Dissertationen zum Thema „Trade regulation – europe“
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1
Simon, Strand. „From Europe, to the Agbogbloshie Scrapyard“. Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-76025.
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The challenge of sound e-waste treatment is something that is a global concern when relating to good business practices, safe working conditions, information security and environment. This research applies a holistic view of the illegal trade of e-waste from Europe to Ghana by aiming to highlight some of its drivers. By applying an adapted RV-model to identify the actors engaged in smuggling and rational choice theory to analyse market incentives this research identifies legal and procedural weaknesses that enable the illegal shipment of e-waste. The actors identified to target West Africa was in general smaller groups. These groups have established routes and transit points that complicate the international coordination of enforcers and inhibit their capacity to build strong cases against criminals. They target countries within the EU with limited enforcement capacity, high shipping volumes and low penalty rates for environmental crimes to exploit the domestic responsibility of enforcement and sentencing. They also mask e-waste as used electronics which is not heavily regulated and for which there is a strong Ghanaian market demand and employs a large number of workers in the informal sector, with the supply chain with an estimated 200,000 people employed. The main problems identified was enforcement procedures, international and domestic coordination, relative cost for formal recycling, lack of alternatives for workers and officials as well lack of deterring sentencing. This has led to secondary effects such as poor environmental and health protection as well as physical- and data-security.
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Horovitz, Dan D. „Regulation of competition under the rules of the free trade area agreements concluded by the European Economic Community“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213301.
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Poulet, Julie. „Direct effect of the law of the GATT in the European Union, the United States and the consequences for the WTO“. Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78227.
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This aim of this thesis will be to first address the issue of the direct applicability of the GATT within the national framework, mainly through the use of an analysis of the considerations that such a denial of the direct effect of the GATT is based upon, to understand if there are real obstacles to its implementation, before examining the harmful effects this of denial. The analysis will focus on the situation in both the European Union and the United States, these two countries being two of the most important trade partners in the WTO, before suggesting various solutions that could be adopted to implement the direct effect of the GATT in order to benefit both individuals and the WTO members.However, since WTO members are still highly opposed to the recognition of the direct effect of the GATT, the unlikelihood of its implementation, at least in a short term perspective, will lead to an analysis of the situation directly at the WTO level. This will permit us to further conclude, whether it would be possible to find solutions to palliate the problems arising out of the denial of the direct effect of the GATT at a national level. Indeed, in the last part of the analysis undertaken in this work, various ways to remedy the deficit of democracy will be explored, examining alternatively the best vectors that could be used: individuals or NGOs, in order to enhance the legitimacy of the WTO which is principally under attack.
4
Tong, Wei. „Poland's influence in the European Union, a perspective of the Eastern partnership“. Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2555598.
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5
Colson-Duparchy, Alexia. „Bridges, hoops and pools : international film co-production : the interface between culture and trade“. Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78210.
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International film co-productions are sometimes thought of by the Americans as a form of financing providing the U.S. with the ability to sell works to its most important export market, Europe. Europe prefers thinking of it as way to provide its market with works that reflect European culture and ideals. This thesis questions the reality of such a statement, using the examples of the EU, the U.S. and Canada.The author first explains the mechanism of co-production within the framework of a presentation of the methods of film financing. Follows a twofold discussion on the current nature of international co-productions, on both the international and national levels.
A considerable portion of this work examines the terms of the debate about the interplay between culture and trade. As an instrument used in the audiovisual industry, therefore strongly connected to cultural industries, international co-production is indeed an ideal model to represent the tensions existing between culture and global trade. This thesis sets international co-production up as a symbol of the interface between culture and trade.
Follows a debate on the congruity of the existing global and regional trade agreements for the protection of a culture always weaker in its diversity and propagation. With the prospect of the imminent phasing out of the sectoral exemptions allowed by the GATS, the inadequacy of the NAFTA cultural exemption and current quota policy systems, what would be best to calm down the tensions between culture and trade? Three solutions are discussed here: the New International Instrument on Cultural Diversity; a powerful competitor to the American majors such as Vivendi-Universal, and the technique of co-ventures.
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Streiff, Frédéric. „Réglementation des marchés dérivés de gré à gré en Europe : EMIR, plus de transparence ?“ Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLED042.
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Suite à la crise financière de 2007, un ensemble de réglementations a été mis en place au niveau mondial, dont EMIR en Europe. Parmi les obligations engendrées par ce texte, il y a l’obligation de déclarer à l’autorité de tutelle toutes les opérations de produits dérivés traitées de gré à gré. Ceci dans le but d’augmenter la transparence sur ces marchés. L’objectif de mon travail étant de démontrer que cela n’est en fait pas le cas. Pour cela, j’explore deux principaux axes. Le premier concerne la déclaration effective des transactions et le traitement de ces informations par les autorités de tutelle. J’exploite pour cela les données publiques relatives à cette problématique et également les informations dont je dispose dans le cadre de mon travail. Les données sont relativement bien déclarées mais ne sont pas ou très peu exploitées par les autorités de tutelle. Le second axe est plus théorique. L’information ne conduit pas nécessairement à la transparence. Ce qui est important pour le bon fonctionnement des marchés dérivés est la symétrie de l’information et la confiance entre les intervenantsFollowing the financial crisis of 2007, a set of regulations was implemented, including EMIR in Europe. Among the obligations arising from this text, there is an obligation to declare to the regulatory authority all OTC transactions. The goal is to increase transparency on OTC markets. My objective is to demonstrate that this is not actually the case. For that, I explore two main axes. The first one concerns the implementation of the reporting obligation and the analysis of this data by regulators. For this purpose, I use the public data on this issue and also the private data from my work. The data are relatively well reported but not fully exploited by the regulatory authorities. The second axis is more theoretical. Information does not necessarily lead to transparency. The symmetry of information and trust between OTC’s participants are the most important
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Marinova, Yona Georgieva. „Bifurcation of parallel trade in the European Community“. Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2008. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=25821.
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This thesis examines the regulation of parallel imports of trade marked goods in the European Community (EC), demonstrates its deficiencies and advocates its amendment by the Community legislator. The thesis identifies as a primary characteristic of the regulation the bifurcation of intra-EC and extra-EC parallel importation, that is to say, the fundamental divergence of the regimes of parallel imports coming from another EC Member State and imports coming from third countries. The split as to the rationale, justification and outcome of the two regimes is so substantial that it is viewed as the existence of ‘parallel regulations on parallel trade’ in the Community. The study establishes four different manifestations of this bifurcation, the most evident one concerning the fact that while internal imports are lawful under EC law, external ones could be repelled by the mark owner as trade mark infringement. It is submitted that this variable legal tolerance to parallel trade has been legitimised through the Community rule of limited, regional exhaustion of trade mark rights and the manner in which the European Court of Justice has interpreted its application. Against this background, the thesis raises three groups of legal arguments for reviewing the current Community exhaustion policy and implementing a rule of international trade mark exhaustion. They relate to trade mark law, competition law and certain proclamations of the importance of free unrestricted global trade, made by the Community on international level and in the EC context as well. Finally, the study complements the above legal arguments with socio-economic justifications in support of international exhaustion. The research suggests that the Community should consider the implementation of international trade mark exhaustion and carry out the necessary preparatory steps outlined by the study in this regard.
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Marinova, Yona Georgieva. „Bufurcation [sic] of parallel trade in the European Community /“. Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources. Restricted access until May 22, 2014, 2008. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=25821.
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Senderovic, Alisa. „Trade Restrictiveness or Trade Openness? The Effects on Corruption : A panel data study of the relation between trade restrictiveness and corruption in Europe“. Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Economics, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-9770.
