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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Toxicologie – Optique“

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Veröffentlicht am 15. Februar 2025

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1

Gautam, Nawaraj. „Food Colorants and their Toxicology: An Overview“. Sunsari Technical College Journal 2, Nr. 1 (28.04.2016): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/stcj.v2i1.14803.

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There are many kinds of colorants, which have been already banned or are used under strict supervision of food safety authorities. Use of artificial colorants over natural ones has increased in modern world. Besides, it has also concerned on importance of toxicological studies. Acceptable daily intake (ADI) of different colorants will define the optimum level of coloring substances on food items. Molecular size of coloring agents and their absorption ratio have significant role in toxico-kinetics. Bigger molecular size has lower absorption capacity and toxicity while vice versa for the smaller one. Higher absorption of smaller molecules can be lowered by binding with carrier molecules to make big enough to block through mucosal layer. Adverse health effects related to many colorants are itching, urticaria, anaphylaxis, hypersensitivity, intolerance reactions, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, cytostaticity and cytotoxicity. Color additives seem to be complex subject having direct relationship with consumer safety. Therefore, toxicology of attractive coloring agents might overlook the advantages of colorants. So, toxicologist and food scientist need to collaborate to define the use of different color additives and their safety in future in more scientific way.Sunsari Technical College Journal 2015, 2(1):69-75

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Charlebois, Denis, Konka Veeranjaneyulu und Roger M. Leblanc. „Étude de l’activité photosynthétique à l’aide de la spectroscopic photoacoustique: applications potentielles en écotoxicologie“. Water Quality Research Journal 28, Nr. 4 (01.11.1993): 743–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1993.040.

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Résumé La spectroscopic photoacoustique permet la détection de la chaleur émise lors de désactivations thermiques suite à l’absorption, par un échantillon, de la lumière monochromatique modulée. En faisant varier la longueur d’onde du faisceau d’analyse, nous obtenons un spectre comparable à celui obtenu par la spectroscopic d’absorption. La spectroscopic photoacoustique possède l’avantage d’être applicable aux échantillons dont les propriétés optiques ne se prêtent pas aux techniques spectroscopiques conventionnelles, par exemple dans le cas des algues unicellulaires. Cette technique permet, en plus de l’analyse spectrale, la mesure de l’activité photosynthétique d’échantillons sains ou soumis à divers agents environnementaux (polluants, chaleur, …). Des résultats obtenus avec Anacystis nidulans, Phaeodactylum tricornutum et Pisum sativum sont présentés dans le présent travail. Nous croyons que les possibilités de la spectroscopic photoacoustique sont suffisantes pour susciter l’intérêt des chercheurs dans le domaine de la toxicologie et en particulier dans l’évaluation des dangers environnementaux reliés à l’utilisation des substances toxiques.

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3

Betton, G., A. Cockburn, E. Harpur, J. Hopkins, P. Illing, C. Lumley und T. Connors. „A Critical Review of the Optimum Duration of Chronic Rodent Testing for the Determination of Non-Tumourigenic Toxic Potential: A Report by the BTS Working Party on Duration of Toxicity Testing“. Human & Experimental Toxicology 13, Nr. 4 (April 1994): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719401300401.

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This review indicates that for the detection of non-neoplastic toxic effects: 1 Four decades of accumulated literature provide no lead as to the optimum duration of repeat dose toxicity testing required for all classes of chemicals, although 6 months repeated administration appears adequate for pharmaceuticals. 2 Three month studies predicted the 2 year outcome for 70% of the compounds evaluated in this pilot study using data published by the US National Toxicology Program. 3 In spite of the limitations of this pilot study, this finding is considered encouraging as it is close to that generated previously on more detailed confidential pharmaceutical data.1,2 This suggests that the exercise should now be expanded using confidential surveys of industrial data to determine the concordance resulting from the evaluation of a larger group of chemicals.

