Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Trade regulation – europe“
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Pulignano, Valeria. „Trade unions and transnational regulation in Europe: developments and limitations“. Employee Relations 32, Nr. 6 (05.10.2010): 574–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01425451011083636.
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Ivanov, I. P. „The Development of Trade Platforms ETF in Europe“. Vestnik of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Nr. 4 (29.07.2018): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2413-2829-2018-4-205-210.
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The article describes shares and securities with indices trade on the stock exchange in Frankfurt, the biggest and professional trade site of the regulated stock exchange in Europe. The author investigates key indicators and parameters on the leading electronic trade platform ETF, which provides more effective results from the point of view of setting standards of securities trade. Conventional criteria of effectiveness are higher liquidity, transparency, flexibility, independence on location, wide diversification, low costs on max low price. Apart from that the article showed types of investment strategies, which are used successfully on the Frankfurt stock exchange. The article has scientifically practical character from the point of view of stock exchange regulation and due to it the German stock exchange takes the leading position.
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Rothstein, Henry, David Demeritt, Regine Paul, Anne-Laure Beaussier, Mara Wesseling, Michael Howard, Maarten de Haan, Olivier Borraz, Michael Huber und Frederic Bouder. „Varieties of risk regulation in Europe: coordination, complementarity and occupational safety in capitalist welfare states“. Socio-Economic Review 17, Nr. 4 (08.09.2017): 993–1020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwx029.
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Abstract This article tests the extent to which the organization and stringency of occupational health and safety regulation complements the dominant mode of coordination in the political economy. While the UK explicitly sanctions risk-cost-benefit trade-offs, other European countries mandate ambitious safety goals. That contrast appears to reflect cleavages identified in the Varieties of Capitalism literature, which suggests worker protection regimes are stronger in coordinated market economies than in liberal market economies. Our analysis of Germany, France, UK and the Netherlands, shows that the varied organization of their regulatory regimes is explained through a three-way complementarity with their welfare systems and modes of coordination. However, despite varied headline goals, we find no systematic differences in the stringency of those countries’ regulatory protections insofar as they all make trade-offs on safety. Instead, the explicitness, rationalizations and logics of trade-offs vary according to each country’s legal system, state tradition and coupling between regulation and welfare system.
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van Valkenburg, Johan L. C. H., Bruce A. Osborne und Marcel Westenberg. „The large Gunnera’s (G. tinctoria and G. manicata) in Europe in relation to EU regulation 1143/2014“. PLOS ONE 18, Nr. 4 (20.04.2023): e0284665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0284665.
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Incorrect labelling of plants in the horticultural trade and misidentification is widespread. For the inspection services of the EU member states, correct identification of G. tinctoria has become important since the species was added to the List of Union concern in accordance with EU regulation 1143/2014 in August 2017. In the horticultural trade Gunnera plants are generally of modest dimensions and rarely flowering, so that the major distinguishing morphological characters for the identification of the two large species, G. tinctoria and G. manicata, are missing. As G. tinctoria is included in the EU regulation, its trade is prohibited, although the closely related species, G. manicata is not included on the list. Given that it is often difficult to distinguish between these two large herbaceous species using morphological attributes we used standard chloroplast DNA barcode markers, supplemented at a later stage by ITS markers. Plant material of putative G. tinctoria or G. manicata was obtained from the native and introduced range, both from “wild” sources, botanical gardens, and the horticultural trade. In western Europe plants circulating in the horticultural trade turned out to be predominantly G. tinctoria, with only one plant in cultivation identified as true G. manicata and the G. manicata found in botanical gardens was a hybrid recently described as G. x cryptica.
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Le Roux, Gaël. „TTIP negotiations, policy convergence, and the transatlantic digital economy“. Business and Politics 19, Nr. 4 (20.09.2017): 709–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bap.2017.24.
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AbstractThe Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) has the potential to be a landmark treaty on many grounds. According to European and American officials, one of the main features that should differentiate the TTIP from other bilateral free trade agreements is, beyond its unprecedented scale, the ambition of its regulatory dimension. On both sides of the Atlantic there is a strong incentive to mitigate the impacts of “behind-the-border” obstacles that mostly stem from existing divergences between laws and regulations applied in Europe and in the United States. To do this, trade negotiators, together with policymakers and regulators, attempt, when possible and desirable, to facilitate the convergence of the policies that frame the European and the American markets. This paper analyzes how convergence may be reached with regards to the regulation of the digital economy, a relatively new area of interest in the field of trade law and policy studies, that seems to deserve a specific attention considering the growing importance it has taken at the domestic level and in the context of trade negotiations.
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Bacon, Nick, Mike Wright, Louise Scholes und Miguel Meuleman. „Assessing the impact of private equity on industrial relations in Europe“. Human Relations 63, Nr. 9 (12.02.2010): 1343–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018726709350087.
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Private equity firms are accused by trade unions of changing industrial relations in buyouts by demonstrating an unwillingness to recognize and work with trade unions, and by downgrading information and consultation. To explore these important policy issues, this article reports the first representative pan-European survey of managers’ perceptions of the impact of private equity on industrial relations. Managers report that private equity investment does not result in changes to union recognition, membership density or changes in management attitudes to trade union membership. Furthermore, managers in firms recognizing unions after private equity buyouts do not report reductions in the terms and conditions subject to joint regulation. Under private equity ownership more firms report consultative committees, managers regard these as more influential on their decisions, and indicate increased consultation over firm performance and future plans. Comparing industrial relations changes in different social models in Europe, the results suggest private equity firms adapt to national systems and traditional national industrial relations differences persist after buyout.
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Pulignano, Valeria. „Workplace inequality, trade unions and the transnational regulation of the employment relationships“. Employee Relations 39, Nr. 3 (03.04.2017): 351–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-07-2016-0144.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to report on research on the strategies of inequality at the workplace level of multinational corporations within the context characterized by the weakening of traditional bargaining and representation structures. Through which specific strategies multinational corporations foster inequality across different workplaces across borders and how do trade unions in Europe respond to it? Design/methodology/approach This paper is a conceptual one and it is based on existing qualitative comparative research developed by the author. Findings The regulatory regime of organized and governed labor markets and employment relationships is undermined by the employment relationships becoming increasingly unstable in most industrialized countries in Europe. The breakdown in the collective structures for employment regulation, particularly collective bargaining, has led to growing insecurity and inequality among working people. At the workplace level of multinationals inequality is fostered by strategies of flexibilization and benchmarking which force trade unions to negotiate concessions regarding the working conditions of different workers. Trade unions are seeking effective responses to increasing labor market instability and inequality. The paper argues that the transnational regulation of employment relationships through the European Framework Agreements (EFAs) can serve the purpose of constraining benchmarking, while containing workplace inequality. Originality/value This paper offers an in-depth view that the EFAs can constrain the multinationals’ strategies of benchmarking and workplace inequality. This is because EFAs can potentially spread across countries the positive gains of local negotiations where unions are able to negotiate on employment protection to other local subsidiaries where unions may struggle to do so.