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This thesis analyzes the relationship between trade restrictiveness and corruption levels in Europe and tests the robustness of the results using two different measures of corruption; Corruption Perceptions Index constructed by Transparency International and World Governance Indicators; Control of Corruption constructed by the World Bank. The results show that the outcome differs among the two indices and that previous results found in studies may be subject to data choice and measurement errors. A majority of previous studies have used trade openness in the form of imports share in GDP, or trade openness indices as variables that explain corruption levels. This thesis focuses on trade restrictiveness. It also investigates the differences between restrictiveness and openness in their impacts on corruption. The author of this thesis finds a weak relation between trade restrictiveness and corruption on one hand and an even weaker relation between trade openness and corruption on the other hand when controlling for other variables that may have an impact on corruption. The limited time-frame could be an explanation for this result, i.e. trade policy effects. A longer time-frame would have probably resulted in a bigger difference between variables for trade openness and trade restrictiveness. It is found that the variables showing to have the largest impact on corruption levels in Europe are those associated with historical dimensions such as whether the country has had a tradition of the church being separated from the state or whether being a previously planned economy. Most importantly, the thesis presents suggestive evidence on the fact that not all government involvement increases corruption. Rather, it is regulations that limit internal competition have a large impact on corruption levels in Europe. It has also been found that not all government involvement in the economy implies higher corruption levels. The findings outlined are in line with the common perception that corruption is highly dependent on previous values of corruption and that radical policy interventions are needed to curb corruption.
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Wei, De Cai. „Trade related environmental measures of European Union : a new kind of trade barriers?“ Thesis, University of Macau, 2005. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1637069.
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Petronzio, Edward. „Talking trade over wine assessing the role of trade associations, bureacratic agencies and legislative bodies in the United States-European Union and Canada-European Union wine trade disputes /“. Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1192736566.
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LEAL, ARCAS Rafael. „Theory and practice of EC external trade law and policy“. Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/13171.
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Defence date: 11 March 2008Examining board: Prof. Bruno De Witte, European University Institute (Supervisor) ; Prof. Francesca Martines, Faculty of Economics, University of Pisa ; Prof. Petros C. Mavroidis, Columbia Law School, NY and University of Neuchâtel ; Prof. Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann, European University Institute
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
Both the European Community (EC) and its Member States agree that it is in their best interest to coordinate their action vis-à-vis the rest of the world in international trade agreements. Theory and Practice of EC External Trade Law and Policy looks at the intricacies of the institutional framework of EC trade law, and with special emphasis on services trade, examines the law and practice of EC external trade relations from a policy, economic, legal and an overarching European constitutional perspective. The objective of the author’s analysis is not only to find ways to nurture and preserve the unitary character of EC external trade relations in areas of shared competence between EU Member States and EU institutions, but also to understand the management of the EC’s external trade relations. The book begins with an analysis of the evolution of the EC common commercial policy, through which the author examines the checks and balances at the micro, meso and macro levels. The author then proceeds to analyse the problems faced by the EU in its external relations and the legal complexity of mixed agreements. This unique legal phenomenon is tackled from an intra-EC perspective as well as from an extra-EU perspective taking into account various implications for third parties. The major EU institutions are examined: the Commission as the negotiator of international trade agreements, the role of the EU Council and the European Parliament in concluding and ratifying of agreements and the European Court of Justice in relation to judicial enforcement. The EU’s decision-making process in the trade arena and its relation with national institutions are examined. The book concludes with an analysis of the EC’s contribution to the Doha Round in the area of services trade.
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Jung, Sung-Hoon. „The global-local interplay : Korean foreign direct investment in the European Union“. Thesis, University of Sussex, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323046.
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Fransson, Sara, und Ida Emanuelsson. „The Effect of Environmental Regulations on Trade Flows : A Study of the European Union“. Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-572.
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The purpose of this thesis is to investigate if the trade flows within the European Union are affected by the environmental policies within the union. An environmental sensitivity index (IESP) is used as explanatory variable, with export and import shares respectively as dependent variables. The trade flow data is collected from the OECD database for the years 1995 to 1998, and is used in a regression analysis together with IESP data from the same years. The analysis covers 15 European Union member countries. The result from the regression analysis shows a positive relationship between IESP and trade flows. However, our values did not turn out to be significant, much due to the low number of observations and too few explanatory variables.
Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka om handelsflödena inom den Europeiska Unionen påverkas av miljöpolitiken inom unionen. Ett index som mäter miljökänslighet (IESP) används som förklarande variabel, med export respektive import som beroende variabler. Data om handelsflöden är hämtade från OECDs databas och täcker åren 1995-1998. Dessa data används i en regressionsanalys tillsammans med IESP data från samma period. Analysen täcker 15 medlemsländer från den Europeiska Unionen. Resultaten från regressionsanalysen pekar på ett positivt samband mellan handelsflöden och IESP. Tyvärr blev våra värden ej signifikanta, mycket beroende på för få observationer och förklarande variabler.
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Muller, Henrike. „Interests or ideas? : The regulation of insurance services and the European single market : trade liberalisation, risk regulation and limits to market integration“. Thesis, University of Sussex, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270713.
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This thesis takes as its starting point a set of questions raised by the regulatory politics school of thought. These questions are addressed from the specific perspective of the insurance sector during the European single market programme of the late 1980s to early 1990s. The focus is on German and British sectoral and governmental actors and their interaction with EC-level institutions (in particular the European Commission), rules and policies. The thesis addressesis sueso f regulatory autonomy, regime change, interest representation and the evolution of norms and ideas in the context of the European single market. The issues are examined from three interdependent levels of governance: (a. ) multilateral (the negotiations during the Uruguay Round, leading to the GATS); (Chapter 2); (b. ) the European Community level (the Single Market); (Chapter 3 and Chapter 4); and (c. ) domestic policy reform (German reform of insurance regulation in the context of the Single Market Programme) (Chapter 5). These sector-specific developments are set into the broader context of the debate on the nature of European integration. An institutionalist account is contrasted with a critical evaluation of the realist school of European studies and its origins in public choice theory. A central, guiding question is: what different "landscapes" do we perceive if we observe (de- and re-) regulation through the analytical "lenses" of economic accounts of regulation and institutionalist approaches? Public choice theories, it is argued, focus almost exclusively on efficiency concerns and utility (whether at the level of the individual or at the level of the company), neglecting broader social ideas that motivate decision-makers, as well as the impact of institutions on choice and collective strategies. It is concluded that, despite trade liberalisation and deregulation, regulatory practices in the insurance sector continue to be driven by normative "road maps", anchored in and mediated by national institutions and historical experiences
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Dangy, Louise. „S'affronter pour réguler : le conflit transatlantique sur le boeuf aux hormones dans l'organisation internationale du commerce agroalimentaire“. Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2006/document.
