Dissertationen zum Thema „TOS FRF“

This diploma thesis is concerned with providing a construction proposal of a linear axis X for multifunctional machining center. Moreover, this work presents characterisations of machining centers, overview of manufacturers, list of main construction components used in the linear axis, their evaluation, assessment of various options for construction, which are then explained further. These detailed construction methods include calculations with the subsequent choice of feed system component. Ultimately, final evaluation of chosen option is provided as well. Another section of this thesis is also an economical assessment and 3D model alongside with mechanical drawing.

Technology that is widely discussed in the business community today is cloud computing and cloud-based systems, as a cloud-based CRM-system. Considering that large companies, such as Google, Netflix and Microsoft, use this type of technology, it is important to ask whether such systems add something to the business or whether it is just an IT trend. The purpose of this study is therefore to create a decision model that will determine whether the company will implement a cloud-based system or maintain it in on-premises. The decision model should shed light on various criteria for cloud-based solutions. The study will be designed with the help of the TOE framework (technology, organization and environment). The aim of the study is to answer the following research questions: (1) What are the consequences and benefits of cloud-based systems? (2) what are the differences between the criteria in the literature compare to what you  practice? (3) Are there differences in the views of the supplier and the customer around this area? The result is based on qualitative interviews with people from the supplier and the customer. The interviews also represent the TOE framework. In addition, an interview with an external expert has been carried out in order to evaluate and support the results of the conducted interviews. The survey has resulted in a decision model with three alternatives and eleven criterias. The analysis shows that there is a difference in what the literature emphasizes compared to what you actually are doing.  The views between the supplier and the customer are also different. Where the customer does not want to lose control and experience a lock-in effect. On the other hand, the supplier wants to deliver the latest technology and give new challenges to their employees. The study can be concluded as follows: the main reason for not implementing the cloud-based system for the customer is; deposit, cost and loss of control. The main reason for implementing the cloud-based system for the vendor is; consultant development, functionality and availability.
Teknologi er altomfattende og oppslukende. Teknologiutvikling aksele-rerer raskere hver eneste dag, og kan raskt bidra til å skape et skille mellom de aktører som følger utviklingen og de som uteblir fra utvik-lingen.  Tilfører cloudbaserte og cloud computing nytte til bedriften eller er det kun en IT-trend? Hensikten med dette studiet er derfor å skape en beslutningsmodell som skal avgjøre om bedriften skal implementere et cloudbasert system eller bevare de systemer de har i dag i et  on-premises miljø. Beslutningsmodellen skal belyse ulike kriterier innen cloudbaserte løsninger. Studien skal utformes med hjelp av TOE-rammeverket (teknologi, organisasjon og miljø). Målet med studien er å besvare følgende forskningsspørsmål: (1) hvilke konsekvenser og nytteverdier medfører cloudbaserte systemer? (2) hvilke forskjeller er det mellom kriteriene i litteraturen og det som utføres i praksis? (3) finns det forskjeller på synspunktene til leverandøren og kunden rundt dette fagområdet? Resultatet bygger på kvalitative intervjuer med personer fra leverandøren av tjenesten og kunden. I tillegg har det blitt gjennom-ført et intervju med en ekstern ekspert, for å evaluere og støtte opp under resultatet fra gjennomførte  intervjuer. Undersøkelsen har resul-tert i en beslutningsmodell med to alternativ og elleve kriterier. Analy-sen viser at det er forskjeller  på hvilke kriterier litteraturen vektlegger sammenlignet med de kriterier som benyttes i praksis. Det er også forskjeller mellom de synspunkter som mellom leverandøren utrykker sammenlignet med og kundens synspunkter. Kunden ønsker ikke  å miste kontrollen og opplever en innlåsingseffekt. Leverandøren derimot ønsker å levere den nyeste teknologien samt bidra til økt stimulering gjennom effektivisering av arbeidsprosesser og rutiner. Dette bidrar til å stimulere og utfordre den enkelte ansatte.  Studien kan konkluderes på følgende måte: hovedårsaken for å ikke implementere cloudbaserte system for kunden er; innlåsing, investering og driftskostnad og risiko for tap av kontroll. Hovedårsaken  for å implementere et cloudbaserte system for leverandøren er; organisasjonens mulighet til å jobbe med nyeste teknologi stimulerer til økt konsulent utvikling, funksjonalitet og tilgjengelighet.