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Muhammad Qasim Memon, Rabail Altaf, Pardeep Kumar, Abrar Ul Hasnain Memon, Haya Afzal Memon und Sultan Rajper. „The most optimum imaging modality for diagnosis of shajjah hurt in medicolegal cases of head injuries.“ Professional Medical Journal 30, Nr. 01 (01.01.2023): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2023.30.01.7122.

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Objective: To compare the optimum imaging modality to assess the various kinds of Shajjah hurt in MLE cases of head injuries. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology at Gambat Medical College at Pir Abdul Qadir Shah Jeelani Institute of Medical Sciences, GAMBAT. Period: March 2021 to February 2022. Material & Methods: Medicolegal cases of head injuries of all age groups (infant to old) and of either gender presented to the Emergency department for treatment and medicolegal certification were included. 164 medicolegal cases of moderate to severe head injuries were included based on Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 12 or less. Injuries were categorized according to age, gender, kinds of Shajjah and modality with which the type of Shajjah hurt was diagnosed. Results: X-Rays failed to detect Shajjah hurt in at least one-fourth of the cases. X-Rays misdiagnosed 5 cases of Munaqillah, 48 cases of Ammah, and 21 cases of Damighah as Shajjah e Hashimah. X-rays also misdiagnosed the 16 cases of Shajjah e Ammah and 7 cases of Shajjah e Damighah as Shajjah e Munaqillah (fracture with dislocation). CT scan accurately diagnosed 16 (9.76%) cases as Shajjah hashimah, 20 (12.2%) as Shajjah Munaqillah, 79 (48.17%) as Shajjah Ammah, and 49 (29.88%) as Shajjah Damighah. Conclusion: In comparison to X-ray, CT scan had superior performance in correctly assigning the type of Shajjah hurt.

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White, S. L., und D. M. Hoover. „Effects of long-term exposure to modified Karnovsky’s fixative on tissue ultrastructure“. Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, Nr. 3 (12.08.1990): 806–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010016159x.

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In toxicology studies, the potential to store tissues in the primary fixative offers the flexibility to collect selected specimens and hold them for further processing contingent upon findings in other areas such as histopathology and biochemistry. This would allow conservation of resources and time by eliminating the need to duplicate studies specifically for electron microscopy. Previous investigators have dealt primarily with the morphological effects on the tissue produced by various fixatives, buffers, and osmolalities while using optimum processing schedules. However, little information is available on longterm exposure to the primary fixative25. In the present study, we investigated the ultrastructural morphological effects on tissues stored 1 month or 6 months in modified Kamovsky's fixative as compared to tissues given a 3 hr exposure to the primary fixative.Three male and 3 female Fisher 344 rats ages 6 to 7 weeks were prepared for whole body fixative perfusion by giving an I.V. heparin sodium injection followed by ether anesthesia.

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6

Krokos, Adamantios, Elisavet Tsakelidou, Eleni Michopoulou, Nikolaos Raikos, Georgios Theodoridis und Helen Gika. „NSAIDs Determination in Human Serum by GC-MS“. Separations 5, Nr. 3 (16.07.2018): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations5030037.

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Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are being widely consumed without medical prescription and are often the cause of intoxication, usually in young children. For this, there is a special need in their determination in routine toxicology analysis. As screening methods mainly focus on drugs of abuse (DOA) that are alkaline compounds in their majority, they are not optimized for acidic drugs, such as NSAIDs. Thus, more specific methods are needed for the detection and quantification of this class of drugs. In this study, the efficient extraction of NSAIDs from blood serum and their accurate determination is studied. Optimum pH extraction conditions were studied and thereafter different derivatization procedures for their detection. From the derivatization reagents used, N,O-Bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) with 1% Trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) was found to be the optimum choice for the majority of the examined NSAIDs; pH of 3.7 was selected as the most efficient for the extraction step. Herein the formation of the lactam of diclofenac was also thoroughly investigated. The developed Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) method had a run time of 15 min with the mass spectrometer operating in Electron Impact (EI) within the mass range of 40 to 500 amu. The method was linear with R2 above 0.991 and limits of quantitation (LOQ) ranging from 6 to 414 ng/mL. The intra-day accuracy and precision were found between 1.03%–9.79% and 88%–110%, respectively, and the inter-day accuracy and precision were between 1.87%–10.79% and 91%–113%. The optimum protocol was successfully applied to real clinical samples, where intoxication of NSAIDs was suspected.