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L’objectif de la thèse est de comprendre dans quelle mesure le conflit entre l’Amérique du Nord et l’Europe sur l’utilisation d’hormones de croissance en élevage a participé à l’histoire institutionnelle de la régulation du commerce mondial de denrées alimentaires. Entre 1980 et la période contemporaine (2016), plusieurs épisodes critiques ont mis en évidence la perspective atypique de l’Union européenne à l’égard de l’emploi de ces médicaments vétérinaires ainsi que la contestation suscitée par cette réglementation spécifique dans le cadre de la mondialisation commerciale. Ce conflit se joue sur plusieurs scènes : au sein de la Communauté européenne qui, pendant la décennie 1980, peine à trouver un accord interinstitutionnel quant à une législation commune sur les hormones de croissance ; dans le cadre du General agreement on tariffs and trade (GATT) puis del’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) ; et enfin au sein du Codex Alimentarius, l’organisation internationale chargée d’élaborer des normes alimentaires. Dans chacune de ces instances, la gestion du conflit coïncide avec une phase importante du point de vue institutionnel : création d’organes spécifiques, nouveaux principes et procédures de travail. Dès lors, notre travail visait à détailler l’impact éventuel du conflit sur les hormones de croissance sur chacune de ces institutions ainsi quesur la façon dont, globalement, elles participent à la régulation du commerce international dans le domaine agroalimentaire.Notre travail s’est appuyé sur une enquête socio-historique utilisant un matériau riche et varié permettant de couvrir l’ensemble des institutions identifiées sur la période 1980-2016 : un corpus documentaire a été constitué grâce aux archives des différentes institutions, une trentaine d’entretiens semi-directifs ont été menés. Enfin, plusieurs centaines d’heures d’observationethnographique ont pu être réalisées, la plupart grâce à notre statut de fonctionnaire française du ministère de l’agriculture. Il met en évidence l’évolutivité des fonctions remplies par le conflit sur les hormones de croissance : celui-ci a en premier lieu permis de fédérer l’ensemble des acteurs concernés de la nécessité de renforcer les institutions supranationales, que ce soit à l’échelon européen ou international. Il a ensuite participé à l’élaboration concrète des institutions en permettant d’en tester les instruments au fur et à mesure de leur création, et ainsi, de permettre de réaliser les ajustements jugés nécessaires. De ce point de vue, la gestion du conflit sur les hormones révèle la perception des relations internationales des différents acteurs et sa variabilité temporelle. Enfin, constituant un paramètre pérenne que les acteurs intègrent à leur stratégie de négociationinternationale, le conflit sur les hormones est devenu un point d’ancrage autour duquel s’est structurée une communauté. Il doit ainsi être considéré pour son potentiel socialisateur.Notre enquête apporte également des informations concernant les attentes d’un certain nombre d’acteurs privés en termes de régulation internationale. Le cas des hormones mobilise l’attention des grandes firmes pharmaceutiques qui poussent à l’établissement de normes internationales contraignantes pour le commerce de produits agricoles et concentrent plus particulièrement leur action sur les instances productrices de normes (comme le Codex Alimentarius). Ce comportement semble indiquer que ces acteurs utilisent les instruments de régulation mondiale pour la diffusion de principes d’action publiqueThe goal of this work is to understand how deep the commercial war between North America and Europe regarding the use of growth hormones in food-producing animals impacted institutional history of global food trade regulation. Between 1980 and the contemporary period (2016), several crises revealed the atypical nature of the European Union ban. As a result, the European Union views legitimacy was contested in the globalization context. The conflict takes places in several arenas. First of all, it constitutes an issue for Europe, which strived to find an interinstitutional agreement on how to legislate on growth hormones at the European level during the 80ies. Then, it has been one of the most talked about disagreements of the General agreement on tariffs and trade (GATT) and the World trade organization (WTO) negotiations from 1987 onwards. Finally, it involves the CodexAlimentarius Commission, the international organization in charge of setting food standards. In each of these institutions, the beef-hormones conflict management goes with important institutional changes: new specific units, working principles and procedures were created. Thus, my work aimed to precisely describe what consequences the beef-hormones conflict might have had on any of these institutions. As a result, I show how this specific case contributed to the instauration of internationalfood trade regulation.My work relies on a socio-historical inquiry based on diverse and rich empirical data, in order to cover the three aforesaid institutions between 1980 and 2016. I constituted a documentary corpus from institutional archives, and I performed about thirty sociological interviews. I spent several hundreds of hours realizing ethnographing observation, most of which being facilitated by my belonging to the ministry of agriculture’s services. Analysis of this data emphasizes the transforming role of the beef-hormones conflict at an international scale. The conflict first convinced all the stakeholders that it was crucial to strengthen supranational institutions (be it at the European or at the global level). It also allowed to test newly created instruments in their practical functioning. From this prospective, the beef-hormones conflict management reveals the different actors’ internationalrelations perceptions and their evolution during the studied period. Finally, as the beef-hormones conflict has constituted a pattern to the establishment of negotiation strategies, it became a cultural reference structuring an international community. It is therefore a socializing factor.My inquiry also enables a better understanding of private actors’ expectations about international regulation. Veterinary drug industries are actively involved in the institutional discussions surrounding the beef-hormones case, requesting for binding international food trade standards. They are more particularly interested in the activity of standard-setting bodies like Codex. This attitude indicates that those actors use global regulation instruments to advocate for their preferred collective action principles
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Reid, Emily Sarah. „Reconciling economic and non economic interests in the legal regulation of international trade : lessons from the European Community?“ Thesis, University of Southampton, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289576.
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Aho, Ida. „Cats’ nine lives : European Union legislation on the trade of endangered animals and its effects on animal welfare“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-450345.
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The issues raised in this thesis concern the adverse effects of EU's wildlife trade regulations, mainly the unequal treatment of captive and wild-born endangered animals. The nature of these regulations is analyzed from an animal law perspective. The purpose of the analysis is to determine whether the regulations are anthropocentric and, if so, what issues arise from it. Previous research has studied the legal personhood of animals in relation to animal welfare. This thesis continues that discussion by examining legal animal rights as a potential solution to the issues of wildlife trade. The analysis is pragmatic and employs a non-formalistic view of law. Consequentially, it uses a doctrinal and legal philosophical approach, meaning that sources outside of law are integral to the discussion. The results of the analysis show that EU’s wildlife trade regulations are anthropocentric and that this has led to severe issues regarding the welfare of endangered animals. In addition, the practical enforcement of the regulations has proven defective. Legal rights for animals seem to provide a viable solution to these issues, yet their practical implementation is complicated. The reasons for this are primarily financial and opinion-based. Therefore, a step-by-step approach, starting with limited fundamental rights and resulting in full legal personhood for animals, is recommended for this approach to be successful.
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Jana, Vimbai Lisa Michelle. „Adopting a harmonised regional approach to customs regulation for the tripartite free trade agreement“. Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8861_1380710167.
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Egbe, Daniel Enonnchong. „The Global Mediterranean Policy : the evolution of the EU-Mediterranean countries relations during 1976-1998 /“. free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9998481.
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Nordin, Tova-Li, und Josefin Roskvist. „Utsläppsrätter : Klassificering och värdering av företag i Nordamerika och Europa“. Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-14402.