La fisica delle collisioni ad alte energie è, ad oggi, uno dei campi di ricerca più interessante per la verifica di modelli teorici che spieghino la nascita e la formazione dell'universo in cui viviamo. In quest'ottica lavorano esperimenti presso i più importanti acceleratori di particelle: tra questi anche l'esperimento ALICE, presso il Large Hadron Collider LHC del CERN di Ginevra. Il suo scopo principale è quello di verificare e ampliare l'insieme delle prove sperimentali alla base sull'esistenza di un nuovo stato della materia: il Quark Gluon Plasma. La presenza della transizione di fase della materia adronica ordinaria a QGP era stata teorizzata da diversi studi termodinamici e da calcoli di QCD su reticolo: in particolare si prevedeva l'esistenza di uno stato della materia in cui i quark sono deconfinati. Il QGP è dunque un plasma colorato e densissimo di quark e gluoni, liberi di interagire tra loro. Queste condizioni sarebbero state quelle dell'universo primordiale, circa 1µs dopo il Big Bang: a seguito di una transizione di fase, si sarebbe poi formata tutta la materia adronica ordinaria. Per riprodurre le condizioni necessarie alla formazione del QGP occorrono collisioni ad energie ultrarelativistiche come quelle prodotte, negli ultimi anni, dall'acceleratore LHC. Uno dei principali rivelatori dedicati all'identificazione di particelle in ALICE è il sistema a tempo di volo TOF. Nonostante un attento processo di ottimizzazione della risoluzione delle sue componenti, persistono residui errori strumentali che limitano la qualità (già ottima) del segnale, tutt'oggi oggetto di studio. L'elaborato presentato in questa tesi è suddiviso in tre capitoli: nel primo ripercorriamo gli aspetti teorici del Modello Standard e del Quark Gluon Plasma. Nel secondo descriviamo la struttura di rivelazione di ALICE, analizzando il funzionamento delle singole componenti. Nel terzo, infine, verifichiamo le principali correzioni al TOF ad oggi note, confrontando i dati a nostra disposizione con delle simulazioni Monte Carlo: questo ci permette da un lato di approfondirne la conoscenza, dall'altro di cercarne di migliorare la descrizione del comportamento del rivelatore.

Cette recherche étudie l'incidence d'un entraînement haptique sur les performances et les procédés d'exploration haptique, dans une tache de reconnaissance de figures géométriques bi-dimensionnelles, selon le statut visuel des sujets (voyants sous occlusion visuelle, aveugles tardifs et précoces). Notre problématique s'interroge sur les conséquences des différences de structuration cognitive des sujets, en fonction de leur statut visuel. Nous postulons que le mode de raisonnement des voyants et des aveugles tardifs sera différent de celui des aveugles précoces, et ce, quelle que soit leur expérience haptique. Nous avons observé la progression différentielle des performances générales et du choix des procédés d'exploration, en fonction du statut visuel, ainsi que le rôle de la difficulté des items. Les résultats indiquent que les voyants sont moins performants que les aveugles, dans notre tache de reconnaissance de dessins géométriques, mais que leurs performances s'améliorent significativement. Les aveugles obtiennent des résultats élevés, dès la première épreuve. L'amélioration n'est donc perceptible qu'à travers la diminution de la viabilité interindividuelle. Par ailleurs, les temps d'exploration sont plus longs pour les voyants et les aveugles tardifs, que pour les aveugles précoces. La difficulté des items ne perturbe pas ce rapport. Ces résultats valident l'hypothèse d'une tentative de traduction visuelle des informations haptiques, parallèlement à un traitement direct. D'autre part, nous avons observé une préférence pour les procédés métriques chez les aveugles, tandis que les voyants recourent à tous les procédés disponibles. L'entraînement ne permet pas de sélectionner un ou deux procédés. Enfin, nous n'avons pas pu mettre en évidence un effet de la main d'exploration. De nouvelles recherches seront nécessaires, pour compléter cette étude et mieux comprendre l'évolution des procédés d'exploration et l'incidence du statut visuel sur ceux-ci