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Velásquez-Vélez, María Isabel, Carolina Galvis Lora, Carlos Arturo Mejía-Córdoba und Jaime Enrique Zapata Guzman. „Implicaciones de la acumulación de Cadmio en la cadena productiva del cacao“. Manglar 19, Nr. 4 (17.12.2022): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.57188/manglar.2022.049.
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The presence of cadmium in the cocoa supply chain has established a trade barrier that considerably affects exports from Latin American countries to Europe. Due to the accumulation of traces of cadmium in cocoa plants tissues, European countries have set the maximum permissible limits of cadmium concentration for products derived from cocoa, through regulation 488/2014 for food contaminants, this, seeking to improve the traceability of the raw material from its origin. In this review, the studies that seek to determine the current concentrations of cadmium in the soil and in the plant in different Latin American countries are highlighted, seeking to comply with the standards that the regulations govern. Such studies are necessary as an initial diagnosis to provide remedial solutions that allow maintaining trade with European countries.
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Horn, Henrik, und Joseph H. H. Weiler. „European Communities – Trade Description of Sardines: Textualism and its Discontent“. World Trade Review 4, S1 (2005): 248–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147474560500131x.
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The facts of EC – Sardines are simple enough. A European Communities (EC) regulation stipulated that the designation Sardines could be used on preserved fish only for the genus Sardina pilchardus. The broad rationale claimed for this measure was to prevent consumer confusion. Allegedly European consumers associated the appellation “Sardines” with the pilchardus genus. Subsequently the Codex Alimentarius Commission set an international standard which effectively would allow other types of fish e.g. the genus Sardinops sagax, to use the word Sardine as part of its packaging designation. Peru, which exports Sardinops to Europe could not, under the Community regulation, use the designation Sardines in any shape or manner even though this prohibition would be contrary to the international standard set by the Codex Commission.
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Schapiro, Mark. „New Power for “Old Europe”“. International Journal of Health Services 35, Nr. 3 (Juli 2005): 551–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/gyrm-92vr-h6m4-6hdq.
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The European Union's growing political clout is leading to new paradigms of environmental and health regulation. The E.U. is putting teeth behind new guidelines governing the toxicity of chemicals in consumer products, cosmetics, and automobiles that are forcing American companies to reconsider longstanding production practices. While U.S. government oversight over environmental and health concerns is being weakened, the E.U.'s strengthened governance over these and other arenas is rapidly, through the leverage of international trade, setting the stage for a new global standard. Europe's new standards present a historic choice to U.S. manufacturers: either conform to the E.U.'s preemptive screening for toxicity, or risk sacrificing the 450-million strong European market. The author explores the American response, and how the United States is slipping to the lower rungs of a double standard for protecting the health of citizens.
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Bocharova, Yu H., T. V. Kozhuhova, O. V. Ishchenko und O. O. Mashoshyn. „TARIFF REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN THE XXI CENTURY“. TRADE AND MARKET OF UKRAINE, Nr. 2(54) 2023 (30.12.2023): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33274/2079-4762-2023-54-2-7-17.
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Objective. The objective of our study is to analyse the status and peculiarities of tariff regulation of international trade in the XXI century. Methods. The following methods and techniques of cognition were used in the research process: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction (to substantiate the importance and role of tariff regulation of international and foreign trade in the XXI century, to identify factors influencing the development of international trade), generalisation and systematisation (to substantiate the state and peculiarities of the development of tariff regulation of international trade in the XXI century), analysis of time series (to identify trends and patterns of tariff regulation of international trade in 2006-2022), graphical (for visual representation of the peculiarities of tariff dynamics in WTO countries). Results. The article notes that despite the changes that have taken place in international trade in general and in the system of its regulation in particular, tariff regulation remains the main authorised means of regulating international and external trade. By 2022, international trade is expected to reach USD 30 trillion, with trade in goods, especially manufactured goods, dominating the structure. It is established that one of the aspects of liberalising trade is to reduce or eliminate tariffs. It is noted that the reduction of tariffs is much slower in the period 2006-2021 than in the period 1996-2005. Average applied tariffs in WTO countries for all product groups will decrease from 10.1% in 2006 to 8.9% in 2021; tariffs on agricultural products will be significantly higher than on non-agricultural products (14.8% vs. 8% in 2021); average tariffs applied to all product groups were significantly lower in developed countries than in developing countries and LDCs; average tariffs applied by developed countries decreased by 1.7%, by developing countries by 1.7% and by LDCs by 1.2%; the highest average tariffs were recorded in Africa and the Americas and the lowest in Europe; the share of duty-free goods under the most favoured nation regime in the WTO countries has been steadily increasing; there has been a slight but steady decline in the share of tariff peaks, which are tariffs exceeding 15 per cent; the number of trade agreements, including preferential trade agreements, has been growing steadily, with agreements covering not only trade in goods but also trade in services, etc. According to the analysis of WTO data, in 2022 most WTO countries have an average bound tariff not exceeding 50%; average bound tariffs vary significantly across WTO countries and product groups; average bound tariffs for most WTO countries range from 20-59% for agricultural products, 10-39% for non-agricultural products; average applied tariffs for agricultural products range from 10-19%, up to 10% for non-agricultural products; significant discrepancies between average bound tariffs and average applied tariffs remain; in the majority of WTO countries, ad valorem tariffs dominate the tariff structure; there are significant differences between countries in the number of bound tariffs applied; in the vast majority of WTO countries, MFN tariffs are applied to a large number of products - the number of products subject to MFN tariffs varies between 5000 and 10000.
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Trampusch, Christine. „Social partners’ policy reactions to migration in occupational labour markets: The case of the Swiss construction industry“. European Journal of Industrial Relations 26, Nr. 2 (05.04.2019): 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959680119840574.
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There has been extensive research into policy reactions to migration with regard to wages and labour conditions, but not vocational training. I show that employers’ associations and unions in the Swiss construction industry have reacted to increasing mobility by protecting existing occupational labour markets through policies regulating the entry to these. The multi-layered structure of employers’ associations, trade unions and collective agreements along occupational and territorial lines explains the high level of collective occupational protectionism in this industry. The Swiss case thereby presents a particularly interesting and controversial example of regulation of free movement of workers in Europe.
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Kur, Annette. „Harmonization of intellectual property law in Europe: The ECJ trade mark case law 20082012“. Common Market Law Review 50, Issue 3 (01.06.2013): 773–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2013084.
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ECJ trade mark case law has been very rich in the past five years that are covered in this survey. While certain fundamental issues, such as the general concept of distinctiveness and descriptive character of marks as well as the assessment of likelihood of confusion were clarified already in the past, more recent decisions have elaborated on more sophisticated issues, such as the impact of trade mark functions on the scope of protection, which became relevant in particular in the context of marks being used in comparative advertisement as well as in keyword advertising. Other topics addressed in ECJ case law were, inter alia, exclusion from protection of product shapes conferring substantial value on the goods, as well as application in bad faith, infringement by goods entering the EU on transit, and the requirements for genuine use of a mark in the Community. The latter topic also figured strongly in political debates accompanying the current preparations for a major legislative overhaul of the European trade mark system. Commission proposals for amendment of the Community Trade Mark Regulation and the Trade Mark Directive were published at the end of March 2013 and will likely trigger more debates before the reform projects are ultimately concluded.
