Zeitschriftenartikel: „Torb“

1

Bordi, Christophe, Chantal Iobbi-Nivol, Vincent Méjean und Jean-Claude Patte. „Effects of ISSo2 Insertions in Structural and Regulatory Genes of the Trimethylamine Oxide Reductase of Shewanella oneidensis“. Journal of Bacteriology 185, Nr. 6 (15.03.2003): 2042–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.185.6.2042-2045.2003.

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ABSTRACT We have isolated three Shewanella oneidensis mutants specifically impaired in trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) respiration. The mutations arose from insertions of an ISSo2 element into torA, torR, and torS, encoding, respectively, the TMAO reductase TorA, the response regulator TorR, and the sensor TorS. Although TorA is not the sole enzyme reducing TMAO in S. oneidensis, growth analysis showed that it is the main respiratory TMAO reductase. Use of a plasmid-borne torE′-lacZ fusion confirmed that the TorS-TorR phosphorelay mediates TMAO induction of the torECAD operon.

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2

Hölper, Julia E., Barbara G. Klupp, G. W. Gant Luxton, Kati Franzke und Thomas C. Mettenleiter. „Function of Torsin AAA+ ATPases in Pseudorabies Virus Nuclear Egress“. Cells 9, Nr. 3 (17.03.2020): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9030738.

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Newly assembled herpesvirus nucleocapsids traverse the intact nuclear envelope by a vesicle-mediated nucleo-cytoplasmic transport for final virion maturation in the cytoplasm. For this, they bud at the inner nuclear membrane resulting in primary enveloped particles in the perinuclear space (PNS) followed by fusion of the primary envelope with the outer nuclear membrane (ONM). While the conserved viral nuclear egress complex orchestrates the first steps, effectors of fusion of the primary virion envelope with the ONM are still mostly enigmatic but might include cellular proteins like SUN2 or ESCRT-III components. Here, we analyzed the influence of the only known AAA+ ATPases located in the endoplasmic reticulum and the PNS, the Torsins (Tor), on nuclear egress of the alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus. For this overexpression of wild type and mutant proteins as well as CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing was applied. Neither single overexpression nor gene knockout (KO) of TorA or TorB had a significant impact. However, TorA/B double KO cells showed decreased viral titers at early time points of infection and an accumulation of primary virions in the PNS pointing to a delay in capsid release during nuclear egress.

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3

YAMAMOTO, ISAMU, MASATO HOHMURA und MAKOTO ISHIMOTO. „A novel gene, torB, for trimethylamine N-oxide reductase in Escherichia coli.“ Journal of General and Applied Microbiology 35, Nr. 2 (1989): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2323/jgam.35.95.

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4

Bordi, Christophe, Mireille Ansaldi, Stéphanie Gon, Cécile Jourlin-Castelli, Chantal Iobbi-Nivol und Vincent Méjean. „Genes Regulated by TorR, the Trimethylamine Oxide Response Regulator of Shewanella oneidensis“. Journal of Bacteriology 186, Nr. 14 (15.07.2004): 4502–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.14.4502-4509.2004.

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ABSTRACT The torECAD operon encoding the trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) respiratory system of Shewanella oneidensis is positively controlled by the TorS/TorR two-component system when TMAO is available. Activation of the tor operon occurs upon binding of the phosphorylated response regulator TorR to a single operator site containing the direct repeat nucleotide sequence TTCATAN4TTCATA. Here we show that the replacement of any nucleotide of one TTCATA hexamer prevented TorR binding in vitro, meaning that TorR specifically interacts with this DNA target. Identical direct repeat sequences were found in the promoter regions of torR and of the new gene torF (SO4694), and they allowed TorR binding to both promoters. Real-time PCR experiments revealed that torR is negatively autoregulated, whereas torF is strongly induced by TorR in response to TMAO. Transcription start site location and footprinting analysis indicate that the operator site at torR overlaps the promoter −10 box, whereas the operator site at torF is centered at −74 bp from the start site, in agreement with the opposite role of TorR in the regulation of the two genes. Since torF and torECAD are positively coregulated by TorR, we propose that the TorF protein plays a role related to TMAO respiration.

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Sturgill, Thomas W., Adiel Cohen, Melanie Diefenbacher, Mark Trautwein, Dietmar E. Martin und Michael N. Hall. „TOR1 and TOR2 Have Distinct Locations in Live Cells“. Eukaryotic Cell 7, Nr. 10 (22.08.2008): 1819–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00088-08.

