, they also widely used conventional medicines, as these often provided a remedy to animal diseases. The livestock farmers believed in indigenous knowledge which empowered them in using herbs to a certain extent, but the latter was preferred. The Department of Agriculture has featured as a support institution and although livestock farmers in the area have participated in and benefitted from state programmes, they believe that they needed more interventions such as visits from veterinary surgeons, Extension Officers and Animal Health Technicians. The study therefore attempts to address the gaps highlighted in the work of other researchers.
30
Gao, Ze. „Organic Farming is Coming to Our Valley : The Development of Pumi Eco-Agriculture and the Indigenisation of Modernity in Sino-Myanmar Borderlands“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-388436.
Annotation:
How do indigenous people perceive and practice eco-agriculture, especially when it was introduced as a development project? This thesis aims to delve into this question by focusing on a policy-induced agrarian transition for Pumi community in Sino-Myanmar borderlands. Using ethnographic methods, I intend to offer an intimate account of a provincial programme to facilitate eco-agriculture in this ethnic region. With the conceptual framework presented, the current research starts with the introduction of Pumi agricultural history and indigenous farming knowledge, with a focus on Pumi biocultural heritage. Then, I will examine how the process of ‘indigenisation of modernity’ (Sahlins 2000) has occurred against the backdrop of Pumi eco-agriculture programme. The insights will be distilled from three different aspects, which are agricultural land use, technical practices, and governance issues. For each aspect, I will scrutinise to what degree the government is following an industrial model to design the eco-agriculture agenda which corresponds to the ‘conventionalisation hypothesis’ of organic production (Buck 1997) and is thus in alignment with their long-term strategic goals to ‘modernise’ this borderland region through agricultural transformations, whereas the local Pumi farmers are actively coping with the government’s external interventions, meanwhile searching for the ‘alternative pathway’ towards agricultural modernisation. In the final chapter, I will interpret the motives of the both actors in the programme. For the government, the post-development theory will be employed to provide a critique of the ‘development discourse’ embedded in the agenda. For local farmers, the concept of ‘environmentality’ (Agrawal 2005) will be focused to interpret the Pumi farmers’ motives to indigenise, which ultimately questioning the transforming powers of modernity and globalisation on Pumi agrarian society. Basically, this thesis aims to trace the socio-political processes which drive the ‘agrarian transition’ in a Southeast Asian frontier, and further demonstrate how the resource abundance in the borderlands can underpin intense processes of commodification and dispossession (Nevins and Peluso 2008; Ishikawa 2010; see also Milne and Mahanty, 2015), the implications of which crystallised in an ethnographic context. To a larger extent, this research aims to shed lights on the interactions between social structure and individual agency ― although the Pumi farmers are struggling to survive with the adaptation to modern inputs, they are still marginalised by the structured inequality of the market economy, which limited the farmers’ opportunities to improve their own livelihoods. Furthermore, this research also has significant policy implications as it addresses the issues such as agricultural policy and ethnic relations in the borderland regions. By reflecting upon the overlapping implications of highland livelihoods, agencies, and the transforming powers of social change, the current study aims to build a locally rooted understanding of Pumi eco-agriculture programme, and provide lessons for sustainable planning and future policy-making for rural development in developing countries such as China.
31
Sekoele, Mohlapa Junior. „The role of indigenously-associated abuscular mycorrhizal fungi as biofertilisers and biological disease-control agents in subsistence cultivation of morogo / Mohlapa Junior Sekoele“. Thesis, North-West University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1263.
Annotation:
The study examined interactions between morogo plants, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)
and Fusarium species. Morogo refers to traditional leafy vegetables that, together with maize
porridge, are dominant staple foods in rural areas of the Limpopo Province such as the Dikgale
Demographic Surveillance Site (DDSS). Morogo plants grow either as weeds (often among
maize), occur naturally in the field or are cultivated as subsistence crops by rural communities.
Botanical species of morogo plants consumed in the DDSS were determined. Colonisation of
morogo plant roots by AMF and Fusarium species composition in the immediate soil
environment were investigated in four of eight DDSS subsistence communities, Isolated AMF
were shown to belong to the genera Acaulospora and Glomus. Twelve Fusarium species were
isolated from soil among which Fusariurn verticilliodes and Fusarium proliferaturn occurred
predominantly.