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Treece, S. J. „An Evaluation of Medicines Regulation“. Medical Law International 2, Nr. 4 (März 1997): 315–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096853329700200403.
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The regulation of medicines in the United Kingdom has changed radically over the course of the last thirty years. Originally regulation was generally concerned with maintaining the quality and purity of drugs, investigations concerning the efficiency or safety of medicinal products are a more recent phenomenon. Regulation of medicine is now overseen by the European Union and licensing applications that are approved under this new scheme are likely to have wide implications not only for the Member States of the EU, but for non-Member States who have signed to the European Free Trade Agreement (EFTA), and possibly for producers of medicines in the United States. The regulatory system that currently applies in the UK, named the “Future System” of medicinal regulation came into being in January 1995. Although in its early days this paper examines the regulation of medicine in both the United Kingdom, and Europe; giving a broad outline of the new regulatory structure; and comparing and contrasting the way that Europe and the United States of America regulates and approves medicines. The final section considers the performance of the new regulatory structure by an examination of the first general report of the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products, along with the results of a questionnaire survey conducted primarily with pharmaceutical manufacturers in the UK which aimed to elicit their views on how the new regulatory system is working, and whether it is operating to the standards which are expected of it.
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Gavrylenko, Oleksandr. „International and domestic legal regulation of trade activities in Europe in the ХІІ–ХІV centuries“. Aktual’ni problemi pravoznavstva 1, Nr. 4 (15.12.2017): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/app2017.04.061.
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BALKOVAYA, V. G. „The Development of the Mechanism for the State Legal Regulation of Trade in Western Europe“. CUSTOMS POLICY OF RUSSIA IN THE FAR EAST 1 (April 2019): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17238/issn1815-0683.2019.1.90.
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Parsons, Nick. „The Power to Dismiss: Trade Unions and the Regulation of Job Security in Western Europe“. Journal of Contemporary European Studies 23, Nr. 3 (03.07.2015): 433–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2015.1067433.
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Zarbà, Carla, Gaetano Chinnici und Mario D’Amico. „Novel Food: The Impact of Innovation on the Paths of the Traditional Food Chain“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 2 (11.01.2020): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12020555.
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Novel food refers to any type of food which was not used for human consumption before the 15 May 1997 in a specific place. This date refers to the introduction of European Union Regulation (EC) No 258/1997 which regulated the placing of novel foods or novel food ingredients on the market within the community for the first time. Then, the Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 changed the existing legislation for the categories of food belonging to novel food in order to guarantee a higher level of protection of human health and consumer interests. Algae, which are not commonly consumed by people but are considered among the most widespread foods of the future, are one of the principal food products of natural plant origin in the regulation of novel foods. However, even if algae were not well-known in the past, nowadays they are integrated into the different food cultures of the EU. This circumstance led to an analysis of the contribution of trade flows, of algae for human consumption inside and outside Europe, on the trade balance of the member countries of the European Union. Analysis of the Eurostat database was used to provide an overview of the international trade dynamics affecting the trade development of algae for human consumption in the European Union, with the aim of measuring the competitive dynamics within member countries.
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Standing, Guy. „Arbeitsmärkte und Arbeitsbeziehungen in Osteuropa“. PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 29, Nr. 114 (01.03.1999): 95–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v29i114.824.
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This article provides an overview of recent changes in the former Soviet Union and other countries of Central and Eastern Europe. State regulation has been reduced through relaxation of statutory prescriptions and through privatization. Trade unions often retain significant nominal representative status, but have little effective regulatory power, and employers’ representation is fragmented. Although most countries have introduced tripartite institutions, real decision making takes place at company level where management is in the driving seat.
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Field, Heather. „European Media Regulation: The Increasing Importance of the Supranational“. Media International Australia 95, Nr. 1 (Mai 2000): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0009500110.
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Media regulation in Europe is examined with respect to the increasing importance of the ‘supranational’ in the shape of the EU. This supranational influence is found to be increasingly important for the audiovisual sector, but to a much lesser extent for the print media. There have been two major ‘prongs' to policy at the supranational level. The first of these is the Television Without Frontiers directive which has established European content requirements, as yet on a voluntary basis in the EU itself, but as mandatory requirements for the applicant countries for membership in Central and Eastern Europe. The second is the MEDIA program of subsidisation for training, pre-production and other activities in the audiovisual sector. The policy area is one which has been strongly fought over between ‘protectionists' such as France, the European Commission and the European Parliament on one side, and the more market and trade-oriented United Kingdom, Germany and the Netherlands, as well as the United States export lobby, on the other. Protection of culture is put forward as a major justification for regulation and subsidisation of the audiovisual sector and industry, with enthusiasm for this diminishing from north to south but being strongest in France.
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De Smedt, Kristel. „Smart Regulation and European Private Law – What linkages?“ European Journal of Risk Regulation 4, Nr. 2 (Juni 2013): 260–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00003408.
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Private law in Europe has undergone a significant transformation during the last two decades. From a branch of law that was scarcely affected by EU legislation, it has become the object of considerable harmonisation measures to facilitate free trade and protect European citizens. Simultaneously, there has been an increased attention for ‘better regulation’ in the EU. The efforts of the European Commission to improve regulatory quality and to reduce administrative burdens for industry have promoted a regulatory environment in which formal intervention is more limited and self–regulation and co–regulation have emerged as alternatives. The University of Maastricht organized a workshop on ‘Smart Regulation of European Private Law’ in January 2013 with the aim to assess how the Smart Regulation agenda has shaped/can shape European private law; investigate the contribution of different methodological approaches to achieve ‘smart regulation’; and explore opportunities and threats for European private law, in particular in respect with developments in self–regulation and co–regulation. This report shortly summarises the discussions.
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Overton, Benny, John Beghin und William Foster. „Phytosanitary Regulation and Agricultural Flows: Tobacco Inputs and Cigarettes Outputs“. Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 24, Nr. 2 (Oktober 1995): 221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500008868.
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This paper examines the effects of the use of increasingly-popular phytosanitary regulations on production costs, and output and factor trade flows. The case addressed is that of the European regulation of maximum chemical residues in cigarettes manufactured with tobacco containing maleic hydrazide. The paper presents simulations of the effects of tightening the EU regulation on the tobacco growing and manufacturing industries. The analysis focusses on input/output market linkages and on the substitution away from the residue-contaminated U.S. input to residue-free non-U.S. inputs. This induced substitution results in higher costs, lower quantity supplied of the final product, and higher prices for U.S. cigarettes in Europe. Cross-price effects lead to higher quantities of EU cigarettes sold and a corresponding increase in the use of all inputs, including U.S. tobacco. When the U.S. tobacco price is allowed to fall, direct price effects stimulate the EU derived demand for U.S. tobacco. Although the regulation is protectionist in the output market, it leads to increased EU imports of the residue-contaminated input. When the price of U.S. tobacco adjusts, the regulation is actually antiprotective for EU growers. The regulation also indirectly influences production practices of U.S. tobacco growers and leads to lower levels of MH residues on U.S. leaf.