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Norheim, Gunnar. „AN APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM OF OPTIMUM SELENIUM INTAKE IN MAN“. Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica 59 (13.03.2009): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1986.tb02737.x.

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Scarpitta, S. Charles. „Optimum 222Rn-adsorbing Activated Charcoals“. Health Physics 62, Nr. 6 (Juni 1992): 576–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004032-199206000-00013.

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9

Xiong, Lu, Mengxue Peng, Meng Zhao und Zhihong Liang. „Truncated Expression of a Carboxypeptidase A from Bovine Improves Its Enzymatic Properties and Detoxification Efficiency of Ochratoxin A“. Toxins 12, Nr. 11 (29.10.2020): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12110680.

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Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a toxic secondary metabolite produced mainly by Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. and commonly found in foodstuffs and feedstuffs. Carboxypeptidase A (CPA) can hydrolyze OTA into the non-toxic product ochratoxin α, with great potential to realize industrialized production and detoxify OTA in contaminated foods and feeds. This study constructed a P. pastoris expression vector of mature CPA (M-CPA) without propeptide and signal peptide. The results showed that the degradation rate of OTA by M-CPA was up to 93.36%. Its optimum pH was 8, the optimum temperature was 40 °C, the value of Km was 0.126 mmol/L, and the maximum reaction rate was 0.0219 mol/min. Compared with commercial CPA (S-CPA), the recombinant M-CPA had an improve stability, for which its optimum temperature increased by 10 °C and stability at a wide range pH, especially at pH 3–4 and pH 11. M-CPA could effectively degrade OTA in red wine. M-CPA has the potential for industrial applications, such as can be used as a detoxification additive for foods and feeds.

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Joksić, Gordana, Mileva Mićić, Jelena Filipović, Dunja Drakulić, Miloš Stanojlović, Bojan Čalija, Ana Valenta Šobot, Miroslav Demajo und Robert Nilsson. „Cell proliferation assay – method optimisation for in vivo labeling of DNA in the rat forestomach“. Acta Veterinaria 67, Nr. 1 (01.03.2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acve-2017-0001.

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AbstractThe study of cell proliferation is a useful tool in the fields of toxicology, pathophysiology and pharmacology. Cell proliferation and its degree can be evaluated using 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine which is incorporated into the newly synthesized DNA. The aim of this study was the optimization of subcutaneous application of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine implantation for continuous and persistent marking of proliferating cells in the rat forestomach. 3-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole was used as the agent that ensures cell proliferation. In order to determine the optimal dose for proliferating cells labeling, 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine doses of 50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg or 350 mg were implemented 2 days prior to sacrifice by flat-faced cylindrical matrices. Immunohistochemical analysis using 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine in situ detection kit was performed for the detection of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine labeled cells. The results showed that for adult rats, the optimum 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine dose is 200 mg per animal for subcutaneous application. The here described manner of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine in vivo labeling provides a simple, efficient, and reliable method for cell labeling, and at the same minimizes stress to animals.

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Kong, Qing, Cuiping Zhai, Bin Guan, Chunjuan Li, Shihua Shan und Jiujiang Yu. „Mathematic Modeling for Optimum Conditions on Aflatoxin B1 Degradation by the Aerobic Bacterium Rhodococcus erythropolis“. Toxins 4, Nr. 11 (06.11.2012): 1181–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins4111181.