This research tries to study the effect of an haptic training on the performances and the processes of haptic exploration developped in a recognition task of two-dimensional geometrical figures: this depends on the visual status of the subjects (blindfolded persons, early or late blind persons). Our problematic questions the subjects' different cognitive structurings and their consequences, according to their visual status. We postulate that the reasoning mode of sighted persons and late blind persons is different from the one of early blind persons, whatever their haptic experience. We have analysed the differential progression of general performances, the choice of the exploration processes and the role played by the difficulty level of the items, according to the visual status. The results show that sighted persons are less effective than blind persons, late or early ones, in our recognition task of geometrical figures, but that they can significantly increase their performances. Blind persons get high results at the first test. Hence their progress is not abvious. Yet, we can find some through the reduction of interpersonal variability. Besides, the exploration time is longer for sighted persons and late blind persons, compared with early blind ones. The difficulty of the items does not alter this link between the groups. These results validate the hypothesis of an attempt to translate visually the information, parallel to a direct processing of haptic information. As for the exploration processes, we have noticed that blind subjects prefer metrical processes whereas sighted persons appeal to all the processes at their disposal. The training does not allow them to select one or two processes. Eventually, we have not been able to underscore any impact of the explorating hand new researches would be necessary to complete this study and to understand better the evolution of exploration processes and the impact of the visual status on them

Il documento contiene un'analisi sull'accordo fra le misure delle sezioni d’urto differenziali del sistema top-antitop registrate nel 2011 dall’esperimento ATLAS a un'energia del centro di massa di 7 TeV e le predizioni teoriche.

Les processus de traitement orthographique mis en place lors de la reconnaissance visuelle de séquences de lettres peuvent être décomposés en trois phases activées de manière interactive et parallèle : le traitement des traits visuels, des lettres et des séquences de lettres. Afin de définir quelles phases de traitement sont influencées par les connaissances lexicales (effets "Top-down" lexicaux) et les conditions d'attention des sujets (effets "Top-down" attentionnels), nous avons réalisé deux études utilisant la technique des Potentiels Evoqués, et comparant des sujets adultes normo-lecteurs et dyslexiques. Pour les deux groupes de sujets, l'analyse des traits visuels d'une séquence de lettres (onde P1) est influencée par la position du regard dans la séquence, alors qu'elle est indépendante du temps de présentation ainsi que des effets "Top-down" lexicaux et attentionnels. Les phases de traitement des lettres d'une séquence (onde N1) et de la séquence elle-même (onde négative latéralisée à gauche) sont dépendantes des facteurs "Bottom-up" de temps de présentation et de position de regard, des facteurs "Top-down" lexicaux et attentionnels, ainsi que d'un certain nombre d'interactions entre ces facteurs. Les sujets dyslexiques testés diffèrent significativement des sujets contrôles au niveau des stades de traitement des lettres et des séquences de lettres ainsi que des effets "Top-down" influençant ces deux phases. Par ailleurs, les trois stades de traitement des séquences de lettres sont automatisés chez les sujets normo-lecteurs, cette automatisation faisant défaut aux sujets dyslexiques
