Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Tourisme participatif – Israël“

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the gap between the declarations regarding participatory planning and its actual implementation in practice within the Israeli spatial planning context. Design/methodology/approach The paper explores the gap between theory of participatory spatial planning and its implementation in practice by a comparative analysis of three participatory case studies in the Israeli planning context. The data collected to analyze the case studies is secondary data, including previous research on the three case studies and their re-evaluation on the basis of indicators for participation. Findings Participatory spatial planning processes are not often implemented in the Israeli context, as they are not required by law. All the three case studies explored in this paper deal with local spatial plans at the neighborhood level, but each expresses a very different participation mode: one is a national, government-led program; the second is a residents-led opposition to a municipal plan; and the third is a third-sector initiative offering an alternative plan to an existing one. The findings suggest that there is a correlation between the initiating body, its commitment to participation and the level of success of the participatory process. Research limitations/implications This paper focuses on three specific participatory spatial planning projects in Israel. Further exploration of additional participatory projects may prove useful to verify or refute the conclusions reached in this paper. Originality/value There is very little exploration and evaluation of participatory spatial planning processes in Israel. This paper provides a valuable, although limited, analysis, linking participatory planning theory to practice within the Israeli context.

This article offers an exploration of the diasporic public sphere in order to understand the processes by which identities are ascribed, resisted, or embraced. The author explores how American diasporans use place to narrate and construct the imagined community, documenting through interviews and observations made on three homeland tours the meanings that shape participants and participation in social collectivities for racial and ethnic minorities. Homeland tours are group travel packages that take individuals to destinations that they believe is their land of origin. The author examines the experiences of two specific cases of homeland tourism: Jewish Americans traveling to Israel and African Americans traveling to Ghana. The author presents two examples for each case that are specific to the homeland tour as well as general sites of tourism, demonstrating how experiences with place can create community. Homeland tourists act as a community, engaging in experiences that come to define the values, beliefs, and practices of the larger imagined diasporic community.

The goal of this paper is to question the idea of authenticity in the tourist industry, using the Old City of Akko (north Israel) as a case study. It will question the ability of tourism to serve as a tool for preserving living-cultural- heritage. Is there "authenticity" in tourism? Is cultural-based-tourism a means of preserving intangible heritage? Does cultural-based-heritage recreate heritage, invent heritage or is it just a means of creating experiences? Situated on a peninsula in North Israel, the old city of Akko is a vertical of many historical layers, from 5000 years ago till date. Imprints of tangible heritage from all periods and living intangible cultural heritage entwine with each other in the ancient allies of the city. Intensive excavations uncovered massive Middle-aged Crusader remains dated to the 12th and 13th century. They lie beneath the existing Ottoman fortified city, constructed in the 18th and 19th centuries. Akko of today is a vibrant city. Residents reside within these Ottoman buildings constructed 300 years ago. Updated research indicates that the cultural heritage of Akko includes many additional values. These include intangible heritage values that are practiced by these residents in the historic allies. This ‘Living Heritage’ is linked to the current community of the city and represents the ‘continuity’ of traditions and practices that comprise living dimensions and the continuity of traditions, skills, and craftspeople. Successful scientific research methods, documentation and safeguarding procedures of these intangible values are still developing. This paper will present examples of intangible heritage in the Historical Urban Landscapes of Akko and will question the ability of new touristic initiatives as a means of preserving this heritage and the spirit of the city. Some of these examples are led by the locals but most of the new initiatives are belong to entrepreneurs new to the city. They all offer an authentic experience in the city. They suggest a combination of visits to the main tourist attractions developed by the authorities and an opportunity to encounter living-traditional-culture aspects in the city. They include tours with local guides, living-in local houses, participating-in local traditional meals with the residents, meeting and watching various craftsmen or joining traditional community events. For tourists, these are unique opportunities that could be called "authentic experiences". For tourist experts these experiences are often regarded as means to present rare cultural heritage aspects. For the authorities, these experiences are regarded as new development resources and tools. For the locals these are new economic opportunities. So, is this a win-win-win-win situation? Are these initiatives means to preserve and safeguard the authentic intangible heritage values and the unique spirit of the city?