Greenhouse pot trials were conducted to examine the effect of AMF on morogo plant growth
(cowpea; Mgna unguiculata) and Fusarium proliferatum levels in soil, Interaction between
plants and AMF, as well as tripartite interactions of cowpea plants, AMF and Fusarium
proliferatum were investigated. Non-inoculated cowpea plants served as controls for the
following inoculations of cowpea in pots: (i) Fusarium proliferatum; (ii) commercial AMF from
Mycoroot (PTY) Ltd. (a mixture of selected indigenous Glomus spp referred to commercial
AMF for the purpose of this study); (iii) indigenous AMF obtained from DDSS soil (referred to
iocal AMF for the purpose of this study); (iv) commercial AMF plus Fusarium proliferatum; (v)
local AMF plus Fusariurn proliferatum.
Results showed reduced root colonization by local as well as commercial AMF when Fusarium
proliferatum were present. Local AMF significantly enhanced cowpea growth while commercial
AMF apparently reduced the level of Fusarium proliferatum in the rhizosphere and surrounding
soil. Results suggest that AMF may have potential as biological growth enhancers and
bioprotective agents against Fusarium proliferatum.Thesis (M. Environmental Science (Water Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.
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Dórea, Antônio Tadeu Neves. „Agricultura familiar e sustentabilidade em Mutuípe-BA: estudo propositivo sobre planejamento agroecológico de produção agrícola em comunidade rural“. Universidade Catolica de Salvador, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/123456730/312.
Annotation:
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A agricultura familiar favorece o emprego de práticas produtivas ecologicamente mais equilibradas, como a diversificação de cultivos, o menor uso de insumos industriais e a preservação do patrimônio genético. Nesse sentido, os agroecossistemas constituem-se em unidades fundamentais para o estudo e planejamento das intervenções humanas em busca do desenvolvimento sustentável na agricultura. Este estudo analisa possibilidades e limitações de se planejar agroecologicamente a produção agrícola de uma comunidade rural. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo de abordagem qualitativa. Para tanto, utilizou-se de informações levantadas junto aos agricultores familiares da Comunidade de Água Fria, no município de Mutuípe-BA. Foram identificadas diversas variáveis (que foram denominadas externas - tecnologias agrícolas, crédito rural, entre outras, e internas - fatores socioculturais, organização social, nível de escolaridade e capacidade interna de trabalho) que podem interferir ou influenciar o planejamento agroecológico. Embora, no atual contexto, conclua-se que este planejamento seja inviável, sua potencialidade é evidente, possibilitando a apropriação com efetividade das condições socioculturais presentes na agricultura familiar. Nessa perspectiva, sugere-se a implantação de uma incubadora tecnológica e social que possa contribuir no sentido de minimizar as limitações das variáveis internas e externas identificadas no estudo e, com isso, a comunidade possa planejar agroecologicamente a sua produção.
Family farming is favorable to the adoption of more ecologically balanced production practices, such as growing diversity, reduced use of industrial additives and the preservation of genetic inheritance. In this sense, agroecosystems can be understood as fundamental unities to the analysis and planning of human interferences in order to reach a sustainable development in agriculture. This study examines the possibilities and limitations of planning agroecologically a rural community’s agricultural production. It is a descriptive study that relies on a qualitative approach. To make it possible, pieces of information have been collected among family farmers from the Community of Água Fria in the city of Mutuípe-BA. Several variables (both external – farming technology, rural credit – and internal – sociocultural elements, social organization, schooling, and internal working capacity) that might interfere or influence the agroecological planning were identified. Although in the present moment this agroecological planning is concluded as impracticable, it does have a great potential, since it could effectively make use of the sociocultural conditions that exists in the family farming. In this context, the implantation of a social and technological business incubator is proposed so that the two variables identified in this study could be minimized and, as consequence, the agroecological planning of that rural community’s agricultural production could be possible.
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Schnitman, Tarita. „Agricultura familiar e turismo: estudo de reserva extrativista e território de população tradicional remanescente de quilombo“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-09122014-102428/.
