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1
Corlu, Anil. „Income Inequality and Trade Flows: A Country Study for 2001“. Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-9212.
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This paper tests the relationship between income inequality and trade flows. The model is based upon Helena Bohman and Désirée Nilsson (2007) and Mitra Trindade and Dalgin (2008). This paper will set up gravity model for 50 countries which includes, income distribution, population, average individual income level and GINI variable as distribution of disposable income as an explanatory variables. Results confirm that when income inequality increases in the exporting country, export of necessities increase and export of luxuries decrease. Income distribution also shows expected effect on trade flows in the importing country. When income inequality increases in the importing country, import of necessities decrease and import of luxuries increase.
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Grande, Adrian. „Gini in the bottle : Does income inequality (Gini) affect trade flows (bottle)?“ Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-145923.
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Consumer studies are well known to assume non-homothetic preferences in their models, as the demand for a good can not be determined by assuming a single representative consumer. The question of how to include non-homothetic preferences into an empirical model for international trade is of importance as if not, the model exclude the demand side reason for trade. And does the effect look different regarding different types of goods. A significant share of countries GDP and the economic growth of a country is relying on trade; hence this question could be of great interest in order to determine trade policies. This thesis endeavoured to estimate the effect of income inequality in both exports and imports regarding one good classified as a luxury and necessity respectively. To accomplish this a Gravity model of trade that includes income distribution is conducted on the basis of an article by Mitra and Trindade(2005). Fixed effect analyses was implemented in order to analyse the data. Data on exports for the years 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2008-2011 gathered from the OECD databank was used in the study together with data on GDP per capita, Gini and population size provided by The World Bank Group. The analyses is based on the estimates of 41 countries. The results of the analyses point toward a possible negative relationship between a greater inequality in the exporting country yields less exports of luxury goods.
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Wu, Su, und mikewood@deakin edu au. „Trade liberalization and income inequality: a theoretical analysis“. Deakin University. School of Economics, 1999. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20060817.100610.
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Krčma, Matěj. „Trade openness and income inequality in Eastern Europe“. Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-196991.
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The goal of the master thesis titled "Trade openness and income inequality in Eastern Europe" is to analyze the effects on income inequality changes in the population in the period of transformation from centrally planned economies to market economies in the last decade of the twentieth century. The first part of the thesis focuses on the development before the individual countries started to join the European Union. The subsequent liberalization in the early 21st century is evaluated in the second part of the thesis. The multiple regression analysis is used to estimate the effects. The data were provided by the World Bank for the period of from 1989 to 2014. The objective of the thesis is to enlighten the factors which are influencing the changes in income inequality.
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Jessup, Katherine. „Does trade Improve income inequality? a study in agricultural and manufacturing trade /“. CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1961/3631.
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Hall, Joshua Dennis Laincz Christopher. „Essays on inequality, education, trade and endogenous growth /“. Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1860/3314.
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Gourdon, Julien. „Essays on trade liberalization and income inequality in developing countries“. Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CLF10004.
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Gourdon, Julien. „Essays on trade liberalization and income inequality in developing countries /“. [Paris] : Édilivre, 2008. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41306061s.
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Nilsson, Désirée. „Essays on Trade Flows, Demand Structure and Income Distribution“. Doctoral thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-780.
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This doctoral dissertation consists of four individual essays and an introductory chapter. The common features of the four separate essays are that they analyse international trade flows focusing on the role of demand structures. The first essay uses a gravity model to detect the effects of income-dependent differences in preferences within a country on the export and import of different types of goods. The second essay analyses the effect of income-dependent differences in preferences within a country on the likelihood of firms selecting that particular destination for their exports. The third essay explores the globalisation of Swedish exports during the period 1965-2000. The last essay investigates the changes in production and export structures of the OECD countries and relates these changes to the development of export market shares for these countries.
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Nilsson, Désirée. „Essays on trade flows, demand structure and income distribution /“. Jönköping : Jönköping International Business School [Internationella handelshögsk. i Jönköping], 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-780.
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Porter, Tyler Matthew. „Income Inequality and Development: Overview and Effects of North-South Trade“. Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1430872916.
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12
Roser, Max, und Cuaresma Jesus Crespo. „Why is Income Inequality Increasing in the Developed World?“ Wiley, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12153.
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We address empirically the factors affecting the dynamics of income inequality among industrialized economies. Using a panel for 32 developed countries spanning the last four decades, our results indicate that the predictions of the Stolper-Samuelson theorem concerning the effects of international trade on income inequality find support in the data if we concentrate on imports from developing countries as a trade measure, as theory would imply. We find that democratization, the interaction of technology and education and changes in the relative power of labour unions affect inequality dynamics robustly.
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Choy, Emmett. „Hong Kong's Economic Freedom and Income Inequality“. Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/718.
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Hong Kong is considered to be the most economically free country in the world, but also has the highest amount of income inequality of any developed country. The Hong Kong government is able to sustain laissez faire policies due to its monopoly on land supply. Maintaining high property values allows the government to maximize revenue from property tax, which acts as a hidden tax. A major contributor to income inequality is the formation of oligopolies in Hong Kong that creates an anticompetitive environment. The interests of the government and oligarchs are aligned as both obtain significant portions of revenue from the property sector. As globalization makes Hong Kong even more vulnerable to external shocks, the government faces the challenges of increasing competition, diversifying its revenue streams, and closing the income gap while standing by its principles in order maintain regional competitiveness as an international business hub.
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Kong, Jing. „Income inequality within and between villages in a rural region of China“. Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6029.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on April 15, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.
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Kohl, Miriam. „Trade, Inequality, and the Size of the Welfare State“. Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-217393.
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This paper investigates the effects of international trade in a general equilibrium model with heterogeneous firms where a welfare state redistributes income. We look at a very stylised progressive non-distortionary redistribution scheme. We show that for a given tax rate international trade increases income per capita, but also leads to higher income inequality. Two aspects of income inequality are examined. First, inter-group inequality between managers and workers is considered. Second, intra-group inequality within the group of managers is investigated. For a given tax rate the size of the welfare state and therefore the transfer per capita increases when going from autarky to trade. This second-round effect counteracts the primary increase in inequality, yet cannot outweigh it. Since the redistribution scheme is non-distortionary, it is possible to decrease trade-induced inequality by increasing the tax rate without jeopardising the gains from trade.
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Milton, Thomas James. „The effects of international trade on income inequality in the United States, 1979-1992“. ScholarWorks, 1995. http://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/hodgkinson/3.
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The primary purpose of this study was to find out if international trade was a cause of the increase in income inequality that occurred in the United States after 1979. The secondary purposes were to test the predictions of international trade theory regarding the effects of trade on income distribution within nations and to see if trade is a cause of diverging productivity growth between economic sectors.
The general hypothesis was that international trade affects income inequality through its effects on wage structure and employment structure. With the relationship between income inequality and the labor market variables established by definition, the general hypothesis had to be tested only for possible relationships between the labor market variables and trade variables. Specific hypotheses, based on trade theory, were used to examine such relationships with quantitative data from government sources and statistical methods of data analysis.
The results supported the general hypothesis, indicating that international trade contributed to changes in wage structure and employment structure that increased income inequality from 1979 to 1992. The results indicated that trade performance affected the labor market variables through its effects on product demand, rather than through its effects on productivity. The results supported an alternative hypothesis that industry productivity affects trade performance. At the same time, the results indicated that trade raised the average level of productivity for the trading sector, thereby increasing the productivity gap between this sector and the nontrading sector. The results further indicated that technology affected wages through its effect on trade performance. Generally, the results supported the main predictions of international trade theory as well as some modified predictions regarding the effects of trade on income distribution within nations.
The policy implication of this study is that as U.S. trade shifts toward developing countries, its effects on income inequality will accelerate, resulting in a more widely polarized society. Instead of trying to prevent these effects by reimposing trade barriers, the government should try to remedy them by supporting a private sector system of retraining and job placement. This system would be financed by a national tax on consumption.
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Wong, Melissa Oi Ming Economics Australian School of Business UNSW. „The impact of trade liberalisation on growth, poverty and income distribution: a dynamic computable general equilibrium analysis with an application to Vietnam“. Publisher:University of New South Wales. Economics, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43290.