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Abrosimova, Elena A. „Specific Features of Commercial and Contract Law in Latin America“. Gosudarstvo i pravo, Nr. 10 (2022): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s102694520017565-2.
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The article analyzes the dualism of private law in Latin America with the examples of civil and commercial codes of individual states of the continent. A specific feature of the legislation governing trade activities is the incorporation of the customs of the indigenous peoples inhabiting the territory of South America into the colonial legal systems of continental Europe, which led to the formation of dualistic principles of trade and contractual regulation. The purpose of this article was to identify the common and distinctive features of contractual regulation of commercial relations in different countries of Central and South America in terms of defining the concept of a contract, the subject of the contract, the procedure for concluding a contract and individual contractual structures. The specificity of the legal regulation of contractual relations in Latin America is analyzed by means of historical, comparative legal research methods and the method of content analysis of the provisions of normative acts. Civil and commercial codes, as well as other regulations of Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Mexico, Peru, Paraguay, Venezuela, Bolivia and a number of other Latin American countries were used as empirical material. The following can be stated as the basic principles on which the Latin American system of Contractual law is built: the autonomy of participants in commercial relations, the social function of the contract and freedom of contract, good faith and equality of the parties in contractual obligations. The dualism of private law in Latin American countries leads to a different understanding of civil law contracts and commercial transactions concluded by participants in trade, which is reflected in the provisions of the civil and commercial codes and the definition of the subject of the contract. Separately, the article discusses the procedure for concluding an agreement through the offer-acceptance structure, as well as in the negotiation process.
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Bafoil, François, und Lin Ruiwen. „Re-examining the Role of Transport Infrastructure in Trade, Regional Growth and Governance: Comparing the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) and Central Eastern Europe (CEE)“. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 29, Nr. 2 (Juni 2010): 73–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810341002900203.
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The main objective of this article is to question the hypothesis of the role of transport infrastructures in regional economic growth by comparing Central Eastern Europe (supported by the EU structural and cohesion funds) and the Greater Mekong Subregion (mainly supported by the “economic corridors” of the ADB). Three main components of trade efficiency are scrutinized and compared: (1) the historical development of trade agreements, (2) the supra-national (regional) capacity of trade regulation, and (3) the micro level of governance between the different actors involved in trade. The comparison between CEE and the GMS is all the more warranted because of two paradoxes that need to be explained: The first one results from the existing link between transport and growth in the case of the GMS, and the lack of a link in the case of CEE. The second paradox insists on the fact that despite their very different institutional frameworks, both subregions continue to face similar challenges concerning the implementation of trade agreements and the exchange of facilities at the local level – pointing towards the issue of governance.
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Losonc, Alpar. „Marketing that hits the sky: Critical review of economic aspects of "atmosphere" regulation I“. Privredna izgradnja 48, Nr. 1-2 (2005): 31–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/priz0502031l.
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The author treats in this article the modalities of ecological-political regulation. At first he analyzes the modalities of regulation that are government-related and connected to the normative engagement of government. The author especially emphasizes the advantageous and less advantageous aspects of the normatively based interventions of government. He critically explores the disadvantageous dimensions of the ecological aid and shows the discrepancy between the short and long run concerning the effects of aid-practice. At second the author deals with the regulation based on the market-mechanisms. The conclusion refers to the trade-off between the normatively determined govern mentality and the market-based mechanisms. The author pays special attention to the emission-trading schemes in Europe and demonstrates the main uncertainties in relation to the market of pollution and emission trading.
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Woo, Mincheol, und Yunsung Eom. „Change in Foreign Investors’ Strategy From Value Investment to High Frequency Trading*“. Korean Journal of Financial Studies 53, Nr. 2 (30.04.2024): 277–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.26845/kjfs.2024.04.53.2.277.
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The recent trading stocks and trading patterns of foreigners are different from those evaluated in the literature. Considering this, this study analyzed the changes in foreign investors’ strategy regarding stocks listed on the Korea Exchange from 2005 to 2022. The main results are as follows. First, the top 10 foreigners in transaction value shifted from intensively investing in blue-chip stocks to diversifying investments in multiple stocks. Second, foreigners who trade more than 1,000 stocks a day on average have become a new leading force. Third, as regulations on high frequency trading in the United States and Europe were strengthened, foreigners are moving to Asia for regulation arbitrage. The study also shows that the leading force has shifted from value investment trading to high frequency trading in the domestic stock market.
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Yurasova, L. A. „THE POLITICS OF HUNGARIAN SOVEREIGHTY“. MGIMO Review of International Relations, Nr. 4(49) (28.08.2016): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2016-4-49-99-116.
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The article analyzes main aspects of V. Orban's policy of strengthening Hungarian economic sovereignty. The Hungarian leadership had to find out balanced and reasonable approach to tackle the world economic crisis. Hungarian ballot package included reform of economic regulation on a state's level, taking moderate protectionist measures and foreign trade diversification. V. Orban's government succeeded in constitutional reform that allowed to consolidate power to deliver coherent economic policy and to harmonize separation of powers with that goal to be reached. Moreover, transferring of economic regulation to constitutional level lead to stabilization of monetary sphere. V. Orban's government enhanced state sector of economy in vulnerable areas, rose taxation on large business and shrank loans' burden of citizens in order to maintain positive economic growth. This measures ensured potential to advance further inside demand rates and to galvanize market capacity. Finally, V. Orban announced "openness to the East" policy aimed at diversifying foreign trade of Hungary. The main focus of the policy was trade with China and Russia. However, supranational authorities of European Union objected this policy goals on the grounds of economic and political consideration. But Hungarian leadership advocated its policy in a very tough way, which is a good example of self-reliance and pragmatism for the future of Europe.
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KOSTENKO, O., und V. MANGORA. „Areas of development of legal regulation of identification data management.“ INFORMATION AND LAW, Nr. 1(40) (22.03.2022): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37750/2616-6798.2022.1(40).254342.
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The world scientific community puts a lot of effort into the technical implementation of identity management systems. At the same time, the legal regulation of identification data management processes is not carried out or is carried out selectively or exclusively for a specific situational procedure. Today, scientists are studying the possibility of applying existing regulations to regulate modern social relations in the field of identity management. The disadvantage of this approach is that these regulations, as a rule, have long been adopted, are archaic in nature, contain “outdated” rules of law, do not contain modern definitions and do not take into account the development of social relations, which consist of modern information and communication technologies. At the present stage of intensive development of public relations and the use of new information and communication technologies, scientists mainly study the processes of information security management systems or protection of personal data of individuals and legal entities. It should be noted that ISMS and FAR should be considered as components of the overall system of identification data management. However, in general, the issue of legal regulation of identity management, as a legal intersectoral institution that affects many aspects of public life, is not considered. The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law and the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Prospects of legal regulation of identity management based on the proposals of the United States of America are considered.
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Ragionieri, Maria Pia. „L'igiene dei prodotti alimentari nella disciplina europea“. AGRICOLTURA ISTITUZIONI MERCATI, Nr. 1 (April 2009): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/aim2008-001008.
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- As regards the subject of food product hygiene European Community legislation disciplines hygiene food requirements by means of three regulations passed in 2004, the first Regulation n.852/2004 regards general information, the second n. 853/2004 deals with food of an animal origin, the third n. 854/2004 concerns the organisation of official controls on products of animal origin destined for human consumption. Our attention is focused on the first regulation, due to the fact that, by its application to food products of a vegetable origin, it especially affects Egypt as regards fruit and vegetable exportation to Europe. Egypt is a country which is taken into consideration so as to face the matter of the commercialisation of farm produce towards Europe in view of the establishment of a free trade area within the Mediterranean. The field of application of regulation n. 852/2004 includes primary production as of its definition given in Art. 3 of Regulation n. 178/2002. In Enclosure I it is specified that within the primary production environment, primary products may be transported, stored and handled on the condition that these procedures do not alter their aspects. At this point, the assessment arises as regards the ascribability of certain operations to the three hypotheses and according to the abovementioned condition. Both during primary production phases and throughout subsequent activities, in order to apply community legislation, it is sufficient to carry out one of the phases of the foreseen activities in order to be considered pursuant to Art. 3, n. 2, Regulation n. 178/02. Within the food business the control functions are carried out by the food sector operator. Hygiene rules must be both respected and applied to the entire food chain but also in a different way as regards the primary activities with respects to those carried out subsequently. As regards Third-Party countries, it is accepted that products may be obtained by means of equivalent hygienic rules and however dispensations from community standards are not permitted. As follows you will find a summary of the normative references on the subject of hygiene. Key words: hygiene European Community legislation, primary production, Third- Party countries.
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Van Valkenburg, Johan L. C. H., Leni (H ). Duistermaat, Edu Boer und Tom M. Raaymakers. „Myriophyllum rubricaule sp. nov., a M. aquaticum look-alike only known in cultivation“. European Journal of Taxonomy 828 (05.07.2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.828.1847.
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A confusingly labeled water-milfoil of obscure status, known only in cultivation, is here formally described as a new species, Myriophyllum rubricaule Valk. & Duist. sp. nov. This species has fully replaced M. aquaticum in the horticultural trade in Europe since the addition of M. aquaticum to the list of invasive alien species of Union concern (EU regulation no. 1143/2014) in 2016. This manuscript provides a morphological description of M. rubricaule sp. nov., and its distinction from M. aquaticum is further supported by molecular data (chloroplast and nuclear loci).
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Schulte-Strathaus, Ulrich. „Is the European Commission Fulfilling Its Ambitious Aviation Strategy?“ Air and Space Law 42, Issue 6 (01.11.2017): 517–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2017038.
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On 8 June 2017, the European Commission adopted a series of measures designed to further support growth in the European and international aviation market (Communication on Aviation: Open and Connected Europe, SWD(2017) 207 final) as implementation of the EU Aviation Strategy (Communication from the Commission: An Aviation Strategy for Europe, COM/2015/0598 final). Two of the measures address challenges facing the EU internal aviation market (Interpretative Guidelines on Regulation (EC) 1008/2008 – Public Service Obligations (PSO), COM (2017) 3712 final; Commission Staff Working Document on practices favouring Air Traffic Management Service Continuity, SWD (2017) 207 final). Two further measures address issues related to international aviation (Interpretative Guidelines on Regulation (EC) 1008/2008 – Rules on Ownership and Control of EU air carrier; Proposal for a Regulation on safeguarding competition in air transport, repealing Regulation (EC) No 868/2004, SWD (2017) 182 final, SWD (2017) 183 final). Of the four measures, only one is a legislative proposal, the remaining three are of a non-binding legal nature. The Commission proposes to adopt a new Regulation on trade protection for EU aviation which would replace Regulation 868/2004. The legislative process required before final adoption of the Commission’s proposal has not yet commenced; ultimately the final outcome of the process could differ significantly from the original proposal under review in this article. The author therefore addresses the question of whether, if adopted as suggested in its current wording, the new Regulation 868 would deliver on the intended improvements of the former legislation, become practicable and have strategic impact. The author concludes that the legislative proposal on trade protection is indeed a significant step towards helping the EU effectively address international distortions to competition in the aviation sector. Specific issues would need to be clarified, but the political debate could reveal that the thrust of the proposal would not be acceptable to several stakeholders. Given that ongoing market deployments have eroded the relevance of several regulatory provisions, the author questions whether the Commission’s approach to present interpretative guidelines to current provisions of Regulation 1008/2008 are sufficient to deliver meaningful progress in implementing the EU Aviation Strategy. The author finally evaluates the measures which the Commission proposes to contain the damaging economic effect of labour action in the field of air traffic management.
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JANOW, MERIT E., und PETROS C. MAVROIDIS. „Digital Trade, E-Commerce, the WTO and Regional Frameworks“. World Trade Review 18, S1 (April 2019): S1—S7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745618000526.
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The digitalization of trade is a reality, and yet the regulation of the world trading system as embedded in the World Trade Organization (WTO) only tangentially, if at all, touches upon this issue. True, digitalization of the economy, the fourth industrial revolution as it is colloquially referred to, is a recent phenomenon, and to some extent post-dates the conclusion of the Uruguay round agreements (1994). True also, however, is the reality that the world trading system has shown a remarkable inability to adjust to modern business realities in its multilateral rule architecture. To the extent these transformations are being reflected in new rules, they are being introduced in regional or bilateral frameworks, albeit in an incomplete fashion. It is also the case that the world is witnessing several different regimes around data and information economy developing in the world today – most notably in the US, Europe, and China. As always, part of the reason that international frameworks have not been born stems from the fact that international rules rarely occur before domestic regulatory and legal regimes are well developed.
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VanDuzer, J. Anthony. „A Critical Look at the Prospects for Robust Rules for Services in Preferential Trading Agreements“. Legal Issues of Economic Integration 39, Issue 1 (01.02.2012): 29–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2012003.
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The negotiation of market access commitments and rules for services trade faces a number of daunting challenges that are an inherent consequence of the fact that many barriers to services trade are embedded in domestic regulation. The result, so far, has been that international services commitments are relatively weak. The challenges to negotiating stronger commitments include convincing private sector interests that services commitments will benefit them and the difficulty of constructively engaging domestic regulators in negotiations, especially where they are associated with subordinate levels of government. To the extent that negotiating countries have close proximity in terms of geography, trade and investment relationships, common culture, language, and legal traditions, as well as similar regulatory goals and approaches, these challenges may be lessened. These factors are present to varying degrees among developed countries. In the current Canada-Europe negotiations, for example, the presence of significant export interests, long experience with trade negotiations, well-developed regulatory schemes, and a history of regulatory cooperation all support a relatively robust outcome in services commitments and rules. The role played by subordinate levels of government and regulators, however, as well as differences in approaches to the architecture of trade agreements will be challenges for the negotiators.