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Handelssystem för utsläppsrätter används av flertalet länder och områden i ett försök att minska klimatförändringarna. Syftet med dessa handelssystem är att ge företag ekonomiska incitament att minska sina utsläpp av växthusgaser och på så vis gemensamt minska utsläppen på ett kostnadseffektivt sätt. Många av dessa system bygger på en ”cap and trade” princip, d.v.s. ett tak sätts för hur stora utsläppen får vara. För att säkerställa att de sammanlagda utsläppen inte överstiger taket kan företag förvärva utsläppsrätter genom gratis tilldelning eller köp. En utsläppsrätt innebär att företaget kan släppa ut en viss mängd växthusgaser. Företaget måste ha tillräckligt med utsläppsrätter för att täcka sina utsläpp, annars måste de köpa ytterligare utsläppsrätter av andra företag. Tanken är att man genom detta handelssystem gör det möjligt att minska utsläppen till minsta möjliga kostnad. I dagsläget finns det väldigt lite vägledning kring hur företag ska redovisa utsläppsrätter, vilket främst grundar sig i att åsikterna kring vad utsläppsrätter verkligen är går isär. En del hävdar exempelvis att utsläppsrätter ska ses som lager, medan andra hävdar att de är immateriella tillgångar. En argumentation har även först om att utsläppsrätter i grund och botten är rättigheter och därför ska behandlas som sådana i de finansiella rapporterna. I Nordamerika har organisationen FERC gett ut rekommendationer inom området, sedan tillbakadragandet av IFRIC 3 finns dock ingen vägledning i Europa. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur 104 företag med säte i Nordamerika och Europa redovisar utsläppsrätter i sina finansiella rapporter. Vidare är syftet att fastställa om det finns några skillnader mellan kontinenter samt mellan sektorerna olja och gas, el samt naturgas. Dessutom förs en diskussion om reglering, särskilt i form av ytterligare standarder, kommer att förbättra kvaliteten på den information som delas i de finansiella rapporterna. Enligt tidigare forskning delger företag vanligtvis väldigt lite information gällande utsläppsrätter. Denna slutsats styrks även av vårt resultat då vår studie visar att en stor andel av företagen inte ens nämner utsläppsrätter i sina finansiella rapporter. Vidare har tidigare forskning visat att redovisningen av utsläppsrätter skiljer sig åt när det gäller klassificering såväl som värdering, något som även styrks av vårt resultat. Vårt resultat indikerar även att de skillnader som finns gällande klassificering och värdering delvis kan förklaras av sätes- och sektorstillhörighet men även av en viss påverkan från FERC och IFRIC 3 på respektive kontinent. Utsläppsrätter klassificeras vanligen som lager i Nordamerika och som immateriell tillgång i Europa, detta beror antagligen på att kontinenterna påverkas av FERCs rekommendation respektive IFRIC 3. Den vanligaste värderingsmetoden, på båda kontinenterna, är anskaffningsvärde. Bland de företag som inte använder sig av denna metod är skillnaderna mellan kontinenterna desto större. Resultatet tyder på att företagen vidtar försiktighet på grund av den osäkerhet utsläppsrätterna innebär. Utifrån detta drar vi slutsatsen att det finns stora skillnader i hur nordamerikanska och europeiska företag klassificerar och värderar utsläppsrätter i de finansiella rapporterna. Studien belyser hur val av redovisningsmetoder, gällande utsläppsrätter, skiljer sig åt mellan nordamerikanska och europeiska företag såväl som mellan olika sektorer. Vidare belyser studien hur den bristande regleringen påverkat kvaliteten i de finansiella rapporterna. Användbarheten i de finansiella rapporterna diskuteras även utifrån legitimitets-, intressent- såväl som institutionell teori.Emission trading schemes are used by several countries and areas with the hope of mitigating climate change. The aim of these schemes is to create economic incentives for companies to reduce greenhouse gas emission and thereby cut the overall emissions cost-effectively. Many of these systems are based on a ”cap and trade” principle where a cap is set on the total amount of emission that can be emitted. To ensure that the overall emissions do not exceed the cap, companies receive, buy or trade emission allowances. These allowances give companies the right to emit a certain amount of greenhouse gases. The company must have a sufficient amount of allowances to cover the emissions, otherwise they must buy additional allowances from other companies. The idea behind this system is that it will make it possible to reduce emission where it costs less. Currently, there is very little guidance in terms of how companies should account for emission allowances. The main issue is that there are different views of what kind of an asset these allowances are. Some argue, for example, that emission allowances should be viewed as inventory while others argue that they should be seen as intangible assets. Arguments have also been made that these allowances are rights and therefore should be treated as such in the financial reports. In America, the organization FERC has given out some recommendations on the area and since the withdrawal of IFRIC 3, there is no guidance in Europe. The aim of this study is to investigate how 104 companies located in North America (USA and Canada) and Europe account for emission allowances in their financial reports. In addition to this, the study aims to determine whether any differences exist between the continents as well as between the sectors oil and gas, electric utility and natural gas. Furthermore, a discussion will be made whether guidance on the matter, especially in the form of additional standards, will improve the quality of the information in the financial reports. Previous research has concluded that companies usually disclose very little information regarding emission allowances. This conclusion is supported by our findings. Our study shows that many companies do not even mention emission allowances in their financial reports. Furthermore, previous research has concluded that the reporting of emission allowances differs among companies in terms of classification as well as valuation, which is consistent with our findings. Our results indicate that the differences in classification and valuation partly can be explained by location and industry affiliation but also by the influence of FERC and IFRIC 3 on the respective continent. Emission allowances are often classified as inventory in Northern America and as intangibles in Europe, which is probably due to the influence of FERCs recommendation and IFRIC 3. The most common valuation method on both continents are historical cost. Among companies that does not use this method the continental variations are major. These findings suggest that prudence plays a key part due to the uncertainty related to emission allowances. Based on this we conclude that there are major differences between how emission allowances are classified and valued in the financial report of North American and European companies. This study highlights how accounting choices differs among Northern American and European companies as well as among different sectors. Furthermore, this study highlights the lack of regulation and how this affects the quality of the financial reports. The usefulness of the financial reports is also discussed from a legitimacy-, stakeholder- and an institutional perspective.
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Chellew, Brittany. „How Effectively does New Zealand Export to the European Union? A Multidisciplinary Approach“. Thesis, University of Canterbury. National Centre for Research on Europe, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2679.
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For a small state such as New Zealand, trade and economic partnerships are extremely important for economic survival. However, the tyranny of distance complicates this somewhat. Historically, New Zealand has always been dependent on exporting agricultural products. There are examples in New Zealand’s history of innovative ideas being utilised to New Zealand’s economic advantage, such as the advent of refrigerated shipping to the United Kingdom.
An important economic partner for New Zealand is the European Union. The European Union is the world’s largest trade power, a formidable partner for a small state, such as New Zealand, to contend with in trade related matters. The agricultural protectionist policies of the European Union are an issue for New Zealand to work around. However, the European Union is also a welcoming market for high quality products that New Zealand should supply. New Zealand’s small size means that the country has to focus on producing high quality products rather than mass production. This thesis proposes to make recommendations for the types of products New Zealand should export to the European Union, in what quantities, and by which methods. This is important for New Zealand producers and exporters to take into account if New Zealand is to expand its exports to the European Union.
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Young, Allison Marie. „Liberalization and regulation of the movement of service suppliers, comparing the provisions for labour mobility in the General Agreement on Trade Services, the North American Free Trade Agreement, and the European Union“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ66674.pdf.
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Pillay, Morgenie. „The negotiation process of the EU-SA Trade, Development and Co-operation Agreement: a case of reference for the south?“ Thesis, Rhodes University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003031.
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Overall the conclusions drawn about South Africa’s negotiating style and tactics were arrived at by analysing a number of reports (that closely followed the evolution of the negotiations) and then paralleling this case study’s findings with the conjectures made by the theoretical frameworks (i.e. works by Putnam, Zartmann and Churchmann) about how negotiations proceed. In the final analysis, the findings of this case are intended to provide insight for the south about how to approach any future trade negotiations with the North (or more specifically with the EU).
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Ersozer, Fadil. „The limits of Europeanisation and liberal peace in Cyprus : a critical appraisal of the European Union's green line regulation“. Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-limits-of-europeanisation-and-liberal-peace-in-cyprus-a-critical-appraisal-of-the-european-unions-green-line-regulation(57dba13d-095f-462b-9a8e-aa92de02517b).html.