Orthographic processes that take place during visual recognition of letter sequences can be dissociated into three different stages activated in an interactive and parallel manner: visual feature analysis, letter processing and letter sequence processing. In order to define which processing stages are influenced by respectively lexical knowledge (lexical “Top-down” effects) and the load of attention required by a task (attentional “Top-down” effects), we performed two ERP studies comparing fluent readers and dyslexic adults. For both subject groups, visual feature analysis of letter sequences (P1 peak) was influenced by gaze position in the sequence, but was independent of other factors, namely display duration, lexical and attentional “Top-down” effects. The letter processing (N1 peak) as well as the letter sequence processing (left-lateralized negative peak) were influenced by both "Bottom-up" effects (display duration and gaze position), and lexical and attentional "Top-down" effects; moreover interactions between these factors were observed. Results from dyslexic subjects differed from controls at both letter and letter sequence stages. They also differ in the "Top-down" effects that influenced these stages. Finally, these results suggest that these reading processes were automated in fluent readers but not in dyslexic subjects

Abstract This thesis deals with the developing of fibre-optic instruments for monitoring the health of civil engineering and composite structures. A number of sensors have been tested for use with different road structures, concrete bridges, fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) containers and other composite specimens, the interrogation methods being mainly based on measuring optical power and time-of-flight (TOF). The main focus is on the development of a fibre-optic TOF measurement system and its applications, but different sensing needs and fibre-optic measurement systems are also reviewed, with the emphasis on commercial devices. Deformation in a road structure was studied with microbending sensors of gauge-length about 10 cm and a commercial optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) in a quasi-distributed fashion. The responses of the optical fibre sensors during the one-year measurement period were similar in shape to those obtained with commercial strain gauges but the absolute measurement values typically deviated by several tens of per cent. Low dynamic range, crosstalk and poor signal-to-noise ratio proved to be the main problem when measuring several successive sensors with an OTDR. In another road investigation, microbending and speckle sensors were found useful for providing on/off-type information for traffic control applications. FRP composite containers were investigated with the focus on developing a continuous monitoring system for improving yield and quality by evaluating the state of cure during the manufacturing process and for assessing damage, e.g. delaminations, during service life. Standard multi-mode and single mode fibres with a typical length of a few hundreds of metres were embedded inside the walls of containers during the normal manufacturing process, and the measurements were carried out using an optical through-power technique and an OTDR. This largely empirical investigation revealed that the coating material and its thickness have an effect on loading sensitivity and on the applicability of the method for cure monitoring. The measurement data also indicated that the end-of-curing process and the location of external damage can be determined with a distributed optical fibre sensor and an OTDR. Several versions of a pulsed time-of-flight measurement system were developed for interrogating sensor arrays consisting of multiple long gauge-length sensors. The early versions based on commercial electronics were capable of producing relevant measurement data with a reasonable precision, but they suffered especially from poor spatial resolution, low sampling rate and long-term drift. The high precision TOF system developed in this thesis is capable of measuring time delays between a number of wideband reflectors, such as connectors or fibre Bragg gratings (FBG), along a fibre path with a precision of about 280 fs (rms-value) and a spatial resolution of about 3 ns (0.30 m) in a measurement time of 25 milliseconds. By using a fibre loop sensor with a reference fibre, a strain precision below 1 με and a measurement frequency of 4 Hz can be achieved. The system has proved comparable in performance to a commercial FBG interrogation system in monitoring the behaviour of a bridge deck, while the fact that it allows static and dynamic measurements with a number of long gauge-length sensors, also embedded in FRP composite material, makes this TOF device unique relative to other measurement systems.

Le partenariat public-privé est un instrument d’externalisation de l’action publique qui s’inscrit dans ce mouvement profond et durable qu’est la globalisation. La présente thèse se propose d’analyser la trajectoire prise par le modèle de partenariat public-privé adopté par le Brésil à la lumière du dispositif mis en place en France, depuis leur introduction concomitante dans ces deux pays il y a une quinzaine d’années. En s’inspirant du modèle britannique de Private Finance Initiative, la France comme le Brésil ont cherché à importer ses avantages, en particulier celui de pouvoir répondre rapidement à un besoin de modernisation des infrastructures sans compromettre - au moins à court terme - l'équilibre des finances publiques. Séduits par une technique contractuelle qui leur apparaissait pertinente pour mettre en œuvre leurs projets, les gouvernements français et brésilien ont déployé les efforts nécessaires pour implanter et développer ce nouveau mode d’action contractuelle ; mais à des degrés variables.La thèse analyse, dans une première partie, quelles ont été les difficultés d’adaptation de ce modèle auxquelles la France et le Brésil ont été confrontés avant, dans une seconde partie, d’exposer comment sa mise en œuvre a conduit à une adaptation propre à chacune des réalités nationales. En dépit d’un discours homogène et largement répandu présentant le partenariat comme un outil permettant au secteur public comme au secteur privé d’« en tirer le meilleur », les disparités socio-économiques ainsi que les différences institutionnelles et juridiques existant entre la France et le Brésil ont produit des dispositifs bien différents. La circulation du modèle de partenariat public-privé en France et au Brésil se révèle alors hétérogène, mettant ainsi en évidence les limites de la globalisation juridique
Public-private partnership is an instrument for outsourcing public action that is part of the deep and lasting movement that is globalisation. This thesis proposes to analyse the trajectory taken by the model of public-private partnership adopted in Brazil in light of the mechanism set up in France, since their concomitant introduction into these two countries about fifteen years ago.Inspired by the British Private Finance Initiative model, France and Brazil have sought to import its benefits, in particular the ability to respond quickly to a need for infrastructure modernisation without compromising - at least in the short term - the balance of public finances. Attracted by a contractual technique that seemed relevant to each in order to implement their projects, the French and Brazilian governments made the necessary efforts to implement and develop this new contractual mode of action; but to varying degrees.The thesis analyses, in the first part, the difficulties of adapting this model faced by both France and Brazil, and secondly, how its implementation led to an adaptation specific to each national reality. Despite a consistent and widespread discourse presenting the partnership as a tool allowing the public and private sectors to "take the best of it", the socio-economic disparities as well as the institutional and legal differences between France and Brazil have produced quite different configurations. The distribution of the public-private partnership model in France and Brazil therefore proves to be heterogeneous, thus highlighting the limits of legal globalisation

Souvent invoquée dans les recours en indemnité devant la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne pour pallier les obstacles à l’engagement de la responsabilité extra-contractuelle de l’Union européenne, la responsabilité sans faute est un concept flou dont la définition, la nature et l’existence même sont contestées. L’étude de ce concept, à partir de la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne, laisse cependant apparaître une construction prétorienne originale emprunte de l’influence des droits nationaux de la responsabilité publique. La responsabilité sans faute acquiert, au fil des arrêts rendus par la Cour de justice et le Tribunal, une consistance qui la fait apparaître comme une catégorie juridique regroupant plusieurs régimes de responsabilité dans lesquels la preuve d’une activité fautive des institutions de l’Union européenne ou de ses agents n’est pas nécessaire à l’engagement de sa responsabilité extra-contractuelle. La responsabilité sans faute peine cependant à s’imposer comme une voie de droit effective à disposition des particuliers en raison, d’une part, des réticences du juge à la reconnaître expressément comme un principe de responsabilité extra-contractuelle et, d’autre part, de l’interprétation rigoureuse des conditions de son bien-fondé