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Tyc, Aneta. „Workers’ rights and transatlantic trade relations: The TTIP and beyond“. Economic and Labour Relations Review 28, Nr. 1 (13.02.2017): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035304617690971.
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In the context of the working-class backlash against free trade represented by Brexit, the recent surge of right-wing political parties in Europe and the 2016 US presidential election, it is timely to take stock of the threats to jobs and wages posed by recent negotiations over the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership. The European Commission selectively relied on econometric analyses, predicting a positive impact of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership. Its proposed legal text on ‘Trade and sustainable development’ fell short of the European Parliament’s negotiating guidelines, which themselves failed to ensure protection of labour standards. The activities of corporate lobbies threatened the effective protection of workers’ rights. Major risks to workers’ rights are posed by discrepancies between US and European Union labour and social law and labour standards. The most recent legal text lacks compliance monitoring provisions and sanction mechanisms against member states failing to ratify core labour conventions. The investment court system does not resolve the problems of the discredited investor-state dispute settlement mechanism for which it is the proposed replacement. The year 2016 has provided a foretaste of the dislocation likely from trade and investment regulation that sees social and environmental standards and labour rights simply as barriers to corporate profits.
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Illessy, Miklós, Vassil Kirov, Csaba Makó und Svetla Stoeva. „Labour relations, collective bargaining and employee voice in SMEs in central and eastern Europe“. Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 13, Nr. 1 (Februar 2007): 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890701300109.
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Drawing upon the examples of Bulgaria and Hungary, this article explores employee representation and voice in SMEs in central and eastern Europe in the context of the spectacular development of the SME sector during the post-1990 transition and associated changes in labour relations and collective bargaining practices. The article examines the relationship between the regulation of employment relations and employee representation and voice. It suggests that the absence of formal channels of representation in SMEs hides the existence of a number of informal compromises between employers and employees over matters such as wages, working time, and health and safety conditions. The authors argue that future trade union strategies should be based on a clear understanding of these social realities.
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Coetzee, Juana. „A Pluralist Approach to the Law of International Sales“. Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 20 (03.04.2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2017/v20i0a1355.
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International trade can support economic development and social upliftment. However, people are often discouraged from contracting internationally due to differences in legal systems which act as a non-tariff barrier to trade. This article focuses on the private law framework regulating international contracts of sale. During the twentieth century, the problem of diverse laws was primarily addressed by global uniform law such as the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). However, uniform law is rarely complete and has to be supplemented by national law, trade usage or party agreement. Because of gaps that exist in the CISG the Swiss government made a proposal for a new global contract law. But is this a feasible solution to the fragmentary state of international trade law? In Europe, signs of reluctance are setting in towards further harmonisation efforts. The Proposal for a Common European Sales Law (CESL) was recently withdrawn, and now Britain has voted to leave the European Union; rumour having it that more countries might follow. The current private law framework for international sales contracts consists of a hybrid system where international, national, state and non-state law function side by side. This article submits that universalism is not per se the most efficient approach to the regulation of international sales law and that economic forces require a more varied approach for business-to-business transactions. The biggest challenge, however, would be to manage global legal pluralism. It is concluded that contractual parties, the courts and arbitral tribunals can effectively manage pluralism on a case-by-case basis.
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Bendiek, Annegret, und Magnus Römer. „Externalizing Europe: the global effects of European data protection“. Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance 21, Nr. 1 (14.01.2019): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dprg-07-2018-0038.
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Purpose This paper aims to explain how the EU projects its own data protection regime to third states and the US in particular. Digital services have become a central element in the transatlantic economy. A substantial part of that trade is associated with the transfer of data, most of it personal, requiring many of the new products and services emerging to adhere to data protection standards. Yet different conceptions of data protection exist across the Atlantic, with the EU putting a particular focus on protecting the fundamental right to privacy. Design/methodology/approach Using the distinction between positive and negative forms of market integration as a starting point (Scharpf, 1997), this paper examines the question of how the EU is projecting its own data protection regime to third states. The so-called California effect (Vogel, 1997) and the utilization of trade agreements in the EU’s foreign policy and external relations are well researched. With decreasing effectiveness and limited territorial reach of its enlargement policy, the EU found trade agreements to be particularly effective to set standards on a global level (Lavenex and Schimmelfennig, 2009). The existence of the single market makes the Union not only an important locus of regulation but also a strong economic actor with the global ambition of digital assertiveness. In the past, establishing standards for the EU’s vast consumer market has proven effective in compelling non-European market participants to join. Findings As the globe’s largest consumer market, Europe aims to project its own data protection laws through the market place principle (lex loci solutionis), requiring any data processor to follow its laws whenever European customers’ data are processed. This paper argues that European data protection law creates a “California Effect”, whereby the EU exerts pressure on extra-territorial markets by unilateral standard setting. Originality/value With its GDPR, the EU may have defused the problem of European citizens’ data being stored and evaluated according to the US law. However, it has also set a precedent of extra-territorial applicability of its legislation – despite having previously criticized the USA for such practices. By now, international companies increasingly store data of European customers in Europe to prevent conflicts with EU law. With this decision, the EU will apply its own law on others’ sovereign territory. Conflicts created through the extra-territorial effects of national law may contradict the principle of due diligence obligations but are nevertheless not illegitimate. They may, however, have further unintended effects: Other major economies are likely to be less reluctant in the future about passing legal provisions with extra-territorial effect.
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Borovic, Zoran, und Dragana Radicic. „Productivity Gap between the “New” and “Old” Europe and Role of Institutions“. Economies 11, Nr. 10 (12.10.2023): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies11100254.
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The present study examines how policy makers should consider the quality of institutional framework to reduce the productivity gap and increase a country’s ability to absorb superior technologies developed elsewhere. This paper analyzes the impact of components of economic freedom, such as the size of government, regulation, and freedom to trade internationally, and world government indicators, such as political stability and absence of violence/terrorism, regulatory quality, and control of corruption on the productivity gap between the “Old” and “New” Europe countries. This is among the first studies to investigate, in a sample of former socialistic countries, the impact of institutions on a country’s ability to adopt superior technology developed elsewhere. A static panel analysis was applied on cross-sectional data from the eleven EU countries. The results strongly support the productivity convergence between the “Old” and “New” Europe countries, with a positive impact of the institutions on the productivity growth. However, the impact of the institutions fades the further the country is from the frontier.
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Simões, Bruno G. „Cross-Border Intellectual Property Rights in Digital Data: The Legal Framework in Europe and the United States in the Light of ClearCorrect v. US International Trade Commission“. Global Trade and Customs Journal 11, Issue 2 (01.02.2016): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2016008.