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12

Shukla, Sanjay K., Tonia C. Carter, Zhan Ye, Madhulatha Pantrangi und Warren E. Rose. „Modeling of Effective Antimicrobials to Reduce Staphylococcus aureus Virulence Gene Expression Using a Two-Compartment Hollow Fiber Infection Model“. Toxins 12, Nr. 2 (22.01.2020): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12020069.

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Toxins produced by community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) contribute to virulence. We developed a statistical approach to determine an optimum sequence of antimicrobials to treat CA-MRSA infections based on an antimicrobial’s ability to reduce virulence. In an in vitro pharmacodynamic hollow fiber model, expression of six virulence genes (lukSF-PV, sek, seq, ssl8, ear, and lpl10) in CA-MRSA USA300 was measured by RT-PCR at six time points with or without human-simulated, pharmacokinetic dosing of five antimicrobials (clindamycin, minocycline, vancomycin, linezolid, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT)). Statistical modeling identified the antimicrobial causing the greatest decrease in virulence gene expression at each time-point. The optimum sequence was SXT at T0 and T4, linezolid at T8, and clindamycin at T24–T72 when lukSF-PV was weighted as the most important gene or when all six genes were weighted equally. This changed to SXT at T0–T24, linezolid at T48, and clindamycin at T72 when lukSF-PV was weighted as unimportant. The empirical p-value for each optimum sequence according to the different weights was 0.001, 0.0009, and 0.0018 with 10,000 permutations, respectively, indicating statistical significance. A statistical method integrating data on change in gene expression upon multiple antimicrobial exposures is a promising tool for identifying a sequence of antimicrobials that is effective in sustaining reduced CA-MRSA virulence.

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Addante-Moya, Luis G., Antonio Abad-Somovilla, Antonio Abad-Fuentes, Consuelo Agulló und Josep V. Mercader. „Assessment of the Optimum Linker Tethering Site of Alternariol Haptens for Antibody Generation and Immunoassay Development“. Toxins 13, Nr. 12 (10.12.2021): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13120883.

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Immunochemical methods for mycotoxin analysis require antigens with well-defined structures and antibodies with outstanding binding properties. Immunoreagents for the mycotoxins alternariol and/or alternariol monomethyl ether have typically been obtained with chemically uncharacterized haptens, and antigen conjugates have most likely been prepared with mixtures of functionalized molecules. For the first time, total synthesis was performed, in the present study, to obtain two haptens with opposite linker attachment locations. The functionalized synthetic haptens were purified and deeply characterized by different spectrometric methods, allowing the preparation of bioconjugates with unequivocal structures. Direct and indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, using homologous and heterologous conjugates, were employed to extensively evaluate the generated immunoreagents. Antibodies with high affinity were raised from conjugates of both haptens, and a structure-activity relationship between the synthetic haptens and the specificity of the generated antibodies could be established. These results pave the way for the development of novel highly sensitive immunoassays selective of one or two of these Alternaria mycotoxins.

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Collins, Thomas F. X., Thomas N. Black, Stuart L. Graham, Benjamin A. Jackson und John J. Welsh. „Updating Developmental Toxicity Testing Guidelines for the Safety Assessment of Direct Food Additives and Color Additives Used in Food: Results of a Survey“. Journal of the American College of Toxicology 10, Nr. 4 (Juli 1991): 461–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915819109078643.

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In 1982, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued guidelines for testing the effects of direct food additives and color additives on developing embryos and for longer monitoring during several generations. In 1984, an FDA task force began a review of testing procedures for reproductive and developmental toxicity. The Developmental Toxicity Committee was formed specifically to evaluate the current guidelines and to propose revisions. As part of the evaluation, a two-part questionnaire was devised and sent to about 800 members of the Teratology Society and the Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity Specialty Section of the Society of Toxicology. The questionnaire included questions on multigeneration reproduction and developmental toxicity. A total of 132 responses (16.5%) were received, and they are discussed in detail in this report. The responses to the multigeneration reproduction questions were concerned with the optimum number of generations and litters, reduction of litter size for standardization, selection of offspring to produce the next generation, parameters to be measured, indices to be calculated, length of premating exposure, additional protocols, and microscopic examination of the offspring. Responses to the developmental toxicity questions were concerned with dose levels, diet variations, route of administration, examination of the offspring, and control of bias.