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This thesis investigates the European Union (EU) effect on the economic activity across the Green Line in the divided Cyprus between 2004 and 2016. The primary focus is on the development and implementation of the EU's Green Line Regulation (GLR), which regulates and enables such activity from three aspects: movement of goods, services, and persons. In tracing the EU effect, this thesis provides a critical appraisal of the GLR on whether it provides an adequate legal framework for the economic activity in those three aspects and the extent to which it has contributed to the development of economic cooperation between the Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot communities across the divide. The analysis also pays an equal level of attention to the extent to which the EU effect has been mediated by the factors at the domestic level: the roles of legal framework, ethno-politics in political elites, ethno-politics in civil society, and governance. The investigation of this study is pegged in two academic literatures. The first one is the Europeanisation debate, which concerns with the EU effect in the domestic affairs of countries associated with the EU. This thesis borrows three mechanisms of Europeanisation from this debate in order to test the EU effect on the three aspects of economic activity across the divide in Cyprus: i) institutional compliance, ii) change of domestic opportunity structures, iii) cognitive change. The second academic literature is the liberal peace, which it proposes that greater economic interactions and development of economic interdependence between countries facilitate resolution of their conflicts. The insights from this debate is utilised for conceptualising the EU's GLR as a liberal peace project. While Europeanisation is portrayed as a 'process', liberal peace objectives are seen as the 'ultimate destination', which the 'vehicle' of the EU's GLR will drive the island towards it. This thesis argues that the GLR has only achieved a limited success and largely failed to contribute to the development of economic cooperation across the divide in Cyprus. This is mainly because the Europeanisation process have been heavily mediated and negated by the design shortcomings of the GLR as well as the factors at the domestic level, which are inherently linked to the politics of division. In this context, this thesis aspires to make contribution in both empirical and conceptual terms. The in-depth and critical investigation of the GLR as well as of the economic activity across the divide in Cyprus provides a much-needed contribution to the contemporary politics of Cyprus, which has been largely ignored by the existing academic literature. Additionally, the conceptual framework developed in this thesis allows exploring synergies between the theoretical literatures of Europeanisation and liberal peace and combines them with examination of new empirical evidence. This focus captures insights on how Europeanisation can be used as a 'tool' for pursuing liberal peace objectives in contested statehood, beyond what has been researched so far and also provides a blueprint for other similar cases of conflict.
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Bai, Xue. „Evaluation and suggestions on EU development assistance policy“. Thesis, University of Macau, 2012. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2595841.
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Cangemi, Vincenzo. „Le relazioni industriali nell'era della globalizzazione: gli accordi quadro transnazionali“. Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3426307.
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The thesis concerns transnational company agreements (TCAs), a kind of private regulation which can respond to the governance deficit generated, at transnational level, by the economic globalization.
The lack of a legal framework has produced some open questions in negotiating transnational company agreements, concerning the legitimacy of the signatory parties, the scope and the legal effects of these agreements.
If we consider the Santi Romano’s institutionalist theory, we can explain transnational framework agreements as the structure of a private legal order created by management and labour to regulate working conditions in the multinational groups.
In this scenario, based on arguments deduced by the analysis of the agreements that were signed during these years, the research tries to explain how unions and employers can introduce an autonomous legal framework negotiated by themselves, which can help to resolve the open issues already mentioned.
In the first chapter, after a historical introduction, we analyse the principal aspects of international framework agreements (IFAs) and european framework agreements (EFAs): who are the involved actors, which are the reasons for signing transnational company agreements and which are the contents of the agreements.
In the second chapter, we explain how transnational framework agreements can represent the structure of a private legal order by analysing agreements provisions that are related to the scope, to the implementation and to the settlement of disputes.
Finally, in the third chapter, we analyse the nexus between unions’ internal procedures and transnational company agreements to suggest the adoption of an autonomous legal framework at sectoral level, trough signing a multilateral procedural agreement negotiated by management and trade union federations.Oggetto della ricerca sono gli accordi quadro transnazionali (TCAs), quale forma di regolamentazione privata capace di rispondere al deficit di governance ingenerato, a livello transnazionale, dalla globalizzazione dell’economia. L’assenza di un quadro normativo di riferimento ha determinato una serie di problematiche nella negoziazione degli accordi transnazionali, relative all'individuazione dei soggetti legittimati a sottoscrivere l’accordo, all'ambito di applicazione, all'efficacia giuridica degli accordi. L’idea sviluppata nell'elaborato consiste in una rilettura degli accordi transnazionali alla luce della teoria della pluralità degli ordinamenti giuridici, qualificandoli come struttura di un ordinamento privato, creato dalla direzione della multinazionale e dai lavoratori, per regolamentare la condizione dei lavoratori all'interno del gruppo. In questo contesto, sulla base di argomenti tratti dall'analisi degli accordi sottoscritti in questi anni, viene proposta l’introduzione di un quadro giuridico autonomo settoriale negoziato dalle parti sociali, che possa contribuire a risolvere le questioni aperte riscontrate nella stipulazione di accordi transnazionali. Nel primo capitolo, dopo una breve ricostruzione storica, vengono analizzati gli aspetti principali degli international framework agreements (IFAs) e degli european framework agreements (EFAs): i soggetti firmatari; gli obiettivi perseguiti nelle negoziazioni dalle parti sociali; l’oggetto degli accordi. Nel secondo capitolo viene sviluppata la costruzione degli accordi transnazionali come sistema privato transnazionale attraverso l’esame delle clausole relative all'ambito di applicazione, all'implementazione e alla risoluzione delle controversie. Infine, nel terzo capitolo, si indaga il rapporto tra procedure sindacali e accordi transnazionali al fine di proporre l’adozione di un quadro autonomo di riferimento a livello settoriale per le negoziazioni transnazionali, attraverso la sottoscrizione, da parte delle multinazionali e delle federazioni sindacali, di un accordo multilaterale procedurale sul modello dei documenti sindacali.
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Bednář, Milan. „Perspektivy Transatlantického obchodního a investičního partnerství: výhody a možná rizika“. Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-262321.
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It is possible that the economic condition of Europe after the global financial crisis of 2008-2009 prompted idea of trade liberalization. This diploma thesis deals with the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), a proposed free trade agreement between the European Union and the United States of America. Main goal of the thesis is to provide economic evaluation of the deal, and to assess the claim that TTIP would be beneficial for the European Union member states. Main used method is a theoretical analysis supplemented by regression analysis. The theoretical part is focused on basic economic principles of international trade and related concepts. Main tools used to assess this agreement are described in more detail as well. The analytical part deals with economic linkages between the two regions, with emphasis on the development and current status of non-tariff barriers to trade. The thesis also contains a summary of potential benefits and risks. Finally, a potential impact of TTIP on the Czech Republic and the issue of Brexit is presented. The European Union and the United States of America are linked by strong economic ties. However, trade barriers between those two entities still exist and hamper international trade. The analysis indicates that if the contract was to be impactful and significant, it must focus on a substantial reduction of bilateral non-tariff barriers to trade. This implies that TTIP could interfere with sectoral regulations. In addition, it is not certain that achieved revenues would be automatically higher than costs given the number of perceived risks. Panel data gravity models are used to quantify the potential impact of trade liberalization on export of goods of the EU28 countries to the USA. Significant elimination of trade barriers could increase EU exports to the USA by more than 20%.
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Bartels, Lorand. „Human rights conditionality in the EU's international agreements /“. Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/490848184.pdf.
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Moestl, Michaela. „EU: Kompetenzabgrenzung zwischen Gemeinschafts- und Unionspolitiken : dargestellt am Beispiel der Ausfuhrkontrolle von Gütern mit doppeltem Verwendungszweck (Dual-use-Gütern) /“. Wien : Landesverteidigungsakad, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/482774223.pdf.
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Payne, Bridget Áine. „State-Financed Merger and Acquisition Activity in Germany as a Catalyst for Robust Chinese Patent Law Enforcement“. Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1171.
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Germany’s economic dominance in Europe, generous investment incentives, and technical manufacturing prowess has encouraged an influx of Chinese-led inbound activity, concentrated in high-tech sector mergers and acquisitions. A close examination of these M&As yields evidence of systemic Chinese state-financing through both state-owned and private vehicles that likely stems from China’s “Made in China 2025” policy, which hopes to stem capital outflow and to indigenize technological innovation. As Germany braces for what it sees to be continuous attempts by China to take patented German technology through M&As, it worries that Chinese patent law will allow for rampant patent infringement by copycat Chinese entities.
This paper presents an overview of the root causes of China’s heavy economic activity in Germany, as well as an analysis of the legal concerns held by German firms based on a close reading of the Patent Law of the People’s Republic of China and strategic recommendations for German companies hoping to work with or in China.
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Tran, Christophe. „Les manifestations juridiques et fiscales du protectionnisme de l'Union : essai sur un mode durable de régulation du libre-échange“. Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1G004.