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ABSTRACT TOR is a structurally and functionally conserved Ser/Thr kinase found in two multiprotein complexes that regulate many cellular processes to control cell growth. Although extensively studied, the localization of TOR is still ambiguous, possibly because endogenous TOR in live cells has not been examined. Here, we examined the localization of green fluorescent protein (GFP) tagged, endogenous TOR1 and TOR2 in live S. cerevisiae cells. A DNA cassette encoding three copies of green fluorescent protein (3XGFP) was inserted in the TOR1 gene (at codon D330) or the TOR2 gene (at codon N321). The TORs were tagged internally because TOR1 or TOR2 tagged at the N or C terminus was not functional. The TOR1 D330-3XGFP strain was not hypersensitive to rapamycin, was not cold sensitive, and was not resistant to manganese toxicity caused by the loss of Pmr1, all indications that TOR1-3XGFP was expressed and functional. TOR2-3XGFP was functional, as TOR2 is an essential gene and TOR2 N321-3XGFP haploid cells were viable. Thus, TOR1 and TOR2 retain function after the insertion of 748 amino acids in a variable region of their noncatalytic domain. The localization patterns of TOR1-3XGFP and TOR2-3XGFP were documented by imaging of live cells. TOR1-3XGFP was diffusely cytoplasmic and concentrated near the vacuolar membrane. The TOR2-3XGFP signal was cytoplasmic but predominately in dots at the plasma membrane. Thus, TOR1 and TOR2 have distinct localization patterns, consistent with the regulation of cellular processes as part of two different complexes.

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Turner, Elizabeth M., Rebecca S. H. Brown, Ethan Laudermilch, Pei-Ling Tsai und Christian Schlieker. „The Torsin Activator LULL1 Is Required for Efficient Growth of Herpes Simplex Virus 1“. Journal of Virology 89, Nr. 16 (03.06.2015): 8444–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01143-15.

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ABSTRACTTorsinA is a membrane-tethered AAA+ ATPase implicated in nuclear envelope dynamics as well as the nuclear egress of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). The activity of TorsinA and the related ATPase TorsinB strictly depends on LAP1 and LULL1, type II transmembrane proteins that are integral parts of the Torsin/cofactor AAA ring, forming a composite, membrane-spanning assembly. Here, we use CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome engineering to create single- and double knockout (KO) cell lines of TorA and TorB as well as their activators, LAP1 and LULL1, to investigate the effect on HSV-1 production. Consistent with LULL1 being the more potent Torsin activator, a LULL1 KO reduces HSV-1 growth by one order of magnitude, while the deletion of other components of the Torsin system in combination causes subtle defects. Notably, LULL1 deficiency leads to a 10-fold decrease in the number of viral genomes per host cell without affecting viral protein production, allowing us to tentatively assign LULL1 to an unexpected role that precedes HSV-1 nuclear egress.IMPORTANCEIn this study, we conduct the first comprehensive genetic and phenotypic analysis of the Torsin/cofactor system in the context of HSV-1 infection, establishing LULL1 as the most important component of the Torsin system with respect to viral production.

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Li, Ning, Junping Jiang, Fulu Sun und Mingrui Ye. „Study on the Influence of Suspension Parameters on Longitudinal Impact Comfort“. Security and Communication Networks 2022 (02.05.2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7749029.

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Ride comfort criteria are a key challenge for vehicle dynamic design and optimization. Currently optional parameter is the vertical impact, and longitudinal impact is neglected. With further requirements for future comfortability, effects of longitudinal impact should be investigated in detail. A longitudinal impact model is firstly proposed to evaluate the ride comfort factors based on the dynamic theory and commercial ADAMS® software. Predictions revealed that the hard points of the suspension and the stiffness of rubber bushing (SORB) are the primary factors. A novelty finding is that travel of rubber bushing (TORB) in the linear region is the most important parameter for ride comfort optimization and suspension factor is the weakest, and experimental validation is performed with better agreements.

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Yanagida, Mitsuhiro, Nobuyasu Ikai, Mizuki Shimanuki und Kenichi Sajiki. „Nutrient limitations alter cell division control and chromosome segregation through growth-related kinases and phosphatases“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, Nr. 1584 (27.12.2011): 3508–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0124.

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In dividing fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells, the balance between Wee1 kinase and Cdc25 phosphatase which control the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) at the G2–M transition determines the rod-shaped cell length. Under nitrogen source starvation or glucose limitation, however, cell size determination is considerably modulated, and cell size shortening occurs for wild-type cells. For several mutants of kinases or phosphatases, including CDK, target of rapamycin complex (TORC) 1 and 2, stress-responsive mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) Sty1/Spc1, MAPK kinase Wis1, calcium- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase-like Ssp1, and type 2A and 2A-related phosphatases inhibitor Sds23, this cell shortening does not normally occur. In tor1 and ssp1 mutants, cell elongation is observed. Sds23 that binds to and inhibits 2A and 2A-related phosphatases is synergistic with Ssp1 in the cell size determination and survival under low glucose and nitrogen source. Tor2 (TORC1) is required for growth, whereas Tor1 (TORC2) is needed for determining division size according to different nutrient conditions. Surprisingly, in growth-diminished tor2 mutant or rapamycin-treated cells, the requirement of separase/Cut1-securin/Cut2 essential for chromosome segregation is greatly alleviated. By contrast, defects of tor1 with secruin/ cut2 or overproduction of Cut1 are additive. While Tor1 and Tor2 are opposite in their apparent functions, both may actually coordinate cell division with growth in response to the changes in nutrients.

