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Devaquet, Jérôme, Björn Jonson, Lisbet Niklason, Anne-Gaëlle Si Larbi, Leif Uttman, Jérôme Aboab und Laurent Brochard. „Effects of inspiratory pause on CO2 elimination and arterial Pco2 in acute lung injury“. Journal of Applied Physiology 105, Nr. 6 (Dezember 2008): 1944–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.90682.2008.
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A high respiratory rate associated with the use of small tidal volumes, recommended for acute lung injury (ALI), shortens time for gas diffusion in the alveoli. This may decrease CO2 elimination. We hypothesized that a postinspiratory pause could enhance CO2 elimination and reduce PaCO2 by reducing dead space in ALI. In 15 mechanically ventilated patients with ALI and hypercapnia, a 20% postinspiratory pause (Tp20) was applied during a period of 30 min between two ventilation periods without postinspiratory pause (Tp0). Other parameters were kept unchanged. The single breath test for CO2 was recorded every 5 min to measure tidal CO2 elimination (VtCO2), airway dead space (VDaw), and slope of the alveolar plateau. PaO2, PaCO2, and physiological and alveolar dead space (VDphys, VDalv) were determined at the end of each 30-min period. The postinspiratory pause, 0.7 ± 0.2 s, induced on average <0.5 cmH2O of intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). During Tp20, VtCO2 increased immediately by 28 ± 10% (14 ± 5 ml per breath compared with 11 ± 4 for Tp0) and then decreased without reaching the initial value within 30 min. The addition of a postinspiratory pause significantly decreased VDaw by 14% and VDphys by 11% with no change in VDalv. During Tp20, the slope of the alveolar plateau initially fell to 65 ± 10% of baseline value and continued to decrease. Tp20 induced a 10 ± 3% decrease in PaCO2 at 30 min (from 55 ± 10 to 49 ± 9 mmHg, P < 0.001) with no significant variation in PaO2. Postinspiratory pause has a significant influence on CO2 elimination when small tidal volumes are used during mechanical ventilation for ALI.
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Komárková, Martina, Jakub Chromý, Eva Pokorná, Petr Soudek und Pavlína Máchová. „Physiological and Transcriptomic Response of Grey Poplar (Populus ×canescens Aiton Sm.) to Cadmium Stress“. Plants 9, Nr. 11 (04.11.2020): 1485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9111485.
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(1) Background: Populus ×canescens (Aiton) Sm. is a fast-growing woody plant belonging to the family Salicaceae. Two poplar genotypes characterized by unique phenotypic traits (TP11 and TP20) were chosen to be characterized and tested for a physiological and transcriptomic response to Cd stress. (2) Methods: A comparative analysis of the effects of exposure to high cadmium (Cd) concentrations (10 µM and 100 µM) of TP11 and TP20 was performed. (3) Results: Neither of the tested Cd concentration negatively affected plant growth; however, the chlorophyll content significantly decreased. The potassium (K) content was higher in the shoots than in the roots. The magnesium concentrations were only slightly affected by Cd treatment. The zinc content in the shoots of TP20 was lower than that in the shoots of TP11. Cd accumulation was higher in the roots than in the shoots. After 10 days of exposure, 10 µM Cd resulted in comparable amounts of Cd in the roots and shoots of TP20. The most significant change in transcript amount was observed in endochitinase 2, 12-oxophytodienoate reductase 1 and phi classglutathione S-transferase. (4) Conclusions: Our study provided new insights for effective assessing the ability of different poplar genotypes to tolerate Cd stress and underlying Cd tolerance.
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Schmid, R. A., S. Hillinger, J. Hamacher und U. Stammberger. „TP20 is superior to TP10 in reducing ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat lung grafts“. Transplantation Proceedings 33, Nr. 1-2 (Februar 2001): 948–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-1345(00)02279-x.
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P. Hardy, Matthew, Tony Rowe und Sandra Wymann. „Soluble Complement Receptor 1 Therapeutics“. Journal of Immunological Sciences 6, Nr. 4 (21.10.2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.29245/2578-3009/2022/4.1240.
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Human Complement Receptor 1 (CR1/CD35) is a potent negative regulator of the complement system. Its mechanism of action is through interaction with the complement activation fragments, C3b and C4b to mediate decay acceleration of the C3 and C5 convertase complexes as well as cleavage of both ligands into inactive fragments via cofactor activity. The result is inhibition of the classical, lectin, and alternative complement pathways. This article will focus on recombinant soluble forms of CR1 that have been generated as potential therapeutics for complement-mediated disorders. Specifically, we will review and contrast the in vitro and in vivo properties of: sCR1 (BRL55730/TP10/CDX-1135), the soluble full-length extracellular domain of human CR1; sCR1-sLex (TP20), a glyco-engineered version of sCR1 additionally targeted to activated endothelium; APT070 (Mirococept), a CR1 fragment conjugated to a myristoylated peptide to enhance tissue targeting; and CSL040, a soluble truncated version of the CR1 extracellular domain which exhibits altered potency and pharmacokinetic properties as compared to the parental molecule. The data obtained from studies on the effects of these CR1-based molecules in animal models of disease and their therapeutic applications will also be discussed.
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Stajić, Slaviša, Patrycja Skwarek, Sanja Đurđević, Małgorzata Karwowska, Boris Pisinov, Igor Tomasevic und Vladimir Kurćubić. „Tomato Pomace Powder as a Functional Ingredient in Minced Meat Products—Influence on Technological and Sensory Properties of Traditional Serbian Minced Meat Product Ćevapi“. Processes 12, Nr. 7 (27.06.2024): 1330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr12071330.
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The aim of this research is to evaluate the impact of tomato pomace (TP) on the technological and sensory properties of ćevapi. Four treatments were prepared as follows: control (CON) and samples with the addition of TP in amounts of TP5 (0.5%—5 g/kg), TP10 (1%—10 g/kg), and TP20 (2%—20 g/kg). Technological properties (pH values, water activity (aw) cooking loss, length reduction), instrumental colour and texture, and sensory properties were examined. The addition of TP powder did not result in significant differences in pH and aw values between CON and modified treatments (in both raw and grilled). The addition of TP in the amounts higher than 10 g/kg significantly reduced cooking loss, while length reduction was observed when 20 g/kg was added. Also, significantly higher values of yellowness were observed in both the raw and grilled ćevapi, when 10 g/kg and more of TP was added. Significantly higher hardness and chewiness were observed in all experimental treatments. However, differences in instrumental colour and texture were not negatively perceived by the assessors, and there were no significant differences in any observed sensory properties between the CON and experimental treatments. Moreover, all the experimental treatments received a relatively high mark of around seven and higher on a nine-point hedonic scale. Further research could focus on the examination of salt/meat reduction as well as oxidative stability during freeze storage.
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Gulay, Lubomir D., und Dariusz Kaczorowski. „Crystal structure and low-temperature magnetic properties of R2Au2Pb (R = Y, La–Nd, Sm, Gd–Lu) plumbides“. Low Temperature Physics 49, Nr. 3 (März 2023): 338–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/10.0017237.
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Polycrystalline samples of the ternary compounds R2Au2Pb (R = Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu) were studied by means of powder X-ray diffraction and magnetic measurements. All these materials were found to crystallize with a tetragonal crystal structure of the Er2Au2Sn type (space group P42 /mnm, Pearson code tP20). The Y-, La-, and Lu-based phases were established to be diamagnetic, while Yb2Au2Pb was characterized as an intermediate valence system due to an unstable 4 f shell. All the other R2Au2Pb ternaries were found to order antiferromagnetically at low temperatures ( TN in the range 2–30 K) due to the localized magnetic moments carried on trivalent R3+ ions.
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Zaidi, Syeda Huma Haider, Abida Ash Mohd, Mohd Imran, Menwah Khalifah Alshammari und Khattab Fahed Alfrah. „Design, In Silico Studies, and Synthesis of Some Azole Derivatives as Antimicrobial Agents“. Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 39, Nr. 6 (27.12.2023): 1579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/390618.
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This work relates to the discovery of safer and more potent triazole-pyridazinone hybrid (TP) compounds as an inhibitor of sterol 14α-demethylase (SDM). The chemical structures of thirty-three TPs (TP1 to TP33) were designed. The docking scores (DS) of TPs were determined by molecular docking software utilizing three different proteins of SDM (PDB IDs: 3LD6, 5FSA, and 5TZ1). The ProTox II web server predicted TPs' oral LD50 and toxicity class (TC), whereas the Swiss-ADME database anticipated their pharmacokinetic parameters. Based on the in silico study data, four TPs (TP18, TP22, TP27, and TP33) were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antifungal activity against seven fungi. The DS (kcal/mol) of TP18 (3LD6 = -8.27; 5FSA = -9.07; 5TZ1 = -9.42), TP22 (3LD6 = -8.23; 5FSA = -8.93; 5TZ1 = -9.57), TP27 (3LD6 = -8.31; 5FSA = -9.12; 5TZ1 = -9.38), and TP33 (3LD6 = -8.19; 5FSA = -8.98; 5TZ1 = -9.94) were better than the DS of fluconazole (3LD6 = -8.18; 5FSA = -8.79; 5TZ1 = -9.18) and ketoconazole (3LD6 = -8.16; 5FSA = -8.86; 5TZ1 = -9.06) implying high potency of TP18, TP22, TP27 and TP33 than fluconazole and ketoconazole against SDM. The anticipated LD50 and toxicity class (TC) of TP18 (500 mg/kg; TC 4), TP22 (500 mg/kg; TC 4), TP27 (1000 mg/kg; TC 4), and TP33 (1000 mg/kg; TC 4) was better than ketoconazole (166 mg/kg; TC 3). The Swiss-ADME database results revealed that TP18, TP22, TP27, and TP33 passed Lipinski’s drug-likeliness rule and demonstrated high oral absorption and bioavailability comparable to ketoconazole and fluconazole. The synthesized compounds' spectral data (FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and Mass) aligned to their designed chemical structure. The antifungal activity data implies that TP18, TP22, TP27, and TP33 were better antifungal agents than fluconazole and ketoconazole against tested fungi. These findings concurred with the DS of TP18, TP22, TP27, and TP33. In conclusion, TP18, TP22, TP27, and TP33 represent a new chemical template for developing safer and better SDM inhibitors as antifungal agents.