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Le droit de l’Union semble fondamentalement réticent à la résurgence du pendant antagoniste du libre-échange sous le vocable générique de protectionnisme. Pourtant, les manifestations juridiques et fiscales de ce protectionnisme de l’Union existent, variées en qualité et en intensité, et interpellent le juriste quant à la finalité poursuivie par l’entité souveraine qui le met en œuvre. Volonté de protection d’un intérêt propre et supérieur à l’intérieur de ses frontières ou volonté de domination du commerce international par le truchement d’instruments de défense mis au service d’une guerre commerciale, le protectionnisme peut-il être juridiquement fondé ou économiquement et politiquement opportun ? La combinaison est-elle possible ? De manière prospective, l’exigence de développement durable intégrée dans le droit de l’Union, dont la pertinence s’affirme à la lumière de la crise écologique, exhorte le juriste à penser le protectionnisme sous un angle durable dépassant la simple dimension économique. C’est à ces hypothèses, en contrariété assumée – mais nuancée – avec les libertés de circulation irriguant le droit de l’Union, que cette recherche est consacréeEuropean Law seems quite reluctant to trigger the opposite side of liberalism under the general term of protectionism. Thus, the legal and fiscal demonstrations of this type of protectionism from the EU do exist, as various in quality as in intensity, and challenge the lawyer towards the goal achieved by the sovereign entity that implements it. Willing to protect a proper and superior interest within its boundaries or willing to dominate world trade with defence instruments supporting trade war, can protectionism be lawfully based or economically and politically valuable? Is the combination possible? In a prospective way, sustainable development requirement contained in Union law, which goes increasingly relevant with regards to ecological crisis, urges the lawyer to rethink protectionism under a sustainable way that exceeds the only economical dimension. This research is dedicated to solving these hypotheses, with assumed – but nuanced – annoyance with Union law economic freedoms of movement
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Czeszejko-Sochacki, Wiktor. „La faillite dans le système juridique polonais et français au regard du règlement communautaire“. Thesis, Paris 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA020034.
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La faillite des entités juridiques a toujours fait partie de la vie économique globale. Depuis que l’échange commercial intracommunautaire existe le problème de la faillite se pose. L’Union Européenne essaie d’organiser uniformément la vie socio-économique de ses Etats membres, en particulier par la création et l’entrée en vigueur d’actes juridiques qui leur permettent d’agir dans cette réalité. De grands changements modifient la réalité socio-économique des Etats, notamment dans le domaine de la faillite. La réussite de l’Union Européenne consiste à s’adapter à ses changements en réglant de manière générale l’existence des entités juridiques de ses Etats membres en laissant aux droits nationaux leurs propres réglementations plus complexes. Ceci a permis de regrouper différents systèmes juridiques en leur imposant une réglementation générale commune. Le risque grandissant de faillite ou de redressement des entreprises fonctionnant dans plus d’un pays membre de l’Union Européenne (groupes de sociétés) a poussé le législateur à développer un droit de la faillite au niveau communautaire. Dans la présente thèse on analyse donc en profondeur le règlement (CE) nr 1346/2000 du Conseil du 29 mai 2000 relatif aux procédures d'insolvabilité, qui est le premier et unique acte juridique communautaire régissant de manière globale le thème de la faillite. Pourquoi analyser en parallèle le droit de la faillite en Pologne et en France ? Car la France est un des Etats fondateurs les plus importants de l’Union Européenne, la Pologne, elle, se trouve être le pays le plus important (en taille et en nombre d’habitants) des nouveaux Etats entrant dans l’Union Européenne en 2004Bankruptcy of legal entities has always been an element of global economy. The issue of insolvency has also been present since the beginning of intracommunity trade. The European Union has been trying to arrange the social and economic life of the Member States in a uniform manner, in particular by developing and implementing legislation supporting them operations in the reality. The social and economic reality of the Member States are subject to material changes, in particular with respect to bankruptcy. The success of the European Union consists in its ability to adapt to the changing environment by general regulations applicable to legal entities in the Member States, leaving more complex and detailed regulations to domestic regulations. As a result, varied legal systems were unified by imposing general Community regulations. The increasing risk of bankruptcy or reorganisation of enterprises functioning in more than one EU country (groups of companies) forced the legislator to develop bankruptcy law at the European level. This paper analyses the Council Regulation (EC) No. 1346/2000 of 29 May 2000 on insolvency proceedings which is the first and only EU legal act regulating the issue of bankruptcy in a general manner. Why should the bankruptcy laws in Poland and in France be analysed in parallel? Since France is one of the most important founder countries of the European Union and Poland is the largest country (in terms of its size and number of inhabitants) among the new members of the European Union that joined in 2004
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Marson, Grégory. „Le juge administratif et les libertés économiques : contribution à la définition des libertés économiques au sein de la jurisprudence adminuistrative“. Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100033.
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L'étude a pour principal objet l'identification et la définition des libertés publiques économiques au sein de la jurisprudence administrative. Au terme de cette recherche, il apparaît que la liberté d'entreprendre constitue la seule véritable liberté publique économique utilisée par le juge administratif. Elle est en effet la seule qui a pour fondement la protection de droits ou d'intérêts subjectifs liés à la personnalité juridique, en particulier celles des personnes privées. Elle recouvre deux prérogatives essentielles : l’accès à une activité économique et l’exercice d’une activité économique. Si l'expression « liberté d'entreprendre » n'est pas apparue au sein de la jurisprudence administrative mais au sein des jurisprudences constitutionnelle et européenne, il importe de ne pas se laisser abuser par les mots employés. Celle-ci est en réalité présente au sein de la jurisprudence administrative depuis fort longtemps sous l'expression « liberté du commerce et de l'industrie ». A ce titre, elle recouvre un certain nombre d'autres appellations qui varient en fonction du contexte. Même si le juge administratif considère - à l'image du juge constitutionnel ou du juge européen - qu'il s'agit d'une liberté de second rang, il n'en demeure pas moins qu'il s'agit d'une liberté de valeur constitutionnelle. La définition et la classification de la « libre concurrence » s'avèrent plus problématiques. Celle-ci recouvre deux aspects distincts :- un aspect dans lequel elle doit être envisagée comme le respect du principe d'égale concurrence, c'est-à-dire comme celui d'une déclinaison, le cas échéant rénovée, du principe d'égalité. Dans cette optique, elle peut revêtir un aspect subjectif, c’est-à-dire qu’elle protège un droit dont le fondement se trouve dans la personnalité juridique, alors même que son objet principal reste la protection du mécanisme de marché.- un aspect dans lequel elle doit être regardée comme un ordre concurrentiel. Dans cette optique, elle ne peut être assimilée à une liberté publique mais doit être envisagée comme un objectif ou un impératif d'intérêt général correspondant au bon fonctionnement concurrentiel du marché. Les prérogatives ou intérêts que les opérateurs économiques tirent de la défense de cet ordre concurrentiel ne leur sont pas accordés en raison de leur seule personnalité. Ces prérogatives et intérêts sont défendus de manière subsidiaire puisque c’est l’atteinte au fonctionnement concurrentiel du marché qui est en premier lieu et avant tout prohibée. Les prérogatives et intérêts que les opérateurs tirent de la défense de l’ordre concurrentiel trouvent leur source et leur assise dans la liberté d’entreprendre. C’est cette liberté qui octroie aux personnes morales et physiques le droit d’accéder à l’activité économique et le droit de l’exercer. La libre concurrence a pour effet de garantir et de renforcer l’effectivité de ces deux prérogatives fondamentalesThe primary purpose of this study is to identify and define economic public freedoms in administrative case law. The research shows that free enterprise is the only genuine public economic freedom relied upon by administrative judges. It is indeed the only one based on protecting the subjective rights or interests that are related to the legal personality, especially when it comes to individuals. It covers two essential rights: access to an economic activity and the running thereof. If the expression "free enterprise" was not created by the administrative judges but by the constitutional and European judges, it has however been known for a long time by administrative judges as "freedom of trade and industry." As such, it has a number of different names, which may vary depending on the context. Even if administrative judges consider – like their constitutional and European counterparts – that is it a secondary freedom, it is still a constitutional freedom.The definition and classification of "free competition" are more problematic, since such freedom covers two different aspects:- it may first be considered the respect of equal competition, as a new version of the equality principle. In this context, it can take a subjective aspect since it protects a right based on legal personality, even though its primary purpose is to protect market mechanisms.- it may also be considered as a competition system. From this perspective, it cannot be considered a public freedom but rather a goal or a requirement of general interest in the market good competitive functioning. The rights or interests of economic actors that derive from the protection of the competition system are not granted on the basis of their legal personality alone. The protection of those rights and interests in only subsidiary; interfering with free competition on the market is first and foremost prohibited. The rights and interests of economic actors in protecting the competition system have their source and guarantee in free enterprise. This freedom gives legal and natural persons the right to access and to run a business. Free competition ensures and reinforces the effectiveness of these two fundamental rights
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ZUKOVA, Galina. „How free is free? : free trade in goods between the EU and its candidate states : the case of Latvia“. Doctoral thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4830.