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Ansaldi, Mireille, Gwénola Simon, Michèle Lepelletier und Vincent Méjean. „The TorR High-Affinity Binding Site Plays a Key Role in Both torR Autoregulation and torCADOperon Expression in Escherichia coli“. Journal of Bacteriology 182, Nr. 4 (15.02.2000): 961–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.4.961-966.2000.

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ABSTRACT In the presence of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), the TorS-TorR two-component regulatory system induces thetorCAD operon, which encodes the TMAO respiratory system ofEscherichia coli. The sensor protein TorS detects TMAO and transphosphorylates the response regulator TorR which, in turn, activates transcription of torCAD. The torRgene and the torCAD operon are divergently transcribed, and the short torR-torC intergenic region contains four direct repeats (the tor boxes) which proved to be TorR binding sites. The tor box 1-box 2 region covers thetorR transcription start site and constitutes a TorR high-affinity binding site, whereas box 3 and box 4 correspond to low-affinity binding sites. By using torR-lacZ operon fusions in different genetic backgrounds, we showed that thetorR gene is negatively autoregulated. Surprisingly, TorR autoregulation is TMAO independent and still occurs in atorS mutant. In addition, this negative regulation involves only the TorR high-affinity binding site. Together, these data suggest that phosphorylated as well as unphosphorylated TorR binds the box 1-box 2 region in vivo, thus preventing RNA polymerase from binding to the torR promoter whatever the growth conditions. By changing the spacing between box 2 and box 3, we demonstrated that the DNA motifs of the high- and low-affinity binding sites must be close to each other and located on the same side of the DNA helix to allow induction of the torCAD operon. Thus, prior TorR binding to the box 1-box 2 region seems to allow cooperative binding of phosphorylated TorR to box 3 and box 4.

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10

Helliwell, S. B., P. Wagner, J. Kunz, M. Deuter-Reinhard, R. Henriquez und M. N. Hall. „TOR1 and TOR2 are structurally and functionally similar but not identical phosphatidylinositol kinase homologues in yeast.“ Molecular Biology of the Cell 5, Nr. 1 (Januar 1994): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.5.1.105.

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The Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes TOR1 and TOR2 were originally identified by mutations that confer resistance to the immunosuppressant rapamycin. TOR2 was previously shown to encode an essential 282-kDa phosphatidylinositol kinase (PI kinase) homologue. The TOR1 gene product is also a large (281 kDa) PI kinase homologue, with 67% identity to TOR2. TOR1 is not essential, but a TOR1 TOR2 double disruption uniquely confers a cell cycle (G1) arrest as does exposure to rapamycin; disruption of TOR2 alone is lethal but does not cause a cell cycle arrest. TOR1-TOR2 and TOR2-TOR1 hybrids indicate that carboxy-terminal domains of TOR1 and TOR2 containing a lipid kinase sequence motif are interchangeable and therefore functionally equivalent; the other portions of TOR1 and TOR2 are not interchangeable. The TOR1-1 and TOR2-1 mutations, which confer rapamycin resistance, alter the same potential protein kinase C site in the respective protein's lipid kinase domain. Thus, TOR1 and TOR2 are likely similar but not identical, rapamycin-sensitive PI kinases possibly regulated by phosphorylation. TOR1 and TOR2 may be components of a novel signal transduction pathway controlling progression through G1.

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Roggiani, Manuela, und Mark Goulian. „Oxygen-Dependent Cell-to-Cell Variability in the Output of the Escherichia coli Tor Phosphorelay“. Journal of Bacteriology 197, Nr. 12 (30.03.2015): 1976–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00074-15.