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In recent decades, there have been an increasingly large number of developing countries that have embraced external economic liberalisation policies. Following trade theory, trade liberalisation has the potential to increase employment elasticity of economic growth and hence, have a greater poverty reduction impact, compared to import-substitution or closed economies. However, critics of globalisation often emphasise that the benefits from growth may not be evenly spread; hence, the distributional impacts may have an adverse effect on the poor. Vietnam has undertaken major market-based reforms to transform itself into an outward-oriented economy. The resulting effects show that not only has Vietnam achieved significant growth, but it has also managed to satisfy all the Millennium Development Goals. However, a significant element of Vietnams reforms involves integrating the Vietnamese economy with world markets through trade liberalisation policies, which may affect the welfare and distributional impacts on Vietnamese households. This dissertation examines the impact of trade liberalisation on growth, poverty and inequality for Vietnam. It develops a macro-micro analytical framework whereby a dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model is linked to a representative household model in order to capture these effects. The findings indicate that trade liberalisation will cause a significant increase in economic growth. The smallest gains occur under Vietnams unilateral trade liberalisation against ASEAN while the largest gains take place when Vietnam extends its liberalisation with the rest of the world. There will be a shift away from primary sectors towards industry-based sectors such as low-tech, intermediate manufacturing and durables. There is also substantial up-skilling of unskilled labour. Combined with the large real returns to capital goods, this will result in significant increases in both capital investments as well as in the accumulation of human capital. In addition, economic growth will induce a fall in poverty rates in Vietnam. Nonetheless, there will also be large increases in the inequality of income, especially in the rural sector. Hence, although growth has lifted a large proportion of households out of poverty, the distributional impacts have been detrimental to the most vulnerable households.
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Zagrajczuk-Ray, Anna. „The economy of multinationals : essays on international trade, income inequality and strategies of multinational firms“. Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01E013.
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Cette thèse analyse les stratégies des firmes multinationales dans leurs différentes dimensions et évalue leur effet sur les consommateurs et travailleurs. Les essaies consécutifs s'intéressent aux choix d'expansion des FMNs, leur décision de délocalisation de production, leurs stratégies de l'investissement direct à l'étranger (IDE) au niveau agrégé, ainsi que les pratiques de la discrimination de prix sur les marchés aux fortes inégalités de revenuThis thesis examines both theoretically and empirically strategies of multinational firms in their various dimensions and evaluates their impact on consumers and workers. The following essays look at MNEs' product expansion choices, their production localization decisions, foreign direct investment strategies (FOI) at the aggregate level and, finally, price discrimination practices on more unequal markets
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Bhandari, Bornali. „Essays on foreign direct investment and income inequality and cross-price effects in the U.S. trade balance /“. view abstract or download file of text, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1192186831&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=11238&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2006.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 116-124). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Kohl, Miriam. „Redistribution, Selection and Trade“. Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-229489.
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This paper examines the distributional effects of international trade in a general equilibrium model with heterogeneous agents and a welfare state redistributing income. The redistribution scheme is financed by a progressive income tax and gives the same absolute transfer to all individuals. Ceteris paribus, international trade leads to an increase in income per capita but also to higher income inequality on two fronts. Inter-group inequality between managers and workers increases, and intra-group inequality within the group of managers goes up as well. We show that for constant tax rates, there is an endogenous increase in the size of the welfare state that works against the increase in inequality, yet cannot offset it. The paper also sheds light on the conditions under which trade can actually lead to a Pareto improvement.
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Eksi, Ozan. „Lower Volatility, Higher Inequality: Are They Related?“ Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7420.
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This thesis is divided into three chapters. In the first chapter, I identify and explore the fundamental relationship between income inequality and GDP volatility. I give theoretical insight of this relationship alongside empirical evidence from a sample of industrialized countries. In the second chapter, in regression estimates relating inequality to the variables of interest, I suggest that rather than aggregate inequality, the average growth rate of within-cohort inequality data should be used. In the light of my findings I then try to explore the effect of international trade on inequality in the US and UK. In the last chapter, I carry out a Monte Carlo study. This compares efficiencies of impulse response matching and GMM estimators at identifying reduced form coefficients and structural parameters on a DSGE model.Esta tesis está dividida por tres capítulos. En el primer capítulo, llevo al interés que hay una relación fundamental entre la desigualdad de ingresos y la volatilidad de PBI. Doy pruebas teóricas para esta relación, así como empíricas de una muestra de países industrializados. En el segundo capítulo, sugiero que mejor que la desigualdad agregada, la tasa de crecimiento media de dentro de desigualdades de cohorte debería estar usada en las estimaciones de regresión que relaciona la desigualdad con las variables del interés. Entonces trato de explorar el efecto del comercio internacional en la desigualdad en los EE.UU y en el Reino Unido a la luz de mis conclusiones. En el último capítulo, realizo un estudio de Monte Carlo para comparar la eficiencia de la Correspondencia de respuesta de Impulso y peritos GMM en la identificación de los coeficientes de forma reducidos y parámetros estructurales en un modelo de DSGE.
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Black, Nicholas. „Explaining and challenging the growing level of income inequality in organisations : corpora of texts about pay in UK universities taken from the press, remuneration committees and trade unions“. Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/explaining-and-challenging-the-growing-level-of-income-inequality-in-organisations-corpora-of-texts-about-pay-in-uk-universities-taken-from-the-press-remuneration-committees-and-trade-unions(1ddf5f46-c02a-4fab-8a2c-e90266728cce).html.
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To explain and challenge the growing level of income inequality in organisations, this thesis collected and analysed corpora of texts about pay in UK universities from the press, remuneration committees and trade unions. Deploying the methodology of critical discourse analysis, it describes the contents of arguments as discourse types, interprets the reasoning behind arguments as genres of organisation theories and explains the common-sense assumptions ordering arguments as ideological values. Seeking answers, the analysis groups 30,038 data fragments into 74 first-order discourse types, 7 aggregate genres of organisation theories and 9 ideological values across three corpora of texts. Finding from the press suggested that actors drew upon the same set of organisation theories regardless of whether they were discursively challenging or defending the legitimacy of income inequality. This made it unfeasible to halt the level of income inequality because the underlying ideological values of competition, quantification and economic rationality only required the organisations to conform to unclear methodological processes. Thus, it is only possible to challenge the legitimacy of income inequality by proposing new members' resources, which objectified the exact contingencies for when it was appropriate. This insight lead to the creation of a new genre of organisation theory, which proposed paying employees relative to their comparative sacrifices. Findings from remuneration committees suggested that their members drew upon organisation theories to legitimise income inequality, which related to the ideological values of economic science, individualism and capitalistic hierarchy. However, how these ideological values constructed the legitimacy of their decisions lacked a substantiate rationality because the neoliberal model of capitalism was a source of legitimacy within itself. As such, the foundations of legitimacy were critiqued and a 2x2 matrix consisting of a process-outcome axis and pragmatic-moral axis was introduced. Applying this matrix to this corpus of text meant that none of these genres of organisation theories reasoned based on outcomes. Therefore, a new genre of organisation was proposed which focused on the income distribution shape for organisations. Findings from trade unions suggested that their representatives drew upon the same set of organisation theories to reinforce their own legitimacy in addition to interrogating the legitimacy of universities. These organisational theories were then related to the ideological values of performativity, exchange relations and freedom that hegemonically legitimised income inequality. Meanwhile, it was interpreted that trade unions relied on the neoliberal model of capitalism for their existence and were encouraging employees to participate in markets that only served the interests of employers. Therefore, a new members' resource was proposed, which conceptualised why sacrifice was a moral and pragmatic process for distributing pay to employees in comparison with other macro-economic frameworks. The findings from these three corpora of texts explained and challenged the social practices that were creating income inequality growth. Essentially, the ideological values of neoliberalism ordered discourse so that there was no reason to reduce the level of income inequality according to the dominate members' resources. Therefore, to change these social practices three new discourses were proposed which challenged the level of income inequality by illustrating the false consciousness embodied within their reasoning.
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Almonord, Jean Sergo. „Haïti et la CARICOM : essais sur les limites et le potentiel de l'intégration économique“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2024. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/ToutIDP/EDSESAM/2024/2024ULILA007.pdf.