Annotation:
Esta tese veicula uma investigação sobre o papel do turismo para a agricultura familiar. Diante dos problemas do êxodo rural, das desigualdades sociais e das limitadas alternativas de renda para comunidades rurais brasileiras, o estudo dos efeitos do turismo torna-se pertinente para refletir sobre sua capacidade de oferecer soluções pertinentes e vantajosas para os agricultores familiares. Assim, objetiva-se aqui caracterizar e identificar elementos socioculturais e ambientais que possam se constituir em referencial para estudos do turismo e sua contribuição para agricultura familiar. Para tal propósito, realizou-se um estudo de caso na população tradicional remanescente de quilombo Mandira e Reserva Extrativista do Mandira-SP. A tese contém reflexões sobre a ruralidade, a agricultura familiar e o turismo. Efetivamente, a agricultura familiar desempenha papel importante no espaço agrário. A discussão sobre a problemática ambiental no planeta, a emergência do termo sustentabilidade, tomando lugar da noção de ecodesenvolvimento transformam a reflexão sobre a agricultura familiar e as comunidades tradicionais. Neste contexto, a abordagem teórica da multifuncionalidade da agricultura familiar constitui um meio pertinente para a leitura sobre o equilíbrio socioambiental no meio rural. Através das lentes da multifuncionalidade, há uma inter-relação profunda entre ecologia, agricultura e turismo, deste modo a pesquisa percorre o debate sobre as preocupações em torno do turismo e da agricultura familiar. Em termos de estudo empírico, analisa-se a multifuncionalidade na comunidade Mandira como ferramenta para avaliação da atividade turística local. A investigação trata notadamente da infraestrutura turística na comunidade, dos passeios propostos em Mandira, da forma de hospedagem, das reservas, das formas de divulgação, do fluxo turístico e da participação do mandiranos na atividade turística. Com esses elementos, analisamos em que medida o turismo local se ancora na cultura local, favorecendo suas manifestações e revigorando suas tradições. A multifuncionalidade da agricultura familiar em Mandira é tomada portanto para uma análise do turismo. Trata-se de considerar os efeitos desta atividade para a manutenção do tecido social e cultural, a promoção da segurança alimentar, a reprodução socioeconômica das família e a preservação dos recursos naturais e da paisagem rural. Desta maneira, concebe-se um modelo de análise original para a avaliação do turismo comunitário ou do agroturismo no Brasil.This thesis conveys an investigation about the role of tourism in family farming. Given the problems of rural exodus, social inequalities and limited alternative sources of income for rural Brazilian communities, the study of the effects of tourism is pertinent to reflect on the ability to provide relevant and viable solutions for family farmers. Thus, the objective here is to characterize and identify socio-cultural and environmental elements that may constitute a reference for studies of tourism and its contribution to family farming. For this purpose, we performed a case study in the Mandira traditional population of remanescent of quilombo and Mandira Extractive Reserve, Brazil. The thesis contains reflections on rurality, family farming and tourism. Effectively, family farming plays an important role in the agricultural space. The discussion of environmental problems on the planet, the emergence of the term sustainability, the concept of eco-development transforms the reflection on family farms and traditional communities. In this context, the theoretical approach on multifunctionality of family farming is a useful medium for analysing the environmental balance in the rural areas. Through the lens of multifunctionality, there is a deep relationship between ecology, agriculture and tourism. Thus, the research traverses the debate concerning tourism and the family farming. In terms of empirical study, we analyze multifunctionality in Mandira community as a tool for assessing local touristic activity. The investigation deals mainly with tourism infrastructure in the community, tours, hospitality, reservations, marketing practices, tourist flow and the populatoion\'s participation in the tourism activity. With these elements, we analyze to what extent the local tourism anchors in the local culture, favoring its manifestations and reinvigorating their traditions. The multifunctionality of agriculture is taken for an analysis of tourism. It considers the effects of this activity for the maintenance of the social and cultural fabric, the promotion of food security, socioeconomic reproduction of families and the preservation of natural resources and Landscape. Thus, designing na original model for evaluating community tourism or agritourism in Brazil.
34
Crête, Philippe. „Agro-pastoralists turned fishermen : socio-economic and environmental changes in the buffer zone of Coiba National Park, Panama“. Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=97937.