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Jalani, Raihan Izzatie, Raihana Edros und Shuhada A. Mutallib. „Optimisation of Characteristics of CHI-ALG-CaCl<sub>2</sub> Nanocarriers Loaded with Non-Volatile Extracts of <i>Cymbopogon</i> <i>Sp.</i>“. Materials Science Forum 1056 (14.03.2022): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-34734y.

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Nanotechnology is receiving an intense attention these days due to its potential application in various fields including cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical. Nanoparticles encapsulating natural extract are usually characterised for their particle size and polydispersity index but zeta potential is hardly discussed. The zeta potential is the measurement that shows the aggregation behaviour, reactivity and toxicology. In this study, nanoparticle encapsulating Cymbopogon sp. have been formulated to develop a cosmeceutical product. The antioxidant properties from aqueous extract of Cymbopogon sp. was encapsulated with chitosan/alginate biopolymeric nanoparticles. Central Composite Design (CCD) of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to investigate and optimise the effects of independent variables such as pH of SA, concentration of non-ionic surfactant concentration of CaCl2 and pH of chitosan on zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency (EE). Following the model, the optimum condition for zeta potential was selected as 6.2 of sodium alginate pH, 0.12% of non-ionic surfactant concentration, 0.05 concentration of CaCl2 and 5.6 of chitosan pH with negative zeta potential of 18.3mV. The zeta potential obtained experimentally was close to its predicted value which is-18.09mV. The model provides a basis on the optimisation of the zeta potential on chitosan/alginate nanoparticle encapsulating Cymbopogon sp. extracts.

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Bonneau, D., V. Thybaud, C. Melcion, F. Bouhet und A. Cordier. „Optimum associations of tester strains for maximum detection of mutagenic compounds in the Ames test“. Mutation Research/Environmental Mutagenesis and Related Subjects 252, Nr. 3 (Juni 1991): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1161(91)90006-t.

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Yoon, Jung-Hwan, Yong Geon Shin, Hyuck Soo Kim, M. B. Kirkham und Jae E. Yang. „Screening of a Novel Solvent for Optimum Extraction of Anionic Surfactants in Water“. Toxics 10, Nr. 2 (08.02.2022): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10020080.

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Anionic surfactants (AS) are detrimental aquatic pollutants due to their well-characterized toxicity to aquatic organisms. The concentration of AS in aquatic environments is increasing because of their extensive use in many industries and households. The standard reference method for AS analysis is to determine a methylene blue active substance (MBAS) complex formed between AS and the methylene blue (MB) cation by using chloroform. However, chloroform has a low AS extraction efficiency and other limiting properties, such as a high density and volatility, which make the conventional AS analytical method time-consuming and labor-intensive. In an effort to replace the use of chloroform, this study was carried out to screen novel solvents for their ability to extract AS in water samples. Criteria were based on AS extraction efficiency, physicochemical properties, and the stability of the solvent under different environmental conditions. Organic solvents, such as methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE), dichloromethane, benzene, and n-hexane, were assessed. In extraction of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), the mixture of MIBK-DCE (3:1) proved to be an optimum solvent as an alternative to chloroform. It not only enhanced SDS extractability but also improved properties, such as having a lower volatility, a lower density than water, and a quicker phase separation. Among solvents screened, no one single solvent in SDS extraction could meet such criteria. The performance of the MIBK-DCE (3:1) mixture in SDS extraction was stable, irrespective of pH and ionic strength of the SDS solution, washing process, and presence of cations. Anionic interference from halogen and polyatomic and organic anions in SDS extraction by MIBK-DCE (3:1) existed only at an elevated concentration, which is not occurring in the natural aquatic environment. Results demonstrated that a MIBK-DCE (3:1) mixture solvent could be used in AS analysis for a wide range of aquatic samples and it could be the basis for the development of a new analytical method to replace conventional chloroform.