Often invoked in actions for damages before the Court of Justice of the European Union to overcome obstacles to the engagement of the European Union's extra-contractual liability, nofault liability is a vague concept whose definition, nature and very existence are contested. However, the study of this concept, based on the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, reveals an original Praetorian construction based on the influence of national laws on public liability. Liability without fault has acquired, with the judgments of the Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance, a consistency which makes it appear to be a legal category comprising several liability regimes in which proof of wrongful activity by the institutions of the European Union or its agents is not necessary to engage in non-contractual liability. However, no-fault liability is hardly an effective legal remedy available to individuals because of the judge's reluctance to expressly recognize it as a principle of extra-contractual liability and because of the rigorous interpretation of the conditions of its validity

The reliability of bond is crucial to the performance of concrete structures strengthened with externally mounted carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) plate. This thesis investigates the behaviour of the bond interface of reinforced concrete slabs strengthened with CFRP under cyclic loading using both numerical modelling and experimental methods. The main goals of this research are:(1) To experimentally investigate the static and fatigue behaviour of the interfacial bond between CFRP plate and the concrete substrate in single shear pull-out.(2) To develop reliable numerical simulations in order to understand the post-fatigue nonlinear behaviour of the adhesive interface for CFRP –concrete bonded joints.(3) Using three dimensional finite element models, explore the nonlinear behaviour of an adhesive layer connecting CFRP to reinforced concrete one-way slabs with different levels of CFRP and different span scenarios under cyclic loading.(4) Through both experimental and numerical modelling, explore the influence of load protocol (i.e. monotonic and modified cyclic load protocol recommended by FEMA 461) on the bond performance of the two-way RC slabs with openings strengthened with CFRP plates. To achieve the above goals, both experimental tests and numerical analysis were conducted. In the experimental program, 28 single shear pull out tests were conducted with variations in CFRP plate stiffness, concrete compressive strength and loading hysteresis (static (monotonic), fatigue and fatigue following static). In all specimens, the CFRP plate was 500 mm in length and 50 mm in width. The bonded length was 300 mm. The plain concrete substrate had dimensions of 150 x 200 x 500 mm. From the tests, three failure modes were observed: (a) bond failure in the interface between the concrete and the adhesive layer, (b) CFRP composite plate rupture and (c) concrete shearing beneath the adhesive layer. The experimental16results indicate that when considering post-fatigue loading regimes, the strain required to cause debonding of the CFRP and the ultimate load capacity of the strengthening system is reduced by the previous cyclic loading. Based on the results from these tests, a relationship between the CFRP plate stiffness with the ultimate bond strength reduction and the fracture energy degradation is deduced. Further to the pull-out tests, 2 two-way RC slabs with central openings strengthened with CFRP plates were tested under cyclic loading. Results are presented in terms of deflection, ultimate load capacity, crack patterns, strains and failure mode. A detailed three Dimensional Finite Element (3D FE) model was developed using ABAQUS /standard 6.10-1and was validated against the test results for both monotonic and post-fatigue behaviour. The FE model accounted for the nonlinearity of the concrete under cyclic loading by estimating the stiffness degradation in the concrete for both compression and tension effects. The Bauschinger effect for steel reinforcement was incorporated through the application of the kinematic hardening model under cyclic loading. The ultimate bond strength reductions and fraction energy degradations deduced from the cyclic loading history of single shear tests were used as input for the interaction properties between the CFRP and the concrete slab. Using this model, a comprehensive study of the effect of variations in the bonded CFRP plate length, concrete strength and bond width ratio was conducted. The extensive numerical results have been used to assess the commonly used analytical model proposed by (Chen and Teng, 2001) and the provisions in existing design codes. The parametric study results show that the tensile strain limit is highly overestimated in both ACI and fib-1design codes and it is underestimated for the fib-2 and the CNR- DT202 codes. In contrast, the tensile strain limit proposed by TR55 and JSCE is generally acceptable; however, it is non-conservative with high CFRP plate stiffness. The simulation results have been used to develop an alternative analytical method to calculate the debonding strain and affective length for CFRP plate bond to concrete and subject to single shear. The developed numerical model was further validated by comparison against the experimental results of the two-way RC slabs strengthened with CFRP plate.

La science de l'éloquence politique est une musique ; la différence avec le chant et la musique instrumentale est une différence de degré et non de nature ". Par cette assertion, Denys d'Halicarnasse au Ier siècle avant J. -C. Pose le problème fondamental et passionnant du rapport problématique entre l'art du discours, c'est-à-dire la rhétorique, et la musique. Or, le rythme est l'un des points de contact essentiels entre ces deux domaines de compétence. La question centrale de cette étude est donc la suivante : dans quelle mesure le rapport entre le rythme déclamé et le rythme chanté témoigne-t-il des changements linguistiques, sociologiques, politiques et culturels qui ont marqué la latinité de Cicéron à Gui d'Arezzo ? Si le rythme chanté dans l'Antiquité grecque doit observer une mesure musicale, notamment pour que la mélodie puisse être dansée, le rythme oratoire en revanche, notamment dans la rhétorique latine, ne saurait respecter strictement une pulsation. Varier les combinaisons de longues et de brèves sans se soumettre à un cadre fixe et défini par avance, voilà, selon Cicéron, ce qui distingue de façon essentielle le rythme de la prose du mètre et du rythme musical. Ces principes théoriques trouvent un écho particulièrement fort au début du Moyen-Âge, en particulier dans le premier chant chrétien. Bien que la langue latine ait subi des modifications profondes, il n'en reste pas moins que les règles rythmiques établies par l'éloquence classique infléchissent considérablement les techniques de composition des mélodies chrétiennes, en particulier dans ce que Gui d'Arezzo (XIe siècle) appelle le cantus prosaicus
Political eloquence is a sort of music. The difference between eloquence and music —either vocal or instrumental— is quantitative not qualitative”. Dionysius of Halicarnassus (Ist c. BC) thus faces with the crucial and challenging concern of the connection between rhetoric and music. Actually, those fields are both based on rhythm. My dissertation therefore addresses this question: to what extent the relationship between rhythm in speech and rhythm in song mirrors the linguistic, sociological, political and cultural changes that altered the Latin society from Cicero to Guido of Arezzo? In ancient Greece, musical rhythm has to be in time because songs are usually danced, whereas oratory rhythm must not follow a beat. According to Cicero, oratory rhythm is definitely different from musical rhythm and poetic metre because it is built on continually changing patterns. Those rhythmic principles are particularly vivid in the early Middle Ages, especially in Christian chant. Although Latin has been deeply altered, the rhythmic set of laws established by Cicero is still helpful in the composition of Christian melodies, mainly in what Guido of Arezzo calls cantus prosaicus

L’activité caravanière qui fit la richesse et la renommée du royaume nabatéen durant les époques hellénistique et romaine nous est essentiellement connue par quelques passages extraits des œuvres de Diodore de Sicile et de Strabon. La multiplication, depuis une vingtaine d’années, des programmes de fouilles à Pétra et sur différents sites du royaume, mais également dans les régions avoisinantes, permet aujourd’hui d’envisager un réexamen de la question du commerce nabatéen à la lumière des données archéologiques. Cette thèse se compose de six chapitres. Après un premier chapitre introductif visant à replacer la problématique dans son cadre géographique et historique, le deuxième chapitre répertorie les ressources naturelles du royaume et analyse, pour chacune d’entre elles, la possibilité d’une exploitation commerciale par les Nabatéens. Dans un troisième chapitre, en confrontant les données archéologiques aux nombreux textes littéraires grecs et latins concernant les produits orientaux importés dans le bassin méditerranéen à l’époque gréco-romaine, nous dressons un inventaire des marchandises potentiellement concernées par le commerce nabatéen. Le chapitre suivant est consacré à l’étude des monnaies et de la circulation monétaire dans le royaume. La question des échanges est ensuite appréhendée à partir du matériel archéologique : céramique, verre, métal, pierre. Le sixième chapitre, consacré aux données épigraphiques, s’attache à étudier la répartition des inscriptions nabatéennes le long des routes commerciales et à en analyser le contenu lorsque celui-ci à trait aux questions économiques. En conclusion, à partir de l’ensemble de ces données, nous proposons un réexamen des différents circuits commerciaux empruntés par les Nabatéens dans une perspective diachronique, permettant de réévaluer la place du royaume nabatéen au sein des réseaux commerciaux de l’Antiquité hellénistique et romaine