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Phuong, Nguyen Van, Nguyen Thuy Linh, Trinh Dinh Duy, Tran Le Nam Khanh, Do Doan Thu Giang, Ta Thi Thuy Linh, Mai Thi Phuong Nga et al. „Identification and evaluation of enzymes gelatinase, amylase, and catalase produced by rice root endophytic bacteria isolated from Hai Duong with antimicrobial properties against \(\textit{Xanthomonas oryzea}\) pv. Oryzea“. Academia Journal of Biology 43, Nr. 2 (30.06.2021): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2615-9023/15906.
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Endophytic bacteria (EB) possess different beneficial traits. Endophytic microbes are often functional in that they may carry nutrients from the soil into plants, modulate plant development, increase stress tolerance of plants, suppress virulence in pathogens, increase disease resistance in plants, and suppress development of competitor plant species. They may enhance plant development by carrying nutrients from the soil into plants and protect plants against phytopathogens by synthesizing extra-/intracellular proteolytic enzymes, as well as releasing antimicrobial metabolites and competing with pathogens for habitation and nutrients. In this study, we investigated the ability to produce exo/endo-enzymes such as gelatinase, amylase, and catalase, and antagonistic activity of 77 EB strains isolated from lowland rice roots grown in Doan Ket commune, Thanh Mien district, Hai Duong province, Vietnam. Out of 77 isolates, 76 (98.71%) showed the ability to liquefy gelatin after 7 days with different rates of hydrolysis. The test of starch hydrolysis revealed 58 (75.33%) isolates that were able to hydrolyze starch. Fifty-one out of 77 isolates (66.24%) were able to produce catalase. The antagonistic activity of rice root endophytic bacteria was determined against bacterial leaf blight disease-causing pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), strains X19.2 and VX41. We found that three isolates (TP5, TP7, TP11) showed the ability to inhibit the growth of strain VX41 and twelve isolates (TP3, TP7, TP8, TP9, TP10, TP11, TP12, TP13, TP15, TP17, TP21, TP23) were able to inhibit the growth of strain X19.2. These results are served as a venue for further investigation in planta under the conditions of net house and field trials in order to confirm the potential strains for the development of bioinoculant toward controlling the disease caused by Xoo.
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Guo, Yan You, Cheng Shan Wang und Jie Yang. „Global-Scale Atmospheric Change with the Tibetan Plateau Uplift in a Coupled Climate Model (CESM)“. Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (Juni 2014): 1392–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.1392.
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Large topography can affect the global climate change significantly. Many studies have revealed that the altitude of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is related to the Asian regional climate. In order to find how the global-scale atmospheric circulation changes in response to the TP uplift in summer, a fully coupled model, Community Earth System Model (CESM), was used in this paper. Four experiments were run with the altitude of TP set to 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the modern height, respectively (referred to as TP25, TP50, TP75, TP100 experiments). The results show that the uplift of the TP causes the change of the subtropical circulation over the northern hemisphere as well as the southern hemisphere. In the TP25 experiment, the South Asian High (SAH) at the 150mb is comparatively weak, and with the elevated surface heating, the vertical motion in the middle troposphere strengthens greatly. The ascending air over the TP leads to the forming and sustaining of the SAH, a dominate subsystem of the upper troposphere. The perturbation of the SAH propagates in the upper troposphere and stimulates stronger planetary waves on the globe and it also affects the circulation in the low level atmosphere. The subtropical highs over seal level strengthen over the Southern Ocean as well as the North Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Furthermore, the westerlies around the Antarctica become stronger with the increasing altitude of the TP. This is meaningful that the stronger westerlies may be a forcing to accelerate the Cenozoic global cooling during the geological history.
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Bi, Nan, Yufan Yang, Jianyang Wang, Jingbo Wang, Xiaotian Zhao, Yin Yang, Minyi Zhu und Luhua Wang. „ctDNA for clonal evolution surveillance and therapeutic efficacy prediction in unresectable locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer under radiotherapy.“ Journal of Clinical Oncology 41, Nr. 16_suppl (01.06.2023): e20555-e20555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2023.41.16_suppl.e20555.
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e20555 Background: Therapeutic efficacy differs across unresectable locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC) patients receiving definitive radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy (RT/CRT), but the underlying resistance mechanism, clonal evolution and molecular prognostic factors remain poorly understood. Methods: Unresectable LA-NSCLC patients treated with definitive RT/CRT were consecutively enrolled between May 2018 and November 2020. Next-generation sequencing covering 474 cancer-relevant genes was performed on plasma ctDNA collected at pre-treatment (TP0), 4-week post-RT (TP1), 1-month post-RT (TP2), 3-month post-RT (TP3), and progression (TP4). Main study endpoints included disease progression, progression-free survival (PFS), death from any cause, overall survival (OS), distant metastasis and distant metastasis free survival. Fisher’s exact test and two-sample t-tests were performed to compare the frequencies and means of independent groups, respectively. The median follow-up time was estimated using the reverse Kaplan-Meier method. Hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by Cox proportional hazards models. Results: A total of 46 patients were included (median age: 63 [range: 40–80], males: 87%, clinical stage IIIB: 52%, squamous cell carcinoma: 54%, TP0 ctDNA shedding: 63%, consolidation immunotherapy: 33%). Twenty-nine (63%) patients developed disease progression by the end of follow-up (median follow-up: 23.7 months), with median PFS and OS being 15.5 and 25.4 months, respectively. The polymerase epsilon ( POLE) mutational signature at TP0 indicated inferior PFS (HR: 5.32, 95% CI: 1.83–15.45) and worse OS (HR: 20.68, 95% CI: 3.94–108.62). Notably, newly-discovered/lost mutations were rarely observed at TP4 when compared to TP0. Patients with a high ratio of mean over max variant allele frequency (m/mVAF) in TP0 samples, indicative of a clonal predominant tumor with a low subclone fraction ( P< 0.01), had relatively poor OS, compared to patients with low m/mVAF (HR: 2.92, 95% CI: 0.82–10.46) or undetectable ctDNA (HR: 3.39, 95% CI: 0.98–11.75). The prognostic value was validated in an independent publicly available dataset of 431 LA-NSCLC patients receiving definitive RT/CRT, showing patients with high m/mVAF demonstrated worse OS than those with low m/mVAF (HR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.08–1.89). Additionally, increased m/mVAF between TP0 and TP1 indicated an elevated risk for disease progression ( vs. non-increase, HR: 3.49, 95% CI: 1.20–10.16), especially for distant metastasis ( vs. non-increase, HR: 2.85, 95% CI: 0.84–9.69). Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated the clinical value of plasma ctDNA and its derived molecular features in delineating clonal evolution, monitoring therapeutic resistance, and predicting prognosis of LA-NSCLC under definitive RT.
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Bredemeier, Maren, Philippos Edimiris, Pawel Mach, Mikael Kubista, Robert Sjöback, Eva Rohlova, Katarina Kolostova et al. „Gene Expression Signatures in Circulating Tumor Cells Correlate with Response to Therapy in Metastatic Breast Cancer“. Clinical Chemistry 63, Nr. 10 (01.10.2017): 1585–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2016.269605.
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Abstract BACKGROUND Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are thought to be an ideal surrogate marker to monitor disease progression in metastatic breast cancer (MBC). We investigated the prediction of treatment response in CTCs of MBC patients on the basis of the expression of 46 genes. METHODS From 45 MBC patients and 20 healthy donors (HD), 2 × 5 mL of blood was collected at the time of disease progression (TP0) and at 2 consecutive clinical staging time points (TP1 and TP2) to proceed with the AdnaTest EMT-2/StemCellSelectTM (QIAGEN). Patients were grouped into (a) responder (R) and non-responder (NR) at TP1 and (b) overall responder (OR) and overall non-responder (ONR) at TP2. A 46-gene PCR assay was used for preamplification and high-throughput gene expression profiling. Data were analyzed by use of GenEx (MultiD) and SAS. RESULTS The CTC positivity was defined by the four-gene signature (EPCAM, KRT19, MUC1, ERBB2 positivity). Fourteen genes were identified as significantly differentially expressed between CTC+ and CTC− patients (KRT19, FLT1, EGFR, EPCAM, GZMM, PGR, CD24, KIT, PLAU, ALDH1A1, CTSD, MKI67, TWIST1, and ERBB2). KRT19 was highly expressed in CTC+ patients and ADAM17 in the NR at TP1. A significant differential expression of 4 genes (KRT19, EPCAM, CDH1, and SCGB2A2) was observed between OR and ONR when stratifying the samples into CTC+ or CTC−. CONCLUSIONS ADAM17 could be a key marker in distinguishing R from NR, and KRT19 was powerful in identifying CTCs.