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AOYAMA, KAN, NAOKI YAMADA, MASUO YAMADA und NORIKATSU HAMAMURA. „Studies on earthy-musty odor in natural water. II. Optimum pH for earthy-musty odor substances production of actinomycetes.“ Eisei kagaku 32, Nr. 2 (1986): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/jhs1956.32.85.

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Zhao, Qi, Claudia Wigmann, Ashtyn Tracey Areal, Hicran Altug und Tamara Schikowski. „Effect of non-optimum ambient temperature on cognitive function of elderly women in Germany“. Environmental Pollution 285 (September 2021): 117474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117474.

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Annisa Indriyani, Nenden Indriyani Anggraeni, Sriwidodo und Iman Permana Maksum. „Optimization extracellular secretion of Recombinant Human Epidermal Growth Factor (hEGF) in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) pD881-OmpA-hEGF by using Response Surface Method (RSM)“. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, Nr. 3 (12.07.2019): 1824–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1378.

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Human Epidermal Growth Factor is techno-economically protein that has the function for stimulates a process of proliferation and cell differentiation. Because of that function, it can be a candidate for wound healing in ulcer diabetic. In the previous study, hEGF can extracellular secreted by OmpA signal peptide using recombinant DNA. The production method of recombinant hEGF will be extracellular secreted by Escherichia coli. However, the optimum secretion of OmpA has not been studied. Therefore the purpose of this study is to determine the optimum conditions using the RSM method. This research begins with a rejuvenation of culture, extracellular secretion, and optimization with the RSM method, followed by protein production at optimum condition. Secreted recombinant protein measured by Sandwich ELISA method and LOWRY. The result showed that the optimum condition was found in the medium concentration of 1.5x and induction time at 2 hours 10 minutes and the total protein yield of expression was 21.247 mg/mL with optimization percentage 2.96% and efficiency 50.56 % and recombinant protein hEGF concentration in fermentation media 416 μg/mL

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Ramya Ramachandran, Kanika Bhatnagar, Ramlal Thakur und Utpal Roy. „The preliminary optimization of culture components for improving antifungal production by a wild-type soil bacteria Bacillus subtilis“. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL4 (21.12.2020): 955–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl4.4229.

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Antifungal compounds are produced by Bacillus species under various growth conditions. While optimizing the antifungal production by using the one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) and response surface methodology (RSM) approaches mannose and malt extract were identified as the most suitable carbon and nitrogen sources respectively. The RSM was applied to determine the optimum conditions of the three parameters such as pH, carbon and nitrogen sources for improved production. Optimum concentrations of carbon and nitrogen sources were 0.3% and 0.6% respectively with optimum media pH of 7.0 which showed optimum value of 40 AU/ml of antifungal compound against the Candida albicans SC5314 used as an indicator strain. In the present study, the F-value was determined as 0.0034 to imply that the model is significant. The goodness of the fit of the model was tested using coefficient of determination, R2 value, that tantamounts to 0.8562. The identification of antifungal compounds with their molecular masses was accomplished by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry after n- butanol extraction. The present study thus has provided a platform to upgrade the yield of antifungal compounds which have got immense clinical potential to tread Candidosis.

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Halim, A. A., M. M. Hanafiah, M. Asmi und Z. Daud. „Boron removal from aqueous solution using coagulation- flocculation with curcumin : A response surface methodology“. Journal of Environmental Biology 42, Nr. 3(SI) (31.05.2021): 750–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/42/3(si)/jeb-03.