The caravan trade which made the prosperity of the Nabataean kingdom during the hellenistic and the roman periods is mainly known by a few passages from Diodorus of Sicily and Strabo. Since twenty years, the numerous excavation programs which took place in Petra and on other sites of the kingdom, but also in neighboring regions, now allows us to review the question of the Nabataean trade in the light of archaeological datas. This dissertation consists of six chapters. After the first introductory chapter which puts the issue in its geographical and historical context, the second section lists the natural resources of the kingdom and analyzes for each of them, the possibility of a commercial exploitation by the Nabataeans. In the third chapter, archaeological evidences and Classical litterature about eastern products imported into the Mediterranean during the Greco-Roman period are confronted in order to stand an inventory of goods potentially affected by the Nabataean trade. The next chapter is devoted to the study of coins and of the monetary circulation in the kingdom. The issue of trade is then apprehended from archaeological artefacts: ceramics, glass, metal, stone. In the sixth chapter, devoted to epigraphic datas, we study the distribution of Nabataean inscriptions along the trade roads and we analyze their content when it relates to economic issues. In conclusion, from all of these datas, we propose a review in time and space of the various commercial itineraries taken by the Nabataeans in order to reassess the place of the Nabataean kingdom into commercial networks of the Hellenistic and Roman Antiquity

Introduite en Chine à la fin du XIXe siècle, mais bannie pendant presque trois décennies par le pouvoir communiste, la sociologie renaît de ses cendres à la fin des années 1970 dans le nouveau contexte des réformes économiques. Le rétablissement de cette science sociale en Chine offre un cas critique d'analyse des conditions politiques, sociales et intellectuelles d'existence de la discipline. Pour analyser ce processus de reconstitution, cette recherche retrace, dans un premier temps, l'introduction de la sociologie en Chine avant sa suppression dans les années 1950. Le rappel de ce contexte historique permet de mettre en lumière, dans une seconde partie, les enjeux théoriques et méthodologiques soulevés par le rétablissement de la discipline. La troisième partie s'attache à reconstituer le processus complexe et contradictoire de construction d'une normativité scientifique, à travers les débats sur la "sinisation" de la sociologie, le rôle des experts et des intellectuels, ainsi que l'engagement des différentes générations de sociologues chinois et leurs interactions avec divers acteurs sociaux, en particulier les élites politiques. La quatrième partie examine enfin comment les sociologues chinois ont formulé et répondu à certaines interrogations centrales qui définissent les "sociologies de la modernité" et traitent de la construction des sociétés modernes - la question de la "différenciation sociale" ainsi que les relations entre l'État et la société dans la Chine des réformes - tout en proposant, à travers le thème de la "transition" de la société chinoise, une relecture du communisme et de ses transformations
Introduced in China by the end of the ninetieth century, but banished for almost three decades by the communist power, sociology rises from its ashes at the end of the 1970s in the new context of economic reforms. The rebirth of this social science in China provides a critical case for the study of the political, social and intellectual conditions essential for the discipline. To understand this reconstitution process, my object is first to redraw the introduction of sociology in China before its suppression in the 1950s. Taking into account this historical background, I present, in a second part, both the theoretical and methodological challenges that are at stake in this research. The third part provides enlightenments on the complex and contradictory process towards scientific normativity, through debates such as the sinisation of sociology, the role of experts and intellectuals, as well as the commitment patterns of different generations of sociologists and their interactions with various social actors, especially with political elites. I finally examine, in a fourth part, how Chinese sociologists have formulated and answered some central interrogations which define the "sociologies of modernity" and deal with the construction of modern societies - the issue of "social differenciation" as well as the relations between State and society in China reform-era – while providing, through the issue of the "transition" of Chinese society, a new understanding of communism and of its transformations