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Après une ample introduction sur Haïti et la CARICOM, cette thèse regroupe trois essais d'économie internationale pour éclairer les problématiques et le potentiel du pays et de la région.Le premier essai est une discussion critique de la théorie classique de David Ricardo sur l'avantage comparatif, examinant le rôle des différences de revenu sur le commerce international. En s'affranchissant de l'hypothèse restrictive généralement adoptée de « préférences homothétiques » selon laquelle les ménages consacrent une fraction constante de leur revenu à l'achat de chaque bien ou service qu'ils consomment, le rôle de la demande (et donc la distribution des revenus) pour expliquer le flux des échanges est réaffirmé. Un modèle simple démontre qu'un pays pauvre peut être exclu des échanges malgré ses avantages comparatifs, même en l'absence de barrières commerciales telles que les droits de douane ou les coûts de transport.Les pays encore dominés par l'agriculture de subsistance tendent à avoir un faible taux d'ouverture, car l'essentiel de leur production est consommé localement et les biens de consommation produits à l'étranger leur restent inaccessibles. En revanche, les pays spécialisés dans les services touristiques ont tendance à avoir un taux d'ouverture élevé, car ils exportent l'ensemble de ces services qui servent à financer l'importation d'une grande partie de leur alimentation et des biens de consommation, qui ne sont pas produits sur place. En somme, indépendamment de leur taille, le niveau d'ouverture économique des pays à bas revenus dépend largement de leur spécialisation.Une autre implication cruciale du modèle est que seuls les pays les plus riches peuvent vraiment profiter des avantages du commerce international. Le commerce apparait comme un moteur de divergence plutôt que de convergence, car il tend, dans certains cas du moins, à accentuer les inégalités entre les nations. Certains pays profitent de la croissance mondiale alors que d'autres, bien qu'étant proches géographiquement, semblent s'en éloigner irrémédiablement.Le deuxième essai souligne les vulnérabilités découlant de la spécialisation touristique de nombreux pays des Caraïbes. Bien que cette spécialisation leur ait permis de bénéficier de la croissance des pays riches, elle les expose également à tous les chocs susceptibles d'affecter ce secteur. La pandémie de Covid-19 a tragiquement révélé cette fragilité, comme en témoigne la chute du PIB clairement reliée à l'importance du tourisme dans chacun de ces pays. Les économies caribéennes ont été directement impactées par les restrictions de voyage imposées par les pays d'origine des touristes, sans avoir leur mot à dire. Ainsi, en plus de la fragilité intrinsèquement liée à la spécialisation, ces pays se sont retrouvés en grande partie privés de leur souveraineté en matière de politique économique, ce qui est particulièrement problématique quand il y a divergence d'intérêt.Le troisième essai explore une avenue potentielle pour le développement d'Haïti. Malgré les intentions affichées de la CARICOM, les échanges commerciaux au sein de la communauté restent très limités et les bénéfices attendus des accords de Chaguaramas tardent à se concrétiser. Les pays des Caraïbes présentent peu de complémentarités et pourraient n'être que des destinations touristiques concurrentes sans liens entre elles, s'ils ne bénéficiaient pas de l'effet d'appartenance à la communauté Caraïbéenne qui les rend visibles au niveau international.Nous soutenons que l'artisanat haïtien pourrait enrichir l'industrie touristique de la région. Haïti possède un avantage comparatif évident dans ce domaine en raison de sa main-d'œuvre abondante par rapport aux autres pays de la région. Il pourrait donc tirer parti des retombées de l'industrie touristique prospère de ses voisins, alors que ces derniers ont tout intérêt à favoriser un tourisme plus culturel, à la fois plus rentable et plus durable que le tourisme de masseAfter an extensive introduction on Haiti and CARICOM, this thesis comprises three essays in international economics aimed at shedding light on the issues and potential of the country and the region.The first essay is a critical discussion of David Ricardo's classical theory of comparative advantage, examining the role of income disparities in international trade. By breaking free from the commonly adopted restrictive assumption of "homothetic preferences," which pos-its that households allocate a constant fraction of their income to the purchase of each good or service they consume, the significance of demand (and thus of income distribution) in explaining trade flows is reaffirmed. A simple model demonstrates that a low-income coun-try can be excluded from trade despite its comparative advantages, even in the absence of trade barriers such as tariffs or transportation costs.Countries still dominated by subsistence agriculture tend to have a low level of openness because most of their production is consumed locally, and foreign-produced consumer goods remain inaccessible to them. In contrast, countries specializing in tourism services tend to have a high level of openness because they export these services to finance the importation of much of their food and consumer goods, which are not locally produced. In summary, re-gardless of their size, the level of economic openness of low-income countries depends largely on their specialization.Another crucial implication of the model is that only the wealthiest countries can truly bene-fit from the advantages of international trade. Trade appears as a driver of divergence rather than convergence because, in some cases, it tends to exacerbate inequalities between nations. Some countries benefit from global growth while others, despite their geographical proximi-ty, seem to drift away irreversibly.The second essay underscores the vulnerabilities arising from the tourism specialization of many Caribbean countries. Although this specialization has allowed them to benefit from the growth of wealthy countries, it also exposes them to all shocks that may affect this sector. The Covid-19 pandemic tragically revealed this fragility, as evidenced by the clear decline in GDP directly related to the importance of tourism in each of these countries. Caribbean economies were directly affected by travel restrictions imposed by tourists' countries of origin, without having a say. Thus, in addition to the fragility inherently linked to specializa-tion, these countries found themselves largely deprived of their sovereignty in economic pol-icy matters, which is particularly problematic when there is a divergence of interest.The third essay explores a potential avenue for Haiti's development. Despite CARICOM's stated intentions, intra-community trade remains very limited, and the expected benefits of the Chaguaramas agreements have yet to materialize. Caribbean countries have few com-plementarities and could be nothing more than competing tourist destinations without con-nections if they did not benefit from the visibility provided by belonging to the Caribbean community at the international level. We argue that Haitian craftsmanship could enrich the region's tourism industry. Haiti has a clear comparative advantage in this field due to its abundant workforce compared to other countries in the region. It could thus benefit from the successful tourism industry of its neighbors, as these countries have every interest in promot-ing a more cultural, profitable, and sustainable form of tourism than mass tourism
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Ibrahim, Karen, und Joakim Moberg. „How do institutional factors affect income inequality? : An empirical study of 10 OECD countries and 10 developing countries“. Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Nationalekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-41606.
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The purpose of this study is to gain an in-depth understanding of the five institutional factors: democracy, rule of law, freedom to trade, education and corruption, and how they affect income inequality. The analysis covers a total of 20 different countries, 10 OECD countries, and 10 low to medium income countries between the time period of 2000-2017. The study´s dependent variable is the Gini index and the independent variables are different types of measurements for corruption, democracy, rule of law, freedom to trade, and education. Results from the regression analysis have been made in order to get a better understanding in what way these variables affect income inequality. The result of the regression analysis was that four of these five variables had a negative relation with income inequality. With the independent variable “Freedom to trade” stood for the outlying result. Something that is however in line with previous research where the two categories of countries were split into two different regression analyses and showed different results depending on the type of country. We did the same thing and also then we found the same result as the previous research. Our conclusion from this study is that there seems to be a negative connection between income inequality and the five institutional factors.Syftet med denna studie är att få en fördjupad förståelse av de fem institutionella faktorerna: demokrati, rättsstatsprincipen, handelsfrihet, utbildning och korruption och hur de påverkar inkomst ojämlikheten. Analysen omfattar totalt 20 olika länder, 10 OECD-länder och 10 låg till medelinkomstländer mellan perioden 2000–2017. Studiens beroende variabel är Gini koefficienten och de oberoende variablerna är olika former av mått på korruption, demokrati, rättsstatsprincipen, handelsfrihet och utbildning. Resultaten från regressionsanalysen har gjorts för att få en bättre förståelse för på vilket sätt dessa variabler påverkar inkomst ojämlikheten. Resultatet av regressionsanalysen var att fyra av dessa fem variabler hade ett negativt samband med inkomstojämlikhet. Där den oberoende variabeln “handelsfrihet” stod för det udda resultatet. Något som dock går i linje med tidigare forskning där man dessutom delade upp de två kategorierna av länder i olika regressionsanalyser och kom fram till olika resultat beroende på typen av land. Detta gjorde vi också och fick även då samma resultat som den tidigare forskningen. Vår slutsats av studien är att det till synes finns ett negativt samband mellan inkomstojämlikhet och de fem institutionella faktorerna.
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Oloufade, Djoulassi Kokou. „Analysis of Legal Institutions, Conflict and Trade“. Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23165.