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ABSTRACTEscherichia colisenses and responds to trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) in the environment through the TorT-TorS-TorR signal transduction system. The periplasmic protein TorT binds TMAO and stimulates the hybrid kinase TorS to phosphorylate the response regulator TorR through a phosphorelay. Phosphorylated TorR, in turn, activates transcription of thetorCADoperon, which encodes the proteins required for anaerobic respiration via reduction of TMAO to trimethylamine. Interestingly,E. colirespires TMAO in both the presence and absence of oxygen, a behavior that is markedly different from the utilization of other alternative electron acceptors by this bacterium. Here we describe an unusual form of regulation by oxygen for this system. While the average level oftorCADtranscription is the same for aerobic and anaerobic cultures containing TMAO, the behavior across the population of cells is strikingly different under the two growth conditions. Cellular levels oftorCADtranscription in aerobic cultures are highly heterogeneous, in contrast to the relatively homogeneous distribution in anaerobic cultures. Thus, oxygen regulates the variance of the output but not the mean for the Tor system. We further show that this oxygen-dependent variability stems from the phosphorelay.IMPORTANCETrimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is utilized by numerous bacteria as an electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration. InE. coli, expression of the proteins required for TMAO respiration is tightly regulated by a signal transduction system that is activated by TMAO. Curiously, although oxygen is the energetically preferred electron acceptor, TMAO is respired even in the presence of oxygen. Here we describe an interesting and unexpected form of regulation for this system in which oxygen produces highly variable expression of the TMAO utilization proteins across a population of cells without affecting the mean expression of these proteins. To our knowledge, this is the first reported example of a stimulus regulating the variance but not the mean output of a signaling system.

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Genest, Olivier, Marianne Ilbert, Vincent Méjean und Chantal Iobbi-Nivol. „TorD, an Essential Chaperone for TorA Molybdoenzyme Maturation at High Temperature“. Journal of Biological Chemistry 280, Nr. 16 (21.02.2005): 15644–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m501119200.

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TorD has been recognized as an accessory protein that improves maturation of TorA, the molybdenum cofactor-containing trimethylamine oxide reductase ofEscherichia coli. In this study, we show that at 42 °C and in the absence of TorD TorA is poorly matured and almost completely degraded. Strikingly, TorD restores TorA maturation to the same level whatever the growth temperature.In vitroexperiments in which apoTorA was incubated with or without TorD at various temperatures confirm that TorD is an essential chaperone for TorA at elevated temperatures preventing apoTorA mis-folding before cofactor insertion.

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Saldivia, Manuel, Antonio Barquilla, Jean-Mathieu Bart, Rosario Diaz-González, Michael N. Hall und Miguel Navarro. „Target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase in Trypanosoma brucei: an extended family“. Biochemical Society Transactions 41, Nr. 4 (18.07.2013): 934–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20130052.

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The complex life cycle of Trypanosoma brucei provides an excellent model system to understand signalling pathways that regulate development. We described previously the classical functions of TOR (target of rapamycin) 1 and TOR2 in T. brucei. In a more recent study, we described a novel TOR kinase, named TOR4, which regulates differentiation from the proliferative infective form to the quiescent form. In contrast with TOR1 loss-of-function, down-regulation of TOR4 triggers an irreversible differentiation process through the development of the insect pre-adapted quiescent form. TOR4 governs a signalling pathway distinct from those controlled by the conventional TOR complexes TORC1 and TORC2. Depletion of TOR4 induces all well-known characteristics of the quiescent developmental stage in trypanosomes, including expression of the PAD (proteins associated with differentiation) surface proteins and transcriptional down-regulation of the VSG (variant surface glycoprotein) gene. TOR4 kinase forms a structurally and functionally distinct complex named TORC4. TOR4 associates with LST8 (lethal with sec-13 protein 8) and other factors including an armadillo-domain-containing protein and the major vault protein, which probably serves as a scaffold for this kinase. Research in T. brucei, a protozoan parasite that diverged from the eukaryotic tree early in evolution, may help to uncover new functions of TOR kinases.

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Matsuo, Tomohiko, Yoko Otsubo, Jun Urano, Fuyuhiko Tamanoi und Masayuki Yamamoto. „Loss of the TOR Kinase Tor2 Mimics Nitrogen Starvation and Activates the Sexual Development Pathway in Fission Yeast“. Molecular and Cellular Biology 27, Nr. 8 (29.01.2007): 3154–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.01039-06.

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ABSTRACT Fission yeast has two TOR (target of rapamycin) kinases, namely Tor1 and Tor2. Tor1 is required for survival under stressed conditions, proper G1 arrest, and sexual development. In contrast, Tor2 is essential for growth. To analyze the functions of Tor2, we constructed two temperature-sensitive tor2 mutants. Interestingly, at the restrictive temperature, these mutants mimicked nitrogen starvation by arresting the cell cycle in G1 phase and initiating sexual development. Microarray analysis indicated that expression of nitrogen starvation-responsive genes was induced extensively when Tor2 function was suppressed, suggesting that Tor2 normally mediates a signal from the nitrogen source. As with mammalian and budding yeast TOR, we find that fission yeast TOR also forms multiprotein complexes analogous to TORC1 and TORC2. The raptor homologue, Mip1, likely forms a complex predominantly with Tor2, producing TORC1. The rictor/Avo3 homologue, Ste20, and the Avo1 homologue, Sin1, appear to form TORC2 mainly with Tor1 but may also bind Tor2. The Lst8 homologue, Wat1, binds to both Tor1 and Tor2. Our analysis shows, with respect to promotion of G1 arrest and sexual development, that the loss of Tor1 (TORC2) and the loss of Tor2 (TORC1) exhibit opposite effects. This highlights an intriguing functional relationship among TOR kinase complexes in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