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Chen, Yi-Gong, Qian Wang, Anna Wołowicz, Agnieszka Gładysz-Płaska, Monika Wawrzkiewicz, Weronika Sofińska-Chmiel, Gui-Yuan Lv, Dorota Kołodyńska und Su-Hong Chen. „Medical Plant Extract Purification from Cadmium(II) Using Modified Thermoplastic Starch and Ion Exchangers“. Materials 14, Nr. 16 (22.08.2021): 4734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164734.
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Pure compounds extracted and purified from medical plants are crucial for preparation of the herbal products applied in many countries as drugs for the treatment of diseases all over the world. Such products should be free from toxic heavy metals; therefore, their elimination or removal in all steps of production is very important. Hence, the purpose of this paper was purification of an extract obtained from Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo and cadmium removal using thermoplastic starch (S1), modified TPS with poly (butylene succinate); 25% of TPS + 75% PBS (S2); 50% of TPS + 50% PLA (S3); and 50% of TPS + 50% PLA with 5% of hemp fibers (S4), as well as ion exchangers of different types, e.g., Lewatit SP112, Purolite S940, Amberlite IRC747, Amberlite IRC748, Amberlite IRC718, Lewatit TP207, Lewatit TP208, and Purolite S930. This extract is used in cancer treatment in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis with differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, gel permeation chromatography, surface analysis, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and point of zero charge analysis were used for sorbent and adsorption process characterization, as well as for explanation of the Cd(II) sorption mechanism.
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Eriksson, Olaspers Sara, Miriam Geörg, Hong Sjölinder, Rannar Sillard, Staffan Lindberg, Ülo Langel und Ann-Beth Jonsson. „Identification of Cell-Penetrating Peptides That Are Bactericidal to Neisseria meningitidis and Prevent Inflammatory Responses upon Infection“. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 57, Nr. 8 (20.05.2013): 3704–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00624-13.
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ABSTRACTMeningococcal disease is characterized by a fast progression and a high mortality rate. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), developed as vectors for cargo delivery into eukaryotic cells, share structural features with antimicrobial peptides. A screen identified two CPPs, transportan-10 (TP10) and model amphipathic peptide (MAP), with bactericidal action againstNeisseria meningitidis. Both peptides were active in human whole blood at micromolar concentrations, while hemolysis remained negligible. Additionally, TP10 exhibited significant antibacterial activityin vivo. Uptake of SYTOX green into live meningococci was observed within minutes after TP10 treatment, suggesting that TP10 may act by membrane permeabilization. Apart from its bactericidal activity, TP10 suppressed inflammatory cytokine release from macrophages infected withN. meningitidisas well as from macrophages stimulated with enterobacterial and meningococcal lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Finally, incubation with TP10 reduced the binding of LPS to macrophages. This novel endotoxin-inhibiting property of TP10, together with its antimicrobial activityin vivo, indicates the possibility to design peptide-based therapies for infectious diseases.
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Duan, Xiaoyu, Chunlei Zou, Yifan Jiang, Xuejing Yu und Xueling Ye. „Effects of Reduced Phosphate Fertilizer and Increased Trichoderma Application on the Growth, Yield, and Quality of Pepper“. Plants 12, Nr. 16 (19.08.2023): 2998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12162998.
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Phosphorus utilization by crop plants is often limited, thereby resulting in large accumulations of residual phosphorus fertilizer in the soil. Trichoderma fungi function as natural decomposition agents that can contribute to increasing decomposition and promoting nutrient absorption in plants. In this study, we developed a novel fertilizer application strategy that reduces phosphate fertilizer and increases Trichoderma and examined its effects on the growth, nutrient absorption, and fruit quality of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). We compared the efficacies of eight treatments: P100 = standard dose application of phosphorus fertilizer; P85 = 85% dose; P70 = 70% dose; P0 = no phosphorus fertilizer; and the TP100, TP85, TP70, and TP0 treatments, in which a Trichoderma mixture was added to the P100, P85, P70, and P0 treatments, respectively. The combined fertilizer application strategy stimulated plant growth, increased chlorophyll content, improved yield, and enhanced nutrient absorption. Additionally, the strategy improved pepper fruit quality by increasing the contents of soluble proteins, soluble sugars, vitamin C, capsaicin, and capsanthin. A comprehensive analysis indicated that the TP85 treatment was the optimal fertilization regime for pepper. This study provides a novel fertilizer application strategy for pepper that not only ensures good plant growth but also protects soil health.
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Johnson, C. R., und S. Nasserasr. „TP2=Bruhat“. Discrete Mathematics 310, Nr. 10-11 (Juni 2010): 1627–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.disc.2009.12.021.
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İnce, İkbal Agah, Zihni Demirbağ und Hatice Katı. „Arthrobacter pityocampae sp. nov., isolated from Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lep., Thaumetopoeidae)“. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 64, Pt_10 (01.10.2014): 3384–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.060731-0.
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A bacterium (strain Tp2T) was isolated from a caterpillar of the pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Den. & Schiff.) (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae), a destructive pine forest pest. The bacterium is a Gram-stain-positive, red-pigmented coccus, oxidase-negative, nitrate-reducing, non-motile and non-spore-forming. Strain Tp2T was subjected to a taxonomic study using polyphasic approach that included morphological and biochemical characterizations, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, DNA–DNA hybridization, DNA G+C content analysis, comparative fatty acid profiles, and analyses of quinones and polar lipids. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain Tp2T revealed that Arthrobacter agilis DSM 20550T was the closest known strain (98 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). DNA–DNA hybridization of A. agilis DSM 20550T and strain Tp2T resulted in a DNA–DNA relatedness value of 11.9 % (20.2 % reciprocal). The DNA base composition of strain Tp2T was 69.5 mol%, which is consistent with the other recognized members of Actinobacteria that have a high G+C content in their genome. The polar lipid pattern of strain Tp2T consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol (major), phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol and unknown glycolipids. The cellular fatty acids were anteiso C15 : 0 and anteiso C17 : 0 and the major menaquinone was MK-9(II-H2). The peptidoglycan type was A3α with an l-Lys–l-Thr–l-Ala3 interpeptide bridge. The above-mentioned characterization qualifies strain Tp2T as genotypically and phenotypically distinct from closely related species of the genus Arthrobacter with validly published names. Strain Tp2T is therefore proposed to represent a novel species of the genus Arthrobacter , described as Arthrobacter pityocampae sp. nov. The type strain is Tp2T ( = DSM 21719T = NCCB 100254T).
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Pletnev, Alexander G., Michael Bray, Kathryn A. Hanley, Jim Speicher und Randy Elkins. „Tick-Borne Langat/Mosquito-Borne Dengue Flavivirus Chimera, a Candidate Live Attenuated Vaccine for Protection against Disease Caused by Members of the Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Complex: Evaluation in Rhesus Monkeys and in Mosquitoes“. Journal of Virology 75, Nr. 17 (01.09.2001): 8259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.75.17.8259-8267.2001.
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ABSTRACT Langat virus (LGT), strain TP21, a naturally avirulent tick-borne flavivirus, was used to construct a chimeric candidate virus vaccine which contained LGT genes for premembrane (preM) and envelope (E) glycoprotein and all other sequences derived from dengue type 4 virus (DEN4). The live virus vaccine was developed to provide resistance to the highly virulent, closely related tick-borne flaviviruses that share protective E epitopes among themselves and with LGT. Toward that end the chimera, initially recovered in mosquito cells, was adapted to grow to high titer in qualified simian Vero cells. When inoculated intraperitoneally (i.p.), the Vero cell-adapted LGT TP21/DEN4 chimera remained completely attenuated for SCID mice. Significantly, the chimera protected immunocompetent mice against the most virulent tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). Subsequently, rhesus monkeys were immunized in groups of 4 with 105 or 107 PFU of LGT strain TP21, with 105 PFU of DEN4, or with 103, 105, or 107 PFU of the chimera. Each of the monkeys inoculated with DEN4 or LGT TP21 became viremic, and the duration of viremia ranged from 1 to 5 days. In contrast, viremia was detected in only 1 of 12 monkeys inoculated with the LGT TP21/DEN4 chimera; in this instance the level of viremia was at the limit of detection. All monkeys immunized with the chimera or LGT TP21 virus developed a moderate to high level of neutralizing antibodies against LGT TP21 as well as TBEV and were completely protected against subsequent LGT TP21 challenge, whereas monkeys previously immunized with DEN4 virus became viremic when challenged with LGT TP21. These observations suggest that the chimera is attenuated, immunogenic, and able to induce a protective immune response. Furthermore, passive transfer of serum from monkeys immunized with chimera conferred significant protection to mice subsequently challenged with 100 i.p. 50% lethal doses of the highly virulent TBEV. The issue of transmissibility of the chimera by mosquitoes was addressed by inoculating a nonhematophagous mosquito,Toxorhynchites splendens, intrathoracically with the chimera or its DEN4 or LGT parent. Neither the LGT TP21/DEN4 vaccine candidate nor the wild-type LGT TP21 virus was able to infect this mosquito species, which is highly permissive for dengue viruses. Certain properties of the chimera, notably its attenuation for monkeys, its immunogenicity, and its failure to infect a highly permissive mosquito host, make it a promising vaccine candidate for use in immunization against severe disease caused by many tick-borne flaviviruses.
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Bahey-El-Din, Mohammed, Pat G. Casey, Brendan T. Griffin und Cormac G. M. Gahan. „Expression of two Listeria monocytogenes antigens (P60 and LLO) in Lactococcus lactis and examination for use as live vaccine vectors“. Journal of Medical Microbiology 59, Nr. 8 (01.08.2010): 904–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.018770-0.
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Listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne intracellular pathogen that mainly infects pregnant and immunocompromised individuals. The pore-forming haemolysin listeriolysin O (LLO), the main virulence factor of Listeria monocytogenes, allows bacteria to escape from the harsh environment of the phagosome to the cytoplasm of the infected cell. This leads to processing of bacterial antigens predominantly through the cytosolic MHC class I presentation pathway. We previously engineered the food-grade bacterium Lactococcus lactis to express LLO and demonstrated an LLO-specific CD8+ response upon immunization of mice with the engineered L. lactis vaccine strains. In the present work, we examined the immune response and protective efficacy of an L. lactis strain co-expressing LLO and a truncated form of the listerial P60 antigen (tP60). Oral immunization revealed no significant protection against listeriosis with L. lactis expressing LLO, tP60 or the combined LLO/tP60. In contrast, intraperitoneal vaccination induced an LLO-specific CD8+ immune response with LLO-expressing L. lactis but no significant improvement in protection was observed following vaccination with the combined LLO/tP60 expressing L. lactis strain. This may be due to the low level of tP60 expression in the LLO/tP60 strain. These results demonstrate the necessity for improved oral vaccination strategies using LLO-expressing L. lactis vaccine vectors.
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Yessimkanova, U., M. Mataev, M. Alekhina, M. Kopbaeva, A. Berezovskiy und Dr D. Dreisinger. „The study of the Kinetic Characteristics of Sorption of Scandium of Ion Exchanger Purolite MTS9580 from Return Circulating Solutions of Underground Leaching of Uranium Ores“. Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 22, Nr. 2 (30.06.2020): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj961.
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This paper presents the results of a study of experiments on the sorption characteristics of phosphorus-containing ion exchangers Purolite MTS9580 (functional group ‒ derivatives of phosphonic acid) and Lewatit TP260 (functional group ‒ aminomethylphosphonic acid) on scandium. Using the method of low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, structural characteristics of selected ion exchangers Purolite MTS9580 and Lewatit TP260 respectively were measured. The specific surface of Purolite MTS9580 and Lewatit TP260 ion exchangers was measured as 5.1 and 4.5 m2/g, respectively. The obtained values indicate the presence of a macroporous structure in the ion exchangers. Experiments were carried out on the sorption of scandium and critical impurities in a static mode and dynamic mode while varying the acidity of the initial mother liquor of the sorption of uranium. Comparison of scandium sorption from pre-acidified uranium sorption mother liquor with Lewatit TP260 and Purolite MTS9580 ion exchangers showed an advantage for MTS9580 resin. The MTS9580 resin had an exchange capacity of 200 mg Sc/dm3 versus 59.7 mg Sc/dm3 for TP260. The dynamic exchange capacity of Purolite MTS9580 is much lower in relation to harmful impurities as Al, Fe, Ca, etc.
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Liu, Chia-Wen, Chu-Yi Hsieh und Jyh-Yih Chen. „Investigations on the Wound Healing Potential of Tilapia Piscidin (TP)2-5 and TP2-6“. Marine Drugs 20, Nr. 3 (10.03.2022): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20030205.
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Wound healing is a highly orchestrated process involving many cell types, such as keratinocytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells. This study aimed to evaluate the potential application of synthetic peptides derived from tilapia piscidin (TP)2, TP2-5 and TP2-6 in skin wound healing. The treatment of HaCaT keratinocytes with TP2-5 and TP2-6 did not cause cytotoxicity, but did enhance cell proliferation and migration, which could be attributed to the activation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling. In CCD-966SK fibroblasts, although TP2-5 (31.25 μg/mL) and TP2-6 (125 μg/mL) showed cytotoxic effects, we observed the significant promotion of cell proliferation and migration at low concentrations. In addition, collagen I, collagen III, and keratinocyte growth factor were upregulated by the peptides. We further found that TP2-5 and TP2-6 showed pro-angiogenic properties, including the enhancement of human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) migration and the promotion of neovascularization. In a murine model, wounds treated topically with TP2-5 and TP2-6 were reduced by day 2 post-injury and healed significantly faster than untreated wounds. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that both TP2-5 and TP2-6 have multifaceted effects when used as topical agents for accelerating wound healing.
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Brankiewicz, Wioletta, Joanna Okońska, Katarzyna Serbakowska, Jan Lica, Marek Drab, Natalia Ptaszyńska, Anna Łęgowska, Krzysztof Rolka und Piotr Szweda. „New Peptide Based Fluconazole Conjugates with Expanded Molecular Targets“. Pharmaceutics 14, Nr. 4 (23.03.2022): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040693.
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Infections of Candida spp. etiology are frequently treated with azole drugs. Among azoles, the most widely used in the clinical scenario remains fluconazole (FLC). Promising results in treatment of dangerous, systemic Candida infections demonstrate the advantages of combined therapies carried out with combinations of at least two different antifungal agents. Here, we report five conjugates composed of covalently linked FLC and cell penetrating or antimicrobial peptide: TP10-7-NH2, TP10-NH2, LFcinB(2-11)-NH2, LFcinB[Nle1,11]-NH2, and HLopt2-NH2, with aspects of design, chemical synthesis and their biological activities. Two of these compounds, namely FLCpOH-TP10-NH2 and FLCpOH-TP10-7-NH2, exhibit high activity against reference strains and fluconazole-resistant clinical isolates of C. albicans, including strains overproducing drug transporters. Moreover, both of them demonstrate higher fungicidal effects compared to fluconazole. Analysis performed with fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy as well as flow cytometry indicated the cell membrane as a molecular target of synthesized conjugates. An important advantage of FLCpOH-TP10-NH2 and FLCpOH-TP10-7-NH2 is their low cytotoxicity. The IC90 value for the human cells after 72 h treatment was comparable to the MIC50 value after 24 h treatment for most strains of C. albicans. In reported conjugates, FLC was linked to the peptide by its hydroxyl group. It is worth noting that conjugation of FLC by the nitrogen atom of the triazole ring led to practically inactive compounds. Two compounds produced by us and reported herein appear to be potential candidates for novel antifungal agents.
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Termopoli, Veronica, Viviana Consonni, Davide Ballabio, Roberto Todeschini, Marco Orlandi und Fabio Gosetti. „Identification of Photodegradation Products of Escitalopram in Surface Water by HPLC-MS/MS and Preliminary Characterization of Their Potential Impact on the Environment“. Separations 9, Nr. 10 (05.10.2022): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations9100289.
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The study concerns the photodegradation of the antidepressant escitalopram (ESC), the S-enantiomer of the citalopram raceme, both in ultrapure and surface water, considering the contribution of indirect photolysis through the presence of nitrate and bicarbonate. The effect of nitrate and bicarbonate concentrations was investigated by full factorial design, and only the nitrate concentration resulted in having a significant effect on the degradation. The kinetics of ESC photodegradation is the pseudo-first-order (half-life = 62.4 h in ultrapure water and 48.4 h in lake water). The generation of transformation products (TPs) was monitored through a developed and validated HPLC-MS/MS method. Fourteen TPs were identified in ultrapure water (one of them, at m/z 261, for the first time) and other two TPs at m/z 327 (found for the first time in this study) were identified only in presence of a nitrate. Several TPs were the same as those formed during the photodegradation of citalopram. The photodegradation pathway of ESC and its mechanism of degradation in water is proposed. The method was applied successfully to the analyses of surface water samples, in which a few dozen of ng L−1 of ESC was determined together with the presence of TP2, TP5 and TP12. Finally, a preliminary in silico evaluation of the toxicological profile and environmental behavior of TPs by computational models was carried out; two TPs (TP4 and TP10) were identified as of potential concern, as they were predicted mutagenic by Ames test model.
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Ptaszyńska, Natalia, Katarzyna Gucwa, Katarzyna Olkiewicz, Mateusz Heldt, Marcin Serocki, Anna Stupak, Dorota Martynow et al. „Conjugates of Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin with Cell-Penetrating Peptide Exhibit Antifungal Activity and Mammalian Cytotoxicity“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, Nr. 13 (30.06.2020): 4696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21134696.
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Seven conjugates composed of well-known fluoroquinolone antibacterial agents, ciprofloxacin (CIP) or levofloxacin (LVX), and a cell-penetrating peptide transportan 10 (TP10-NH2) were synthesised. The drugs were covalently bound to the peptide via an amide bond, methylenecarbonyl moiety, or a disulfide bridge. Conjugation of fluoroquinolones to TP10-NH2 resulted in congeners demonstrating antifungal in vitro activity against human pathogenic yeasts of the Candida genus (MICs in the 6.25–100 µM range), whereas the components were poorly active. The antibacterial in vitro activity of most of the conjugates was lower than the activity of CIP or LVX, but the antibacterial effect of CIP-S-S-TP10-NH2 was similar to the mother fluoroquinolone. Additionally, for two representative CIP and LVX conjugates, a rapid bactericidal effect was shown. Compared to fluoroquinolones, TP10-NH2 and the majority of its conjugates generated a relatively low level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) and human myeloid leukemia cells (HL-60). The conjugates exhibited cytotoxicity against three cell lines, HEK293, HepG2 (human liver cancer cell line), and LLC-PK1 (old male pig kidney cells), with IC50 values in the 10–100 µM range and hemolytic activity. The mammalian toxicity was due to the intrinsic cytoplasmic membrane disruption activity of TP10-NH2 since fluoroquinolones themselves were not cytotoxic. Nevertheless, the selectivity index values of the conjugates, both for the bacteria and human pathogenic yeasts, remained favourable.
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Semakin, A. S., I. R. Mukhamedshin, S. G. Zybtsev und V. Ya Pokrovskii. „Features of a Low-Temperature Charge Density Wave in the Monoclinic Phase of NbS3 Manifested in the NMR and in Transport Properties“. JETP Letters 119, Nr. 6 (März 2024): 444–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0021364024600435.
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The relaxation of the transverse nuclear magnetization in the monoclinic phase of NbS3 has been studied by the 93Nb nuclear magnetic resonance method near the temperature TP2 = 150 K, at which a low-temperature charge density wave is formed. It has been shown that the critical slowing down of one of the vibrational modes of the lattice, which is quite slow even above TP2, occurs slightly below TP2. The transition at TP2 occurs not only in low-resistance samples, as thought previously, but also in high-resistance ones, and involves Nb atoms in the bulk of a sample. The transport properties of high-resistance samples, namely, the smearing of the depinning threshold for the charge density wave below TP2, confirm that the phase transition in them occurs at TP2. It has been concluded that the distortion of the lattice at TP2 is not due to the Peierls mechanism and can be attributed to the Keldysh–Kopaev transition. Another possible mechanism is the fluctuation distortion of the lattice above TP2 that prevents the sliding of the charge density wave.
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Liu, Heng, Qing-Yang Fan, Fang Yang, Xin-Hai Yu, Wei Zhang und Si-Ning Yun. „tP40 carbon: A novel superhard carbon allotrope“. Chinese Physics B 29, Nr. 10 (September 2020): 106102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/ab9c01.
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Nagano, I., Z. Wu, T. Nakada, A. Matsuo und Y. Takahashi. „Molecular cloning and characterization of a 21 kDa protein secreted from Trichinella pseudospiralis“. Journal of Helminthology 75, Nr. 3 (September 2001): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/joh200158.
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Recombinant protein was produced from the cDNA library of Trichinella pseudospiralis, which seemed to form part of the excretory–secretory (ES) products. The library was constructed from cDNA of muscle larvae at 1 month post-infection, and immunoscreened with antibody against T. pseudospiralis ES products. A clone, designated Tp21-3, contained a cDNA transcript of 657 bp in length with a single open reading frame, which encoded 172 amino acids (19617 Da in the estimated molecular mass). The predicted amino acid sequence of clone Tp21-3 had a similarity of 76% to that of clone ORF 17.20 (GenBank under accession number U88239) from T. spiralis. The recombinant fusion proteins encoded by clone Tp21-3 were produced in an Escherichia coli expression system and affinity purified. On Western blotting analysis, Tp21-3 recombinant proteins migrated at 40 kDa and reacted to antibody against T. pseudospiralis ES products and T. pseudospiralis-infected sera. Sera were developed against Tp 21-3 recombinant proteins, which reacted to a single band migrating at 21 kDa in crude worm extract and ES products from T. pseudospiralis on Western blotting analysis, and reacted with stichocytes of T. pseudospiralis on immunohistochemical staining.
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Petry, Monique, Martin Palus, Eva Leitzen, Johanna Gracia Mitterreiter, Bei Huang, Andrea Kröger, Georges M. G. M. Verjans et al. „Immunity to TBEV Related Flaviviruses with Reduced Pathogenicity Protects Mice from Disease but Not from TBEV Entry into the CNS“. Vaccines 9, Nr. 3 (26.02.2021): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9030196.
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Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a leading cause of vector-borne viral encephalitis with expanding endemic regions across Europe. In this study we tested in mice the efficacy of preinfection with a closely related low-virulent flavivirus, Langat virus (LGTV strain TP21), or a naturally avirulent TBEV strain (TBEV-280) in providing protection against lethal infection with the highly virulent TBEV strain (referred to as TBEV-Hypr). We show that prior infection with TP21 or TBEV-280 is efficient in protecting mice from lethal TBEV-Hypr challenge. Histopathological analysis of brains from nonimmunized mice revealed neuronal TBEV infection and necrosis. Neuroinflammation, gliosis, and neuronal necrosis was however also observed in some of the TP21 and TBEV-280 preinfected mice although at reduced frequency as compared to the nonimmunized TBEV-Hypr infected mice. qPCR detected the presence of viral RNA in the CNS of both TP21 and TBEV-280 immunized mice after TBEV-Hypr challenge, but significantly reduced compared to mock-immunized mice. Our results indicate that although TBEV-Hypr infection is effectively controlled in the periphery upon immunization with low-virulent LGTV or naturally avirulent TBEV 280, it may still enter the CNS of these animals. These findings contribute to our understanding of causes for vaccine failure in individuals vaccinated with TBE vaccines.
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Rusiecka, Izabela, Iwona Gągało und Ivan Kocić. „Neuroprotective Activity of a Non-Covalent Imatinib+TP10 Conjugate in HT-22 Neuronal Cells In Vitro“. Pharmaceutics 16, Nr. 6 (07.06.2024): 778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16060778.
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This study evaluated the probable relevance of a non-covalent conjugate of imatinib with TP10 in the context of a neuroprotective effect in Parkinson’s disease. Through the inhibition of c-Abl, which is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase and an indicator of oxidative stress, imatinib has shown promise in preclinical animal models of this disease. The poor distribution of imatinib within the brain tissue triggered experiments in which a conjugate was obtained by mixing the drug with TP10, which is known for exhibiting high translocation activity across the cell membrane. The conjugate was tested on the HT-22 cell line with respect to its impact on MPP+-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis, necrosis, cytotoxicity, and mortality. Additionally, it was checked whether the conjugate activated the ABCB1 protein. The experiments indicated that imatinib+PEG4+TP10 reduced the post-MPP+ oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mortality, and these effects were more prominent than those obtained after the exposition of the HT-22 cells to imatinib alone. Its cytotoxicity was similar to that of imatinib itself. In contrast to imatinib, the conjugate did not activate the ABCB1 protein. These favorable qualities of imatinib+PEG4+TP10 make it a potential candidate for further in vivo research, which would confirm its neuroprotective action in PD-affected brains.
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Zhang, Yuan, Huanjie Wang, Weiren Xu und Fancui Meng. „Structural effects and translocation of spontaneous membrane-translocating peptides with POPC bilayer“. Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 16, Nr. 01 (Februar 2017): 1750002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021963361750002x.
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Martini coarse-grained force field simulations have been carried out to estimate the free energy profiles of the spontaneous membrane-translocating peptide TP2 and one negative control peptide ONEG with POPC as the model bilayer. The results show that the free energy minimum of TP2 is [Formula: see text]20[Formula: see text]kJ/mol lower than that of ONEG. In addition, the minimum of TP2 shifts slightly to the bilayer center compared with ONEG. The translocation barrier height for TP2 and ONEG are 119.0[Formula: see text]kJ/mol and 155.7[Formula: see text]kJ/mol, respectively. The lower central energy barrier of TP2 facilitates the transition between two leaflets of POPC. Both translocating peptides induce the formation of funnel-shaped structures at the bilayer center, but TP2 has a more compact structure and brings less perturbation compared with ONEG. Subsequently all atom molecular simulations testify the findings. It is indicated that compared with its negative control ONEG, TP2 binds better with lipid and penetrates deeper into bilayer with less perturbation to the bilayer structure. Our findings may shed light on the design and virtual screening of spontaneous membrane-translocating peptides.
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Pieri, V., G. Berzero, R. Paterra, Q. D'Alessandris, G. Sferruzza, E. Pompeo, F. Roncelli et al. „P14.12.A PLASMA CFDNA LIQUID BIOPSY IN THE FOLLOW-UP OF HIGH-GRADE GLIOMAS“. Neuro-Oncology 25, Supplement_2 (01.09.2023): ii108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noad137.363.
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Abstract BACKGROUND As highlighted by the 2021 WHO classification of brain tumors, molecular characterization of gliomas is now critical to complement histopathological evaluation. However, intratumor heterogeneity may lead to surgical specimens not being fully representative of the whole tumor. Moreover, given the invasiveness of surgery, tissue analyses are not repeatable over time, thus limiting the possibility to monitor the response to therapies. In this context, we investigated the potential value of plasmatic cell-free DNA (PcfDNA) as a non-invasive ‘liquid biopsy’ marker of disease evolution. MATERIAL AND METHODS Patients’ blood was collected at 4 time points (TP), in parallel to clinical follow-up. A reproducible pipeline was optimized for blood withdrawal, centrifugation, plasma storage, cfDNA extraction from plasma by QIAamp MinElute ccfDNA Midi Kit (Quiagen) and cfDNA fluorometric quantification by Qubit (Thermo Fisher Scientific). MRI volumes were segmented in T1+contrast and T2-FLAIR sequences. RESULTS Fifty-four high-grade glioma patients and 14 healthy controls were enrolled. Blood samples were collected from all 54 patients at radiological diagnosis before surgery (TP0), from 33 patients after surgery (TP1), from 21 patients after radio-chemotherapy(TP2), from 10 patients at the first radiological progression (TP3). At T0, a significantly higher concentration of PcfDNA was detected in patients than in controls. IDH-wild-type gliomas showed a trend toward higher PcfDNA when compared with IDH-mutant gliomas. Digital-droplet PCR, performed at T0on PcfDNA of 4 patients with IDH-mutations in tumor tissues, identified the same IDH1-R132H mutation in all cases. When PcfDNA at TP0 was compared to that at TP1 of the same patient (n=33), there was a significant reduction of plasmatic cfDNA after surgery, mirroring the extensive tumor-resection shown by MRI. Finally, PcfDNA was evaluated in 10 patients until their radiological progression. Interestingly, PcfDNA levels not only followed the same trend of the volumes of T2-FLAIR hyperintensities and T1 contrast-enhancements, but were also mirrored by the evolution of KPS and NANO scores. CONCLUSION Preliminary results suggest that PcfDNA content may be an informative tool to complement MRI during the follow-up of high-grade gliomas.
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Li, Xiaohu, Xiaoxiao Hu und Zhouping Li. „TP2 DEPENDENCE OF SAMPLE SPACINGS WITH APPLICATIONS“. Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences 22, Nr. 2 (März 2008): 287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026996480800017x.
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This article investigates TP2 dependence of sample spacings. It is proved that TP2 (RR2) dependence between a general spacing and a nonadjacent order statistic might be characterized by the DLR (ILR) property of the parent distribution, and TP2 dependence between any pair of consecutive spacings might be characterized by the DLR aging property of the population. Furthermore, TP2 dependence between any two consecutive spacings in multiple outliers exponential models is also derived. In addition, some applications in reliability and business auction are presented as well.
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Landweber, Lawrence H., Mitchell Tasman und Wengyik Yeong. „An ISO TP4-TP0 Gateway“. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 20, Nr. 2 (April 1990): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/378570.378610.
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Courchesne, Maxime, Raoul-Marie Couture, Justine Basque, Nicolas Reynier und Dominic Larivière. „Co-Extraction of Uranium and Mercury Using Ion Exchange from Cemented Radioactive Waste Sulfuric Leachate in Iodide Media“. Minerals 13, Nr. 3 (14.03.2023): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13030405.
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The production of medical isotopes in Chalk River Laboratories facilities (Chalk River, ON, Canada) has resulted in a large quantity of cemented radioactive waste (CRW) containing valuable elements such as uranium. From the perspective of recovering and ultimately recycling valuable elements from CRW, the solubilization of key constituents such as uranium, mercury, and cesium has been previously investigated using H2SO4/KI. However, to achieve recycling of these elements, separation must be performed as they are co-solubilized. In this study, the extraction of uranium and mercury by chelating resin Lewatit TP260 from surrogate cemented radioactive waste (SCRW) leaching solution in sulfuric media and in the presence of iodide was investigated. Extraction of U and Hg was assessed as a function of the concentration of KI (0.12 M to 0.24 M) used during the SCRW dissolution process. Continuous experiments showed that the Lewatit TP260 functional group, aminomethylphosphonic acid, had a high affinity for U. Mercury was also extracted onto the Lewatit TP260. However, the presence of iodide in the SCRW leaching solution increased the competition between the adsorbed mercury of the stationary phase and the iodide–mercury complexes of the mobile phase. Additionally, the reusability of the resin was tested through extraction and desorption cycles. Due to the presence of trivalent cation, the capacity of Lewatit TP260 for U and Hg decreases with the number of cycles.
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Pradeepa, M. M., S. Manjunatha, V. Sathish, Shipra Agrawal und M. R. S. Rao. „Involvement of Importin-4 in the Transport of Transition Protein 2 into the Spermatid Nucleus“. Molecular and Cellular Biology 28, Nr. 13 (06.08.2007): 4331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.00519-07.
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ABSTRACT Mammalian spermiogenesis is characterized by a unique chromatin-remodeling process in which histones are replaced by transition protein 1 (TP1), TP2, and TP4, which are further replaced by protamines. We showed previously that the import of TP2 into the haploid spermatid nucleus requires the components of cytosol and ATP. We have now carried out a detailed analysis to characterize the molecular components underlying the nuclear translocation of TP2. Real-time PCR analysis of the expression of different importins in testicular germ cells revealed that importin-4 and importin-β3 are significantly up-regulated in tetraploid and haploid germ cells. We carried out physical interaction studies as well as an in vitro nuclear transport assay using recombinant TP2 and the nuclear localization signal of TP2 (TP2NLS) fused to glutathione S-transferase in digitonin-permeabilized, haploid, round spermatids and identified importin-4 to be involved in the import of TP2. A three-dimensional model of the importin-4 protein was generated using the crystal structure of importin-β1 as the template. Molecular docking simulations of TP2NLS with the importin-4 structure led to the identification of a TP2NLS binding pocket spanning the three helices (helices 21 to 23) of importin-4, which was experimentally confirmed by in vitro interaction and import studies with different deletion mutants of importin-4. In contrast to TP2, TP1 import was accomplished through a passive diffusion process.
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Bacon, E., und T. Hawkins. „TP10. Reducing anxiety in the nuclear medicine patient“. Nuclear Medicine Communications 21, Nr. 4 (April 2000): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006231-200004000-00141.
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Schrauder, André, Martin Stanulla, Thomas Flohr, Gunnar Cario, Rolf Köhler, Renate Panzer-Grümayer, Beat Schäfer et al. „Prospective Evaluation of MRD-Kinetics in 274 Children with High-Risk ALL Treated in Trial ALL-BFM 2000: Insights into Development of Resistance and Impact on Further Refinement of Treatment Stratification Strategies.“ Blood 110, Nr. 11 (16.11.2007): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.585.585.
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Abstract In trial ALL-BFM 2000, high-risk (HR) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is defined by inadequate initial response to induction treatment [poor prednisone response on treatment day eight, non remission on treatment day 33, and/or a high load of minimal residual disease (MRD, ≥10E-3) after 12 weeks of treatment (TP2)] and/or by cytogenetics [t(4;11 or t(9;22)]. Between August 1999 and November 2006, 494 (15%) out of 3255 study patients were stratified into the HR branch of trial ALL-BFM 2000. 431 (87%) of these HR patients underwent successful MRD monitoring at TP2 with 274 (56%) patients having received additional extensive prospective MRD monitoring subsequent to TP2. Patients with an indication for stem cell transplantation (SCT) and a suitable donor were scheduled for SCT within six weeks after the third HR block of the intensive consolidation phase. The estimated 4-years event-free-survival (4y-pEFS) for the entire HR group was 68%+/−3%, estimated survival was 74%+/−3%. Patients with MRD load of ≤10E-4 at TP2 (n=231) had a 4y-pEFS of 82%+/−3%, patients with MRD levels of 10E-3 at TP2 (n=84) had a 4y-pEFS of 74%+/−6%, and patients with MRD of >10E-3 at TP2 (n=116) had a 4y-pEFS of 35%+/−5%. MRD-kinetics subsequent to TP2 revealed, that 85% of all patients with an MRD level of 10E-3 at TP2 continued to decrease their load below 10E-3 during the pulsatile intensive consolidation phase, whereas this was observed in only 35% of patients with an MRD level of >10E-3 at TP2. The 4y-pEFS of patients with an MRD load persisting at 10E-2 after application of three intensive HR blocks after TP2 was 0% if no SCT was performed, and 33%+/−11% after SCT in CR1. Our data reflect that extensive MRD measurements in HR-ALL patients allow a dynamic insight into the development of resistance, and serve as valuable tool for further clinical treatment adjustment. “MRD non-response” after three BFM HR blocks identifies a patient group in urgent need of alternative treatment elements, closely monitored by MRD, before going into SCT in CR1.
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Cheng, Yi BANG, De Wei An, Lucas S. Aparicio, Qi Fang Huang, Yan Li und Jan A. Staessen. „ASSOCIATION OF TOTAL MORTALITY AND CARDIOVASCULAR ENDPOINTS WITH THE TIMING OF THE FIRST AND SECOND SYSTOLIC PEAK OF THE AORTIC PULSE WAVE“. Journal of Hypertension 42, Suppl 1 (Mai 2024): e168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0001021076.96851.e5.
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Objective: Prognostic significance of the timing in the cardiac cycle of the first (TP1) and second (TP2) systolic peak of the central aortic pulse wave is ill defined. Design and method: Incidence rates and standardized multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of adverse health outcomes associated with TP1 and TP2, estimated by the SphygmoCor software, were assessed in the International Database of Central Arterial Properties for Risk Stratification (n=5529). Model refinement was assessed by the integrated discrimination (IDI) and net reclassification (NRI) improvement. Results: Over 4.1 years (median), 201 participants died and 248 and 159 patients experienced cardiovascular or cardiac endpoints. Mean TP1 and TP2, standardized for cohort, sex, age and heart rate, were 103 and 228 ms. Shorter TP1 and TP2 were associated with higher mortality and shorter TP1 with higher risk of cardiovascular and cardiac endpoints (trend P<0.004). The HRs relating total mortality and cardiovascular endpoints to TP2 were 0.82 (95% CI: 0.72-0.94) and 0.87 (0.77-0.98), respectively. The HR relating cardiac endpoints to TP1 was 0.81 (0.68-0.97). For total mortality and cardiovascular endpoints in relation to TP2, NRI was significant (P<0.010), but not for cardiac endpoints in relation to TP1. IDI was not significant for any endpoint. The HRs relating total mortality to TP2 were smaller (P<0.026) in women than men (0.67 vs 0.95) and in older (>60 years) vs younger (<60 years) participants (0.80 vs 0.88). Conclusions: Our study adds to the evidence supporting risk stratification based on aortic pulse analysis by showing that TP2 and TP1 carry prognostic information.
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Yılmaz Savaş, Tuba, und Abdulhaluk Savaş. „Effect of the thickness and translucency of the lithium disilicate veneer ceramic on the optical properties of bilayered zirconia“. International Dental Research 12, Nr. 1 (30.04.2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.2022.vol12.no1.1.
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Aim: This study evaluates the effect of lithium disilicate veneer ceramics on the color difference (∆Eab and ∆E00), translucency parameters (TPab and TP00), and opalescence parameter (OP) of different thicknesses and translucencies. Methodology: Ten 0.5 mm thick zirconia core specimens were prepared, and sixty veneer ceramics in A2 shade were prepared from high-translucence (HT) and low-translucence (LT) lithium disilicate glass-ceramics (IPS e.max CAD) in three different thicknesses (0.5 mm, 0.7 mm, and 1 mm). The specimens were evaluated as bilayered structures, and group names were assigned based on the thickness of the core–veneer combinations (n = 10): E1 = (0.5 + 0.5), E2 = (0.5 + 0.7), and E3 = (0.5 + 1). A spectrophotometer (Vita EasyShade V) was used to measure the Commission Internationale de l'Elcairage (CIE) color coordinates L*, a*, and b*, and the ∆Eab, ∆E00, TPab, TP00, and OP values were calculated. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey HSD tests (α = 0.05) and Pearson correlation tests (α = 0.01) were applied for statistical analysis. Results: The optical properties (∆E76, ∆E00, TP76, TP00, and OP) of the bilayered zirconia-based ceramics were significantly affected by the thickness and translucency of the lithium disilicate veneer ceramics (p<0.001). However, the interaction between the thickness and translucency of the veneer ceramic was significant only for OP (p<0.05). For each thickness, the TP76 and TP00 values were significantly higher for the HT groups than for the LT groups. The HT groups demonstrated higher OP values than the LT groups, and there were strong correlations between ∆E76 and ∆E00 and TP76 and TP00. Furthermore, there were significant correlations between the TP76 and TP00 values and the OP parameter. Conclusion: The optical properties of the bilayered structures were significantly affected by the thickness and translucency of the veneer ceramics. Therefore, the thickness and translucency of the veneer ceramic must be taken into account to achieve a restoration with the desired shade and appearance. How to cite this article: Yılmaz Savaş T, Savaş A. Effect of the thickness and translucency of the lithium disilicate veneer ceramic on the optical properties of bilayered zirconia. Int Dent Res 2022;12(1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.2022.vol12.no1.1 Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.
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Dudley, M., und R. S. Poethig. „The heterochronic Teopod1 and Teopod2 mutations of maize are expressed non-cell-autonomously.“ Genetics 133, Nr. 2 (01.02.1993): 389–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/133.2.389.
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Abstract Teopod1 and Teopod2 are dominant, unlinked mutations in maize that cause dramatic morphological abnormalities, including inappropriate expression of juvenile traits in adult vegetative phytomers and the transformation of reproductive structures into vegetative ones. These phenotypes are consistent with the constitutive expression of a juvenile phase of development throughout shoot growth. To investigate the basis of the Tp1 and Tp2 phenotypes we have analyzed their cell-autonomy in mosaic Teopod:wild-type plants. Mosaic plants were generated by three different mechanisms. Tp1 has previously been shown to be non-cell-autonomous; to verify and extend these results, large wild-type sectors were generated on Tp1 plants by the spontaneous loss of a B-A translocation chromosome containing the Tp1 gene. Analysis of Tp2 cell-autonomy was complicated by a lack of useful markers on chromosome 10L proximal to Tp2. To circumvent this problem two strategies were used. A reciprocal translocation was used to link Tp2 the wild-type allele of lw2. Sectors were induced in plants of this type by irradiation of imbibed seeds. Also, a chromosome-breaking Ds element located proximal to Tp2 was used to generate somatic sectors that uncovered w2, an albino mutation distal to Tp2. Our results demonstrate conclusively that both Tp1 and Tp2 are non-cell-autonomous. The general use of these techniques for clonal analysis in plants and the potential role of a diffusible factor in regulating the juvenile phase of development in maize are discussed.
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Aguiar, Luísa, Arnau Biosca, Elena Lantero, Jiri Gut, Nuno Vale, Philip J. Rosenthal, Fátima Nogueira, David Andreu, Xavier Fernàndez-Busquets und Paula Gomes. „Coupling the Antimalarial Cell Penetrating Peptide TP10 to Classical Antimalarial Drugs Primaquine and Chloroquine Produces Strongly Hemolytic Conjugates“. Molecules 24, Nr. 24 (12.12.2019): 4559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244559.
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Recently, we disclosed primaquine cell penetrating peptide conjugates that were more potent than parent primaquine against liver stage Plasmodium parasites and non-toxic to hepatocytes. The same strategy was now applied to the blood-stage antimalarial chloroquine, using a wide set of peptides, including TP10, a cell penetrating peptide with intrinsic antiplasmodial activity. Chloroquine-TP10 conjugates displaying higher antiplasmodial activity than the parent TP10 peptide were identified, at the cost of an increased hemolytic activity, which was further confirmed for their primaquine analogues. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry suggest that these drug-peptide conjugates strongly bind, and likely destroy, erythrocyte membranes. Taken together, the results herein reported put forward that coupling antimalarial aminoquinolines to cell penetrating peptides delivers hemolytic conjugates. Hence, despite their widely reported advantages as carriers for many different types of cargo, from small drugs to biomacromolecules, cell penetrating peptides seem unsuitable for safe intracellular delivery of antimalarial aminoquinolines due to hemolysis issues. This highlights the relevance of paying attention to hemolytic effects of cell penetrating peptide-drug conjugates.
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Aguirre, Jerry, Heather Tallo, Hide Shigenobu und Joe Uyesugi. „Ceramic Process Variation Impact on Electrical Design Of High Frequency Components“. International Symposium on Microelectronics 2014, Nr. 1 (01.10.2014): 000205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-tp21.
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The design and operation of high frequency microwave components and high-speed interconnects depends strongly on well characterized material technologies for robust, consistent, and repeatable performance from part to part. While characterization of the electrical and mechanical material properties is extremely important, the processing of the material into making structures is equally important. The process ultimately determines structure dimensional tolerances that will impact electrical performance, especially at high speed digital signal and high frequency applications. Understanding these tolerances, and their RF impact, can assist in selecting a material set based on process in addition to the published material electrical properties. This paper examines key electrical performance properties of two ceramic microwave components, a tapped line filter and an edge coupled microstrip filter, as a function of structure variations by use of a combination of a full-wave electromagnetic simulation tool and a pseudo-Monte Carlo analysis. These microwave components have been fabricated and measured to examine variations in RF performance as function of location on ceramic panel and to compare measured variations to expected variation predicted by simulation and analysis.
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Fukumori, Taiga, Tomoyuki Akahoshi, Daisuke Mizutani und Motoaki Tani. „New Method for Mitigating Weave-induced Differential Skew in PWBs“. International Symposium on Microelectronics 2014, Nr. 1 (01.10.2014): 000213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-tp22.
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Weave induced skew in printed wiring boards (PWB) in high-performance computers has become a significant problem as data rates have increased. We present a new method to reduce weave induced skew. Using three-dimensional electromagnetic simulation, we have discovered that skew can be reduced by adjusting the line width to a specific value, and that the specific values are approximately the same for both stripline and microstripline. We have ascertained the effect in actual PWB manufacturing and measurement. As a result, we have verified by measurement that skew can be reduced to less than one-third. Investigation of a wider range of line width / weave pitches by simulation suggests that skew can be reduced to less than one-tenth of a usual structure.
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Carver, Chase, Norman Seastrand und Robert Welte. „PWB Z Interconnect Technology - Electrical Performance“. International Symposium on Microelectronics 2014, Nr. 1 (01.10.2014): 000217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-tp23.
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Driven mainly by Moore's law, there is an ever accelerating drive for smaller, lighter, higher function, and lower power electronics. For PWBs this translates into higher wiring and component densities with ever increasing electrical performance requirements. As high speed serial data rates reach 30 Gbps and beyond, design considerations to promote signal integrity become ever more important. These tighter signal integrity constraints put increased emphasis on via stub effects, via to trace crosstalk in BGA escapes, and adequate ground stitch vias around layer transition vias. With the maturation of sintered paste VIAs in PWBs, VIA structures can be assembled to span only the layers to be connected. This paste technology allows vias to be specifically tailored to only connect the required layers. VIA stubs and their adverse SI effects for high speed signaling are completely eliminated. The elimination of via stubs also makes PWB fabrication easier by removing the need to backdrill or counterbore high speed signal vias. This increases yields and reduces costs associated with this complex and tight tolerance process. In addition to manufacturing advantages provided by Z technology, increased wireability is enabled by opening up area above and below the layers being connected, as well as the ability to use smaller diameter VIAs. These smaller vias also help to reduce crosstalk between high speed wiring channels. Z Interconnect technology also reduces BGA escape crosstalk by the ability to route in areas where via stubs have been removed, and also allows for the tailoring of ground stitch vias to only connect the ground planes associated with the specific stripline environments. However, Z VIAs usually require more pads within the padstack than conventional VIAs (cannot strip pads from non-connection layers) and the resistivity of the paste can be as much as 30 times greater than copper. This paper will quantify the high frequency signal characteristics associated with a PWB design using i3 Electronics sintered paste Z-VIAs. Results are presented based on modeling which is correlated with test vehicle measurements. Modeling also addresses manufacturing tolerances. Suggestions are made for optimizing passive channel structures to use this technology in support of high speed serial interconnects. Integration of i3's 2s1p Cores into new compact high speed stripline structures, which can be built without expensive subassemblies and sequential lamination processes, is also presented. These cores implement the positive aspects of Z Interconnect technology to eliminate via stubs and increase wireability in dense areas. Comparisons of Z Interconnect technology are also made to alternate methods of PWB construction to explain the risks and benefits of this technology.
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Bhobe, Alpesh, Herman Chu, Lynn Comiskey, Xiangyang Jiao und Xiao Li. „Thermal and EMI Performance of Composite Plastic Molded Heat Sinks and Hybrid TIM Materials“. International Symposium on Microelectronics 2014, Nr. 1 (01.10.2014): 000222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-tp24.
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Heat sinks are widely used in thermal management of electronics. However, it is also well established that a heat sink can couple and radiate electro-magnetic (EM) energy from the same component that it is cooling. As the frequency of these devices continues to increase, it is more crucial to try to suppress the EM radiation at the source. The component suppliers for thermal management and EMI products have been developing materials that are thermally conductive and also have EM absorbing properties. The thermal and EMI material properties of the additives can change the properties of the final material and they may not always be complementary between thermal and EM absorbing behaviors. In this paper, two such hybrid solutions are investigated to understand the thermal and EM absorbing characteristics and interactions. These are: (1) heat sinks made of composite plastic materials; and (2) hybrid RF/thermal interface materials (HRTIMs). For the heat sink study, three heat sinks of the same physical design (40mm square x 8.25mm tall) but with different materials are tested and analyzed. Two of the heat sinks are molded from two different composite plastics (Materials A and B), while the third one is constructed from aluminum and used as the baseline heat sink for comparison. The results presented in Figure 7 show EMI improvement for composite material heat sinks over the traditional aluminum heat sink. Material A provides a broadband reduction of 2–3 dB power whereas Material B heat sink provides significant reduction at lower frequency range of 1–8 GHz. The thermal performance results are plotted in Figure 11 – Figure 14, and the results show that the composite plastic materials are more suitable for applications that have lower power and power density. For the HRTIMs, two different base materials at different thicknesses are investigated and the material details are given in Table 2 . Similar to the heat sink EMI study, Total Radiated Power (TRP) measurements are performed for the HRTIMs in an Electromagnetic Reverberation Chamber in the frequency range of 5–40 GHz show improvement for material TIM 1. The EMI results are plotted in Figure 9 and Figure 10. For thermal performance characterizations, an ASTM D-5470 compliance test stand (Figure 6) is used. The thermal impedance results of these materials are plotted in Figure 15.
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Tarter, T. S., A. Carrasco, N. Do, G. Felten, W. Nunn und J. Church. „Hashing Processors: A New Challenge for Power Package Design“. International Symposium on Microelectronics 2014, Nr. 1 (01.10.2014): 000229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-tp25.
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A new class of processors has emerged for high speed hashing of crypto-currency numerical constructs. The paper examines package design for processors with multiple cores running at full speed continuously and requiring high current supply at low voltages. The work described in this paper is focused on package design for high-current, high-power devices with emphasis on PDN structures and package development using state-of-the-art design, modeling and simulation toolsets.
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Barannyk, Lyudmyla L., Hazem A. Aboutaleb, Aicha Elshabini und Fred Barlow. „Causality Enforcement of High-Speed Interconnects via Periodic Continuations“. International Symposium on Microelectronics 2014, Nr. 1 (01.10.2014): 000236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-tp26.
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Causality verification and enforcement is of great importance for performance evaluation of electrical interconnects. We present two techniques based on Kramers-Krönig dispersion relations, also called Hilbert transform relations, and construction of causal periodic continuations. The first method employes periodic polynomial continuations, while the second approach constructs Fourier continuations using a regularized singular value decomposition (SVD) method. Given a transfer function sampled on a bandlimited frequency interval, non-periodic in general, both approaches construct an accurate approximation on the given frequency interval by allowing the function to be periodic on an extended domain. This allows one to significantly reduce (for polynomial continuations) or even completely remove (for Fourier continuations) boundary artifacts that are due to the bandlimited nature of frequency responses. Using periodic continuations eliminates the necessity of approximating the transfer function behavior at infinity in order to compute Hilbert transform. The methods can be used to verify and enforce causality before the frequency responses are employed for macromodeling. The performance of the methods is analyzed and compared using moderately and highly non-smooth functions.
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Seetharaman, Krishnan, Bart van Velzen, Hans van Zadelhoff, Cadmus Yuan, Frank Rietveld, Coen Tak, Joost van Beek et al. „A Robust Wafer-Level Capping Approach for MEMS Devices“. Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2010, DPC (01.01.2010): 000891–924. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2010dpc-tp21.
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Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) devices are extremely sensitive to their environment, especially at wafer-level, until they are packaged in final form. The harsh back-end (BE) operations that the MEMS devices have to endure include dicing, pick-and-place, wire bonding and molding. During these processing steps, the MEMS device is exposed to particles and contaminants. Therefore, protection at an early stage is a fundamental requirement. In this work, we describe a silicon nitride thin-film capping, which is processed using a sacrificial layer technique only with front-end technology. This approach is suitable for mass production of MEMS devices, owing to the fact that, it is more cost-effective when compared to other approaches such as wafer-to-wafer bonding and die-to-wafer bonding. A Bulk Acoustic Wave (BAW) resonator, that finds application in the Radio Frequency (RF) front end, e.g., in cell phones, is taken as a MEMS vehicle for our work. It is an example of an extremely sensitive MEMS device, because the resonance frequency shifts significantly when additional mass is accidentally deposited on its surface. The thickness of the silicon nitride capping that is required to withstand all the BE steps, in particular transfer molding, is estimated using simple analytical calculations and finite element model (FEM) simulations. The pressure acting on the thin film capping and the thermal load during molding are included in the FEM model. Using this, the minimum thickness required for the capping is determined. We prove that, a BAW resonator capped with silicon nitride at wafer-level can be wafer-thinned, diced, wire bonded and molded without major degradation in its performance.
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Qiu, Xiaotun, David Welch, Jennifer Blain Christen, Rui Tang, Jie Zhu, Jonathon Oiler, Cunjiang Yu, Ziyu Wang und Hongyu Yu. „Localized Parylene-C Bonding for Micro Packaging and Cell Encapsulation using Reactive Multilayer Foils“. Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2010, DPC (01.01.2010): 000925–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2010dpc-tp22.
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This abstract described a novel physiologically compatible wafer bonding technique for bio-microelectromechnical systems (bio-MEMS) packaging. Room temperature bonding was performed between Parylene-C and silicon wafers with a thin Parylene-C coating using reactive Ni/Al multilayer foils as localized heaters. Live NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells were encapsulated in the package and they survived the bonding process owing to the localization of heating. A numerical model was developed to predict the temperature evolutions in the parylene layers, silicon wafer and the encapsulated liquid during the bonding process. The simulation results were in agreement with the cell encapsulation experiment revealing that localized heating occurred in this bonding approach. This study proved the feasibility of reactive multilayer foil bonding technique for broad applications in packaging bio-MEMS and microfluidic systems.
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Tang, Tingji, Curt Planje, Ramachandran K. Trichur, Xing-Fu Zhong, Shelly Fowler, Gu Xu, Kimberly Yess, Xie Shao und Daniel J. Vestyck. „Novel Polymeric Protective Coatings for Hydrofluoric Acid Vapor Etching during MEMS Release Etch“. Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2010, DPC (01.01.2010): 000942–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2010dpc-tp24.
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Micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) is rapidly becoming a critical part of advanced fabrication technology such as cellular phones, micromirrors, radio frequency (RF) devices, microprobes, and pressure sensors. Release etching of a sacrificial layer of silicon oxide plays an important role in creating the moving parts during these MEMS device fabrication. Traditionally, wet fluorinated etchants have been applied in order to achieve release etching, by which liquid surface tension can cause the MEMS microstructures to stick together (“stiction”) upon removing from aqueous bath or during the drying of released wet-etched structure. It has been demonstrated that using a hydrofluoric acid (HF) vapor release etch can efficiently circumvent stiction phenomena owing to the fact that it substantially eliminates the surface tension that causes the stiction. Conventionally, inorganic based films such as silicon nitride, alumina, SiC, polysilicon, amorphous silicon, and aluminum etc were used as vapor HF etch-resistant mask materials, which require very high temperature and vacuum deposition techniques often lengthy, complicated and costly. Herein, a novel spin-on and polymeric blanket HF-resistant coating material is presented to provide protection of both silicon oxide and aluminum against HF attack during vapor HF etching. Our newly developed polymeric coatings can be processed at lower temperature (<250 °C) and thinner films (less than 10μm) for extended vapor HF etching period (longer than 1 hour). Hence, our vapor HF resistant materials will enable the MEMS industry to significantly lower the cost of manufacturing MEMS devices and will significantly simplify the manufacturing process as well.
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Tantawi, Khalid H. M., Janeczka Oates und John D. Williams. „Processing of Lithographically Defined Apex Glass Structures with Smooth and Transparent Sidewalls“. Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2010, DPC (01.01.2010): 000971–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2010dpc-tp25.
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We demonstrate a process to improve the surface roughness and optical transparency of the sidewalls of structures made in ApexTM photosensitive glass. Improved sidewall roughness is achieved through a post- etch anneal that reflows the surface of the glass microstructure and reduces the size of roughened glass nodules on the HF etched surface. The same anneal process is equally suited for bonding between substrates as the surface of the glass is melted allowing the glass to reflow across the seam of the bond. The process involves four basic steps: the glass sample is exposed to mid UV light to photo-activate metallic particles, followed by a two-stage baking process to allow for formation of metallic nanoclusters in the glass matrix. The amorphous glass is then etched in a diluted 3–4% (by volume) HF solution. Finally the glass structure undergoes a post-etch annealing processes at 630°C for 15 min to smoothen the etched surface and enhance the transparency of the glass sidewalls. The surface roughness obtained was approximately 200 36 nm. The surface roughness prior to post etch annealing was over 1 μm with a standard deviation of 0.4 μm. Thermal loading was observed between structures of varying size at these temperatures. The improvement of transparency in the sidewalls renders the glass structures useful for micro-optical sensors. Future work will investigate the use of this process for the development of visible and near IR microspectrometer curvets.