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In the first paper, the effects of trade openness and conflict risk on income inequality are investigated. I obtain that the effect of trade openness on inequality depends on the level of conflict risk. More precisely, there exists a threshold effect: trade openness worsens income inequality in countries where the risk of internal and external conflicts is high. Moreover, I find that countries with higher risk of conflicts are more unequal, and that more ethnically diverse countries increase income inequality. Finally, I obtain that democratic regimes decrease inequality. In the second paper, we analyze the general-equilibrium consequences of property right enforcement in the natural resource sector. Assuming that exclusion requires both private and public enforcement efforts, we compare states that differ by their ability to provide protection services. This ability is referred to as state capacity. We obtain that public protection services can effectively act as either substitutes or complements to private enforcement, and this strongly depends on state capacity. Under low state capacity, an increase in state protection services leads to a drop in national income as labor is drawn away from the directly productive activities. The opposite holds for high-capacity states. As a result, public protection services have an ambiguous effect on national income even though they can unambiguously increase resource rents. In the third paper, we argue that the right to hold dual citizenship can generate important social and economic benefits beyond its political dimension. We assemble a large panel dataset on dual citizenship. We find that in developing countries, dual citizenship recognition increases remittance inflows by US$1.19 billion, GDP and household consumption, and improves child survival. In developed countries, however, dual citizenship recognition decreases remittance inflows by US$1.44 billion, but increases FDI by US$828 billion, raises household consumption, gross capital formation and trade, and provides incentives for skilled workers to move to other countries.
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Kohl, Miriam, und Philipp M. Richter. „Unilateral Tax Policy in the Open Economy“. Technische Universität Dresden, 2021. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A75959.
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This paper examines the effects of a unilateral reform of the redistribution policy in an economy open to international trade. We set up a general equilibrium trade model with heterogeneous agents allowing for country asymmetries. We show that under international trade compared to autarky, a unilateral tax increase leads to a less pronounced decline in aggregate real income in the reforming country, while income inequality is reduced to a larger extent for sufficiently small initial tax rates. We highlight as a key mechanism a tax-induced reduction in the market size of the reforming country relative to its trading partner, resulting in a firm selection effect towards exporting. From the perspective of a non-reforming trading partner, the unilateral redistribution policy reform resembles a unilateral increase in trade costs leading to a deterioration of terms-of-trade and a decline in both aggregate real income and inequality.
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Schneider, Dorothee. „Essays on the determinants of labor's value added share“. Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16489.
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Diese Dissertation besteht aus vier Aufsätzen, die sich mit der funktionalen Einkommensverteilung beschäftigen und leistet einen Beitrag in den Bereichen Arbeitsmärkte und Makroökonomie. Der erste Aufsatz ist ein Literaturüberblick über den Einkommensanteil von Arbeit am Gesamteinkommen. Der zweite Aufsatz analysiert den Einfluss von Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien (IKT) auf den relativen Lohnanteil von hoch-, mittel- und niedrig qualifizierten Arbeitnehmern. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung legen nahe, dass IKT die relativen Lohnanteile beeinflusst, dieser Einfluss jedoch nicht im gleichen Maße über Zeit und Länder auffindbar ist. Einzelne Industrien werden aufgezeigt, in denen Investitionen in IKT den relativen Lohnanteil hochqualifizierter Arbeitnehmer steigern. In anderen Industrien führen Investitionen in IKT zu einer Polarisierung am unteren Ende der Verteilung. Der dritte Aufsatz untersucht die Einflüsse auf die Lohnquote in Westeuropa. Die Studie zeigt einen großen und persistenten negativen Einfluss von internationaler wirtschaftlicher Integration auf die Lohnquote über die mittlere Frist. Starke Arbeitsmarktinstitutionen steigern die Lohnquote. Der vierte Aufsatz untersucht durch welchen Kanal IKT die Lohnquote beeinflusst. Das Modell von Bental und Demougin (2010), welches die Hypothese aufstellt, dass die Lohnquote fällt da IKT die Beobachtbarkeit von Anstrengung erhöht und so die Informationsrente der Arbeitnehmer bei gleicher Anstrengung senkt, wird zu Daten von neun Westeuropäischen Ländern kalibriert. Dies zeigt, dass das Modell die Trends der Lohnquote als auch die der Reallöhne in Effizienzeinheiten und der Arbeit in Effizienzeinheiten durch den Kapitalstock, replizieren kann. Desweiteren zeigt die Analyse von Individualdaten aus dem Deutschen Sozio-Ökonomischen Panel, dass die gefühlte Beobachtung der Arbeitsleistung im Durchschnitt zwischen 1985 und 2001 gestiegen ist.This dissertation consists of four essays on the functional distribution of income and contributes to the body of research on labor markets and macroeconomics. The first essay reviews the literature on the income share of labor. The second essay analyzes empirically the impact of investments into information and communication technology (ICT) on the relative compensation of high-, medium-, and low-skilled workers. The results imply that, although ICT investments influence the relative demand of workers by skill, this impact is not persistent over time and across countries. Nevertheless, individual industries are identified in which ICT investments increase the relative compensation of high-skilled workers and industries in which ICT investments polarize compensation at the bottom of the skill distribution. The third essay investigates the empirical influences on the labor share in Western Europe. The results show a large and persistent negative impact of economic integration on the labor share in the medium-run for an industry-level measurement. Stronger labor market institutions increase the labor share. Furthermore, the results suggest a common negative impact of ICT and economic globalization on labor share, while ICT itself seems complementary to labor in production. The fourth essay assesses empirically through which channel ICT decreases the labor share. The model of Bental and Demougin (2010), which argues that ICT reduces the labor share by improving monitoring technology and therefore lowering the workers rent at every level of output, is calibrated and simulated using data from nine OECD countries. The results show that the model can generate the observable trends in the labor shares as well as real wages in efficiency units and labor in efficiency units over capital. Furthermore, an analysis of micro data from the German Socio-Economic Panel indicates an overall average increase of perceived monitoring of workers between 1985 and 2001.
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Kinda, Somlanare Romuald. „Essays on environmental degradation and economic development“. Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CLF10411/document.
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Cette thèse apporte un nouvel éclairage au débat sur la dégradation de l'environnement et le développement. Elle analyse les déterminants et les effets macroéconomiques de la dégradation de l'environnement. Elle est subdivisée en deux parties. La première partie analyse les effets de l'éducation et des institutions démocratiques sur la qualité de l'environnement. Le premier chapitre analyse le rôle de l'éducation dans la protection de l'environnement. Les résultats empiriques indiquent que l’effet dépend du niveau de développement. Contrairement à l’échantillon des pays en développement où elle n’a pas effet, l'éducation est source de pollution dans les pays développés. Cependant, cet effet est atténué en présence de bonnes institutions démocratiques. Le deuxième chapitre étudie l'impact des institutions démocratiques sur la qualité de l'environnement. Nous montrons qu´elles ont un effet direct et positif sur la qualité de l'environnement. Celui-Ci est plus élevé pour les polluants locaux que pour les polluants globaux. De plus, ce chapitre identifie des canaux indirects par lesquels l´amélioration de la démocratie dégrade l'environnement. En effet, en favorisant l´adoption de politiques de redistribution des revenus et de politiques économiques, la démocratie a un effet indirect et négatif sur la protection de l'environnement. La deuxième partie propose deux essais sur les effets du changement climatique et des politiques environnementales sur le développement. Le troisième chapitre met en évidence un effet négatif et significatif de la variabilité climatique sur la sécurité alimentaire dans les pays en développement. Cet effet apparait plus élevé dans les pays africains. Par ailleurs, cet effet est exacerbée dans les pays à conflit et ceux vulnérables aux chocs des prix des biens alimentaires. Le quatrième chapitre analyse l’effet de la similitude des politiques environnementales sur le commerce bilatéral. Contrairement aux études précédentes qui utilisent des indicateurs partiels de réglementation environnementale (indicateurs axés sur les moyens ou sur les résultats), nous construisons on un indicateur de politique environnementale révélé. Les résultats suggèrent que la similitude dans les politiques environnementales n'a pas d'effet sur les flux commerciaux bilatéraux. En outre les résultats ne dépendent ni du niveau de développement de pays partenaires ni des caractéristiques des biens exportés (biens manufacturés et biens primaires)This dissertation is a contribution to the debate on environmental degradation and development. It focuses on the determinants and macroeconomic effects of environmental degradation. It is structured in two parts. The first part analyses the effects of education and democratic institutions on environmental quality. The first chapter analyses the role of education in environmental quality. No evidence of an effect of education on carbon dioxide emissions. However, this effect depends crucially on the sample of countries according to their levels of development. While the effect remains insignificant in developing countries, education does matter for carbon dioxide emissions in developed ones. Moreover, when controlling for the quality of democratic institutions, the positive effect of education on carbon dioxide emissions is mitigated in developed countries while remaining insignificant in developing ones. The second chapter explores the effect of democratic institutions on environmental quality. We evidence that democratic institutions do have a direct and positive effect on environmental quality. This positive effect is stronger for local pollutants than for global ones. More interestingly, it identifies the indirect channels through which democracy affects environmental degradation. Indeed, by increasing people’s preferences for redistribution and economic policies, democratic institutions have indirect and negative effects on environmental protection through income inequality and investments. In the second part, the dissertation provides two essays on the effects of environmental policies and climate change on development. The third chapter investigates the effects of climatic variability on food security. The results show that climatic variability reduces food security in developing countries. The adverse effect is higher for African sub-Saharan countries than for other developing countries. Second, the negative effect of climatic variability on food security is exacerbated in countries facing conditions of conflict and is high for the countries that are vulnerable to food price shocks. The fourth chapter provides new evidence about the effect of a gap in environmental policies between trading partners on trade flow. While previous papers have used partial measures of environmental regulations (input-Oriented or output-Oriented indicators), we compute an index of a country’s environmental policy. Results suggest that a similarity in environmental policies has no effect on bilateral trade flows. Moreover results do not appear to be conditional on the level of development of the countries trading or on the characteristics of exported goods (manufactured goods and primary commodities)
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Kratou, Hajer. „Essais des effets économiques et distributifs des afflux de financements extérieurs“. Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF10482/document.