Annotation:
In upcoming decades, the conservation and sustainable use of coastal and marine resources will become a major political and environmental challenge, as two-thirds of the world's population lives in coastal zones. The issue will likely become more problematic in developing countries, where an important number of coastal inhabitants still rely on marginal extractive activities such as fishing, farming and cattle ranching for subsistence, and where the rural poor's demand for development often lead to unsustainable extractive practices. Thus, innovative solutions need to be developed to ensure the long-term conservation and sound management of marine and coastal resources. This Masters thesis addresses the case of Coiba National Park, a marine protected area located in the Gulf of Chiriqui, Panama, and its relationship with coastal fishing and farming communities located at its outskirt. Particularly, this thesis aims to discover the drivers that pushed an important number of coastal agro-pastoralists of Coiba National Park's buffer zone to switch to artisanal fishing over the past three decades, and to determine the social, economic, and environmental impacts that resulted from that switch. In addition, this thesis analyses the relationship between Coiba National Park's authorities and buffer zone communities, and how this relationship has evolved over the years as more and more resource-users exploit the marine resources of the park. Finally, this work analyses Coiba National Park's current management strategy, how park authorities have been able to adapt their planning and management activities over the years, and explores alternatives to improve Coiba National Park's management strategy so that it can better adapt to the ever changing social, economic, and environmental conditions in which Coiba National Park's buffer zone operates.
35
Payn, Valerie. „'Ilima', 'Izithebe' and the 'Green Revolution' : a complex agro-ecological approach to understanding agriculture in Pondoland and what this means for sustainability through the creation of 'Living Landscapes'“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20228.
Annotation:
Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis uses local narratives to explore relationships between agrarian landscapes, agrarian land use practices and the traditional cultural perspectives of traditional amaMpondo farming communities living along Pondoland‟s Wild Coast, on the East Coast of South Africa. This endeavour is based on theories that propose that human behaviour, including agrarian practice, is influenced by complex socio-cultural factors that shape cultural values, knowledge and world-views, and that are reflected in cultural narratives, and these influence the way different cultures relate to the surrounding environment. As a consequence of these cultural influences, different cultures use and shape the landscape in unique, culturally determined ways. Consequently, in human impacted landscapes attention needs to be paid to how cultural world-views, practices, customs and value systems influence the land use practices of the people inhabiting those landscapes. Amongst traditional communities with a long history of habitation within particular landscapes, traditional land use practices and customs, including agrarian practices, need to be understood from the perspective of the opportunities and constraints that particular environments present. Literature shows that a failure to understand relationships between culture and land use can led to the imposition of unsuitable development practices and policy on traditional cultures, and this can undermine cultural, agricultural and ecological diversity and lead to unsustainable models of development (Naveh, 1995; Antrop, 2005; Antrop, 2000; Capra, 2003; Capra, 1996; Nusser, 2001; Harding, S. 2006). Given the need to address development and agricultural practices that perpetuate unsustainable land use, an understanding of the nature of influencing relationships between landscape, land use and culture is particularly important Despite the debilitating influences of a colonial history, many rural communities along the Pondoland Wild Coast still retain a strong sense of cultural identity that has deep roots in a traditional agrarian system, and this has given rise to a unique indigenous landscape. This study of traditional amaMpondo farming communities presents an opportunity to gain insights into how different cultural perspectives might shape and utilize the landscape and lead to alternative land use systems than the dominant industrial norm.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis gebruik plaaslike narratiewe om die verhoudings tussen agrariese landskappe, landbou grondgebruik en die tradisionele kulturele perspektiewe van tradisionele amaMpondo boerdery gemeenskappe wat langs die Pondolandse Wildekus, aan die ooskus van Suid-Afrika voorkom te verken. Hierdie strewe is gebaseer op teorieë wat voorstel dat menslike gedrag, insluitende agrariese praktyk, beïnvloed word deur die komplekse sosio-kulturele faktore wat kulturele waardes, kennis en wêreldbeskouings vorm, en wat weerspieël word in die kulturele verhale, wat dan weer invloed het op die wyse waarop die verskillende kulture verband hou met die omliggende omgewing. As gevolg van hierdie kulturele invloede, maak verskillende kulture in unieke, kultureel bepaalde wyse gebruik van die landskap. Gevolglik, in landskappe wat deur die mens beïnvloed word, moet aandag geskenk word aan hoe kulturele wêreldbeskouings, praktyke, gewoontes en die waarde stelsels die mense in hierdie provinsies se landgebruik be-invloed. Tradisionele praktyke en kulture waaronder agrariese praktyke ingesluit is, moet in die tradisionele gemeenskappe wat 'n lang geskiedenis het van habitasie binne bepaalde landstreke, verstaan word vanuit die perspektief van geleenthede en beperkings wat hierdie besondere omgewings verteenwoordig. Litteratuur toon dat die versuim om die verhoudings tussen kultuur en grondgebruik te verstaan, kan lei tot die oplegging van ongeskikte ontwikkelings praktyke en beleid op tradisionele kulture. Dit kan' n kultuur-, landbou-en ekologiese diversiteit ondermyn en lei tot onvolhoubare modelle van ontwikkeling (Naveh, 1995; Antrop, 2005; Antrop, 2000, Capra, 2003; Capra, 1996; Nusser, 2001; Harding, S. 2006). Om die behoefte te vul wat ontwikkeling en landbou-praktyke wat nie-volhoubare grondgebruik perpetueer, is 'n goeie begrip van die aard van die beïnvloedings verhoudings tussen landskap, grondgebruik en kultuur veral belangrik. Ten spyte van die kreupelende invloed van 'n koloniale geskiedenis, het baie landelike gemeenskappe langs die Wildekus van Pondoland nog steeds' n sterk gevoel van kulturele identiteit wat diep wortels in 'n tradisionele agrariese stelsel het. Dit het aanleiding gegee tot' n unieke inheemse landskap. Hierdie studie van die tradisionele amaMpondo boerdery gemeenskappe bied 'n geleentheid aan om insig te verkry in hoe verskillende kulturele perspektiewe van die landskap kan vorm en gebruik maak en lei tot' n alternatiewe grondgebruik as die dominante industriële norm.
36
Perrault-Archambault, Mathilde. „Who manages home garden agrobiodiversity? : patterns of species distribution, planting material flow and knowledge transmission along the Corrientes River of the Peruvian Amazon“. Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=83198.
Annotation:
Agrobiodiversity constitutes an essential resource for traditional rural populations. Home gardens are "hotspots" of agrobiodiversity and important loci of in situ conservation efforts. This study seeks to understand the factors affecting gardeners' choices and to assess the accessibility of planting material in rural communities of the Peruvian Amazon. Household surveys and garden inventories conducted in 15 villages of the Corrientes river (n = 300), and case studies in three of these villages (n = 89), allowed to describe the local and regional patterns of garden agrobiodiversity and the structure of planting material exchange networks. Analyses reveal a strong link between species diversity and both household cultural and socioeconomic characteristics, and village ethnicity and size. Planting material flows primarily through matrilineal bonds, from advice-givers to advice-seekers, from old to young and from rich to poor. Farmers with exceptional species diversity, propensity to give and/or expertise are identified and their role in the conservation of cultivated plants is assessed. Expertise is not found to be as closely related to high species diversity as expected, but knowledge and planting stock dissemination go hand-in-hand.
37
Lerch, Natalie Corinna. „Home gardens, cultivated plant diversity, and exchange of planting material in the Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve area, northeastern Peruvian Amazon“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0019/MQ54998.pdf.
38
Lewis, Mical. „Values, Ideologies, and the Emergent Tradition of Urban Chicken-Keeping in Eugene, Oregon“. Thesis, University of Oregon, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/19717.
Annotation:
This thesis examines the expressive culture of urban chicken-keepers in Eugene, Oregon in an attempt to explain why this practice has become so popular in recent years as well as to understand what role it plays in their lives. Data for this project were gathered using ethnographic fieldwork methods such as participant observation in “real life” and in social media outlets, semi-structured interviews with participants encountered at The Eugene Backyard Farmer, and a 54-question anonymous online survey of people who frequented the shop’s social media outlets. Based on an analysis of those data, this thesis contends that this group of people is using urban chicken-keeping as a way to intentionally reframe the future in a more positive light and that this can be seen in the articulation of their values and ideologies and through the way that they are traditionalizing urban chicken-keeping.
39
Faye, Jean. „Agroforestry Systems and Food Security in the Sahel: The Case of Toukar, Senegal“. Thesis, University of Oregon, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/13309.
Annotation:
Communities in the Sahel region are confronted with problems such as depletion of soil fertility, food insecurity, and climate change, which exacerbate poverty and malnutrition for the inhabitants. The farmlands in Toukar, Senegal, are rapidly denuded of native trees, mainly Acacia albida, that provide myriad benefits. Agroforestry systems, or the intentional use of trees in croplands, have become a potential vehicle to transform the capacities of subsistence farmers to achieve food security. The purpose of this study is to determine farmers' attitudes about agroforestry, who seems to practice it and support it, who is unsure about its values, and who seems opposed to it.
I find that farmers who practice a more intact historic version of the Serer farming system are the most supportive of agroforestry and tend to be wealthier, while people who are seemingly more modern are less likely to adopt it and tend to be poorer.
40
Ferrell, Ann Katherine. „“Replacing” Tobacco on Kentucky Farms: Discourses of Tradition, Heritage, and Agricultural Diversification“. The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1253554961.
41
Dimara, Euthalie. „L'agriculture grecque : une étude chronologique et régionale par l'analyse des correspondances et la classification automatique“. Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066199.
Annotation:
Dans une étude statistique de la production agricole grecque durant la période 1970-1981, on fait une correspondance ternaire entre trois ensembles de données: les 53 départements grecs, 56 productions différentes et l'ensemble des dix années. Il ressort que l'agriculture grecque a un caractère traditionnel ou le facteur temps n'a pas d'influence significative. On peut distinguer deux zones agraires: productions subméditerranéennes au nord, produits typiquement méditerranéens au sud et dans les iles.
42
Hsu, Chia-Jung, und 許家榕. „Comparison between Traditional Farming System and Friendly Farming System on Soil-Water-Rice in Neicheng, Ilan“. Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32550045516561135260.
Annotation:
碩士國立臺灣大學
生物環境系統工程學研究所
103
This study presents the comparison the effects between friendly farming and traditional farming system on soil, water and rice growth with statistical methods. We selected 3 paddy-field: 1) field under cultivation for more than ten years with traditional farming system. 2) fallow land for nearly ten years and using friendly farming system at the first year. 3) field under cultivation for four years with friendly farming system. In these 3 fields, soil was sampled before planting, water quality was monitored during rice growth stages, and the growing investigations were made in the tillering period. Soil tests include particle size analysis, bulk density, conductivity, pH value, and organic matter. The results showed that there is a significant difference in particle size, bulk density, conductivity, pH value between the traditional farming field and the field using friendly farming practices for 4 years. The friendly farming practice helps to improve the soil quality. Water test contains water conductivity, dissolved oxygen, pH value, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and total phosphate. In nutrient reduce, only nitrate nitrogen has the significant difference in these 3 fields. Using the traditional farming practice causes a lot of ammonia nitrogen and phosphorus flowing into the channels . The measurements of rice growth consist of the tiller number and height. The 30 days after transplanting, it was greatly influenced by growing degree day. During the 30~45 days after transplanting, the rice grew faster in traditional farming field because of fertilization. The 45 days after transplanting, the tiller number was 22.3 in the traditional rice farming field, and 16.7 and 17.6 in the friendly farming field.
43
Huang, Hsiao-Chi, und 黃小綺. „A Case Study of Traditional Agricultural Transformationto Organic Farming Management“. Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64553980021572314796.
Annotation:
碩士國立雲林科技大學
企業管理系
102
The purpose of this study to understand the industry in recent years, Taiwan's traditional agriculture background to the study of traditional farmers to switch to organic farming will face the problem of declining production rate of return, farmers tried to first case, the transformation of traditional agriculture through traditional animal husbandry, and then transition to organic farming course, sorting out the feasibility of improving the added value of industry practices.
44
Ba, Qing-Xiong, und 巴清雄. „The Traditional Subsistence Farming System of Rukai Tribe at Wutai“. Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47ygwx.
Annotation:
博士國立臺灣大學
農藝學研究所
107
This study aims at investigating the developmental context of the traditional subsistence farming system of Wutai Rukai Tribe. The traditional farming system of the tribe employs a mixed cropping strategy to grow foxtail millet, peanut, upland taro, and paddy taro so as to adapt to the capricious environment and preserve crop diversity. This is associated with the tribe''s social and cultural developmental context and is of important value in terms of economical and industrial development and culture preservation. In particular, given the current climate change, the traditional knowledge of adapting the agricultural practices to the environment provides an insight into sustainable development. The current study distinguishes itself from previous tribe studies in that it adopts a local viewpoint based on the indigenous traditional agricultural practices that underwent a long colonial period, to review changes due to impacts of governmental policies during Japanese colonization and rule of Republic of China (ROC) on the traditional agriculture in Wutai Rukai tribe, thus reconsidering the important value of sustainability of traditional agriculture for the tribe while mainstream industry develops and the climate changes. Regarding research methods, participant observation and semi-structured interviews were employed to survey how farmers in the Wutai Rukai tribe keep and practice subsistence farming methods in traditional agriculture on limited arable land throughout the ages based on their traditional knowledge of agricultural practices; and to survey how they preserve crop diversity to maintain a sustainable development of tribal agriculture and culture. The traditional agricultural system in the Wutai Rukai tribe is limited in its arable area and hence could not afford a massive cultivation. Therefore the traditional production is not profit-oriented but aims at subsistence, and so indirectly preserves a diversity of traditional crops. There are mainly four types of land use in the traditional agricultural system, namely that of warmer area, the buffer zone between cold and warm areas, cold and damp area, and area with abundant water supply. Crops are grown using mixed cropping, intercropping, and crop rotation methods, with factors such as different crops'' adaptability to climate and environment, interaction of growing areas, efficiency of space utilization, deployment of manpower, and food security considered. According to crops'' adaptability to the environment, upland taro mixed cropping takes place mainly in the cold and damp area and then in the buffer zone between cold and warm areas. Crops for upland taro mixed cropping primarily include upland taro, and, secondarily, maize, Formosa lambsquarters, pigeon pea, sweet potato, pumpkin, common yam, etc. Mixed cropping of foxtail millet and peanut as well as monocropping of sweet potato take place mainly in warmer area and then in the buffer zone between cold and warm areas. Crops for foxtail millet mixed cropping primarily include foxtail millet, and, secondarily, Formosa lambsquarters, maize, sorghum, Formosa frost grass, pigeon pea, pumpkin, cowpea, sweet potato, etc. Crops for peanut mixed cropping primarily include peanut, and, secondarily, sesame, maize, cowpea, pumpkin, pigeon pea, sweet potato, etc. Crops for paddy taro mixed cropping primarily include paddy taro, and secondarily, areca nut, betel pepper, sugarcane, banana, Chinese chive, shallot, etc. Crops for sweet potato monocropping primarily includes sweet potatio, and secondarily, Formosa lambsquarters. Results of the survey reveal that Wutai tribe preserves 78 local varieties of 26 crops. And cultivation of the varieties is based on individual choices and preferences. Through exchanging or giving, people in the tribe are able to grow different crop varieties in the next year when they need to, which is the major way the Rukai people maintain crop diversity. Because different crop varieties have different functions and cultural meanings in the Rukai cultural context, preserving crop diversity is particularly meaningful and of important value for a sustainable development of Rukai traditional culture and for preservation of genetic diversity. Sharing and giving of crops in the tribe in order to maintain subsistence and food security appears especially important in view of difficulties arising from climate change and environmental anomaly.
45
Stanley, Erik Uzendoski Michael. „Native Soil an ethnography of value among Masewal peasants of Cayo, Belize /“. Diss., 2005. http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11122005-222108.
Annotation:
Thesis (M. A.)--Florida State University, 2005.Advisor: Michael A. Uzendoski, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Anthropology. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Feb. 6, 2006). Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 128 pages. Includes bibliographical references.
46
Thomas, William H. „Traditional environmental knowledge and its implications for modern conservation among the Hewa of Papua New Guinea“. 1999. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/50407031.html.
47
Kitchen, Julie Louise. „Nutrition and nutrional value of wheat grown in organic and conventional farming systems in South Australia / Julie Louise Kitchen“. Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/21719.
48
Fan, Min-chih, und 范民智. „Ditch Pond Farming life and Landscape Space Research of Longtan Huangnitang traditional agricultural settlement“. Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/43361717338562007745.