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POIARES, PESSOA MADURO Luis Miguel. „We the Court : the European Court of Justice, the European economic constitution and article 30 of the EC treaty“. Doctoral thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4753.
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CARATELLI, Irene. „The Political impact of the EU's international trade : EU trade power, policy and influence“. Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/13296.
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Defence date: 18 January 2010Examining Board: Marise Cremona (EUI, Law Department); Christopher Hill (University of Cambridge); Erik Jones (Johns Hopkins, Bologna); Pascal Vennesson (EUI/RSCAS, Supervisor)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
The aim of the PhD Thesis is to ascertain whether the EU is able to exert a political influence through its international trade agreements. Since the Union has always been considered as an economic giant and a political dwarf at the global level, the objective is to evaluate whether the EU external trade may be considered as a useful tool to address the gap between its economic and political relevance. If the EU is effectively able to wiled a political influence through trade also beyond the neighbourhood area, where it uses the membership card chip, the EU might have a greater global role. The conceptual analysis of the Thesis is based on the distinction between the EU trade Power (i.e. Resources, Institutions and Values), EU trade Policy activity and its final Influence in order to disentangle the 'levers' from the 'leverage' exercised by the EU through its external trade policy. The potential for political influence of the EU ultimately relies on the ability to change the norms, beliefs, rules and regulations in EU partner countries, during and after the trade negotiations. The empirical side of the research focuses on two bilateral agreements: the EU-Mexico Partnership Agreement (2000), and the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between the EU and South Korea (2009). Despite the strong differences between the case studies (in terms of their geographic location, production and export patterns, timing of the negotiations, etc.), Mexico and South Korea share four basic similarities: i) neither is an EU neighbouring country (i.e. the EU cannot use the membership card); ii) both are strongly dependant and receive their primary influence in economic, political and security terms from the United States; iii) both have strongly endorsed neoliberal and free market principles; and finally iv) each of them might be a potential gateway for the EU in its macro-region. Furthermore, Mexico and South Korea share also a more specific strategic value for the EU in three main respects. First, in both cases the rationale for EU to conclude the agreements was the same: economic and defensive vis-à-vis US previous trade agreements (the NAFTA and the US-South-Korea FTA). Second, the basic objectives of the EU in both countries tend to correspond to a great extent: the achievement of the commercial parity treatment of EU for its exporters vis-à-vis US’ exporters. Third, the overall political influence of the EU in the countries might thus be not only limited, but also fairly comparable. The theoretical structure and the empirical work highlight interesting indications. First, in terms of Power, neither the EU trade power, nor the conclusion of trade agreements is sufficient for the EU to exert, by default, a political influence in the countries considered. Second, in terms of Policy, during Peter Mandelson’s tenure as EC Trade Commissioner, the Union downsized the normative and political ambition of its external trade action in respect to the past, focusing on the achievement of commercial-parity objectives vis-à-vis other major global actors (i.e. a defensive trade strategy in relation to that of the US). Finally, in terms of Influence, both cases indicate that the EU has still a limited capacity to exert a political influence via its trade policy in nonneighbouring countries. Four main reasons help to explain this: 1) Internal institutional constraints within the EU; 2) The bilateral level of trade negotiation; 3) The weakness of EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy and of its Common Security and Defence Policy; 4) The defensive rather than proactive global projection of the EU. The Thesis concludes that although the EU foreign economic policy can be a means to address the capability-expectations gap that affects the EU as an international actor, there is still ample scope to improve the EU political influence through trade in countries beyond the neighbourhood area in economic, political and/or normative terms.
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MARIN, DURAN Gracia. „Development-based differentiation in the European community's external trade policy : selected issues under community and international trade law“. Doctoral thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/13161.
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Defence date: 15 February 2008Examining Board : Prof. Bruno de Witte, (European University Institute, Supervisor); Prof. Marise Cremona, (European University Institute); Prof. Joe McMahon, (University College Dublin); Prof. Peter Van den Bossche, (Universiteit Maastricht)
Awarded the Jacqueline Suter Prize in 2009 for the Best EUI Doctoral Thesis in European Law.
No abstract available
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JACOBSSON, Johanna. „Preferentialism in services trade : an interpretation of the WTO rules and their application to the European Union's trade agreements in the field of services“. Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/44488.
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Defence date: 12 December 2016Examining Board: Professor Petros C. Mavroidis, European University Institute ; Professor Bernard M. Hoekman, European University Institut ; Judge Allan Rosas, Court of Justice of the European Union ; Professor Robert Wolfe, Queen's University, Canada
The thesis focuses on the liberalization of services in the context of preferential trade agreements (PTAs). The first part develops an interpretation of Article V of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) that regulates the conclusion of the so-called economic integration agreements (EIAs). It is argued that in the context of preferentialism, the GATS does not impose any market access discipline but aims at creating a non-discriminatory trading environment. Special attention is paid to Mode 4 and to the type of liberalization that it covers. In the second part of the thesis the main elements of Article V GATS (sectoral/modal coverage and non-discrimination) are employed to conduct an empirical analysis of EIAs. The chosen sample includes four of the European Unionﾒs international trade agreements that feature significant services liberalization. The services schedules of these four agreements are reviewed and rated to find out their level of liberalization. In the context of the EU, its services commitments continue, to a large extent, to be determined individually by its Member States. As the thesis shows, significant variations still exist among different Member States both in horizontal and sector-specific commitments. The thesis connects the EUﾒs internal situation to the wider issue of how deep EIAs should be in order to escape claims of non-compliance. It asks the question of how the exact coverage and level of non-discrimination should be assessed in a situation where commitments vary across different states or regions of the same contracting party. No clear answer can be provided but the thesis proposes that in order to be in line with its international obligations, the EU, as well as any WTO Member with internally divided regulatory powers in services, should ensure that when signing EIAs, the commitments of all Member States (or, in the case of other WTO Members, all states/regions/other entities with regulatory powers in services) reach the GATS threshold of substantiality in their level of liberalization.
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NIEMINEN, Tuula. „The role of private parties in the prevention and settlement of international trade disputes : the example of the EC trade barriers regulation“. Doctoral thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4726.
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FEIDEN, Sonja. „Werberegelungen nach 'Keck' und 'De Agostini'“. Doctoral thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5559.
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Pan, Chien-chang, und 潘建彰. „The Fair Trade Regulation of the European Community after the Uruguay Round- Council Regulation No.3286/94“. Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63003001752256276980.