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The article will address the authority of the European Union (hereinafter, EU) to detain goods at its borders that infringe, or are suspected of infringing, intellectual property rights (hereinafter, IPRs), in part through a comparison of similar regulations in the United States (hereinafter, US), and especially with respect to the detainment of digital goods. On 10 November 2015, the US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit released its Opinion in ClearCorrect Operating, LLC v. United States International Trade Commission, a case that, in part, examines the definition of ‘article’ under section 337 of the US Tariff Act of 1930. In the EU, Regulation (EU) No. 608/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 June 2013 concerning customs enforcement of intellectual property rights and repealing Council Regulation (EC) No. 1383/2003 entered into effect in 2014. This regulation expanded the scope of competent authorities in EU Member States to detain suspected infringing goods at the EU’s borders, including new powers to detain and destroy ‘small consignments’ of such goods absent a formal decision confirming an infringement of an intellectual property design right. EU courts have yet to address the issue of whether digital data transmitted electronically applies to such legislation. The article will provide a review of the recent Opinion of the US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, as well as an analysis of the relevant EU framework.
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Stefanova, Boyka M. „The Political Economy of Outsourcing in the European Union and the East-European Enlargement“. Business and Politics 8, Nr. 2 (August 2006): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1158.
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This paper explores the East-West dichotomy of outsourcing in the European Union in the context of its 2004 eastward enlargement. The purpose of the study is to shed light on the connection between outsourcing and the causal logic of regional integration. The conventional view is that the transfer of business operations from Western Europe to low-cost locations to the east represents a process of outsourcing West-European jobs which deprives the EU core of growth opportunities to the exclusive benefit of the new members from Eastern Europe. This analysis posits the systemic functions of EU outsourcing as a mechanism of economic homogenization in the regional market along its three principal dimensions: investment, commodity trade, and labor mobility. At the macro-level, outsourcing complements capital movements and trade, and acts as a substitute for labor mobility. Keeping labor mobility “down” is the main value added of EU outsourcing. Empirically, its relevance to the regional market is established in an input-output framework of relationships with indicators of economic convergence (homogenization effects) and labor mobility (substitution effects) in the EU. Positive correlations with indices of business synchronization and weak negative correlations with measures of labor supply and wages suggest that outsourcing fits well both with strategies fostering market integration and those counterbalancing the politically sensitive labor mobility in the EU. There is no significant evidence to suggest that, at the aggregate level, outsourcing has independent substitution effects with regard to unemployment rates and wages in Western Europe. The geographic expansion of EU integration, therefore, is not a proxy for losses of social welfare in the West. The paper concludes that as the cost efficiency and resource allocation functions of outsourcing facilitate the homogenizing dynamics of regional integration, it is likely to become increasingly subsumed under EU-level regulation and monitoring in a trade-off between the regional interest and domestic sectoral concerns.
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Szabolcs, Márton, Felícia Kapusi, Savrina Carrizo, Danijela Markovic, Jörg Freyhof, Núria Cid, Ana Cristina Cardoso et al. „Spatial priorities for freshwater biodiversity conservation in light of catchment protection and connectivity in Europe“. PLOS ONE 17, Nr. 5 (17.05.2022): e0267801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267801.
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Freshwater ecosystems host disproportionately high numbers of species relative to their surface area yet are poorly protected globally. We used data on the distribution of 1631 species of aquatic plant, mollusc, odonate and fish in 18,816 river and lake catchments in Europe to establish spatial conservation priorities based on the occurrence of threatened, range-restricted and endemic species using the Marxan systematic conservation planning tool. We found that priorities were highest for rivers and ancient lakes in S Europe, large rivers and lakes in E and N Europe, smaller lakes in NW Europe and karst/limestone areas in the Balkans, S France and central Europe. The a priori inclusion of well-protected catchments resulted in geographically more balanced priorities and better coverage of threatened (critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable) species. The a priori exclusion of well-protected catchments showed that priority areas that need further conservation interventions are in S and E Europe. We developed three ways to evaluate the correspondence between conservation priority and current protection by assessing whether a cathment has more (or less) priority given its protection level relative to all other catchments. Each method found that priority relative to protection was high in S and E Europe and generally low in NW Europe. The inclusion of hydrological connectivity had little influence on these patterns but decreased the coverage of threatened species, indicating a trade-off between connectivity and conservation of threatened species. Our results suggest that catchments in S and E Europe need urgent conservation attention (protected areas, restoration, management, species protection) in the face of imminent threats such as river regulation, dam construction, hydropower development and climate change. Our study presents continental-scale conservation priorities for freshwater ecosystems in ecologically meaningful planning units and will thus be important in freshwater biodiversity conservation policy and practice, and water management in Europe.
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Melnikova, Elena. „About the First Mention of the Rus Merchants in Byzantium“. ISTORIYA 14, Nr. 12-1 (134) (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840028461-6.
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The information of the Arabic official and writer Ibn Khordadbeh in The Book of Roads and Kingdoms about ar-Rūs merchants was studied many times but his mention of their travels to “the sea ar-Rum” where they pay the tithe to the ruler of ar-Rum did not attract much attention. On the one hand, it was taken for granted that in the 9th century there existed trade connections between Scandinavians who settled in Eastern Europe and Byzantium in spite of the almost absolute lack of archaeological confirmations of trade with Byzantium both in Scandinavia and in Eastern Europe in the 9th century and the silence of written sources. On the other hand, the identification of the place where the Rūs merchants traded with Kherson is dominating in modern literature. The mention of the Rūs merchants by Ibn Khaodadhbeh is, however, the earliest and unique peace of information of the trading activity of the Rus in Byzantium in the 9th century and as such it deserves greater attention, all the more so as the dating of Ibn Khordadhbeh’s work is debatable. First, most of the scholars tend to believe that there existed two versions of The Book dated to the 840s and 880s. Since the information about the Rūs merchants exist in both versions it is considered to belong to the 840s. Serious arguments, however, were recently suggested in favour of the existence of only one, and late, version. Second, the interpretation of the “ar-Rum sea” as the Black sea contradicts both its regular usage in Oriental literature as the designation of the Mediterranean Sea and its usage by Ibn Khordadhbeh himself: there are four other cases where the hydronym as unambiguously applied to the Mediterranean. Thus it is possible to speak about the trade activity of Rus in Byzantium and, maybe, in Constantinople with a great degree of confidence. The juxtaposition of Ibn Khordadhbeh’s information with a few other sources on Rus and Byzantium connections that came to us from the 9th century convincingly demonstrate the domination of peaceful relations based most probably on mutually beneficial trade and accompanied by diplomatic procedures and the recognition of the title “khagan” of the Rus ruler at any case in the second half of the 9th century. If we agree with the early date of The Book of Roads and Kingdoms, the beginnings of trade connections between the Rus and Byzantium can be dated to the first half the 9th century and it seems possible to suggest, highly hypothetically, that the embassy of the khagan of the Rhos to the emperor Theophilos at the end of the 830-s could have for their object the regulation of trade.
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Deng, Xuehua, Kangning Xiong, Yanghua Yu, Shihao Zhang, Lingwei Kong und Yu Zhang. „A Review of Ecosystem Service Trade-Offs/Synergies: Enlightenment for the Optimization of Forest Ecosystem Functions in Karst Desertification Control“. Forests 14, Nr. 1 (03.01.2023): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14010088.
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Ecosystem services provide regulation, provisioning, support, and cultural benefits for human survival, but it needs to be clarified how the trade-off/synergy relationships can be used to optimize function. Based on the Web of Science (WOS) and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases, we collected 254 articles on the ecosystem trade-offs/synergies and functional optimization. Through a systematic review of the literature, this paper summarized the research progress and landmark achievements from three aspects: trade-offs/synergies, functional optimization, and evaluation methods. The results indicated the following: (1) In terms of the number of articles published, there were no reports before 2005; from 2006 to 2022, the annual number of published papers increased from 1 to 72, showing an overall growth trend year by year. This mainly includes three stages: initial (1970–2005), slow development (2005–2014), and rapid development (2014–2022). (2) In terms of research areas, focus was placed mainly on Asia, North America, and Europe, accounting for 40.47%, 25.55%, and 15.07% of all regions, respectively. (3) In the future, it is necessary to focus on scientific issues such as the improvement of forest ecosystem functions, the trade-off/synergy relationships between services, the scale of spatiotemporal research, and the driving factors and evaluation methods for the management of rocky karst desertification. The aim is to provide a theoretical basis to optimize the forest ecosystem service functions.
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Sieburg-Rockel, Jördis, und Gerald Koch. „Identification of wood species used in particleboard production“. IAWA Journal 41, Nr. 4 (07.10.2020): 751–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10018.
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Abstract Wood and wood products including particleboard imported into the European Union (EU) are subject to the EU Timber Trade Regulation (EUTR) since 2013. With regard to the correct and complete required declaration, many such products not produced in the EU are currently investigated independently. The particles processed for the manufacture of particleboard are significantly smaller than solid wood samples. Thus, the preparation for anatomical analysis is more complex, as is their identification. The composition of the taxa identified allows a distinction between certain assortments according to the origin of the processed wood: temperate Europe; plantation-grown (worldwide); tropical and subtropical Asia; temperate Asia; tropical Africa. Important information for the evaluation of EUTR-subjected timbers in particleboard is provided.
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Nevskaya, A. A., und A. V. Kondeev. „Development of e-commerce in the area of «Greater Eurasia»: on the possibilities of Russia's participation“. Российский экономический журнал, Nr. 3 (Juni 2019): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33983/0130-9757-2019-3-107-115.
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The article assesses the chances of Russia's inclusion in the rapidly developing in the space of «Greater Eurasia» e-Commerce. The essence of the transformation of value chains in cross-border markets of consumer goods through e-Commerce is characterized; the existing architecture of marketplaces in Europe and Asia is considered; the limitations of our country's participation in the processes of digitalization of international trade are revealed. The information and regulatory aspects of the problem are touched upon. The conclusion, according to which Russia is able to form a competitive national infrastructure for digital trading if solve the dilemma of regulation and will also attract national digital platform for Federal information systems.
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Gunst, Andrew. „Carbon pollution (greenhouse gas) measurement and reporting“. APPEA Journal 50, Nr. 1 (2010): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj09042.
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Carbon reporting and emissions trading in Australia—both of which, in 2007, seemed unlikely—came into effect with the implementation of mandatory data reporting from July 2008 (Australia) and January 2010 (USA); the onus lies with emitting corporations to determine whether they must report. At the time of writing it is also likely that Australia and the USA will join Europe in placing a price on carbon by 2013. The background to the Australian regulations will be explored in this paper, along with comparisons made to regulations in other jurisdictions, including the new reporting scheme in the USA. To date, much of the public discussion in these countries has centred on the financial aspects of a carbon tax or emissions trading scheme; however, significant challenges exist in identifying and quantifying the emissions that the financial community seeks to trade, and business community understanding of the details of greenhouse emissions is not strong. Case studies from the Australian oil and gas and related industries will be used to explain counter-intuitive aspects of greenhouse gas emissions and their regulation, and to illustrate challenges in emissions measurement and reporting.
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Magallón, Nerea. „TRADE IN MINERALS AND HUMAN RIGHTS: TOWARDS RESPONSIBLE SOURCING OF MINERALS FROM CONFLICT AREAS IN EUROPE (REGULATION (EU) 2017/821)“. Spanish Yearbook of International Law 24 (31.12.2020): 155–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17103/sybil.24.7.
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Magallón, Nerea. „TRADE IN MINERALS AND HUMAN RIGHTS: TOWARDS RESPONSIBLE SOURCING OF MINERALS FROM CONFLICT AREAS IN EUROPE (REGULATION (EU) 2017/821)“. Spanish Yearbook of International Law 24 (31.12.2020): 155–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17103/sybil.24.7.
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Sarsembayev, M. A., S. N. Sarsenova und B. S. Karazhan. „Electric vehicle and autopilot products of transport and agricultural engineering in the context of Kazakhstani and international law“. BULLETIN of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Law Series 136, Nr. 3 (2021): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6844-2021-136-3-21-34.
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The article presents an analysis of electric and autopilot products of transport and agricultural machinery plants. The «Industry 4.0» has been proposed since 2011 as the fourth industrial revolution in Europe, the USA, Japan, and other countries. Thanks to this revolution, the transport and agro-industrial sectors are an important factor contributing to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. The article examines the legislative component of the regulation of the concept of «intelligent robot» in the form of a product of transport and agricultural engineering in the context of national and international law. The article also analyzes the export potential of the Republic of Kazakhstan for electric vehicles in the conditions of the country’s membership in the World Trade Organization. The authors addressed the issue of the correlation of WTO law with the law of Kazakhstan on trade in vehicles as goods. The authors formulated proposals for several adoptions of new Kazakhstan laws and new international conventions on problematic issues of production of electric and autopilot products of transport and agricultural engineering at manufacturing plants in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
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CARREÑO, Ignacio, Tobias DOLLE, Lourdes MEDINA und Moritz BRANDENBURGER. „The Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Trade“. European Journal of Risk Regulation 11, Nr. 2 (01.05.2020): 402–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/err.2020.48.
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On 17 March 2020, the President of the European Council, Charles Michel, and the President of the European Commission (hereinafter, Commission), Ursula von der Leyen, announced further European Union (EU) actions in response to the COVID-19 outbreak. Since the pandemic reached Europe, the EU has adopted a number of trade-related measures, including the issuance of guidelines for national border management, as well as export authorisation requirements. On 14 March 2020, the Commission adopted “Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/402 of 14 March 2020 making the exportation of certain products subject to the production of an export authorisation”, temporarily restricting exports of “personal protective equipment” to destinations outside of the EU. On 14 April 2020, the Commission announced that it would narrow down export authorisation requirements to protective masks only and extend the geographical and humanitarian exemptions. Governments around the world have been implementing trade-related measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, some trade restrictive, but a number of countries have also called for the elimination of export controls and restrictions on essential goods. As the greater implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on trade are still difficult to assess, the emergency measures taken by affected countries already require legal scrutiny. At the same time, it must be noted that, as noted above for the EU measures, measures around the world are subject to change dynamically in view of the evolution of the pandemic.