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Cette thèse étudie les conséquences macroéconomiques des afflux de capitaux et de financements extérieurs dans les pays en développement. La première partie de la thèse s’intéresse à l’effet économique des financements extérieurs, alors que les deuxième et troisième parties de la thèse analysent l’effet distributif. Après avoir mis l’accent sur les mesures et les concepts susceptibles d’influer le mouvement du taux de change (TC) (Chapitre 1), la thèse révèle un ensemble de résultats. Premièrement, les investissements directs à l’étranger (IDE) et les transferts des migrants sont propices au sein de la région MENA (Middle East and North Africa), néanmoins les flux officiels, de portefeuilles et les prêts bancaires confirment le mécanisme du syndrome hollandais. La présence d’un faible risque politique ; économique et financier permettent d’atténuer l’appréciation du Taux de Change Effectif Réel (Chapitre 2). Deuxièmement, après avoir analysé les difficultés d’ordre méthodologique de l’étude empirique (Chapitre 3), les résultats confirment la mise en cause des hypothèses d’Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson. L’ouverture commerciale n’est pas pro-pauvre dans les pays en développement. L’absence d’un effet robuste de l’impact des afflux de financements extérieurs sur les parts de revenu appelle à une investigation profonde et nous conduit à la troisième partie de la thèse (Chapitre 4). Troisièmement, les transferts des migrants sont d’une part pro-pauvres lorsque le migrant représentatif est d’origine sociale pauvre résident dans un pays riche, de niveau d’émigration qualifiée faible et où le coût d’obtention de passeport est faible. D’autre part, les transferts des migrants sont pro-riches lorsque les coûts de transfert d’argent sont élevés, ce qui se traduit par l’exploitation des canaux informels au détriment des canaux formels (Chapitre 5). L’aide au développement est pro-riche au sein des pays démocratiques et pro-pauvres au sein des pays à niveau de revenu moyen qui sont moins dépendants à l’aide (Chapitre 6)This thesis examines the macroeconomic consequences of capital and external financial flows in developing countries. While the first part of the thesis focuses on the economic effects of external flows, the second and third parts of the thesis analyse the distributional repercussions. Having focused on the measurement and concepts that may influence the movement of the exchange rate (ER) (Chapter 1), the thesis reveals a set of results. First, foreign direct investment (FDI) and workers remittances are favourable in MENA (Middle East and North Africa) region. However, official flows; portfolio flows and border bank loans confirm the Dutch disease mechanism. The presence of institutional quality mitigates the appreciation of the real effective exchange rate (REER) (Chapter 2). Second, after analysing the methodological difficulties of the empirical study (Chapter 3), the results confirm that the assumptions of Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson do not corroborate with the real world. Trade openness is not pro-poor in developing countries. The lack of robustness of capital and external flows on income shares requires a deep analysis and lead to the third part of the thesis (Chapter 4). Third, on the one hand, remittances are pro-poor when the representative migrant is issued from a poor family, living in a rich country or in a low brain drain country and in low passport costs country. On the other hand, remittances are pro-rich when the money transfer costs are high, this reflects the use of the informal channels at the expense of formal channels (Chapter 5). Development aid is pro-rich in democratic countries and pro-poor in middle income countries (less aid dependent countries)
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Sawadogo, Pegdéwendé Nestor. „Fiscal policy and financing for development in developing countries“. Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CLFAD007.
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Cette thèse se pose la question de savoir comment la politique budgétaire pourrait être utilisée à des fins de financement du développement. Elle identifie et explore les canaux par lesquels les pays en développement peuvent efficacement mobiliser les ressources (internes et externes) pour le financement du développement. Pour cela, nous conduisons des recherches axées sur les politiques économiques (en utilisant des outils statistiques et économétriques appropriés) et nous formulons des recommandations de politiques économiques aux pays en développement. La première partie de cette thèse s’intéresse à la question de la mobilisation des ressources externes dans les pays en développement (Chapitre 1 et Chapitre 2). Dans le Chapitre 1, nous analysons les effets des dépenses publiques sur les spreads de taux dans les pays émergents. Nous montrons que les pays en développement pourraient avoir un meilleur accès aux marchés financiers internationaux en augmentant leurs investissements publics et en réduisant leurs dépenses courantes. Plus précisément, les dépenses en capital humain (éducation et santé) et autres infrastructures publiques réduisent considérablement les spreads de taux. Ils devraient également améliorer la qualité de la gouvernance puisque les marchés financiers récompensent les pays bien gouvernés à travers de meilleures conditions d'emprunt. Nous examinons, dans le Chapitre 2, la force des règles de politiques budgétaires en termes d’amélioration de l’accès des marchés financiers internationaux par les pays en développement. Nous trouvons que l’adoption de règles budgétaires réduit les taux d’intérêts sur la détention des obligations d’Etat souverains et par conséquent améliore l’accès aux marchés financiers. Nous expliquons ce résultat par le canal de la crédibilité de la politique budgétaire : les gouvernements crédibles sont récompensés sur les marchés financiers internationaux par de faibles taux d’intérêt et des notations élevées des dettes souveraines. Nos résultats prouvent que l’adoption et la bonne mise en œuvre des règles de politiques budgétaires constitue un moyen substantiel pour les décideurs publics d’améliorer l’accès des pays en développement aux marchés financiers internationaux. La deuxième partie de cette thèse se focalise sur ce que les pays en développement pourraient faire pour améliorer la mobilisation des ressources internes (Chapitre 3 et Chapitre 4). En effet, nous explorons la relation entre l’adoption des règles budgétaires et la réduction des inégalités de revenus (Chapitre 3) et nous trouvons que l’adoption des règles budgétaires réduit les inégalités de revenus. Ces pays pourront financer leur développement de façon soutenable (à travers la réduction des inégalités) en adoptant des règles budgétaires. En outre, nous évaluons les effets de la lutte contre les flux financiers illicites sur la mobilisation de recettes fiscales (Chapitre 4). Nous révélons que les pays qui respectent les Recommandations du Groupe d’Action Financière (GAFI) en matière de lutte contre le blanchiment d’argent et le financement du terrorisme (pays coopératifs) enregistrent des montants de recettes fiscales plus élevés comparativement aux pays qui ne respectent pas ces Recommandations (pays non coopératifs). Par conséquent, les pays en développement pourront mobiliser plus de recettes fiscales en mettant en œuvre des politiques visant à empêcher les flux financiers illicites. Par ailleurs, ils doivent mettre en place de bonnes institutionsThe central question of this thesis is how fiscal policy could be used for development finance purposes. Indeed, we identify and investigate pathways through which developing states can mobilize resources to improve sustainable development. For this purpose, we conduct policy-oriented researches (using suitable statistical and econometrical tools) and provide advices for developing countries. The first part of the dissertation addresses the issue of external resources mobilization in developing countries (Chapter 1 and Chapter 2). In Chapter 1, we investigate the effects of public expenditures on sovereign bond spreads in emerging market countries. We show that developing countries could have a better access to international financial market by supporting public investment and reducing current spending. Specifically, spending on human capital (education and health) and other public infrastructures significantly reduce bond spreads. They should also improve the quality of governance since financial markets award well-governed countries with better borrowing conditions. We examine, in Chapter 2, the strength of fiscal rules in terms of improving financial markets access for developing countries. We find that the adoption of fiscal rules reduces sovereign bond spreads and consequently improve financial market access. Indeed, this result is explained by the credibility of fiscal policy channel: more credible governments are rewarded in the international financial markets with low sovereign bond spreads and high sovereign debt ratings. Our findings confirm that the adoption and sound implementation of fiscal rules is an instrument for policy makers to improve developing countries’ financial market access. The second part of the dissertation focuses on what developing countries could do to improve internal resources mobilization (Chapter 3 and Chapter 4). As a matter of fact, we explore the relationship between fiscal rules and inequality (Chapter 3) and find that fiscal rules adoption contributes to reduce inequality in developing countries. The policy implication is that developing countries could finance their development in a sustainable way (via the reduction of inequalities) by adopting fiscal rules. Moreover, we assess the effects of combating illicit financial flows on domestic tax revenue mobilization in developing countries (Chapter 4). We highlight that countries which cooperate with international standards for anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) are more able to mobilize tax revenue than countries which do not cooperate. Consequently, developing countries could mobilize more domestic tax revenue by implementing policies to curtail illicit financial flows. They should establish sound institutions
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Tsai, Yongh-Huei, und 蔡永輝. „The impact of trade liberalization on income inequality“. Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/46125119961485541807.
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碩士國立中興大學
應用經濟學系所
100
Most literatures show that the impact of trade on income inequality is caused by technology development and policies. Therefore, we suspect that it has interaction effect between trade and technology on income inequality. However, only a few studies discuss such issue. The impact of trade liberalization on income inequality from a sample of 68 countries during 1990 to 2009 will be investigated in this study. The empirical results show that it indeed exists interaction terms between trade and technology on income inequality. In the middle stage of technology development, the interaction effect between export and technology will push income inequality. However, the interaction effect between import and technology on income inequality will be worse in the high stage of technology development. For the other effects on income inequality, import and technology also have positive and significant effects, but expenditure of government has a significantly negative effect. This study show that trade and country technology development should be considered at the same time, when discussing the effect of trade on income inequality.
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Hsaio, Ya-Wen, und 蕭雅文. „Thresholds in the trade openness-income inequality nexus“. Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/57856808580541507391.
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碩士淡江大學
經濟學系碩士班
97
This paper empirically investigates the threshold effects of openness on income inequality. Specifically, we use Hansen’s (1999) threshold regression model to examine whether the openness-inequality link varies with the degree of a country’s income. Applying to 62 countries during the period of 1996-2005, we find that there indeed exists an income threshold in the openness-inequality link. Moreover, the opening of goods markets increases income inequality in low-income countries; however, in high-income ones trade openness has minor effects. By contrast, foreign direct investment is found to increase income inequality in high-income and have an unimportant effect in low-income one. These findings suggest that to reduce income inequality, the governments need to consider their positions in the economic development process and adopt relevant openness strategies.
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He, Zheli. „Essays on International Trade, Welfare and Inequality“. Thesis, 2017. https://doi.org/10.7916/D84M9GZ7.
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How important are the distributional effects of international trade? This has been one of the most central questions pursued by international economists, particularly because much of the public opposition towards increased openness is due to the belief that welfare changes are unevenly distributed. In this dissertation, I rely on counterfactual analysis and natural experiments to study topics of international trade, welfare and inequality in the context of both developing and developed economies. In particular, I combine theoretical modeling and empirical analysis to examine the effects of international trade on (1) real wages of individuals within and across countries; (2) within-sector wage dispersion caused by heterogeneous responses of firms with different productivity levels to cheaper imported inputs.
In each of the three chapters, I contribute to the existing literature by relaxing simplifying assumptions that have proved to be inconsistent with data and exploring new mechanisms that link international trade to inequality.
Chapter 1, “Trade and Real Wages with Demand and Productivity Heterogeneity,” presents a general equilibrium model that incorporates the effects of trade liberalization on both an individual’s nominal wage and consumer price index. A vast majority of the literature focuses on the income channel, which is its effect on the distribution of nominal wages across workers. A small number of studies consider the expenditure channel, which is its differential impact on consumer price indices. It is well known that the consumption baskets of high-income and low-income consumers look very different. To our knowledge, there are only three case studies that have looked at these two channels jointly for individual countries, Argentina, Mexico and India. We provide a unified framework incorporating both channels by allowing for non-homothetic preferences and worker heterogeneity across jobs. In spite of its many dimensions of heterogeneity at the individual level, the model remains tractable enough that allows us to estimate its key parameters and perform counterfactuals.
Chapter 2, “Trade and Real Wage Inequality: Cross-Country Evidence,” addresses the following question: what is the impact of trade liberalization on the distribution of real wages in a large cross-section of countries? Trade liberalization affects real-wage inequality through two channels: the distribution of nominal wages across workers and, if the rich and the poor consume different bundles of goods, the distribution of price indices across consumers. Prior work has focused mostly on one or the other of these channels, but no paper has studied both jointly for a large set of countries. Based on the theoretical framework in Chapter 1, I measure the distributional effects of trade liberalization incorporating both channels for a sample of 40 countries. More specifically, I parametrize the model using sector-level trade and production data. Because skill-intensive goods are also high-income elastic in the data, I find an intuitive, previously unexplored, and strong interaction between the two channels. According to my counterfactual analysis, trade cost reductions generate dramatically different results for both nominal wage inequality and price index inequality than what previous research has obtained by focusing on either channel alone. I find that trade cost reductions decrease the relative nominal wage of the poor and the relative price index for the poor in all countries. On net, real-wage inequality falls everywhere.
Chapter 3, “Imported Inputs and Within-Sector Wage Dispersion,” proposes a new mechanism through which trade liberalization affects income inequality within a country: the use of imported inputs. Intuitively, a firm with higher initial productivity is better at using higher quality foreign inputs. This justifies paying the fixed costs for a larger set of imported inputs when input tariff liberalization decreases their relative price. The firm becomes more import intensive, which enhances its productivity advantage. As a result, the firm hires higher quality workers, produces higher quality products and pays higher wages to its workers, increasing within-sector wage dispersion. We find that both the mean and the dispersion of the distribution of firm productivity, markup and size went up during a period when China reduced its tariffs on imported inputs. More importantly, these results still hold when we consider the subset of firms that survived throughout the sample period, from 1998 to 2007. In addition, we develop a partial-equilibrium, heterogeneous-firm model with endogenous imported inputs and labor quality choice that is consistent with these observations. Finally, we provide empirical evidence that supports the model’s prediction that the differential change in the import intensity of firms with different productivity levels explains these patterns.
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LIU, Yang. „CHINA’S INCOME DISTRIBUTION AND TRADE“. Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11393/251179.
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ARTICOLO 1, DISUGUAGLIANZA DI REDDITO DELLA CINA
Il PIL pro capite della Cina era di 228,7 dollari nel 1978. Dopo la riforma economica cinese del 1978, l' economia cinese ha continuato a crescere in modo esponenziale. Entro il 2015, il PIL pro capite della Cina è salito a 8068,0 dollari. Nel frattempo, la disuguaglianza di reddito della Cina è cresciuta rapidamente. Il Coefficiente Gini della Cina era di circa 0,30 nel 1978, e dal 2000 è stato superiore a 0,40 la linea internazionale di allerta, e ha raggiunto il picco di 0,49 nel 2009. Negli ultimi anni, è in calo e nel 2015 è sceso allo 0,46. Dimostra che la disuguaglianza della Cina era ai margini di una scogliera. Questa ricerca ha esaminato la disuguaglianza di reddito della Cina dal 1978. Poi ha analizzato la disuguaglianza di reddito della Cina a diversi livelli (Nazionale, urbano-rurale e regionale) dalla metodologia di revisione letteratura. Sulla base degli studi precedenti, questo articolo conclude che la disuguaglianza della Cina è fatta da una serie di politiche che derivano dalla strategia di sviluppo e processo inevitabile durante il periodo di transizione dall' economia di comando all' economia di mercato socialista. Alla fine, questo articolo ha discusso la disuguaglianza di reddito diminuirebbe in futuro considerando le teorie economiche e la strategia della Cina.