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Gon, Stéphanie, Marie-Thérèse Giudici-Orticoni, Vincent Méjean und Chantal Iobbi-Nivol. „Electron Transfer and Binding of thec-Type Cytochrome TorC to the TrimethylamineN-Oxide Reductase inEscherichia coli“. Journal of Biological Chemistry 276, Nr. 15 (30.10.2000): 11545–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m008875200.

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Reduction of trimethylamineN-oxide (E′0(TMAO/TMA)= +130 mV) inEscherichia coliis carried out by the Tor system, an electron transfer chain encoded by thetorCADoperon and made up of the periplasmic terminal reductase TorA and the membrane-anchored pentahemicc-type cytochrome TorC. Although the role of TorA in the reduction of trimethylamineN-oxide (TMAO) has been clearly established, no direct evidence for TorC involvement has been presented. TorC belongs to the NirT/NapCc-type cytochrome family based on homologies of its N-terminal tetrahemic domain (TorCN) to the cytochromes of this family, but TorC contains a C-terminal extension (TorCC) with an additional heme-binding site. In this study, we show that both domains are required for the anaerobic bacterial growth with TMAO. The intact TorC protein and its two domains, TorCNand TorCC, were produced independently and purified for a biochemical characterization. The reduced form of TorC exhibited visible absorption maxima at 552, 523, and 417 nm. Mediated redox potentiometry of the heme centers of the purified components identified two negative midpoint potentials (−177 and −98 mV) localized in the tetrahemic TorCNand one positive midpoint potential (+120 mV) in the monohemic TorCC. In agreement with these values, thein vitroreconstitution of electron transfer between TorC, TorCN, or TorCCand TorA showed that only TorC and TorCCwere capable of electron transfer to TorA. Surprisingly, interaction studies revealed that only TorC and TorCNstrongly bind TorA. Therefore, TorCCdirectly transfers electrons to TorA, whereas TorCN, which probably receives electrons from the menaquinone pool, is involved in both the electron transfer to TorCCand the binding to TorA.

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Ilbert, Marianne, Vincent Méjean und Chantal Iobbi-Nivol. „Functional and structural analysis of members of the TorD family, a large chaperone family dedicated to molybdoproteins“. Microbiology 150, Nr. 4 (01.04.2004): 935–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.26909-0.

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The trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) reductase TorA, a DMSO reductase family member, is a periplasmic molybdoenzyme of Escherichia coli. The cytoplasmic protein TorD acts as a chaperone for TorA, allowing the efficient insertion of the molybdenum cofactor into the apoform of the enzyme prior to its secretion. This paper demonstrates that TorD is a member of a large family of prokaryotic proteins that are structurally related. Moreover, their genes generally belong to operons also encoding molybdoenzymes of the DMSO reductase family. Both the TorD and the DMSO reductase families present a similar phylogenetic organization, suggesting a co-evolution of these two families of proteins. This hypothesis is also supported by the fact that the TorD and DmsD chaperones cannot replace each other and thus appear dedicated to specific molybdopartners. Interestingly, it was found that the positive effect of TorD on TorA maturation, and the partial inhibitory effect of DmsD and homologues, are independent of the TorA signal sequence.

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Ansaldi, Mireille, Cécile Jourlin-Castelli, Michèle Lepelletier, Laurence Théraulaz und Vincent Méjean. „Rapid Dephosphorylation of the TorR Response Regulator by the TorS Unorthodox Sensor in Escherichia coli“. Journal of Bacteriology 183, Nr. 8 (15.04.2001): 2691–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.183.8.2691-2695.2001.

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ABSTRACT Induction of the torCAD operon, encoding the trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) respiratory system, is tightly controlled by the TorS-TorR phosphorelay system in response to TMAO availability. TorS is an unorthodox sensor that contains three phosphorylation sites and transphosphorylates TorR via a four-step phosphorelay, His443→Asp723→His850→Asp(TorR). In this study, we provide genetic evidence that TorS can dephosphorylate phospho-TorR when TMAO is removed. Dephosphorylation probably occurs by a reverse phosphorelay, Asp(TorR)→His850→Asp723, since His850 and Asp723 are both essential in this process. By using reverse transcriptase PCR, we also show that TMAO removal results in shutoff of toroperon transcription in less than 2 min. Based on our results and on analogy to other phosphorelay signal transduction systems, we propose that reverse phosphotransfer could be a rapid and efficient mechanism to inactivate response regulators.

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Dow, Jennifer M., Frank Gabel, Frank Sargent und Tracy Palmer. „Characterization of a pre-export enzyme–chaperone complex on the twin-arginine transport pathway“. Biochemical Journal 452, Nr. 1 (25.04.2013): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20121832.

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The Tat (twin-arginine translocation) system is a protein targeting pathway utilized by prokaryotes and chloroplasts. Tat substrates are produced with distinctive N-terminal signal peptides and are translocated as fully folded proteins. In Escherichia coli, Tat-dependent proteins often contain redox cofactors that must be loaded before translocation. Trimethylamine N-oxide reductase (TorA) is a model bacterial Tat substrate and is a molybdenum cofactor-dependent enzyme. Co-ordination of cofactor loading and translocation of TorA is directed by the TorD protein, which is a cytoplasmic chaperone known to interact physically with the TorA signal peptide. In the present study, a pre-export TorAD complex has been characterized using biochemical and biophysical techniques, including SAXS (small-angle X-ray scattering). A stable, cofactor-free TorAD complex was isolated, which revealed a 1:1 binding stoichiometry. Surprisingly, a TorAD complex with similar architecture can be isolated in the complete absence of the 39-residue TorA signal peptide. The present study demonstrates that two high-affinity binding sites for TorD are present on TorA, and that a single TorD protein binds both of those simultaneously. Further characterization suggested that the C-terminal ‘Domain IV’ of TorA remained solvent-exposed in the cofactor-free pre-export TorAD complex. It is possible that correct folding of Domain IV upon cofactor loading is the trigger for TorD release and subsequent export of TorA.

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Ogawa, Yui, Keita Fukasawa, Akira Yoshioka, Nao Kumada, Akio Takenaka und Taiichi Ito. „Quiz-style online training tool helps to learn birdsong identification and support citizen science“. PeerJ 11 (31.05.2023): e15387. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15387.

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Citizen science is an important approach to monitoring for biodiversity conservation because it allows for data acquisition or analysis on a scale that is not possible for researchers alone. In citizen science projects, the use of online training is increasing to improve such skills. However, the effectiveness of quiz-style online training, assumed to be efficient to enhance participants’ skills, has not been evaluated adequately on species identification for citizen science biodiversity monitoring projects. Memory mechanisms in adaptive learning were hypothesized to guide the development of quiz-based online training tools for learning birdsong identification and for improving interest in birds and natural environments. To examine the hypothesis, we developed a quiz-style online training tool called TORI-TORE. We experimentally applied TORI-TORE in Fukushima, Japan, and examined its effectiveness for bird identification training using test scores and questionnaires to determine participants’ attitudes in a randomized control trial. We obtained the following key results: (1) TORI-TORE had positive effects on test scores and trainees’ attitudes toward birds. (2) Adaptive training, in which questions focused preferentially on unmastered bird species based on the answer history of individual trainees inspired by adaptive learning, unexpectedly led to lower scores and satisfaction in TORI-TORE. (3) Focusing on species that are relatively easy to remember, short lag times between training and testing, and long question intervals positively affected scores. While there is room for improvement, we expect TORI-TORE to contribute to online capacity building and to increase interest in natural environments.

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Barbet, N. C., U. Schneider, S. B. Helliwell, I. Stansfield, M. F. Tuite und M. N. Hall. „TOR controls translation initiation and early G1 progression in yeast.“ Molecular Biology of the Cell 7, Nr. 1 (Januar 1996): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.7.1.25.

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Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells treated with the immunosuppressant rapamycin or depleted for the targets of rapamycin TOR1 and TOR2 arrest growth in the early G1 phase of the cell cycle. Loss of TOR function also causes an early inhibition of translation initiation and induces several other physiological changes characteristic of starved cells entering stationary phase (G0). A G1 cyclin mRNA whose translational control is altered by substitution of the UBI4 5' leader region (UBI4 is normally translated under starvation conditions) suppresses the rapamycin-induced G1 arrest and confers starvation sensitivity. These results suggest that the block in translation initiation is a direct consequence of loss of TOR function and the cause of the G1 arrest. We propose that the TORs, two related phosphatidylinositol kinase homologues, are part of a novel signaling pathway that activates eIF-4E-dependent protein synthesis and, thereby, G1 progression in response to nutrient availability. Such a pathway may constitute a checkpoint that prevents early G1 progression and growth in the absence of nutrients.

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Helliwell, Stephen B., Isabelle Howald, Nik Barbet und Michael N. Hall. „TOR2 Is Part of Two Related Signaling Pathways Coordinating Cell Growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae“. Genetics 148, Nr. 1 (01.01.1998): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/148.1.99.