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碩士淡江大學
歐洲研究所
85
The EC amended the New Commercial Policy Instrumant(Reg. No.2641/84) by legislating new regulation to implement obligations of WTO agreement after the GATT Uruguay Round. This new regulation is the Council Regulation No.3286/94(hereinafter Reg.3286/94) discussed in this dissertation. In addition import relief and more effective export relief function, Reg.3286/94 also has the objective of market-opening strategy and may maintain normal competition on the market of a third country to wipe out barriers of market access. When considering "obstale to trade" of a third country and its impact to the Community industry or enterprise, Reg.3286/94 sets up a universal standard that is in accordance with the international trade rules, Even under international obligations, the EC can deliver its trade dispute with the third country to the international dispute settlement procedure concerned by enforcing Reg.3286/94 procedure to deal with such conflict. Therefore, Reg.3286/94 provides the individual, Community industry and Community enterprise, according to the international rules, an access to the international procedures claiming for relief indirectly. The EC shall not take unilateral retaliative measures against the third country; however, it shall obey the international rules and the results of international procedure within multilateral trade system. Furthermore, Reg.3286/94 is applied not only to traditional trade in goods but also to newly-developed trade in services, especially in cross-frontier supplies not involving any movement of persons.The above-mentioneddescriptions show a special feature of Reg.3286/94 and its difference with a state's trade law. These descriptions reveal that the EC's endeavour to perform international rules and obligations and its attitude adjusting various interests between the Community and the third countries coexist with futher economic integration for promoting the EC business competitiveness as well. Consequently, it is optimistical for this thesis that if Reg.3286/94 can be properly enacted by the EC, the multilateral trade system will continue to evolve into a legalism that secure the international trade rules.
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„Harmonization of regulations and trade : empirical evidences for the european manufacturing sector“. Université catholique de Louvain, 2004. http://edoc.bib.ucl.ac.be:81/ETD-db/collection/available/BelnUcetd-12152004-212258/.
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MOLYNEUX, Candido Tomas. „Domestic structures and international trade : the unfair trade instruments of the United States and the European Union“. Doctoral thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4713.
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Defence date: 21 June 1999Examining board: Prof. Francis Snyder (Supervisor), EUI ; Prof. Jacques Bourgeois, Brussels ; Prof. Thomas Risse, EUI ; Prof. Fredl Weiss, Europa Institut, University of Amsterdam
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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ALKEMA, Ynze. „Regionalism in a multilateral framework :the EEC, the United States and the GATT confronting trade policies, 1957-1962“. Doctoral thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5819.
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Defence date: 7 March 1997Examining board: Prof. Richard T. Griffiths, Rijksuniversiteit Leiden (supervisor) ; Prof. Alan S. Milward, EUI ; Prof. Jaime Reis, EUI ; Prof. Federico Romero, Università di Bologna ; Prof. Klaus Schwabe, RWTH Aachen
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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SOBCZAK, Andre. „Réseaux de sociétés et Codes de conduite : un nouveau modèle de régulation des relations de travail pour les entreprises europénnes“. Doctoral thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4790.
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Defence date: 8 December 2001Examining board: Silvana Sciarra, Directeur de thèse, Prof. à l'Institut Universitaire Européen de Florence ; Catherine Del Cont, Maître de Conférences à l'Université de Nantes ; Alain Supiot, Prof. à l'Université de Nantes ; Karl-Heinz Ladeur, Prof. à l'Institut Universitaire Européen de Florence
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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MASTROMATTEO, Andrea. „On scientific risk and public perception: European transgenic food regulation and international trade law : insights from the WTO cookbook“. Doctoral thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5600.
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Award date: 7 December 1999Supervisors: Prof. Claus-Dieter Ehlermann ; Prof. Karl-Heinz Ladeur
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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MULDER, Jotte. „Social legitimacy in the internal market : a dialogue of mutual responsiveness“. Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/41264.
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Defence date: 9 May 2016Examining Board: Professor Giorgio Monti, European University Institute (supervisor); Professor Loïc Azoulai, European University Institute/Sciences Po; Professor Anna Gerbrandy, Utrecht University; Professor Christian Joerges, Hertie School of Governance/University of Bremen.
Social legitimacy is conventionally conceived to encompass an empirical notion based on the idea that, lacking societal acceptance, a (political or legal) regime will eventually disintegrate. This concern is reflected in the original compromise of 'embedded liberalism', which stands at the basis of the internal market of the European Union. The primary law set up of the internal market, indeed, shares the idea that the benefits of a joint commitment to free trade can only be achieved in a sustainable way if combined with an acknowledgement of domestic societal objectives within the same frameworks. Nevertheless, social legitimacy will eventually depend on the institutional design and structural rationales that embed societal values within such regimes and vice versa. This perspective is further developed, normatively, on the basis of the work of Karl Polanyi and adopted to critically assess the structural rationales that are developed within internal market adjudication, which the thesis approaches as a separate field of social ordering within the European Union. Thus, social legitimacy is developed as a requirement that perceives the legitimacy of internal market law on the basis of the extent to which it can respond and integrate social practice and values. On this point the thesis finds that the internal market lacks a sufficiently developed rationale or "common language" that is able to address the normative concerns of social legitimacy. Societal realities are often valued within a metric that risks doing violence to potentially genuine and worthwhile aspects of Member States' 'social spheres'. The thesis develops that the normative claims of social legitimacy are best addressed on the basis of a rationale of mutual responsiveness, which is considered a necessary but underdeveloped element of the constitutional form and social purpose of the internal market that is implicit in the constitutional theory of transnational effects. From a perspective of mutual responsiveness, the social purpose of the internal market is not to condition choices that necessarily require the market to trump the social sphere - or the opposite- to allow the social to necessarily trump the market. Mutual responsiveness advances a more holistic approach that conceives the market and the social, literally, as 'communicating vessels'. The normative concerns of social legitimacy and the potential of mutual responsiveness to address these normative claims are the central and connecting elements throughout the thesis.
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TROMMER, Jan. „The responsibility of private actors in the internal market : private actors taking over?“ Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/45246.
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Defence date: 30 January 2017Examining Board: Professor Loïc Azoulai, Sciences Po Paris (Supervisor); Professor Marco Dani, University of Trento/LSE; Professor Gareth Davies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Professor Hans-Wolfgang Micklitz, European University Institute
The picture presented and often referred to in EU internal market law and legal scholarship is clear. Within the internal market private actors are the recipients of rights and public authorities are constrained in their (regulatory) powers. The notion of this new individualism is bound up with capacities, powers, and resources that empower private actors to engage in the internal market and cross-border situations;ultimately serving the objectives the internal market seeks to attain. Yet, within thinew individualism a conceptually different class of private actors has emerged that is constrained in economic freedoms, i.e. through obligations, rather than being empowered in the context of the internal market. This thesis will enquire the reasons that led to the development of this counter-culture. Why did it emerge? To what extent does this phenomenon affect the roles of private actors in the internal market? I will demonstrate that under the counter-culture private actors are responsibilized and transformed into ‘competent authorities’, i.e. alternative forms of regulatory authority, in the internal market. Private actors are placed into systems of shared responsibilities the relationships of which are coordinated by EU internal market law. In this regard, the concept of responsibility will serve as a tool to bridge the gap between the new positions EU internal market law allocates to private actors and the emerging legal consequences, i.e. allocation of obligations or tasks. The legal contexts of EU free movement law, EU discrimination law, EU food safety law and EU data protection law will serve as case studies against which the construed conceptual framework will be tested. Under the counter-culture the new individualism is no longer only about the exercise of self-interests. Rather, this form of the new individualism comes with a requirement to give account to the interests of other actors within the internal market.
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DIMOPOULOS, Angelos. „Regulation of foreign investment in EU external relations law“. Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/14518.
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Defence Date: 25 June 2010Examining Board: Professor Marise Cremona, European University Institute; Professor Ernst Ulrich Petersmann, European University Institute; Professor Eileen Denza, University College London; Professor Markus Krajewski, University of Potsdam
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses