Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Toxocaridae“

Error en el artículo Primeros registros de Hysterothylacium pelagicum (Anisakidae) y Toxocara alienata (Toxocaridae) en el Perú publicado en la Revista Peruana de Biologia (2014) 21 (2): 171-174. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v21i2.9820 El error esta referido a la Tabla 1. Algunas medidas de Hysterothylacium pelagicum no han sido expesadas correctamente. Debe considerarse la tabla adjunta.

The purpose of this study was to determine endoparasitic infestation on Buffaloes in Praya Barat district, Central Lombok. Stools samples were taken from 61 buffaloes from 5 villages and examined at Banyumulek Animal Health Laboratory of Animal Husbandry and Animal Health Service of NTB Province using the floating and sedimentation methods to perceive the presence of parasitic eggs. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively. The results show that from 61 fecal samples analyzed, 20 samples (32.7%) were positively infected with endoparasites with a single type of infection and multi-species infection. A total of 13 samples (21.3%) were infected with Nematodes, 2 samples (3.27%) were infected with Cestode, 2 samples (3.27%) were infected with Trematode and 11 samples (18.03%) were infected with Protozoa. The degree of endoparasitic infection in buffaloes in West Praya district is included in the category of mild infection. Endoparasites that infect buffaloes in Praya Barat are coming from family Toxocaridae, Trichostrongylidae, Cooperidae, Anoplocephalidae, Strongylidae, Strongyloididae, Chabertidae, Fasciolidae and Eimeriidae. The highest prevalence for worm parasite was Toxocaridae with the percentage of 11.46%, whilst for the protozoa was the family of Eimeriidae accounted for 18.01%.

Toxocara canis and Toxascaris leonina are the most important ascaridoid nematodes of the family Toxocaridae. The present study was aimed to characterisation and analysis of genetic variation within and among T. canis and T. leonina isolates obtained from Iran by sequencing partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (pcox1) and partial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (pnad1) genes. A total number of 134 adult nematodes belonging to Toxocaridae family were collected from stray dogs in Alborz province, Iran during 2015 and 2016. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed and products were sequenced. Sequences of two mitochondrial cox1 and nad1 genes were compared with other sequences in the GenBank, while multiple sequences alignment analysis was performed using the Bioedit and MEGA6 software and phylogenetic tree was plotted. For all isolates, amplicons of about 450 and 350 base pairs (bp) were successfully produced by PCR for cox1 and nad1, respectively. All sequences of T. canis isolates from present study were 100% homologous across the nad1 gene but not in the cox1 gene. The results indicate that the PCR method based on sequence of cox1 and nad1 genes is a suitable technique for the differentiation of T. canis and T. leonina species and that mtDNA regions could be used as genetic markers for the identification and differentiation of Toxocara species.

Toxocara vitulorum (Ascaridida: Nematoda) is one of the most common intestinal nematodes of cattle and buffalos and, therefore, represents a serious threat to their populations worldwide. Despite its significance in veterinary health the epidemiology, population genetics, and molecular ecology of this nematode remain poorly understood. The mitogenome can yield a foundation for studying these areas and assist in the surveillance and control of T. vitulorum. Herein, the first whole mitogenome of T. vitulorum was sequenced utilizing Illumina technology and characterized with bioinformatic pipeline analyses. The entire genome of T. vitulorum was 15,045 bp in length and contained 12 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs). The gene arrangement (GA) of T. vitulorum was similar to those of other Toxocara species under GA3. The whole genome showed significant levels of AT and GC skew. Comparative mitogenomics including sequence identities, Ka/Ks, and sliding window analysis, indicated a purifying selection of 12 PCGs with cox1 and nad6 having the lowest and highest evolutionary rate, respectively. Whole amino acid sequence-based phylogenetic analysis supported a novel sister-species relationship of T. vitulorum with the congeneric species Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati, and Toxocara malaysiensis in the family Toxocaridae. Further, 12 (PCGs) single gene-based phylogenies suggested that nad4 and nad6 genes shared same topological trees with that of the whole genome, suggesting that these genes were suitable as novel genetic markers for phylogenetic and evolutionary studies of Ascaridida species. This complete mitogenome of T. vitulorum refined phylogenetic relationships in Toxocaridae and provided the resource of markers for population genetics, systematics, and epidemiology of this bovine nematode.