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Abstract The Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes TOR1 and TOR2 encode phosphatidylinositol kinase homologs. TOR2 has two essential functions. One function overlaps with TOR1 and mediates protein synthesis and cell cycle progression. The second essential function of TOR2 is unique to TOR2 and mediates the cell-cycle-dependent organization of the actin cytoskeleton. We have isolated temperature-sensitive mutants that are defective for either one or both of the two TOR2 functions. The three classes of mutants were as follows. Class A mutants, lacking only the TOR2-unique function, are defective in actin cytoskeleton organization and arrest within two to three generations as small-budded cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Class B mutants, lacking only the TOR-shared function, and class C mutants, lacking both functions, exhibit a rapid loss of protein synthesis and a G1 arrest within one generation. To define further the two functions of TOR2, we isolated multicopy suppressors that rescue the class A or B mutants. Overexpression of MSS4, PKC1, PLC1, RHO2, ROM2, or SUR1 suppressed the growth defect of a class A mutant. Surprisingly, overexpression of PLC1 and MSS4 also suppressed the growth defect of a class B mutant. These genes encode proteins that are involved in phosphoinositide metabolism and signaling. Thus, the two functions (readouts) of TOR2 appear to involve two related signaling pathways controlling cell growth.

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Kamada, Yoshiaki, Yuko Fujioka, Nobuo N. Suzuki, Fuyuhiko Inagaki, Stephan Wullschleger, Robbie Loewith, Michael N. Hall und Yoshinori Ohsumi. „Tor2 Directly Phosphorylates the AGC Kinase Ypk2 To Regulate Actin Polarization“. Molecular and Cellular Biology 25, Nr. 16 (15.08.2005): 7239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.25.16.7239-7248.2005.

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ABSTRACT The target of rapamycin (TOR) protein kinases, Tor1 and Tor2, form two distinct complexes (TOR complex 1 and 2) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. TOR complex 2 (TORC2) contains Tor2 but not Tor1 and controls polarity of the actin cytoskeleton via the Rho1/Pkc1/MAPK cell integrity cascade. Substrates of TORC2 and how TORC2 regulates the cell integrity pathway are not well understood. Screening for multicopy suppressors of tor2, we obtained a plasmid expressing an N-terminally truncated Ypk2 protein kinase. This truncation appears to partially disrupt an autoinhibitory domain in Ypk2, and a point mutation in this region (Ypk2D239A) conferred upon full-length Ypk2 the ability to rescue growth of cells compromised in TORC2, but not TORC1, function. YPK2 D239A also suppressed the lethality of tor2Δ cells, suggesting that Ypks play an essential role in TORC2 signaling. Ypk2 is phosphorylated directly by Tor2 in vitro, and Ypk2 activity is largely reduced in tor2Δ cells. In contrast, Ypk2D239A has increased and TOR2-independent activity in vivo. Thus, we propose that Ypk protein kinases are direct and essential targets of TORC2, coupling TORC2 to the cell integrity cascade.

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Semchyshyn, Halyna. „Reactive Carbonyls Induce TOR- and Carbohydrate-Dependent Hormetic Response in Yeast“. Scientific World Journal 2020 (12.03.2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4275194.

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The induction of the beneficial and detrimental effects by reactive carbonyl species in yeast has been investigated. In this study, we have presented evidence that glyoxal and methylglyoxal at low concentrations were able to induce a hormetic adaptive response in glucose-grown but not fructose-grown yeast. The hormetic effect was also TOR-dependent. The mutation in genes encoding either TOR1 or TOR2 protein makes yeast highly sensitive to both α-dicarbonyls studied. Simultaneous disruption of TOR1 and TOR2 resulted in higher yeast sensitivity to the α-dicarbonyls as compared to parental cells, but double mutant survived better under carbonyl stress than its single mutant counterparts. The data obtained are consistent with the previous works which reported high toxicity of the α-dicarbonyls and extend them with the report on the beneficial TOR-dependent hormetic effect of glyoxal and methylglyoxal.

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Mihelič, Darja. „Kako so se obuvali srednjeveški Pirančani in Tržačani?“ Histria : the Istrian Historical Society review 2, Nr. 2 (2012): 115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32728/h2012.04.

