Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Tour antigel“

Nontyphoidal Salmonellae cause a devastating burden of invasive disease in sub-Saharan Africa with high levels of antimicrobial resistance. Vaccination has potential for a major global health impact, but no licensed vaccine is available. The lack of commercial incentive makes simple, affordable technologies the preferred route for vaccine development. Here we compare equivalent Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens (GMMA) outer membrane vesicles and O-antigen-CRM197 glycoconjugates to deliver lipopolysaccharide O-antigen in bivalent Salmonella Typhimurium and Enteritidis vaccines. Salmonella strains were chosen and tolR deleted to induce GMMA production. O-antigens were extracted from wild-type bacteria and conjugated to CRM197. Purified GMMA and glycoconjugates were characterized and tested in mice for immunogenicity and ability to reduce Salmonella infection. GMMA and glycoconjugate O-antigen had similar structural characteristics, O-acetylation, and glucosylation levels. Immunization with GMMA induced higher anti–O-antigen IgG than glycoconjugate administered without Alhydrogel adjuvant. With Alhydrogel, antibody levels were similar. GMMA induced a diverse antibody isotype profile with greater serum bactericidal activity than glycoconjugate, which induced almost exclusively IgG1. Immunization reduced bacterial colonization of mice subsequently infected with Salmonella. S. Typhimurium numbers were lower in tissues of mice vaccinated with GMMA compared with glycoconjugate. S. Enteritidis burden in the tissues was similar in mice immunized with either vaccine. With favorable immunogenicity, low cost, and ability to induce functional antibodies and reduce bacterial burden, GMMA offer a promising strategy for the development of a nontyphoidal Salmonella vaccine compared with established glycoconjugates. GMMA technology is potentially attractive for development of vaccines against other bacteria of global health significance.

Uma das facetas menos conhecidas da caleidoscópica Susan Sontag, que já foi chamada de a “intelectual total”, é a de escritora de contos. Notabilizada no jornalismo literário norte-americano como ensaísta em obras seminais, Susan Sontag permanece inédita no Brasil como escritora de contos. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar o extremo oposto da racionalidade aplicada aos seus ensaios. Como em um giro no caleidoscópio, surge sua polêmica e conturbada vida pessoal, espelhada no conto agora intitulado “Turismo sem Guia”, originalmente Unguided Tour, encontrado por acaso em uma publicação da Revista Granta, de 1994. A tradução procura proporcionar ao leitor uma experiência estética semelhante àquela do leitor do original. Foi preciso desmontar Unguided Tour, conforme sugerido por Derrida na sua proposta de “Desconstrução”, fragmentá-lo para identificar suas especificidades, como o encobrimento do gênero dos personagens, descrições de cenas do passado, menções a profissões antigas, referências bíblicas e a outras obras, e recompô-lo, com toda sua polissemia. Que seja um passeio proveitoso a quem enveredar por esta experiência de “Turismo sem Guia”.

ObjectivesThe purpose of this prospective study was to report incidence and transmission of SARS-CoV-2, among professional golfers and essential support staff undergoing risk assessment and enhanced risk reduction measures when considered a close contact as opposed to standard isolation while competing on the DP World Tour during the 2021 season.MethodsThis prospective cohort study included all players and essential support staff participating in 26 DP World Tour events from 18 April 2021 to 21 November 2021. High-risk contacts were isolated for 10 days. Moderate-risk contacts received education regarding enhanced medical surveillance, had daily rapid antigen testing for 5 days, with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tesing on day 5, mandated mask use and access to outside space for work purposes only. Low-risk contacts typically received rapid antigen testing every 48 hours and RT-PCR testing on day 5.ResultsThe total study cohort compromised 13 394 person-weeks of exposure. There were a total of 30 positive cases over the study period. Eleven contacts were stratified as ‘high risk’. Two of these subsequently tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. There were 79 moderate-risk contact and 73 low-risk contacts. One moderate-risk contact subsequently tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 but did not transmit the virus. All other contacts, remained negative and asymptomatic to the end of the tournament week.ConclusionsA risk assessment and risk reduction-based approach to contact tracing was safe in this professional golf event setting when Alpha and Delta were the predominant variants. It enabled professional golfers and essential support staff to work.

This study tested the hypothesis that the unique phenotype of alveolar macrophages (AM) is maintained through adaptation to the relatively high oxygen partial pressure (Po2) of the lung, through modification of redox-sensitive transcription factors. BALB/c mouse bone marrowderived macrophages (BMC) were differentiated under different Po2and compared functionally to AM and peritoneal macrophages (PM). BMC differentiated in normoxia (Po2140 Torr, BMChigh) were similar to AM in having low phagocytic and antigen presenting cell (APC) activities. However, BMC grown in low oxygen tension as found in other tissues (<40 Torr, BMClow) were better phagocytes and APCs, similar to PM. BMChighwere more oxidative intracellularly than BMClow, based on oxidation of dichlorofluorescein and higher glutathione disulfide/glutathione (GSH) ratios, despite having more GSH. Finally, lipopolysaccharide-induced nuclear factor-κB translocation, measured by laser scanning cytometry, was reduced in BMChighand AM, compared with BMClowand PM, respectively. These data suggest that regulation of the AM phenotype may occur, at least in part, via inhibition of NF-κB by the unique redox environment.

To test the hypothesis that the development of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) lasting greater than or equal to 3 days after the last antigenic exposure required repeated mediator release, we compared dose-response changes in lung resistance (RL) to acetylcholine (ACh) in animals sensitized with 1% ovalbumin (OA), 4% Bordatella pertussis aerosol and subsequently challenged with 0.5% OA aerosol twice weekly for 4–6 wk vs. animals receiving saline aerosol instead of OA. Despite antihistamine pretreatment, each OA challenge produced cyanosis and inspiratory indrawing. Blood gas analysis in six guinea pigs revealed an immediate fall in arterial PO2 (PaO2) from 104.3 +/- 4.9 to 35.4 +/- 2.2 Torr after a 1-min exposure to aerosolized OA. ACh dose-response measurements of RL 3 days after the last OA challenge demonstrated a leftward shift and an increased magnitude of response. These differences were less marked at 7 days, and by 14 days after the last OA challenge, ACh dose-response curves were not different from those of control guinea pigs. Sensitization without repeated antigen challenge did not cause hyperresponsiveness. Morphometric analysis showed significantly increased numbers of eosinophils in the epithelium of airways in hyperresponsive guinea pigs, without neutrophil infiltration or alterations in epithelium and airway wall areas. We conclude that repeated antigenic challenge, but not sensitization alone, causes prolonged AHR in guinea pigs, which is associated with tissue eosinophilia.

Indirect measurement of gastric intramural pH (pHG) utilizing a luminal tonometer in the stomach has been proposed for monitoring the severity and progression of perfusion failure. In the present study, we investigated gastric PCO2 and pHG as indicators and quantitators of the severity of perfusion failure in the experimental rodent model of both hemorrhagic and anaphylactic shock. Gastric intramural PCO2 (PGCO2) and pHG were directly measured with miniaturized sensors inserted into the anterior wall of the stomach. In hemorrhagic shock, animals were bled into a reservoir maintained at a pressure of 35 mmHg. pHG decreased from 7.39 +/- 0.08 to 6.67 +/- 0.11 (P < 0.01), and PGCO2 increased from 53 +/- 4 to 136 +/- 3 Torr (P < 0.01). Anaphylactic shock was induced in animals that had been sensitized 21 days before with crystallized ovalbumin. Antigen challenge produced an immediate reduction in mean aortic pressure from 144 to 60 mmHg. pHG decreased from 7.40 +/- 0.05 to 6.99 +/- 0.07 (P < 0.01), and PGCO2 increased from 48 +/- 5 to 133 +/- 9 Torr (P < 0.01). The increases in PGCO2 were highly correlated with decreases in gastric blood flow in both hemorrhagic (r = 0.96) and anaphylactic shock (r = 0.92). The correlations with pHG were more moderate. These experiments demonstrated prominent increases in PGCO2 and H+ during both hemorrhagic and anaphylactic shock. We further noted that the estimation of pHG based on the assumption that HCO3-concentrations of the stomach wall and arterial blood are the same was not fully sustained.

Abstract Background: Cholesterol-conjugated hyaluronic acid, synthesized by grafting cholesterol moieties onto hyaluronic acid, spontaneously formed nano-sized hydrogel of approximately 30-100nm in water. This hyaluronic acid derivative (HA nanogel) has demonstrated the ability to encapsulate various modalities, including low- and medium-sized molecules, peptides, and proteins. Previous reports have highlighted its efficacy in solubilizing poorly water-soluble drugs and serving as a sustained-release matrix. In this study, we explore the potential of HA nanogels encapsulating antigen peptides with adjuvant as a cancer vaccine and a priming tool for combinational immunotherapy. Method: We prepared HA nanogels as a novel peptide carrier for cancer vaccines and attempted to encapsulate various peptides, including neoantigen (mERK2) peptides expressed in immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy-resistant fibrosarcoma cell line CMS5a, gp-100 peptides expressed in metastatic melanoma cell line B16F10, and MAGEA4. Our experiments covered APC uptake, antigen-specific CTL induction, and anti-tumor studies to demonstrate the utility of HA nanogels in these applications. Results: HA nanogel efficiently formed stable complexes with mERK2, gp-100 and MAGEA4 long peptides, each with diameters of 30-100nm. The facile and simple vaccine formulation processes with HA nanogel achieved high drug content and high encapsulation efficiency of 90% or higher. Fluorescently labeled mERK2 long peptide encapsulated in HA nanogel vaccines were subcutaneously administered to BALB/c mice, and uptake analysis of mERK2 long peptides in draining lymph nodes (dLN) was performed using flow cytometry. In comparison to the group receiving mERK2 long peptide without nanogel encapsulation, the HA nanogel group exhibited higher uptake by macrophages and dendritic cells in the dLN. Administering HA nanogel vaccines containing mERK2 long peptides with CpG oligoDNA resulted in higher antigen-specific CD8+ T cells compared to the group receiving mERK2 long peptides without encapsulation. Strong anti-tumor effects were demonstrated in mice models with subcutaneously transplanted CMS5a and B16F10 cell lines. The enhanced efficacy through co-administration with ICI was also confirmed. Conclusion: HA nanogel vaccines efficiently deliver antigen peptides to macrophages and dendritic cells, inducing antigen-specific CTL responses, thereby demonstrating anti-tumor effects against cold tumors such as CMS5a and B16F10. HA nanogels have the potential not only as carriers for cancer vaccines but also as priming tools for combinational immunotherapy. Citation Format: Takashi Nakai, Fumiyasu Momose, Kohei Yabuuchi, Makiko Yamane, Tae Hayashi, Linan Wang, Yoshiyuki Nakagawa, Shogo Aso, Toru Katsumata, Tsuyoshi Shimoboji, Yoshihiro Miyahara. Crafting hyaluronic acid-based nanoparticles for enhanced LN targeting as a potent priming tool in immunotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 6745.

Abstract Background: The development of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has introduced an effective strategy to guide and promote the immune response. Also, gene-engineering NK cells to express an exogenous CAR receptor allows the innate anti-tumor ability of NK cells to be directed against target tumor antigen. However, these autologous applications are limited by toxicities, restricted trafficking and infiltration into tumor, suboptimal persistence, and exhausted status of immune cells that may cause manufacturing failure. One approach to overcome those limitations is the development of “off-the-shelf” iPS-cell sources. The iCAR-ILC-N101 is an allogeneic human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-homozygous induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived anti-glypican-3 (GPC3) CAR-expressing innate lymphoid cells/natural killer cell (ILC/NK), which has both antigen-specific and NK activating receptor-mediated cytotoxicity. The iCAR-ILC-N101 is produced from the established iPSC strain QHJI01s04, and there is theoretically no risk of developing graft-versus host disease because the product dose not have T cell receptor. The product has a relevant living period in the body, thereby has little concern about residual toxicity and reduces systemic side effects by topical treatment. GPC3 is a cancer-specific membranous protein that is expressed in hepatoblastoma, hepatocellular carcinoma and ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) but is not expressed in normal tissue. OCCC is a relatively rare malignancy and is associated with poor prognosis. Intraperitoneal administration of iCAR-ILC-N101 is expected to show antitumor activity for OCCC patients with peritoneal dissemination that express GPC3 and reduce systemic side effects, thereby ensuring safety and improving therapeutic efficacy. Preclinical study showed that intraperitoneal injection of iCAR-ILC-N101 for GPC3-positive ovarian tumor-bearing immunodeficient mouse model showed suppressed tumor growth. Method: This is a first-in human phase 1 study to evaluate safety, toxicity and efficacy of the iCAR-ILC-N101 in patients with GPC3-positive advanced or recurrent OCCC harboring peritoneal dissemination. Major inclusion criteria include histologically diagnosed GPC3-positive advanced or recurrent OCCC with peritoneal dissemination who are resistant to standard therapy and have matched HLA-A24 or B52. The study includes 3 cohorts (cohort -1, 0.5x106 cells/kg; cohort 1, 1x106 cells/kg; cohort 2, 3x106 cells/kg) and starts with cohort 1. The iCAR-ILC-N101 is administered intraperitoneally once a week for 4 weeks; for the first patient in each cohort, patient is observed for 14 days for safety evaluation after the first administration and then receive iCAR-ILC-N101 on day15 and 22. Enrollment initiated in July 2021 and one patient was enrolled. No dose-limiting toxicity was observed. Clinical trial registry number: jRCT2033200431 Citation Format: Kenichi Harano, Shin Kaneko, Tetsuya Nakatsura, Junichiro Yuda, Nozomu Fuse, Akihiro Sato, Reiko Watanabe, Genichiro Ishii, Toru Mukohara, Hiroshi Tanabe, Yukiko Ishiguro, Hideki Furuya, Masashi Wakabayashi, Miki Fukutani, Manami Shimomura, Tatsuki Ueda, Shoichi Iriguchi, Ayako Kumagai, Kengo Nakagoshi, Aki Sasaki, Toshihiko Doi. First in human trial of off-the shelf iPS derived anti-GPC3 NK cells for recurrent ovarian clear cell carcinoma with peritoneal dissemination [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 5185.

Cette thèse présente les travaux réalisés sur la caractérisation de la tour antigel comme moyen de lutte contre le gel de printemps dans le vignoble de Quincy. Des études statistiques ont été menées à partir d’un réseau de capteurs de températures disséminés à travers le territoire et des données synoptiques et topographiques. Elles ont permis de mettre en lumières les zones les plus gélives dans le vignoble de Quincy et d’apporter un regard critique sur l’actuelle implantation des 60 tours antigel dotant le vignoble. Des mesures de terrain ont été menées afin de caractériser le débit et flux de quantité de mouvement du jet produit par cinq tours antigel différentes. Les résultats montrent que malgré les différents designs, les propriétés des tours sont équivalentes. Une mesure inédite de l’action combinée de la tour antigel et d’un brûleur lors d’une nuit de gel montre que le brûleur a une contribution intense dans le réchauffement de la température mais si brève que des questions subsistent sur sa rentabilité. Enfin, en travail exploratoire, un modèle numérique LES d’une nuit de gel radiatif a été développé afin de simuler l’action de la tour antigel par le moyen d’un disque actuateur
This thesis presents the work conducted on the characterization of the wind machine as a means of controlling spring frost in the vineyard of Quincy. Statistical studies were conducted using a network of temperature sensors spread across the territory along with synoptic and topographic data. They allowed to highlight the most frost sensitive areas in the Quincy vineyard and to provide a diagnostic on the actual implementation of the 60 wind machines in the vineyard. Field measurements were conducted to characterize the flow rate and momentum of the jet produced by five different wind machines. The results show that despite the different designs, the properties of the towers are equivalent. A pioneer measurement of the combined action of the wind machine and a burner during a frost night showed that the burner had an intense contribution in warming the temperature but so brief that questions remain about its profitability. Finally, as an exploratory work, an LES numerical model of a night of radiative frost has been developed to simulate the action of the wind machine using an actuator disk

O arroio Touro-passo localiza-se no município de Uruguaiana, na fronteira oeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Nas décadas de 1960 e 1970, a região foi palco de importantes estudos arqueológicos como parte do Programa Nacional de Pesquisas Arqueológicas (PRONAPA) e do Programa Paleoindígena (PROPA). A coordenação dos trabalhos ficou a cargo do arqueólogo Eurico Th. Miller, do Museu Arqueológico do Rio Grande do Sul (MARSUL), instalado em Taquara-RS, e do apoio técnico-financeiro do Smithsonian Institute, com sede em Washington-EUA. As ferramentas teórico-metodológicas empregadas na época favoreciam a localização de sítios arqueológicos do período pré-colonial, e o estabelecimento de filiações culturais para as indústrias líticas e cerâmicas a partir do postulado das “Tradições” e “Fases” arqueológicas. No entanto, decorridos mais de quarenta anos destas pesquisas, a região não havia sido estudada novamente. Desta forma, novas teorias e metodologias foram incorporadas neste estudo, a fim de fomentar novas discussões sobre o tema dos sítios arqueológicos na região. Este trabalho desenvolve-se à luz da Arqueologia Espacial, embasando-se em documentos primários e pesquisas de campo realizadas entre os anos de 2000 a 2015. O resultado é um reordenamento da questão das espacialidades, identificando-se sítios sem ocupações como „locais‟ arqueológicos‟, e sítios ocupados como „lugares‟ arqueológicos. Os termos foram incorporados do campo semântico da Geografia, e ao textualizar-se as espacialidades no arroio Touro-passo, evita-se o equívoco em considerar os sítios localizados no período do PROPA como as únicas referências cronológicas, estratigráficas e culturais para a arqueologia de caçadores-coletores na área em estudo.
The Touro-passo stream is located in Uruguaiana, the west frontier in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. In the 60s and 70s, important archeological studies were carried out in this region as part of the National Program of Archeological Studies (called PRONAPA) and the Paleo-Indigenous Program (called PROPA). The studies were led by the archeologist Eurico Th. Miller from the Archeological Museum in Rio Grande de Sul (called MARSUL), located in Taquara RS, as well as the technical-financial support by the Smithsonian Institute from Washington-USA. The theoretical-methodological tools used in the past helped to find pre-colonial archeological sites and to create cultural filiations for the lithic and pottery industries based on the archeological “Traditions” and “Periods”. However, more than 40 years after the studies, the region had not been studies again. This, new theories and methodologies were incorporated in this current stdudy in order to start new discussions about the archeological sites in the region. This study was developed based on the Spatial Archeology with primary documents and field research that happened between 2000 and 2015. The result is a spatial reorder and there are non-occupied sites identified as “archeological spots” as well as occupied sites identified as “archeological places”. These words were included in the Geography vocabulary and, while referring to the Touro-passo stream, the sites found during the PROPA period are not considered the unique chronological, stratigraphic and cultural references to the archeology of collector-hunters in the studies area.

USER and PA-REDES are initiatives currently working on the reintegration of the marginalised areas of antiga Curraleira and Picheleira in central Lisbon. Through street art and the implementation of locally guided tours, these projects intended to make the neighbourhoods more accessible and forfeit the burden of territorial stigma (Wacquant, 2007). The primary motive for the launch of PA-REDES was to overcome strong nostalgia and lack of the local youth’s future prospects by encouraging active citizenship and reformulating the neighbourhood’s identity. The intention of this work is to find an alternative to slum tourism and approach a tour strategy that actively contributes to the building of active citizenship (URB ACT, n.d), rather than to consolidate a narrative that relies on poverty or destitution. The tour strategy designed throughout this work intends to ensure the development of a moving debate and idea exchange between tour guide and visitors. Reflexive tourists and slow travellers, such as the interns of Clube, are capable of questioning their own prejudices, sharing their own reflections and engaging with the local community. A tour narrative that is based on theoretical concepts of advanced marginality (Wacquant, 2007) and the right to the city (Lefebvre, 1996) will help the visitor to discuss the current situation antiga Curraleira and Picheleira face in wider global contexts and find new strategic approaches for the reintegration of segregated urban neighbourhoods. Furthermore, the tours will discuss street art as one possible way of re-appropriating an alienated urban zone and equipping it with a new personality. A comparison between the street art implementation in Quinta do Mocho and antiga Curraleira and Picheleira will demonstrate how these street art interventions can open up a dialogue about the role of public street art interventions. Future tour guides can use the thematic narrative as orientation and then connect it with their own experiences from antiga Curraleira and Picheleira. The main objective is for tour participants to get a positive image and realise the potential of this neighbourhood, so that physical and symbolical borders that currently separate the zone from central Lisbon can eventually be overcome. After the implementation of the tours, it lies in the hands of further researchers to evaluate the local tour guides, the impact of the tours, their contribution to active citizenship and their potential for starting a moving debate with tour participants.
Este estudo de caso, sobre as iniciativas públicas que decorrem neste momento na antiga Curraleira e Picheleira, tem como propósito o desenvolvimento de uma visita guiada pelas duas zonas. Inspirado pela ideia de encontrar uma forma alternativa ao slum tourism, este estudo fornece o contexto teórico e prático para a criação duma visita participativa, com a finalidade de estimular um debate sobre a reapropriação de espaços urbanos uniformes e descaracterizados. Este serve para a implementação de uma visita guiada interativa e crítica. A visita guiada, além de conter a contextualização crítica dos programas de reabilitação do bairro, proporciona fruição estética através da arte urbana implementada pelo programa PA-REDES, garantindo que o visitante adquira uma imagem positiva do potencial do bairro durante a visita. Por um lado, a arte urbana que vai ser implementada pelo projeto PA-REDES funciona como a componente lúdica e estética das visitas. Por outro lado, as obras de arte servem como âncora para as histórias e memórias mais pessoais de cada guia. Devido à ausência de conhecimento dos contextos mais pessoais dos guias e da cultura do bairro, este estudo limita-se a fazer a descrição geográfica do espaço, a análise dos motivos das iniciativas e a sua contextualização teórica. Considerando que a proposta para uma visita guiada é muito específica, propõe-se a definição cuidadosa de um público-alvo que não intimide a população local. É fundamental ter em mente que o conteúdo crítico aqui tratado se direciona a este públicoalvo que tem interesse em conhecer os “bastidores” de Lisboa e em envolver-se ativamente com a população local. Este trabalho está dividido em três capítulos principais. O primeiro capítulo aprofunda o contexto da antiga Curraleira e Picheleira em termos teóricos. A falta de identificação com os novos bairros sociais é um problema que marca não só os bairros da antiga Curraleira e Picheleira mas, de acordo com Wacquant (2007: 71), é um fenómeno que começou a tomar forma com o desaparecimento da classe operária e com a crescente desintegração do estado social (Cummins, 2016: 263). No caso concreto de Portugal, a transição rápida de “país em vias de desenvolvimento” para país membro da União Europeia não permitiu ao próprio estado social tempo suficiente para amadurecer. A rápida erradicação dos bairros de lata causou muitos protestos, atos de vandalismo e a dissolução das redes de sociabilidade e de confiança pré-existentes. Hoje em dia muitos dos bairros sociais existentes nos centros urbanos de Portugal são marcados pelo fenómeno de advanced marginality (Wacquant, 2007). Este termo caracteriza as condições de vida dos residentes de bairros sociais e a sua dificuldade em integrar-se nos acontecimentos urbanos e em exercer uma cidadania ativa (URB ACT, n.d.), bem como o seu direito à cidade (Lefebvre, 1996). Lefebvre assume que todos os cidadãos devem exercer o seu direito à cidade para alcançar uma cidade marcada por “assembleia, simultaneidade e encontro”. De acordo com Lefebvre e Harvey (2008) a cidade encontra-se atualmente em crise porque a lógica do neoliberalismo não permite a participação de todos e substitui as decisões coletivas por decisões economicistas, que garantem o poder das elites. Finalmente, as soluções que Lefebvre propõe baseiam-se na reapropriação da cidade através da arte e das festas comunitárias. Devido à ligação entre as atuais iniciativas do USER convida e do PA-REDES, tal como às propostas de reapropriação preconizadas por Lefebvre, uma referência a este autor não pode faltar no enquadramento teórico de uma visita guiada do tipo que propomos. No segundo capítulo explica-se com mais pormenor as consequências dos programas de reabilitação dos anos 90 do século XX nos bairros da antiga Curraleira e Picheleira. A integração da Picheleira nos programas de reabilitação destruiu a comunidade existente e promoveu o isolamento dos indivíduos dentro das suas casas porque a Curraleira e a Picheleira eram, historicamente, bairros divididos e rivais. Desde a implementação do Programa Especial de Reabilitação (PER) no final dos anos 90, a população local deixou de se identificar com a zona, e ficou, aparentemente “parada no tempo”. Antigamente o bairro era um bairro de lata nas margens de Lisboa, que surgiu na malha urbana numa época de industrialização e êxodo rural. Através das entrevistas a ativistas locais confirmou- se que os problemas associados à droga e à má reputação do bairro não são de forma alguma consequências do PER, mas também se concluiu que o PER não contribuiu para a solução dos problemas sociais existentes. A eliminação radical do antigo bairro de lata causou muitos outros problemas, porque não integrou a comunidade local nas tomadas de decisão. Esta dissertação argumenta que o que faz mais falta nos novos bairros verticais é a comunidade de vizinhança e o convívio nas ruas, na medida em que os baldios entre os bairros promovem o isolamento dos habitantes e as atividades ilícitas. A seguinte observação de João Queirós, um ativista no bairro, resume a nova situação dos bairros: “não só aqui na Curraleira, mas [também] noutros sítios, assisti, presenciei e ouvi (…): ‘Agora é que eu vivo numa barraca’, ou seja, agora estou isolado’” (Appendix IV: 22). Apesar de as pessoas viverem em melhores condições de higiene, agora já não se sentem responsáveis pelo bairro. A falta de “personalidade” do bairro e o anonimato da vida quotidiana explicam a extrema identificação com o passado e a nostalgia que marca mesmo a geração mais nova que nunca viveu no bairro. Seguramente uma identificação tão forte com o passado e a falta de esperança no futuro também contribuem para a propagação do circulo vicioso da pobreza e para a não participação ativa da vida pública. Apesar de serem consideradas zonas de BIP/ZIP, que obtêm fundos financeiros para a implementação de projetos comunitários para a melhoria das infraestruturas (como parques infantis ou áreas de prática de exercício físico), o problema de falta de sentido de comunidade manteve-se. A ausência de identificação dos indivíduos com o bairro explica também a falta de sucesso e o pouco uso das novas infraestruturas que foram financiadas com fundos BIP/ZIPs. Muitas destas infraestruturas encontram-se hoje em dia em estado de abandono. Antes da implementação de novas infraestruturas deveria ter sido reestabelecida uma atitude de responsabilidade dos habitantes para com o seu próprio bairro. Por isso a antiga Curraleira e Picheleira foi escolhida para ser o território pioneiro onde seriam testadas as diretivas para a cidadania ativa do USER e para a criação de um Grupo de Ação Local responsável pela sua execução. Finalmente a recente iniciativa de arte urbana, PA-REDES, lançada pelo Clube, apoia-se nos primeiros resultados atingidos pelo USER, nomeadamente, mais contacto direto com a comunidade local e parcerias entre diferentes stakeholders. Finalmente, no terceiro capítulo exploram-se os motivos da iniciativa PA-REDES em maior pormenor, através das observações feitas durante o estágio, e compara-se a iniciativa com uma outra iniciativa de arte urbana que já decorreu na Quinta do Mocho. O PA-REDES tem como principal propósito o reconstruir de uma visão poderosa para o futuro que consiga acabar com o círculo vicioso de pobreza e precariedade dentro do bairro. Graças ao acesso a documentos internos do Clube que descreviam em pormenor o processo da iniciativa, foi possível atribuir a sua implementação a uma estratégia descrita por Visconti (2010) como “Enchanting urban space via vitalizing”. A arte que virá a decorar os muros da antiga Curraleira e Picheleira não é arte profissional, mas arte com um valor principalmente simbólico, que vai contar a história do bairro, falar de momentos especiais vividos pela comunidade e tentar construir uma ponte entre passado e o presente. Quem visitar o bairro deve ter interesse em descobrir os bastidores de Lisboa e em ser confrontado com os desafios sociais da população local. Contrariamente à intervenção de arte urbana na Quinta do Mocho, em que os muros foram decorados com arte urbana profissional e por artistas internacionalmente reconhecidos, a antiga Curraleira e Picheleira não pode contar com a mesma divulgação nas redes sociais e deve trabalhar com maior intensidade na promoção das suas visitas guiadas. Por isso este trabalho propõe uma estratégia para um passeio guiado na zona, que define o slow traveller, o reflexive tourist e os próprios estagiários do Clube como sendo o público-alvo das visitas. Contrário ao slum tourism, este percurso pretende comunicar o potencial que há dentro dos bairros da antiga Curraleira e Picheleira. O enfoque temático não é a pobreza ou a miséria em si, mas a promoção das possibilidades que existem dentro do bairro. Uma seleção cuidadosa do público-alvo garante que o passeio possa ser uma fonte de inspiração para os residentes dos bairros. Eventualmente, os estagiários e os estudantes do programa europeu de mobilidade Erasmus+, que muitas vezes trabalham noutros bairros sociais semelhantes à antiga Curraleira e Picheleira, podem adaptar esta estratégia aos seus bairros. Além dum primeiro teste de exequibilidade com os estagiários do Clube, esta estratégia ainda deve ser desenvolvida e testada no campo, para aferir o seu impacto real. Devem igualmente ser feitos inquéritos para avaliar o potencial do percurso no que respeita ao envolver os visitantes e criar uma discussão real sobre a reapropriação do espaço urbano. Apesar de estes pontos permanecerem ainda em aberto, espera-se que este estudo de natureza prática seja útil para a formação dos futuros guias do Clube e que seja considerado uma mais-valia para o desenrolar do projeto.

Vaccines can be classified according to their nature into the following types: ● Inactivated vaccines: ■ Whole organism; ■ Acellular extracts. ● Live attenuated vaccines. ● Toxoid vaccines. ● Subunit vaccines. ● Conjugate vaccines. ● DNA vaccines. ● Recombinant vector vaccines. Inactivation of the whole organism is the most basic form of vaccine produced by killing the micro-organism causing the disease using heat, chemical or radiation and presents all the antigens in the inactivated organism as a vaccine to induce immunity in the recipient. Other methods to produce an inactivated vaccine is by extracting acellular components of the organism through filtration. Examples of inactivated bacterial vaccines currently in use include: ● Anthrax—sterile filtrate from cultures of the Sterne strain of B. anthracis. ● Cholera—oral inactivated vaccine with 1mg of recombinant cholera toxin B (rCTB) in a liquid suspension of four strains of killed V. cholerae O1, representing subtypes Inaba and Ogawa and biotypes El Tor and classical. ● Pertussis—acellular vaccine has replaced previously used whole cell vaccine. ● Typhoid—purified Vi capsular polysaccharide from S. typhi; NB: the injectable, killed, whole-cell typhoid vaccine which contains heat-inactivated, phenol-preserved S. typhi organisms is no longer in use in the UK. Examples of inactivated viral vaccines currently in use in the UK include: ● Hepatitis A virus. ● Hepatitis E virus. ● Influenza A and B viruses. ● Japanese encephalitis virus. ● Polio viruses 1, 2, and 3 (IPV). ● Rabies virus. ● Tick-borne encephalitis virus. ● Bacterial vaccines: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine against tuberculosis derived from a Mycobacterium bovis strain. The oral typhoid vaccine contains a live attenuated strain of S. typhi (Ty21a) in an enteric-coated capsule. ● Viral vaccines: The measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine contain live attenuated strains of measles, mumps, and rubella viruses, which are cultured separately and mixed before being lyophilized. Oral polio vaccine (OPV) against polio viruses 1, 2, and 3—OPV contains live attenuated strains of poliomyelitis virus types 1, 2, and 3 grown in cell cultures.

Esta comunicación plantea una investigación artística que atiende a uno de los efectos de la hiperconexión territorial global: los procesos de turistificación de que son objeto muchas ciudades, naturalizados como destino postcapitalista inalterable y que, aquí, propongo repensar mediante una serie de pinturas y esculturas. Así, éstas parten de la asimilación del consumo de recuerdos de viaje durante el primer fenómeno turístico (ss. XVIII y XIX), aquel Grand Tour que llevaba a potentados e intelectuales del norte de Europa hacia “exóticos” lugares del Sur y de Oriente. En el caso particular de Málaga, esos souvenirs se concretaban en los llamados “barros malagueños” (Malaga clay figures), pequeñas piezas de barro cocido y pintado que tuvieron entonces gran desarrollo comercial en la ciudad, las cuales representaban los tópicos culturales que la mirada orientalista de aquellos viajeros proyectaba sobre la Europa mediterránea. El desplazamiento que articulo toma aquella imaginería de bandoleros, manolas, bailaores, etc. para asociarla a la actual turistificación sistemática que sufren localidades históricas de todo el mundo, destacando el proceso malagueño por la rapidez y virulencia con la que este fenómeno de conversión en ciudades-marca como atractores de turismo masivo está modificando su estructura social, urbana, económica y política. Por tanto, estas obras articulan una relectura irónica de aquellos “barros malagueños” para, conservando intactas sus poses figurativas de marcado carácter goyesco, realizar una serie paralela de esculturas y pinturas que convierten los originarios tipos costumbristas en los actuales turistas “de fiesta y borrachera”, disfrutando de la culminación en clave perversa de aquella mirada romántica hoy devenida en devastadora ceguera consumista. El antiguo souvenir, pues, presta aquí su originaria iconología festiva y tópica a la reversión actualizada de su sentido: de recuerdo del viajero ilustrado pasa a ser arma representacional del indígena actual ante los desmanes de la actual turistificación.

Introdução: A Tribulus terrestris, popularmente conhecida como videira da punctura, abrolho terrestre, rabo-de-calango, tribulo, tribulus e cabeça-de-touro, é uma erva daninha da família Zygophyllaceae com propriedades medicinais e fama afrodisíaca. Planta nativa e frequente na Europa e Sul da Ásia, atualmente, pode ser encontrada em diferentes regiões do mundo, sendo considerada uma planta invasora. Objetivo: Revisar sobre informações existentes a respeito da Tribulus terrestris e seu uso medicinal, levando em consideração a sua composição química, assim como sua utilização na medicina tradicional. Material e métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa efetuada por meio de revisão bibliográfica de artigos científicos encontrados nas bases de dados da Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO) e Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDILINE), o critério de inclusão utilizado foi a compatibilidade com o tema, foram utilizados artigos em português e inglês produzidos nos últimos cinco anos. Resultados: Na composição da tribulus são encontradas substâncias como saponinas, flavonóides, glicosídeos, alcalóides e taninos, sendo as saponinas as substâncias mais importantes e estudadas nesta planta por suas propriedades. As saponinas, em específico a protodioscina e protogracilina presentes na planta, são responsáveis pela fama afrodisíaca. A tribulus apresenta atividade diurética devido a sua concentração de nitrato e óleo essencial presentes em seus frutos e sementes, em animais apresenta também várias outras atividades farmacológicas como ativada antiurolítica e imunomoduladora, mas existe a carência de amplos estudos dessas atividades farmacológicas em humanos. Tradicionalmente, esta planta é historicamente utilizada na medicina tradicional da China, Ayuveda e Unani para tratar disfunção erétil, fígado deprimido, utilizada como cardiotônico, diurético entre outras atividades medicinais atribuídas a planta. Conclusão: Assim sendo, o uso da Tribulus terrestris é antigo na sociedade e está presente em diversas medicinas tradicionais. Famosa por seu efeito afrodisíaco, mas existe a possibilidade da tribulus contribuir para medicina moderna com sua atividade farmacológica.

Several serine protease inhibitorsof plasma inhibit the activated coagulation enzymes but only antithrombin III(AT-III)and heparin cofactor II (HC-II) are implicated in the pathogenesisof the familial thrombosis. Since thefirst publication (1965) many thrombophilic families with reduced AT-III synthesis have been investigated. These studies have proved that the disorder is associated with a high risk forvenous thrombosis and the inheritanceis autosomal dominant. The AT-III activity in the plasma of the affected patients is about 50% of the normalvalue.In recent years the heterogeneity of the inherited AT-III deficiency has been verified. The various AT-III abnormalities are not mere interestingrarities but they provide naturally occurring models for the solution of theoretical problems such as the function of AT-III molecule, the physiological significance of heparin, etc. Furthermore, the clinical manifestationof the particular variants greatly differs from symptomless abnormality tosevere thrombotic cases.In the majority of cases, reduced functional activity is accompanied with a parallel decrease of antigen concentration of AT-III. This is the characteristic feature of the quantitative or Type I ("classical")AT-III deficiency. By means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis, electro-focussing and recombinant DNA techniques the heterogeneity of this group has been established. In one subgroup (Type la) AT-III molecules are normal as regards their biochemical characteristics. In Type lb, subnormal AT-IIIquantity is accompanied with decreased heparin affinity. Differentiation of these subgroups has practical consequences: therapeutic concentrations of heparin apparently does not decrease AT-III level in the plasma of patients with Type lb AT-III deficiency.The other main form is the qualitative deficiency of AT-III (Type II) which is characterised by reduced functional activity at normal antigen concentration. In general, two populations of AT-III molecules can be detected in the blood of these patients: a normal and an abnormal one. Up till now at least 24 different abnormalities were found and designatedwith toponymes. These disorders can be classified with relatively simple laboratory methods such as functional anti-IIaXaFirstDepartment of Medicine, Postgraduate Medical University, Budapest, Hungary.arin cofactor activity, crossed immunoelectrophoresiswith and without heparin, heparin-affinity chromatography. Type na is characterised by profound structural changes of the molecule,variably: reflected in reduced inactivation of F Ha and F Xa, abnormal heparin-AT-III reaction and aberrant immunochemical structure Seven different abnormalities fall into this group (Budapest I, Tokyo, MalmÖ, Chicago, Milano, Trento and Northwick Park). The last three abnormalities are very similar.In Type lib an isolated defect of protease inactivation can be detected and an isolated disturbance of the active centre ofthe molecule is assumed.Until now 6 apparently different variants belonging to this group have been described. (Aalborg, Vicenza, Denver, Hvidovre, Charleville, Milano 2.) Type lie abnormality is characterised by an isolated defect of the heparin-AT-III reaction. In these cases a disturbance of the heparin binding site(s) is assumed. Eleven families with this type of abnormality have been recorded (Ann Arbor, Basel, Paris 1 and 2, Toyama* Tours, Padova I and 2, Algers, Fontainebleu and Budapest 2). This subgroup is heterogeneous in respect ofheparin affinity: in the majority of cases the abnormal AT-III molecules have no heparin affinity at all while in rare cases (such as Basel, Budapest 2) they have reduced affinity.TheType lie AT-III deficiency has several distinctive features compared with the other subtypesJClinically, the thromboembolic complications are rare: in 4 families thrombosis has notoccurred at all. Only one member in each of 4 other families had thrombosis. In 3 families homozygous patients suffered severe thrombosis in young age and/or in unusual localisations (intraarterial, intracardiac, etc.) butthe other heterozygous members were free of thrombotic symptoms. No increased intravascular coagulation could be detected in Type lie heterozygous cases incontrast to the "classical" AT-III deficiency.These observations suggest a different mechanism and clinical manifestation of the deficiency of progressiveserine protease inactivation and of heparin cofactor activity. In case of progressive inactivation, reduction of 50% of the activity predisposes mainly to venous thrombosis as a consequence of the hypercoagulability of theblood. The isolated reduction of heparin cofactor activity seems to bringabout thrombosis in any part of the vascular system, but only if this reduction is as severe as that of the coagulant factors in case of coagulopathies.In accordance with this finding, rare cases of HCII deficiency give rise to thrombosis in both the arteries and the veins. Heparin cofactor activities may play an important role in the antithrombotic mechanism along theendothelial surface of the whole vascular system.

Las ciudades turísticas intentan recrear los imaginarios internacionales sobre culturas determinadas, adaptándose a las expectativas que se tengan sobre el sitio a visitar. Los imaginarios son la realidad social construida desde los ciudadanos. A través de ellos las personas aprehendemos y explicamos las percepciones que nos formamos sobre los otros, los eventos y relaciones, así como sobre las obras y objetos. En las ciudades del turismo emergentes, la construcción de los equipamientos turísticos, tanto públicos, como privados, hace tabula rasa de la ciudad preexistente, dejando de lado las experiencias culturales locales, para preparar un escenario óptimo, que haga atractivo el sitio al público extranjero. En ese sentido los referentes culturales de lo mexicano, plasmados en la arquitectura, retoman elementos de distintas regiones y momentos históricos, acordes al imaginario internacional. Esos lenguajes arquitectónicos funcionan como referencia de autenticidad del espacio consumido, validando la experiencia turística. El objetivo de este trabajo es dar luz sobre el origen de las formas arquitectónicas –la morfogénesis- de una ciudad turística emergente. Es decir, observaremos los lenguajes urbanos y arquitectónicos, y la relación que los diseños exhibidos guardan hacia el imaginario internacional de la cultura mexicana. Para ello, utilizaremos como instrumentos los recorridos que los turistas hacen para acceder a los desarrollos turísticos, las imágenes expuestas en lugares específicos, así como el análisis del relato emitido por el turista en relación a la experiencia vivida. Nuestros medios de acceso serán las imágenes reales (tomadas in situ por las autoras) y aquellas recogidas de los sitios web de las cadenas hoteleras y de las bitácoras personales (blogs) de turistas disponibles en Internet. Con estos instrumentos pretendemos asociar los lenguajes plásticos del sitio con aquellos provenientes de imaginarios internacionales sobre la cultura mexicana, más allá de los de la realidad del sitio analizado. Retomamos a manera de ejemplo dos puntos de vista: el del promotor inmobiliario y del turista. El caso de estudio es Puerto Peñasco, Sonora, ciudad que ha sufrido una fuerte conversión a las actividades turísticas en los últimos diez años y cuyo auge inmobiliario, representa un caso emblemático del turismo en el noroeste mexicano. Adelantándonos a manera de breve conclusión, podemos señalar que las imágenes montadas en el armado y diseño del puerto anterior cumplen la paradójica función asentarse en la memoria del viajero (crear una ciudad memorable y singular), a la vez que autentifican la experiencia turística, es decir, son imágenes congruentes con el imaginario que el turista se ha formado aún antes de iniciar su recorrido, ya sea a través de los relatos de otros viajeros o del discurso del promotor inmobiliario. Ambos disponibles con la facilidad de un clic. Por otro lado, los referentes buscados por los promotores turísticos, están ligados, mediante la arquitectura y el urbanismo a la antigua arquitectura mexicana, de las culturas prehispánicas, las haciendas rurales y la arquitectura colonial, que poco o nada tienen que, ver con las actualidad de las ciudades mexicanas y mucho menos con el entorno regional de Puerto Peñasco. Sin embargo, ese tratamiento permite la creación de un ambiente "ideal" para el acercamiento a la cultura mexicana que los turistas esperan. Al contrastar los puntos de vista de un viajero y de un promotor inmobiliario de esta localidad portuaria, daremos cuenta de la ciudad deseada y de la ciudad ficción, acercándonos de esta manera a la "ciudad real", que bien pareciera la copia de las dos anteriores. The tourist cities intend to recreate the international imaginaries about certain cultures, adapting to the given expectations of the visiting place. The imaginaries are the social reality built by the citizens. Through them, people seize and explain their perceptions on others, on events and relationships, and as well as on objects. In the emerging cities of tourism, the building up of equipment, public as well as private, ignores the preexisting city. Cultural local experiences are left aside to prepare an optimal scenario that would make the place attractive for the foreign visitors. In this sense, the cultural references for “the Mexican” are captured trough architecture. They take elements from different regions and different historical momentums, according to the international imaginary. These architectural languages works as an authenticity reference for space, validating the tourist experience. The objective of this paper is to throw light on the origin of architectural forms –the morphogenesis- in an emerging tourist city. We will look at the urban and architectural languages, as well as the connexion that the exhibit designs keep towards the Mexican culture international imaginary. In order to do so, we will take advantage of the itineraries the tourists follow to get to the tourist developments, of the images exposed in specific places, and of the tourists account of their experiences. Our means of access will be the real images (taken by the author of this paper) and those collected in web sites of hotel chains and personal tourist journals (blogs). With these instruments we intend to associate the place plastic languages with those derived from international imaginaries on the Mexican culture. As an example we take into account to points of view: the real estate promoter’s and the tourist’s. The case of study is Puerto Peñasco, Sonora, a city that has suffered a tough switch to the tourist activities within the last ten years, and of which its real-estate growth represents an emblematic case in the Mexican northwest. Bringing forward a brief conclusion, it can be pointed out that the array of images and the port design achieve the paradoxical function settle themselves on the traveller’s memory (creating a memorable and singular city), and at the same time they authenticate the tourist experience. In other words, these images are consistent with the imaginary that the tourists have formed even before they began their tour. This recreation of the images is accessible through the stories of other travellers or trough the speech of realestate promoters (realties), both of which available with a single “clic”.On other side, the references seek by the tourist realties are attached to the antique Mexican architecture: the pre-Hispanic cultures, the haciendas and the colonial period, that have very few or nothing to do with the regional environment of Puerto Peñasco. However, that array allows the creation of an "ideal" environment, expected by the tourist to approach to the Mexican culture. Finally, contrasting the point of view of a traveller and a real-estate promoter, we will expose the desired city and the fictional city. In this way, we will approach to the "real city", which now seems the copy of the other two.