Os helmintos podem ser transmitidos ao homem de várias maneiras, mas pouca ênfase é dada para a transmissão vetorial ou mecânica das formas infectantes por insetos. Neste estudo, procurou-se fazer um levantamento das espécies de helmintos presentes em três ordens de insetos que convivem próximo ao ambiente humano. Foram coletados e examinados, externa e individualmente, 700 exemplares sendo 54 pertencentes à ordem Blattodea, 275 à ordem Diptera e 371 à ordem Hymenoptera. Com relação à Blattodea, foi capturada apenas a espécie Periplaneta americana e, em 58,3% dos espécimes, as seguintes formas de helmintos foram encontradas: ovos de Oxyuridae (36,40%), ovos de Ascaridae (28,04%), larvas de Nematoda (4,80%), ovos de Cestoda (3,50%), Nematoda (0,08%) e ovos de Toxocaridae (0,08%). Nos exemplares das ordens Diptera e Hymenoptera, não foi observada qualquer forma de parasita. Este estudo possibilitou avaliar a importância e o papel de insetos como vetores de helmintos parasitas, correlacionando-o às condições ambientais e sociais, sugerindo a aplicação destes dados para medidas profiláticas.

Abstract The current parasitological study was carried out to investigate helminth parasites infecting the Red spot emperor Lethrinus lentjan inhabiting Hurghada City at the Gulf of Suez, Red Sea, Egypt. Third-stage larvae of nematode parasite was isolated from the intestine as well as body cavity of the examined fish. Light and scanning electron microscopy revealed that this parasite belonged to Anisakidae family within the genus Pseudoterranova. The present species is named Pseudoterranova decipiens based on the presence of triangular mouth aperture with prominent boring teeth and soft swellings of the cuticle, long muscular esophagus, ventrally excretory pore, and narrow transverse slit of anal opening followed by a short mucron. The morphological characteristics of this species were confirmed by molecular analysis of 18S rDNA gene region of the present parasite. It demonstrated a close identity ≥89% with taxa under family Anisakidae, 85% with Raphidascarididae, and 79-84% with Toxocaridae. A preliminary genetic comparison between gene sequence of the present parasite and other oxyurid species placeed it as a putative sister taxon to other Pseudoterranova decipiens described previously. This study demonstrated that the 18S rDNA gene region of Pseudoterranova decipiens yielded a unique sequence that confirmed its taxonomic position in Anisakidae.

Helminthic infection is the major cause of the sheep’s reduced productivity. In this study, a total number of 240 fecal samples of sheep from stationary flocks of four different zones of Mazandaran province (Amol, Babol, Sari, and Nowshahr cities) were examined each season, out of which 53.33% of animals were affected by the helminthic infections. The most prevalent infecting parasites were the Trichostrongylidae (46.61%), followed by the Fasciola (9.96%). In addition, the Strongyloides had the lowest proportion with only 2.39%. The other detected parasites included Chabertia (5.98%), Cooperia (3.19%), Nematodirus (3.19%), Trichuris (5.58%), Toxocaridae (4.78%), Haemonchus (4.78%), Ostertagia (5.58%), Oesophagostomum (4.78%), and Dicrocoelium (3.19%). The nematodes had the highest percentage with 86.85%, whereas the trematodes followed them with 13.15%. No significant difference was observed between the infection level in females and males, with 56.9% and 43.94% rates of infection, respectively. Significantly lower infection was observed in winter compared with the other seasons. Trichostrongylidae was the dominant genus across all seasons. It was also noted that winter had the lowest percentage of helminthic infection significantly. The eggs per gram of feces was also estimated, and it showed that a significant number of sheep are infected with a moderate number of parasites. In a conclusion, even though livestock farmers have been using antiparasitic drugs in their livestock in recent years, parasitic infection still exists in livestock. Thus, a proper implementation of helminthic infection control programs in this area should be employed as the key element for reducing the high prevalence of livestock helminthic infection.