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Aim: Application of response surface methodology (RSM) to determine optimum parameters in the coagulation-flocculation process aided by curcumin for boron removal from aqueous solution was investigated. Methodology: Different parameters such as pH, coagulant dosage, and curcumin dosage that effect boron removal were tested. Application of central composite design in RSM was used to design the coagulation-flocculation experiment. Results: The results showed 75% of boron removal, while the optimum parameters for boron removal were observed at pH 2.8, 132.05 ppm poly aluminum chloride dose and 1161.4 ppm curcumin dose, respectively. Interpretation: Quadratic regression showed that the model was significant and lack of fit P value was 0.107 (p > 0.05), implying a significant model correlation between the variables and responses. The experimental data and predicted model proved that RSM is an appropriate approach for optimising the coagulation–flocculation process in removing boron from aqueous solution.

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Shokri, Rouhollah, Reza Jalilzadeh Yengejeh, Ali Akbar Babaei, Ehsan Derikvand und Ali Almasi. „UV activation of hydrogen peroxide for removal of azithromycin antibiotic from aqueous solution: determination of optimum conditions by response surface methodology“. Toxin Reviews 39, Nr. 3 (22.02.2019): 284–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2018.1517803.

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Xiong, Dongwei, Jun Wen, Gen Lu, Tianxi Li und Miao Long. „Isolation, Purification, and Characterization of a Laccase-Degrading Aflatoxin B1 from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B10“. Toxins 14, Nr. 4 (31.03.2022): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14040250.

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Aflatoxins, widely found in feed and foodstuffs, are potentially harmful to human and animal health because of their high toxicity. In this study, a strain of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B10 with a strong ability to degrade aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was screened; it could degrade 2.5 μg/mL of AFB1 within 96 h. The active substances of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B10 for the degradation of AFB1 mainly existed in the culture supernatant. A new laccase with AFB1-degrading activity was separated by ammonium sulfate precipitation, diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) and gel filtration chromatography. The results of molecular docking showed that B10 laccase and aflatoxin had a high docking score. The coding sequence of the laccase was successfully amplified from cDNA by PCR and cloned into E. coli. The purified laccase could degrade 79.3% of AFB1 within 36 h. The optimum temperature for AFB1 degradation was 40 °C, and the optimum pH was 6.0–8.0. Notably, Mg2+ and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) could enhance the AFB1-degrading activity of B10 laccase. Mutation of the three key metal combined sites of B10 laccase resulted in the loss of AFB1-degrading activity, indicating that these three metal combined sites of B10 laccase play an essential role in the catalytic degradation of AFB1.

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Donnelly, Rossa, Christopher Elliott, Guangtao Zhang, Bob Baker und Julie Meneely. „Understanding Current Methods for Sampling of Aflatoxins in Corn and to Generate a Best Practice Framework“. Toxins 14, Nr. 12 (23.11.2022): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14120819.

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Aflatoxin contamination in corn is a significant issue, posing substantial health threats to humans and animals. Aflatoxin testing protects consumer health, ensures the safe global trade of corn, and verifies compliance with legislation; however, effective sampling procedures are essential to ensure reliable results. While many sampling procedures exist, there is no evidence to indicate which is the best approach to ensure accurate detection. Using scientific and gray literature sources, this review analyzed sampling procedures to determine an optimum approach to guide the development of standard practices. Results revealed that sampling is the major source of error in the accurate assessment of aflatoxin levels in food and crucial for obtaining reliable results. To guarantee low variability and sample bias-increased sample size and sampling frequency, the use of automatic dynamic sampling techniques, adequate storage, and homogenization of aggregate samples for analysis are advised to ensure a representative sample. However, there is a lack of evidence to support this or indicate the current utilization of the reviewed procedures. Inadequate data prevented the recommendation of sample sizes or frequency for optimum practice, and thus, further research is required. There is an urgent need to make sampling procedures fit-for-purpose to obtain accurate and reliable aflatoxin measurements.