PAROLE CHIAVE: CINA, DISUGUAGLIANZA DI REDDITO
ARTICOLO 2, DISUGUAGLIANZA DI REDDITO E IMPORTAZIONE-ESPORTAZIONE DELLA CINA
Dopo la riforma economica 1978, l' economia della Cina ha continuato a crescere in modo esponenziale. Nel frattempo, la disuguaglianza di reddito della Cina è cresciuta rapidamente. Il Coefficiente Gini della Cina era di circa 0,30 nel 1978, e dal 2000 è stato superiore a 0,40 la linea internazionale di allerta, e ha raggiunto il picco di 0,49 nel 2009. Negli ultimi anni, è in calo e nel 2015 è sceso allo 0,46. Mostra una curva di forma a U invertita. Inoltre, l' importazione e l' esportazione della Cina sono aumentate notevolmente e vanno forma J. Considerando l' ipotesi di Kuznets, sembra che ci sia un rapporto tra il Coefficiente Gini della Cina e i valori di importazione ed esportazione. Questo articolo ha analizzato l' impatto della disuguaglianza di reddito sull' importazione ed esportazione attraverso il modello di regressione dei dati del pannello. Questo articolo ha preso i dati provinciali dal 2000 al 2012. I risultati indicano che, a livello provinciale, la disuguaglianza di reddito in Cina frena la crescita delle importazioni e delle esportazioni.
PAROLE CHIAVE: CINA, LIVELLO PROVINCIALE, DISUGUAGLIANZA DI REDDITO, IMPORTAZIONE ED ESPORTAZIONE
ARTICOLO 3, POVERTÀ MULTIDIMENSIONALE E IMPORT-ESPORTAZIONE DELLA CINA
Secondo lo standard di povertà della Cina 2010, la soglia di povertà 366 yuan (217,40 dollari) del 1978 stabilito dal Dipartimento di indagine rurale di NBS (National Bureau Of Statistics) della Cina, c' erano 770,39 milioni di persone in zona rurale sotto la soglia di povertà. Se si tiene conto della popolazione urbana, la popolazione di povertà della Cina dovrebbe essere più numerosa nel 1978. Con lo stesso rapporto, si dice che c' erano 55,75 milioni di persone in zona rurale sotto la soglia di povertà 2855 yuan (458,38 dollari) nel 2015. La Cina ha ottenuto grandi risultati in materia di riduzione della povertà. Nel frattempo, l' importazione e l' esportazione della Cina sono aumentando al secondo paese più grande commercio da un livello molto basso. Questa ricerca parte dal presupposto che la povertà pluridimensionale limiti l' accesso all' importazione ed esportazione. Questa ricerca modella la povertà multidimensionale delle province in Cina sulla base del Multidimensional Poverty Index, in tal caso, calcola la povertà multidimensionale da fuzzy set, e analizza l' impatto della povertà multidimensionale sull' importazione ed esportazione alla fine. L'articolo conclude che la provincia multidimensionale della povertà ha un accesso difficile all' importazione ed esportazione.
PAROLE CHIAVE: SET FUZZY, POVERTÀ MULTIDIMENSIONALE, CINA, LIVELLO PROVINCIALE, IMPORTAZIONE ED ESPORTAZIONE
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Chen, Wei-Chung, und 陳韋宗. „Free Trade and the Income Inequality–Using Tariff-Import ratio as trade indicator“. Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62705971198110249424.
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碩士逢甲大學
財稅學系
104
This paper studies the impact of free trade to income inequality. Many researches agree that free trade will improve income inequality because unskilled labor wages can rise. But other researches take a different view. They think that only a few people can get the profits. Therefore, we want to figure out why the controversial opinions exist. Davis(1996) provides an explanation about the controversial opinions. He tells that the problem comes from the wages to rental ratio. For developing countries, liberalization will principally benefit the abundant unskilled labor. Yet extensive empirical studies have identified many cases with a contrary result. Davis(1996) shows that countries which are labor abundant in a global sense may see wages decline with liberalization if they are capital abundant in a local sense. And he analyzes that capital and wage are important points. Therefore, we want to prove that if the liberalization will improve income inequality based on the conditional setting by Davis (1996). We set tariff-import ratio to be trade liberalization index and Gin coefficient as income inequality index from 15 countries. The results of our empirical research would compare with the results of Davis (1996). Empirical result shows that only 3 countries suit to the conditional setting from Davis (1996). The result also shows that free trade will improve income inequality in 8 countries. We think that the more free trade agreements are signed will improve income inequality in our empirical research. And the free trade agreements do not give rise to income inequality in Taiwan. Government should improve the factor market of labor and economic environment in Taiwan. We believe these will improve income inequality in Taiwan.
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ZHOU, ZHENG-RU, und 周政儒. „The Influence of Capital Flows and Financial Development on Income Inequality“. Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7g668s.
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碩士逢甲大學
經濟學系
106
This study analyzes the influence of capital flows and financial development on income distribution using panel data for the sample periods from from 1980 to 2012 and for 33 advanced economies (AEs) and 39 emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs). First, we separately analyzed the trends of income inequality, capital flows and financial development of AEs and EMDEs. Then we estimated AEs and EMDEs with the control variables, which could affect income distribution by conducting fixed cross-section and temporal effect model in order to investigate their differences. We found that capital flows and financial development have different influences between AEs and EMDEs. Four main results are summarized below: 1. The market Gini coefficient is similar between AEs and EMDEs, but thenet Gini coefficient of AEs is smaller than EMDEs. Apparently, the redistribution policies work effectively. 2. There are less net capital inflows to AEs than EMDEs, but more gross capital inflows and outflows in AEs than in EMDEs. It indicates asset diversification in AEs, and a portion of capital flows into EMDEs. Relative to EMDEs, the level of fianacial development (financial market or financial institution) in AEs is higher, but financial development in EMDEs is improving year by year. 3. Given the financial development, the net direct investment inflows in EMDEs is the main factor to worsen income distribution, while capital inflows cannot significantly affect income distribution in AEs. If capital flows remain constant, financial development could significantly worsen income distribution in AEs, but it could improve income distribution in EMDEs. With the growing of financial development, there is an improving effect on income distribution in AEs, but a deteriorating effect in EMDEs. 4. There are complementary effects between capital flows and financial development to income inequality. Net direct investment inflows in EMDEs are the main factor worsening income distribution, and capital inflows has no significant effect on income distribution in AEs. Although capital inflows in EMDEs and financial development in AEs could worsen income distribution, the interactive effects between capital flows and financial development are beneficial to both EMDEs and AEs.
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Rosenfeld, Tomas Reis. „International Trade and Income Inequality: The Case of Latin American Countries“. Master's thesis, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/120835.
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Rosenfeld, Tomas Reis. „International Trade and Income Inequality: The Case of Latin American Countries“. Dissertação, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/120835.
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Ritter, Moritz. „Essays on Money, Trade and the Labour Market“. Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/24378.
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This dissertation consists of three essays in Macroeconomics. The first essay assesses the impact of offshoring on aggregate productivity and on labour market outcomes by developing a dynamic general equilibrium model in which workers acquire task-specific human capital. The dynamic nature of the model allows for differentiation between short and long run effects. While the welfare effects are unambiguously positive and independent of the skill-content of the offshored and inshored tasks, the distribution of the gains from trade critically depends on the time horizon. Workers with human capital specific to the inshored tasks gain over those performing offshored tasks in the short term. In the long run, the gains from trade are equally distributed among ex-ante identical agents. The model is calibrated to the U.S. economy; welfare gains from increased offshoring are found to be substantial even after taking into account losses in specific human capital for workers in the offshored occupations along the transition path.
The second essay integrates the insight that exporting firms are typically more productive and employ higher skilled workers into a directed search model of the labour market. The model generates a skill premium as well as residual wage inequality among identical workers. Trade liberalization will cause a reallocation of workers both within and across industries, which will affect both types of inequality in a way that is consistent with findings from the empirical literature on trade and inequality. A calibrated version of the model can account for much of the effect of the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement on the Canadian labour market.