Parasitic diseases in cattle represent a worldwide health problem, with emphasis on toxocariosis involved in animal mortality in the first weeks of life. The purpose of this report is to record the prevalence of Toxocara eggs (Neoascaris) in the feces of cattle in RS. Fecal samples were processed using the Willis-Mollay method. In the present study, it was observed that 41.36% (67/162) of fecal samples from cattle (162) had Toxocara (Neoascaris) vitulorum eggs, with 49.25% of calves and 50.75% of cows being positive. The high degree of infection demonstrates that there is a lack of knowledge of parasitosis on the part of producers, requiring further studies in livestock.

Introduction. Morbidity toxocariasis, second in prevalence geohelminthiasis in Russia, is a serious problem in recent years, especially in metropolitan areas. The involvement of earthworms in the life cycle of toxocarias remains poorly understood. The role of earthworms (paratenic hosts) in the circulation and prevention of toxocariasis is established. The work is aimed at a contribution finding out of earthworms Еisеniа fеtidа (paratenic hosts) in toxocariasis circulation and prevention. Material and methods. Nematodes dehelminthization derived from animals. For the first time in Russian Federation, experiments have been conducted on infestation of earthworms Е. fеtidа with infective eggs Tоxоcаrа cаnis and Tоxоcаrа mystax. Results. In the conducted experiments, possibility is proved of infestation of earthworms Е. fеtidа with infective eggs Т. canis and Т. mystax via earth bacterized with 10000 infective eggs. For the first time migration was proved of ascaridate larvae from intestines to skin-muscular sac of the earthworms. Conclusion. Besides, investigation was conducted aimed at finding out of the period duration of Т. canis and Т. mystax larvae staying in earthworms’ intestines and sinews.

Orientador: Carlos Roberto Silveira Correa
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
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Resumo: Este estudo de tipo coorte foi realizado em Campinas-SP, no Bairro Jardim Santa Mônica visando identificar a incidência anual de infecção por Toxocara canis; seus fatores de risco socioeconômicos e sua associação com sinais e sintomas respiratórios e dermatológicos. A população de estudo foi constituída por setenta e duas crianças na faixa etária de 4 a 15 anos, que freqüentavam o período da manhã das instituições de ensino da região e que apresentaram sorologia negativa em um primeiro inquérito sorológico imunoenzimático (ELISA). A todas foi aplicado um questionário fechado que visava identificar variáveis socioeconômicas. Durante um ano, outro questionário também foi aplicado mensalmente a todas as crianças a qual tinha o objetivo de identificar se a criança apresentara algum sinal ou sintoma de doença respiratória ou de doença dermatológica nos trinta dias anteriores. Essas informações eram mensalmente cruzadas com as obtidas nos prontuários clínicos dessas crianças na unidade básica de saúde à qual estavam adstritas. Após seis meses, nova sorologia foi realizada em todas as crianças e três delas apresentaram sorologia positiva para infecção por Toxocara canis. Outras três saíram da coorte, por abandono, após essa segunda coleta. Após mais seis meses, nova sorologia foi realizada e, das sessenta e seis crianças analisadas duas tornaram-se soropositivas para T. canis. Ao final do estudo foi possível estimar uma taxa de incidência de 7,2% casos de infecção por T. canis para cada cem crianças/ano. Não se verificou diferença significativa na incidência de infecção com relação às variáveis analisadas no estudo.