The article considers the state of international tourism for people with disabilities. It has been studied that inclusive tourism area has great potential for development, as more than 15% of the world’s population can be defined as inclusive tourists. The volume of inclusive tourism market development is constantly increasing. Taking into account the world experience of development of “tourism for all” and analysis of statistics on the number of people with disabilities and socially disadvantaged people, the prospects for the development of the inclusive tourism market are determined, which is especially important given its social significance. Therefore, it has been expedient to analyze the prospects of creating an effective system of inclusive tourism. The purpose of the article is to determine the prospects for the formation of an effective system of public administration for the development of inclusive tourism on the basis of international experience in supporting the entrepreneurial activity of inclusive tourism. The authors propose a system of integrated approach to ensure effective public policy in shaping the conditions for the development of inclusive tourism and creating a barrier-free environment for tourism destinations. Harmonization of the mechanisms for improving the effectiveness of public policy in the field of inclusive tourism requires the development of an organizational mechanism for implementing the concepts of “tourism for all” with the identification of practical aspects of its implementation in accordance with international norms and standards. Given the limited state funding for tourism in Ukraine, the development of inclusive tourism cannot be highly efficient, which is primarily due to the social direction of the area. The international documents and Ukrainian normative acts and laws regulating tourist activity for people with disabilities are analyzed and studied. To create an effective system of social protection for all categories of the population, including people with disabilities, it is necessary to take into account the experience of foreign countries, where a resembling system has been operating quite successfully for a long time. From this point of view, firstly, it is necessary to consider the social protection systems that have been introduced in the countries of the European Union, where the disabilities rights movement has been launched. In the countries of the European Union, social policy and the participation of social partners in its formation have undergone significant transformations, and a fundamentally new supranational and suprastate course of social protection and welfare of citizens has emerged. As a country aspiring to join the European Union, Ukraine must take into account the best foreign experience of the world’s leading countries in the field of state policy to support persons with disabilities and its implementation. The European and world experience of adaptation of the tourism industry for people with disabilities (on the example of Slovenia, Israel, Spain and the USA) is analyzed. The problems that hinder the development of international tourism for people with disabilities in Ukraine and measures to solve them are identified.

In this article I rematerialize discourse that is articulated in the shape of commemorative visitor book entries, in a national-military commemoration site in Jerusalem, Israel. The materiality and communicative affordances of the commemorative visitor book, the physical environment in which it is situated and which grants it meaning, and the modes of interaction and inscription that it affords are examined. Located in a densely symbolic national commemoration site, the impressively looking book does not merely capture visitors' reflections. Instead, it serves as a device that allows participation in a collective-national rite. While seemingly designated as a visitor book, the discursive device functions performatively as a portal or interface between visitors, on the one side, and the nation and the dead and living soldieries, on the other side. Expectedly, the inscriptions that populate the book's pages are instances of iconic discourse (texts with graphic additions of sorts), that embody one of the heightened ideological and experiential moments of "civil religion" (Robert Bellah). They illustrate the resources used by nationalism in establishing sacred contexts and rituals. Also, they illustrate how different discourses of sanctity (and profanity), are juxtaposed on the same (Jewish) space. Specifically, while local Israeli sightseers present their appreciation for and participation in commemoration of the nation-state in terms of "civil religion," most of the international tourists, who are mostly north American Orthodox and Ultra-Orthodox Jews, perform their notions of sanctity and sacredness in messianic and primordial terms, which look through or beyond the nation state.

The influence of globalization appears to occur worldwide and affect any joint of life, including small village near Mount Agung, named Muncan Pakraman village, Karangasem, Bali. When the series of Pitrayajña ceremonies (Balinese traditional cremation series) took place in 2009 at this village, a lot of foreigners from various countries got involved, includeing Germany, Turkey, Israel, the Netherlands, UK, Spain, Belgium and Italy. They were involved not only as a spectators or tourists, but participated in the ceremony for their ancestors, and deceased loved ones and took part in "Ngayah" (working together and voluntarily, without being paid). Pitrayajña ceremony is processions of sacred ceremonies, which usually performed only by Hindus, especially in Bali, was also participated by foreigners (international students of Ratu Bagus Ashram), who were having a spiritual journey to find their true identity. Formally, they were not Hindus, but believed in the teachings of the Hindu religion, and their activities are form of spiritual tourism implementation in Bali. The main problem of research is to reveal how the phenomenon of deconstructing Pitrayajña ceremony in Bali, how the participation of foreign persons in this ceremony, what motivated them, what was the public perception of the deconstruction of Pitrayajña ceremony, the views of the Hindu leaders in Bali to the deconstruction of the Pitrayajña ceremony and whether there was a change of meaning, if the changes are purely the universality of Hindu religion itself, how its impact on society, and its relation to spiritual tourism. With the formulation of a clear scope, this research is also expected to produce maximum findings.

In Bulgaria there are the following mountains – Stara Planina (Balkan), Rila, Pirin, Rodope etc. The name of the Balkan Peninsula is from the old name of the mountain Stara Planina – Balkan. In Bulagria there are 139 peaks more than 2000 m above sea level. The biggest peak in Balkan Peninsula is Mousala (2925 m). Teteven municipally has big part of Stara planina mountain with the highest peak Vezhen (2198 m). The event “Days of mountain water” is one of a kind in Bulgaria. It takes place on 11th June and lasts for several days in the Municipality of Teteven, Bulgaria. Its beginning dates from 2010, and it is a joint undertaking between Ignat Ignatov, Scientific Research Center of Medical Biophysics and Municipality of Teteven, Bulgaria. The event is connected with research of microbiological and physicochemical parameters of mountain spring waters from Municipality of Teteven, Bulgaria. The applied spectral method is „NES“. The analyses show the optimum quantity among the minerals of Calcium (Са2+), Magnesium (Mg2+), Potassium (K+), Sodium (Nа+), Manganese (Mn2+) and Zinc (Zn2+) that provide the right balance in the human body for health and longevity. Considered is the history of the event and what is achieved by the organizers. The emphasis is on the main objectives set out by the event, and the accomplished tasks for its successful delivering. Representatives of 15 states have participated in it – Bulgaria, Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Russia, USA, France, Israel, Czech Republic, Denmark, Turkey, Greece, Hungary and Serbia. A survey was conducted regarding the event “Days of mountain water” in the Facebook group “Teteven Balkan”. 66 people responded on a random basis. The aim of the survey was the people to estimate how useful stay in Teteven municipality is. In the present article are listed in more detail the natural assets of municipal area of Teteven, located in “Fore-Balkan” in the central part of Stara planina Balkan range. The possibilities are shown for development of tourism in the region, its particular characteristics and specific features. Analyzed are the water resources, the mountain water as a factor for health and longevity. The information helps for development of tourism in the region. Described are the springs and fountains of mountain water in Teteven and its surrounding municipal areas. It is conducted quantitative and qualitative analysis of the chemical and physical parameters of the springs. On six of the springs are placed information signs about the chemical composition, physical parameters and properties relating to health.

The study aimed to examine the impact of political instability in Palestine on economic development in comparison with international classifications during the years (2010-2021). The study followed the descriptive analytical approach, by referring to Palestinian and international reports and statistics, and analyzing them to reach the following results: The existence of a role for political instability and the Israeli occupation in influencing economic growth in Palestine. The existence of economic development in Palestine in spite of all obstacles, and achieving high rates at the global level in its economic development. The existence of growth in the rate of gross domestic product, gross national income and savings, and achieving the State of Palestine has high rates at the global level. There is a growth in the rate of per capita GDP and per capita gross national income. The study also showed the absence of growth in the number of new foreign companies in Palestine. The presence of an increase in the proportion of the labor force participating among individuals 15 A year or more than a year (2010-2021). Decrease in the unemployment rate among participants in the labor force for individuals aged 15 and over (2010-2021). The study came out with a set of recommendations: The need to publish annual and quarterly statistical reports, because of their role in evaluating the level of economic development and taking appropriate decisions. Working to strengthen the resilience of citizens in light of the attacks and obstacles caused by the occupation, because of their role in achieving economic development. The need to work on promoting and encouraging foreign investment in Palestine, because of its role in increasing the level of income and improving the standard of living in Palestine. The need to maintain an advanced level in economic development, and paying attention to all agricultural, tourism and industrial sectors because of their role in increasing output GDP and thus increase the level of per capita GDP.