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Aytekin, Kürşad, Murat Uysal, Göksel Gültekin Şahiner, Murat Danışman, Orhan Baş, Selçuk Takır, Zafer Ünsal Coşkun, Esra Akdeniz und Cem Zeki Esenyel. „Evaluation of different intraarticular injection volumes to assess optimum efficient amount; an experimental study in rat knee joints“. Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods 101 (Januar 2020): 106658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vascn.2019.106658.

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Abd-Elsalam, MA, N. Abdoon und MS Al-Ahaidib. „What is the optimum concentration of m-cresol in antivenoms?“ Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases 17, Nr. 1 (2011): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-91992011000100003.

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Miller, James Alastair, und Lit-Hsin Loo. „Optimum concentration–response curve metrics for supervised selection of discriminative cellular phenotypic endpoints for chemical hazard assessment“. Archives of Toxicology 94, Nr. 9 (29.06.2020): 2951–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-020-02813-3.

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BOUCHAREINE, Patrick. „Spectrométrie optique“. Mesures mécaniques et dimensionnelles, Oktober 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.51257/a-v1-r6310.

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HAWKES, Peter. „Optique électronique“. Électronique, Juni 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.51257/a-v1-e1300.

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CABANNES, François. „Pyrométrie optique“. Mesures physiques, Juli 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.51257/a-v1-r2610.

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HENRY, Michel. „Activité optique“. Mesures mécaniques et dimensionnelles, April 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.51257/a-v1-r6470.

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BONJOUR, Pierre. „Optique électronique“. Électronique, Dezember 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.51257/a-v2-e2160.

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SAPRIEL, Jacques. „Acousto-optique“. Électronique, September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.51257/a-v1-e1955.

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ARNOLD, Michel. „Microscopie optique“. Techniques d'analyse, Oktober 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.51257/a-v1-p860.

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PELTIÉ, Philippe. „Traitement optique du signal“. Électronique, Dezember 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.51257/a-v2-e1250.

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LEDOUX, Isabelle. „Optique non linéaire quadratique“. Optique Photonique, Februar 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.51257/a-v1-e1965.

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BILLIEN, Pierre. „Lecture optique de caractères“. Technologies logicielles Architectures des systèmes, Juni 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.51257/a-v1-h1412.

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RÉMY, Claire. „Lecture optique de caractères“. Traçabilité, März 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.51257/a-v2-h1405.

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CASTÉRA, Jean-Paul. „Applications de la magnéto-optique“. Électronique, November 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.51257/a-v1-e1962.

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VAN LABEKE, Daniel. „Microscopie optique en champ proche“. Techniques d'analyse, März 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.51257/a-v1-p862.

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FERRE, Jacques. „Application de la magnéto-optique“. Électronique, April 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.51257/a-v2-e1962.

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RADIX, Jean-Claude. „Gyromètres optiques“. Mesures mécaniques et dimensionnelles, September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.51257/a-v2-r1945.

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PEZ, Mathias. „Interconnexions optiques“. Optique Photonique, November 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.51257/a-v1-e3652.

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PROST, Bernard. „Disques optiques“. Électronique, März 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.51257/a-v2-e5450.

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AUGUSTE, Jean-Louis, Jean-Marc BLONDY und Philippe ROY. „La fibre optique microstructurée air-silice“. Mesures mécaniques et dimensionnelles, Juni 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.51257/a-v1-re43.

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PEPING, Jacques. „Périphériques de stockage magnétique et optique“. Technologies logicielles Architectures des systèmes, August 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.51257/a-v1-h1258.

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BOULON, Georges. „Cristaux et optique laser non linéaires“. Physique Chimie, Januar 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.51257/a-v1-af3278.

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JOINDOT, Michel, und Irène JOINDOT. „Systèmes de transmission sur fibre optique“. Optique Photonique, August 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.51257/a-v1-te7115.

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Lethien, Christophe, und Christophe Loyez. „Fibres optiques multimodales“. Optique Photonique, August 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.51257/a-v1-e3600.

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