Abstract: This cohort study type was carried out in Campinas-SP, in Jardim Santa Mônica District, and had in view the annual incidence of toxocariasis and its socioeconomic risk factors and its association to breathing and dermatological signals and symptons. The studied population was constituted by seventy two childrens, from 4 to 15 years old, who attented to the reagion teaching institution's early period and who presented negative serology in a first imunoenzimatic serological inquiry (ELISA). To all of them, it was applied a closed questionnaire, which aimed to identify socioeconomic variant. Throughout a year, another questionnaire was also monthly applied to all of them, wich aimed to identify if the child had presented any sign or symptom of breath or dermatological disease in the previous thirty days. This information was monthly crossed with the one obtained in these children's clinical reports in the health basic unit to which they were connected. After six months, new serology was accomplished in all children and three of them presented positive serology to T. canis infection. Other three ones left the cohort, by abandon, after this second assessment. After more six months, new serology was achiwed and, from sixty six children analysed, two turned out to be T. canis seropositive. At the end of the study, it was possible to estimate a rate of 7,2% cases of Toxocara canis infection for each hundred children/year. It has not been verified a substantial difference in the incidence of infection relate to the variants analysed in this study
Mestrado
Epidemiologia
Mestre em Saude Coletiva

Orientador: Luiz Candido de Souza Dias
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: O estudo foi realizado no município de Pedro de Toledo, situado no Vale do Rio Ribeira de Iguape, São Paulo. A população estudada foi escolhida de forma aleatória e depois caracterizada quanto à área de moradia, sexo e idade. Tive-se o interesse em estimar a soroprevalência para toxocaríase e esquistosomose mansoni e prevalência de parasitos intestinais. A toxocaríase é uma zoonose comum em cães e gatos e é causada por Toxocara canis. A prevalência para toxocaríase foi revelada pela técnica imunoenzimática de ELISA, com uso de antígeno proveniente de larvas de Toxocara canis contra anticorpos anti-Toxocara canis IgG. A coleta de sangue foi realizada em papel de filtro, pela técnica de puntura digital, sendo todas as amostras testadas em duplicata. A técnica utilizada para diagnóstico da infecção por Schistosoma mansoni foi a reação de imunofluorêscencia indireta IgM para a detecção de anti- Schistosoma mansoni. As amostras de fezes foram examinadas pelos métodos parasitológicos de Coprotest 'MARCA REGISTRADA¿ e Kato-Katz. A análise de dados indicou que a prevalência para Toxocara canis foi mais elevada (26,8%) em indivíduos mais jovens. Também estava mais associada em moradores da área urbana (50,7%). Quanto ao sexo dos examinados a toxocaríase mais prevalente nos homens (43,2%). Neste estudo, a prevalência sorológica para a esquistOssomosefoi de 19,3%. Nos exames de fezes foram registrados índices de 2,0% no Kato-Katz e 0,9% Coprotest 'MARCA REGISTRADA¿. A média geométrica foi de 24 ovos por grama de fezes, indicando intensidade leve de infecção. Houve diferença acentuada entre as prevalências sorológica e parasitológica. A análise de dados encontrou que a prevalência geral para helmintos intestinais foi de 43,6% e de 44,3% respectivamente para as técnicas de Coprotest 'MARCA REGISTRADA¿ e Kato-Katz. Os helmintos mais prevalentes foram Ascaris lumbricoides (37,6%), Trichuris trichiura (17,3%) e ancilostomatídeos (10,4%). As helmintíases foram mais freqüentes na zona rural. Neste estudo relatou-se diferença significativa no diagnóstico da infecção causada por Trichuris trichiura pelos métodos de Kato-Katz 17,3% e 7,8 no Coprotest 'MARCA REGISTRADA¿. Devido a essa diferença, compararam-se amostras positivas e negativas do método Coprotes 'MARCA REGISTRADA¿ com o número de ovos por grama de fezes (opg) obtido pelo Kato-Katz. Quando o Coprotest 'MARCA REGISTRADA¿ era negativo foi verificado que a intensidade de infecção foi leve. Quanto aos protozoários intestinais o índice registrado foi de 26,1%, segundo técnica de Coprotest 'MARCA REGISTRADA¿. Porém quando consideradas apenas as espécies