The final essay incorporates a distortionary tax into the microfoundations of money framework and revisits the optimum quantity of money. An optimal policy may consist of both a positive tax rate and a positive nominal interest rate: if the buyer's surplus share is inefficiently small, the intensive margin is distorted and the constrained optimal policy combines a sales tax with a money growth rate above that prescribed by the Friedman rule. Monetary, but not fiscal, policy alters the agent's bargaining position, leaving a special role for a deviation from the Friedman rule.
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Scholl, Nathalie. „Economic Inequality: Causes, Consequences, and Measurement Issues“. Doctoral thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-002B-7C0D-9.
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(Un-)gleichheit und Gerechtigkeit waren schon immer Kernbestandteil eines jeden politischen Konzeptes, welches das Wohl der Menschen in den Mittelpunkt rückte. Die Idee der Gleichheit ist so alt wie die der Demokratie selbst und neben instrumentellen Gründen, aus denen man (Un-)gleichheit schätzen oder ablehnen kann, ist die Existenz einer inhärenten Abneigung von Ungleichheit inzwischen ein allgemein akzeptiertes Faktum innerhalb der volkswirtschaftlichen Disziplin. Diese Dissertation trägt zur daraus folgenden Debatte um die Ursachen, Auswirkungen, und die Messung von Ungleichheit bei. Die Arbeit besteht aus drei Aufsätzen, welche empirische Untersuchungen in einem breit definierten Spektrum von wirtschaftlicher Ungleichheit – welches sowohl Löhne aus nicht-selbstständiger Arbeit, als auch breiter gefasste Einkommenskonzepte umfasst – enthalten.
Was sind die Faktoren, welche zu einem Anstieg oder einer Verringerung von Ungleichheit innerhalb eines Landes führen und welche Auswirkungen hat diese höhere oder geringere Ungleichheit für dessen langfristige wirtschaftliche Entwicklung? Es wäre anmaßend zu behaupten, allgemeingültige Antworten auf diese wichtigen Fragen innerhalb der folgenden drei Aufsätze geben zu können. Diese Dissertation versucht vielmehr, Erklärungen für bestimmte Teilaspekte zu liefern.
In Aufsatz 1 beschäftige ich mich mit dem Wirtschaftswachstum, eine der wohl wichtigsten Konsequenzen von Ungleichheit was die langfristige Wirkung auf das materielle Wohlbefinden eines Landes angeht. Im Zuge dessen befasse ich mich eingehend mit der noch immer ungelösten Kontroverse darüber, ob Ungleichheit zu mehr Wachstum beiträgt.
Im Folgenden vertiefe ich dann die Diskussion über die Messung von Ungleichheit in Aufsatz 2 und führe damit eine Debatte fort, auf die bereits Essay 1 unvermeidlich stößt. Ich konzentriere mich dabei auf ein Maß für die Lohnverteilung in einer der Hauptsektoren der Wirtschaft, der verarbeitenden Industrie. Die Debatte über die richtige Messung von Ungleichheit ist nicht trivial: Weder die Ursachen, noch die Folgen von Ungleichheit können untersucht werden, ohne in die Details verschiedener zur Verfügung stehender Maße gehen zu müssen. Die Verfügbarkeit geeigneter Daten auf Länderebene und über die Zeit ist Voraussetzung für empirische Studien zu diesen Themen. Tatsächlich ist einer der Gründe dafür, dass es noch immer keinen Konsens darüber gibt, ob die Ungleichheit zwischen den Ländern in den letzten 50 Jahren gestiegen oder gefallen ist, die Vielfalt nicht nur der Maße, sondern auch der diesen zugrundeliegenden Konzepten, die in unterschiedlichen Studien verwendet werden. Die verschiedenen Maße reagieren ungleich stark auf bestimmte Bereiche der Einkommensverteilung und können daher zu unterschiedlichen Schlussfolgerungen darüber, in welchen Ländern es mehr und welche weniger Ungleichheit gibt, oder über Änderungen von Ungleichheit im Laufe der Zeit führen. Aus einem ähnlichen Grund ist die Literatur noch immer uneins über den Einfluss von Ungleichheit auf das Wirtschaftswachstum: Aufgrund der Nutzung unterschiedlicher Datenquellen sowie durch Mängel in den zugrundeliegenden Daten selbst ist die Vergleichbarkeit der verschiedenen Studien stark eingeschränkt.
Unberührt davon, dass die Debatte um den Einfluss von Ungleichheit auf das Wirtschaftswachstum ungelöst bleibt, ist es wichtig zu wissen, welche Faktoren Ungleichheit verursachen oder verschlimmern (und welche dies nicht tun). Aufsatz 3 untersucht einen der in der öffentlichen Debatte häufiger zitierten Gründe für den Anstieg der Ungleichheit, den Handel. Ich untersuche empirisch die potentiellen Faktoren, die mit Handel einhergehen und zu steigender Ungleichheit führen können. Ich beschränke mich hierbei auf den Bestandteil von Ungleichheit, der laut Handelstheorien unmittelbar relevant für die Auswirkungen von Handel ist: die Verteilung der Löhne. Dabei verwende ich den in Aufsatz 2 behandelten Index der Lohnungleichheit in der verarbeitenden Industrie in einem der wenigen Kontexte, in denen dieser, wie ich in Aufsatz 2 argumentiere, angemessen ist.
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Scrimger, Phillippe. „The distributive effects of trade unionism : a look at income inequality and redistribution in Canada’s provinces“. Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21772.
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Palanivel, T. „Inter-sectoral terms of trade and resource flows: some implications for agricultural output, income and poverty in India“. Thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/4613.
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Cengiz, Gulfer. „Essays on international trade and intergenerational human capital transmission“. Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-05-1103.
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First chapter aims to quantify the role of trade in capital goods in
cross country income differences. I construct a multi-country general equilibrium
model of trade along the line of Eaton and Kortum (2002) and Alvarez
and Lucas (2007) and introduce trade in capital goods and capital accumulation.
In this framework, comparative advantage and the costs of international
trade determine the pattern of production, specialization, and trade. I calibrate
the model for 53 countries by estimating trade barriers and calibrating
productivity parameters to match the bilateral trade data in 1996. The model
is used to analyze full trade liberalizations. I find that removing barriers on
investment goods accounts a large portion of reducing cross-country income
differences and welfare gain. Counterfactual exercises suggest that developing
countries gain relatively more than developed countries.
In the second chapter, I focus on the impact of free trade on exportimport
ratios in two different sectors. I employ a multi-country general equilibrium model of bilateral trade patterns along the line of Eaton and Kortum
(2002) and Alvarez and Lucas (2007). I calibrate the model for 20 countries
by estimating trade barriers and calibrating productivity parameters to match
the bilateral trade data in 1996. The model is used to analyze full trade liberalizations.
The impacts of free trade are predicted to be an increase in the
export-import ratios in the comparative advantage sector and a decline in the
comparative disadvantage sector, on average. In developing countries the average
percentage change in export-import ratios exceeds the average percentage
change in export-import ratios in developed countries.
Finally, in the third chapter, I focus on the intergenerational human
capital transmission. I develop and calibrate a theoretical model that considers
three mechanisms of intergenerational transmission of human capital:
(i) persistence in learning ability; (ii) parental investment in child’s human
capital; (iii) higher teaching productivity of parents with more human capital.
Within this framework, I find that (i) and (ii) plays important roles while (iii)
does not. In addition the model generates the documented fact that higherwage
parents spending more time teaching their children in spite of the higher
opportunity cost. I asses the role of nature and nurture effects in intergenerational
persistence of earnings and I find that nature accounts a large portion
of the intergenerational persistence in earnings. I also quantify the relative
importance of these mechanisms on wage inequality.text
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Barclay, Vaughn. „Patterns Perceptible: Awakening to Community“. Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10214/3656.
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This paper interweaves narrativized readings and experiential narratives as personal and cultural resources for counterhegemonic cultural critique within our historical context of globalization and ecological crisis. Framed by perspectives on epistemology, everyday life, and place, these reflections seek to engage and revitalize our notions of community, creativity, and the individual, towards visioning the human art of community as a counternarrative to globalization. Such a task involves confronting the meanings we have come to ascribe to work and economy which so deeply determine our social fabric. Encountering the thought of key 19th and 20th century social theorists ranging from William Morris, Gregory Bateson, and Raymond Williams, to Murray Bookchin, Martin Buber, and Wendell Berry, these reflections mark the indivisible web of culture in the face of our insistent divisions, and further, iterate our innate creativity as the source for a vital, sustainable culture that might reflect, in Bateson’s terms, the pattern that connects.