Annotation:
碩士華梵大學
建築系在職專班
103
Since the end of the twentieth century, domestic agricultural desolate and the topic of agricultural transformation argue constantly, pluralistic government agricultural land, agricultural policies crafty changes; industrial development while taken away the rural labor force; The spread of fallow, abandoned farming and other phenomena; impact lifestyle and existing rural landscape feature, this big of force, it can not be ignored; globalization, the rise of the fashion industry, the farming industry and tourism of refinement, triggering a layout of the new agricultural space, so that the development of local how it can be due, be worth continuing and have planned to explore. Focused barren, drought, water scarcity of Huangnitang, our ancestors in the harsh environment like that, Depend through the build-up of fountain springs form pond, rainwater into the pool connected meantime by ditch series , shaping a repeat itself with vitality field space; tenant territory become to farmers, pioneering reclamation, Contend God willing and survival of perseverance, not stop to run forward with the world, wasteland farmland, putting down roots in breeding populations. Today, the face of the era of great change, the agricultural settlement of this poverty what changes will be made to cope. The ponds living space in what patterns and how to continue performances when rolling after under wheel of Era. Traced to the source in 1748 (Qing Dynasty Qianlong 13 years); Ketagalan (Pingpu ethnicity) Xiaolee ethnicity leader Zhimulio strokes tenant farmers to open up wasteland (Lingtan pond), The jiaqing year reclamation people to use water of with joint forces the big deep pool, constructing completes the Longtan ditch, The water of deep pool flow after the Ushulin, the Huangnitang and the Bachanglie, has laid the foundation which the Longtan agriculture opens up wasteland. Ditch throughout the running around, farmers open pond water storage and irrigation fields gardens, combined with ditch pond, water ducks geese shadow, play pool, wave, dishes, rice aroma permeates every where. In the space of time, the Southern Fujian ethnic depend on sufficient funds, the franchise business; Hakka moved with naked, hard those firms, functional water conservancy Reclamation, pioneer Zhang, Huang, Chen, Xiao, Lee and so on each family, disappeared growth in their Huangnitang, community here tripped the rise and fall, the impact of local industry to also change the shaft diameter space development, through this space reflections, as under the current of traditional rural gradual decline in agriculture modern context, How to develop or change for transformation become field-specific of this space , ethnic culture and farming settlement breath, as a reference to provide follow-up study of local development.
49
LI, WAN-YU, und 李婉羽. „Traditional Tsou Farming Wisdom—A Study of the Practice and Application of Nine-Grain Farmland“. Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/s8u5yp.
Annotation:
碩士國立中正大學
台灣文學與創意應用碩士在職專班
107
This paper aims to study the teaching of traditional Tsou farming culture in elementary schools. Traditional Tsou farming relies on slash-and-burn technique to plant main crops on arable hills. Limited by landform and manpower, Tsou people do not develop large-scale agricultural practice but engage in small-scale farming where individual households grow their own food. Before planting the main crops, they would also spread the seeds of other plants or crops. As a result, they can harvest other plants and vegetables before the main crops. In addition, Tsou people also make use of odd lots to grow vegetables or spices like ginger or garlic. This traditional agricultural practice has low impact on the environment, can balance development and preservation, and shows a way to achieve balanced, sustainable development. The Tsou grow different crops on a single piece of land, do not use pesticide and fertilizer but rely on manpower for removing weeds and pests, and allow the land to regenerate by lying fallow. Crop rotation, on the other hand, also turns the fields into mosaics, in line with the spirit of the Satoyama Initiative originated in Japan. In contemporary society where food safety has drawn much public attention, the government also began pushing for food education which would allow students to understand the different phases of food production from raw ingredients to dishes on the table. The faculty at Shinmei Elementary School have been leading students to experience farming activities through science courses and exhibitions. Together the students and teachers at Shinmei made use of odd lots to grow and harvest different crops, fruits and coffee. The students learned to study the distribution of insects and participated in coffee production course. Afterwards, their efforts were turned into science projects that competed in Chiayi county science fairs, showcasing their learning results in public. As the 12-year Basic Education policy puts the emphasis on featured course, I look forward to the development of Shinmei’s food and agricultural experience course through which the school can combine its existing food education with Tsou Nine-Grain Farmland practice to develop customized courses that are in line with the traditional farming wisdom of Tsou people.
50
Maragelo, Ketshogile Pauline. „Traditional agriculture and its meaning in the lives of a farming community : the case of Embo“. Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/940.