patogênicas (Giardia intestinalis 10,4%, Blastocystis hominis 4,8% e Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar, 1,3%) a prevalência foi menor (14%). O protozoário intestinal mais prevalente foi a Entamoeba coli 12,6%. Desde 1980 é desenvolvido na região programa de controle para a infecção causada por Schistosoma mansoni, visto que a região ainda é considerada de baixa endemicidade. Apesar da não erradicação da infecção os coeficientes de prevalência tem se mostrado cada vez menores, embora exista um residual de transmissão senso confirmado pelo exame parasitológico. Neste estudo encontram-se altos índices para toxocaríase e parasitoses intestinais o que comprova a necessidade de medidas de controle e vigilância sanitária. Também seria importante alertar a população com medidas de prevenção contra as infecções
Abstract: This study was conducted in Pedro Toledo, Vale do Rio Ribeira de Iguape, State of Sao Paulo. The population sample was randomly chosen and then classified according to the residential area, sex and age. Our purpose was to estimate the seroprevalence of toxocariasis and schistosomiasis mansoni as well as the prevalence of intestinal parasites. Toxocariasis is a zoonosis caused by Toxocara canis and is commonly found in cats and dogs. The immunoenzymatic ELISA technique, which utilizes the antigen from the Toxocara canis larvae against anti-Toxocara canis IgG antibodies, was applied to obtain toxocariasis prevalence. Blood samples were collected on filter paper using the finger puncture technique and duplicate samples were tested. The indirect IgM immunofluorescence test technique for detection of anti- Schistosoma mansoni was utilized in the diagnosisof infections caused by Schistosoma mansoni The stool samples were examined by the Coprotest 'MARCA REGISTRADA¿ and the Kato-Katz parasitological methods. Data analysis indicated that Toxocara canis prevalence was higher (26.8%) in young individuals and demonstrated a higher relationship with residents of urban areas (50.7%). Toxocariasis was also found to be more prevalent in males (43.2%). In our study, the serological tests revealed that the prevalence of schistosomiasis was 19.3%. The stool examination results registered 2.0% for the Kato-Katz test and 0.9% for the Coprotest 'MARCA REGISTRADA¿. The geometric mean was 24 eggs per gram of fecal matter, indicating a slight infection leveI. The difference between results of the serological and parasitological tests was very clear. Data analysis revealed that the general prevalence of intestinal helminthes using the Coprotest 'MARCA REGISTRADA¿ and Kato-Katz tests was 43.6% and 44.3%, respectively. The most prevalent helminthes were: Ascaris lumbricoides (37.6%), Trichuris trichiura (17.3%) and ancylostomatidae (10.4%). Helminthiases were more common in the rural area. This study exposes a significant difference in diagnoses of infections caused by the Trichuris trichiura utilizing the Kato-Katz (17.3%) and the Coprotest 'MARCA REGISTRADA¿ (7.8%) methods. Therefore, the positive and negative samples of the Coprotest 'MARCA REGISTRADA¿ method were compared with number of eggs per gram (epg) of fecal matter obtained by the Kato-Katz. When the Coprotest 'MARCA REGISTRADA¿ results were negative, the leveIof infectionwas found to be low. According to the Coprotest@ technique, the leveI of intestinal protozoa was 26.1%. However, when only the pathogenic species were considered (Giardia intestinalis 10.4%, Blastocystis hominis 4.8% and Entamoeba histolytica / Entamoeba dispar 1.3%) the prevalence was lower (14%). The most prevalent intestinal protozoa were Entamoeba coli 12.6%. The control program, initiated in this area in 1980, of infections caused by Schistosoma mansoni, has been continued as this area is still considered as a region of low endemicity. Although the infection has not been eradicated, prevalence coeflicients have been steadily decreasing, despite the fact that residual transmission has been confirmed by parasitological exams. Our study revealed high parasitic infection rates that prove the need for control measures and sanitary surveillance,as well as the importance of warning the population and implementingpreventive actions against these infections
Mestrado
Ciencias Biomedicas
Mestre em Ciências Médicas

Orientador: Carlos Roberto Silveira Correa
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: Apresenta-se um estudo transversal de base populacional no município de Pedro de Toledo -Vale do Ribeira - São Paulo - Brasil, que teve por objetivo estimar a prevalência de enteroparasitos, a intensidade de infecção por helmintos e a prevalência de Toxocara canis, e relacionar essas prevalências com as variáveis sexo, idade, zona de moradia, esgoto, tipo de água, bronquite, dor abdominal, diarréia, hemoglobina e eosinófilos. Em 2000, foram estudados de forma aleatória 224 pacientes e destes foram coletadas 224 amostras de fezes para exame microscópico, 177 amostras de sangue para realização do estudo sorológico de T. canis e 162 amostras de sangue para dosagem dos níveis de hemoglobina e contagem de eosinófilos. A prevalência de enteroparasitos foi de 56,7%, com 72,4% na zona rural e 33,3% na zona urbana. A prevalência de T. canis foi 39%, com 31,8% na zona rural e 50% na zona urbana. o enteroparasito mais prevalente foi Ascaris lumbricoides (36,6%), cujas prevalências foram 52,2% na zona rural e 13,3% na zona urbana; seguido pelo Trichuris trichiura (16,5%,) cujas fteqüências foram 16,4% na zona rural e 16,6% na zona urbana; Strongyloides stercoraZis(13,8%), cujas prevalências foram 16,4% na zona rural e 10% na zona urbana; ancilostomatídeos (12,9%) cujas fteqüências foram 20,2% na zona rural e 2,2% na zona urbana; Giardia duodenaZis (8,%), cujas prevalências foram 5,2% na zona rural e 12,2% na zona urbana e Schistosoma mansoni (1,8%), cujas prevalências foram 1,5% na zona rural e 2,2% na zona urbana. Outros parasitos encontrados foram Entamoeba histolytica-dispar (0,9%), Enterobius vermicularis (0,9%) e Hymenolepis nana (0,45%) que por seus baixos números, não foram incluídos no estudo. Protozoários comensais foram encontrados, tais como, EndoZimax nana (8,9%) e Entamoeba coZi (10,7%), não foram incluídos no estudo. Blastocystis hominis foi encontrado em 4,5% da população, foi discutido separadamente não foi incluído na conclusão pelo fato de sua patogenicidade ainda não ter sido comprovada. A intensidade severa de infecção por helmintos na população foi 18,8%, somente na infecção por A. lumbricoides. Os enteroparasitos infectaram igualmente ambos os sexos, foram mais prevalentes na população cujas casas não possuíam fossas e estiveram associados com a zona rural, idade abaixo ou igual à quinze anos e ingestão de água não filtrada. Toxocara canis infectou igualmente ambos os sexos, foi mais prevalente na população com idade igual ou inferior à quinze anos e esteve associado com a zona urbana e com a ausência de fossas. Houve associação da infecção por enteroparasitos e T canis com dor abdominal e diarréia e associação entre intensidade severa de infecção por A. lumbricoides e infecção por ancilostomatídeos com a dor abdominal. Houve associação entre infecção por enteroparasitos, A. lumbricoides, T trichiura, Strongyloides stercoralis, ancilostomatídeos e infecção por T canis com a contagem de eosinófilos acima de 600/mm3. Não houve diferenças entre os níveis de hemoglobina da população parasitada e da população não parasitada
Abstract: A base population cross sectional study on Pedro de Toledo county is presented with objectives to stimate the prevalence of enteroparasites, the helminths intensity infecction and prevalence of Toxocara canis and to conect these prevalences with the variables; sex, age, residence area, kind of waste, kind of water, bronchitis, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, eosinophil and hemoglobin. In 2.000, 224 pacients were studied and of these 224 feces samples were colected for microscopic examination, 177 blood samples were colected to achieve the serological study for Toxocara canis and 162 bood samples were colected to estimate the hemoglobin levels and eosinophil count. The prevalence of enteroparasites was 56,7%, with 72,4% in the rural area and 33,3% in the urban area. The prevalence of T. canis was 39%, with 31,8% in the rural area and 50% in the urban area. The most prevalent enteroparasite was Ascaris lumbricoides (36,6%), whose prevalences were 52,2% in the rural area and 13,3% in the urban area, followed by Trichuris trichiura (16,5%) whose frequencies were 16,4% in the rural area and 16,6% in the urban area; Strongyloides stercoralis (13,8%) whose prevalences were 16,4% in the rural area and 10% in the urban area; hookworm (12,9%) whose frequencies were 20,2% in the rural area and 2,2% in the urban area; Giardia duodenalis ( 8,%) whose prevalences were 5,2% in the rural area and 12,2% in the urban area and Schistosoma mansoni (1,8%), whose frequencies were 1,5%in the rural area and 2,2% in the urban area. Other parasites found, were Entamoeba histolytica-dispar (0,9%), Enterobius vermicularis (0,9%) and Hymenolepis nana (0,45%), tOOtby their low numbers, were not included in the study. Comensal protozoans were found, like Endolimax nana (8,9%) and Entamoeba coli (10,7%), were not included in the study. Blastocystis hominis was found in the 4,5% from population, was discussed separately and was not included in the conclusion because his patogenicity has not proved yet. The severe intensity of infection by helminths in population was 18,8%, only in A. lumbricoides infection. The enteroparasites infected equally both sexs, were more prevalent in the population whose houses had not septic tanks in their houses and were associated with the rural area, age under or same to fifteen years and ingestion of non filtered water. Toxocara canis infected equally both sexs, was more prevalent in the population with age under or same to fifteen years and was associated with urban area and absence of septi tanks. There was association between enteroparasites and T. canis infection with abdominal pain and diarrhoea, and association between the severe intensity of infection by A. lumbricoides and hookworm infection with abdominal pain. There was associaton between enteroparasites infection, A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura, Strongyloides stercoralis, hookworm and T. canis infection with eosinophil count above then 600/mm3. There were not diferences between the levels of hemoglobin from parasited population and from the non parasited population
Mestrado
Mestre em Saude Coletiva

Orientador : Pedro Paulo Chieffi
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: As parasitoses intestinais humanas constituem ainda agravo bastante comum; sua distribuição geográfica e prevalência estão associadas a vários fatores, sendo preponderante o baixo nível sócio-econômico da população. Os nematódeos do gênero Toxocara, parasitos de cães e gatos, são os principais agentes da síndrome de "larva migrans visceral e ocular" no ser humano cuja freqüência é, não raro, subestimada em virtude da ocorrência de infecções inaparentes ou não diagnosticadas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar alguns aspectos da dinâmica da transmissão do parasitismo intestinal e determinados fatores que possam contribuir para a infecção por Toxocara, na população que reside nas áreas sob risco de enchente em três bairros do município de Campinas SP O(Jardim Santa Mônica, Jardim São Marcos e Jardim Campineiro). Entre os anos 1998 e 2000 realizaram-se inquéritos epidemiológicos por meio de amostragem probabilística da população. Sortearam-se 40 residências que foram visitadas requisitando-se a todos os moradores amostras de fezes para exames parasito lógicos, sangue para testes imunoenzimáticos (ELISA) para pesquisa de anticorpos anti-Toxocara e hemogramas. Todos os participantes do inquérito responderam a questionários semi-estruturado para avaliação de dados de interesse epidemiológico. Concomitante aos inquéritos coletou-se solo do peridomicílio das residências amostradas para pesquisa de ovos de geohelmintos. A análise dos dados indicou a prevalência geral de 59,8% de enteroparasitos, o helminto mais freqüente foi A. lumbricoides (16,5%) e o protozoário foi G. duodenalis (15,9%). As infecções provocadas por protozoários (46,3%) superaram numericamente as helmintoses (35,4%). A maioria das cargas parasitárias por helmintos foi leve. Em 1999, 23,9% das amostras examinadas revelaram a presença de anticorpos antiToxocara em níveis significativos e, em 2000, a taxa de infecção por Toxocara observada foi de 20,9%. Em ambas as ocasiões, não se verificou diferença significativa na prevalência de infecção quando se considerou a idade dos indivíduos examinados, enquanto que, apenas nas amostras colhidas em 2000, ocorreu maior prevalência de infecção entre as mulheres. Após um ano do primeiro inquérito (1999) realizou-se um segundo (2000). Setenta e cinco indivíduos foram examinados nos dois inquéritos ocorrendo 12 casos de soroconversão, permitindo estimar em 17,9% o coeficiente de incidência de toxocaríase na população estudada. Entre os indivíduos que apresentaram soroconversão 66,7% pertenciam a faixa etária inferior a 10 anos. Em 57 amostras de solo da mesma região, coletadas em dezembro de 1998 e julho de 1999, estudou-se a contaminação ambienta! por ovos de Toxocara, verificando-se sua presença em, respectivamente, 12,3% e 14,0% das amostras. A presença de helmintos enteroparasitas foi assinalada, porém em pequeno número. As variáveis que mostraram significância estatística a partir dos questionários epidemiológicos, exames coproparasitológicos e sorologia anti-Toxocara, possibilitaram o levantamento dos possíveis fatores de risco de infecção humana por enteroparasitas e Toxocara, sugerindo influência de variáveis de ordem sócioeconômica na prevalência de infecção humana por estes organismos nas condições prevalentes na área estudada
Abstract: Human intestinal parasitoses remain a very common public health problem, and their geographical distribution and prevalence are associated with several factors, particularly the low socio-economic status of the population. Nematodes such as Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati (parasites in dogs and cats, respectively) are the main agents of the visceral and ocular larva migrans syndrome in humans, and their frequency is often overlooked due to the occurrence of non-apparent or undiagnosed infections. The purpose of the present research was to evaluate some aspects of the transmission dynamics of intestinal parasitosis, as well as factors that may cause Toxocara infection in the population living in flood-risk areas of three boroughs (Jardim Santa Monica, Jardim Sao Marcos and Jardim Campineiro) located in the city of Campinas (State of Sao Paulo, Brazil). Between 1998 and 2000, epidemiological surveys were carried out using a probabilistic sampling of the population. Forty households were randomly selected, and parasitological examinations for feces were performed in all the residents. Moreover, blood samples were collected for an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) designed to investigate anti-Toxocara antibodies and hemogram. Ali the subjects participating in the survey completed semi-structured questionnaires for the assessment of relevant epidemiological data. At the same time, samples obtained from the soil surrounding the selected households were examined for geohelminth eggs. Analysis of the data indicated that global prevalence of enteroparasites was 59.8%, and the most frequent helminth was A .lumbricoides (16.5%) and the protozoa G. duodena/is (15.9%). The infections by protozoa (46.3%) were numerically superior to those caused by helrninthoses (35.4%). The majority of helrninth parasitic burdens were mild. In 1999, anti-Toxocara antibodies were present in 23.9% of the samples, and, in 2000, the infection rate was 20.9%. On both occasions, no significant difference was found in the infection prevalence as regards the subjects' ages. The samples collected in 2000, however, indicated a higher prevalence of infection among the female. Seventy-five subjects were examined in both surveys. The results showed 12 seroconversion occurrences, pointing to an incidence rate of 17.9% for toxocariasis in the population under study. It was also observed that among the subjects who had seroconversion, the age range of66.7% was less than 10 years. The 57 samples collected from the soil of the same region in December 1998 and July 1999 were examined for environmental contamination of Toxocara eggs, which were found in 12.3% and 14.0% of the samples. The presence of helminth enteroparasites was also noted, but it was numerically low. The variables that showed statistic significance from the analyses of the epidemiological questionnaries, coproparasitological examinations, as well as anti-Toxocara serology provided an account of the potential risk factors for human infection by enteroparasites and Toxocara. The results suggest that socio-economical variables play a significant role in the prevalence of human infection by such organisms under the prevailing conditions of the area investigated.
Doutorado
Doutor Parasitologia