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V času, ki ni poznal umetnih vlaken, so bile kožarske obrti za življenje ljudi nepogrešljive. Proizvajale so predmete in pripomočke, ki so služili v različne namene. Pojavljale so se v vseh okoljih, število tovrstnih obrtnikov pa je bilo v primerjavi z ostalimi povsod relativno veliko. Naloge obrtnikov kožarskih strok so zajemale strojenje kož in izdelavo različnih usnjenih izdelkov: obutve, oblačil, torb, jermenov in uzd, sedelne opreme, opreme za prevozna sredstva, vozove in plovila ter opreme bivalnih in drugih stavbnih objektov. Ne smemo pozabiti, da so bili v srednjem veku tudi zapisi pravne in poslovne vsebine največkrat zabeleženi na pergamentu, to je finem usnju drobnice (v mediteranskem prostoru) ali mlade govedi (v celinskem zaledju). Poklicno ukvarjanje s kožarskimi obrtmi za prodajo je bilo doma predvsem v mestih, medtem ko so tovrstni obrtniki na deželi oskrbovali potrebe domačega okoliša. Prispevek se osredotoča na kožarsko obrt v srednjeveških mestih beneškem Piranu in (od 1382) habsburškem Trstu s poudarkom na obuvalih. Prvenstveno se opira na objavljeni piranski statut iz 1307 in na tržaški statut iz 1350. V njima je moč zaslediti nekaj nepričakovanih podobnosti: oba namreč objavljata maksimiran cenik raznovrstne obutve. Ob tipih obuval: škornjih, ki so bili različno veliki in včasih opremljeni z jermeni, ter različnih moških in ženskih čevljih omenjata tudi vrste kože, iz katere je bila obutev izdelana. Šlo je za kože kozlov, skopljenih kozlov, koz, kozličkov, ovnov, koštrunov, druge drobnice, mladega in odraslega goveda ter za drugo usnje. Maksimirana je bila tudi cena za podplatenje in šivanje zgornjega dela čevlja. Primerjava čevljarskih izdelkov in storitev v Trstu in Piranu kaže, da sta statuta sicer deloma podobna, a med seboj neodvisna. V Piranu se omenjajo škornji s ščitniki za bedra in slovanski čevlji, ki jih Trst ne pozna, v Trstu pa obuvala z jezikom in dokolenska obuvala, ki v Piranu niso bila običajna. V Piranu je bila maksimirana cena obutve malo višja kot v Trstu. Sklepna ugotovitev prispevka je, da pisni viri kljub bogastvu podatkov, ki jih nudijo, ne morejo opredmetiti obrtnih izdelkov. Brez pritegnitve materialnih ostankov je zato podoba obrti, pridobljena s klasičnimi pisnimi zgodovinskimi viri, pomanjkljiva. Za celovito podobo zgodovine proizvodno-obrtnih – torej tudi kožarskih – strok je potrebno sistematično pritegniti tako likovne upodobitve kot muzealije in ohranjene ostaline na terenu.

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Enders, Jody. „From The Editor“. Theatre Survey 46, Nr. 2 (25.10.2005): 173–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557405000104.

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Once upon a time in medieval England, Saint Erkenwald was building his new church upon the foundations of an ancient pagan temple so that the edifice might be “torn down and turned to new ends.” All of a sudden, he and his men discovered a great tomb that housed the perfectly preserved corpse of some unknown royal ancestor. Upon opening the crypt, Erkenwald “turns to the tomb and talks to the corpse, / While he leans down to lift up the lids of its eyes: / ‘In this sepulcher stay in your silence no more! . . .' / Then the man through a miracle moved in his tomb! / And with sounds that were solemn, he spoke before all. . . .” When Erkenwald's pagan forebear “melted out of memory,” his reanimated body regained the power of speech and his listeners the power of knowledge—a stunning metaphor for the very project of theatre historiography.

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Hamed, G. R., und S. Hiza. „Trouser Tearing of a Model Natural Rubber Tire Belt Vulcanizate. Part 2: A Brief Note on the Effect of Cure Time“. Rubber Chemistry and Technology 83, Nr. 2 (01.06.2010): 213–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3548275.

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Abstract The effect of test rate on the tearing of a model natural rubber tire belt vulcanizate was previously discussed. We now discuss specimens of the same vulcanizate, cured for various times at 160 °C, which were torn apart. Prior to reversion, tear strength was high and knotty, but specimens tore rather easily when they were cured longer than the time for the onset of reversion.

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Ikai, Nobuyasu, Norihiko Nakazawa, Takeshi Hayashi und Mitsuhiro Yanagida. „The reverse, but coordinated, roles of Tor2 (TORC1) and Tor1 (TORC2) kinases for growth, cell cycle and separase-mediated mitosis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe“. Open Biology 1, Nr. 3 (November 2011): 110007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.110007.

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Target of rapamycin complexes (TORCs), which are vital for nutrient utilization, contain a catalytic subunit with the phosphatidyl inositol kinase-related kinase (PIKK) motif. TORC1 is required for cell growth, while the functions of TORC2 are less well understood. We show here that the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe TORC2 has a cell cycle role through determining the proper timing of Cdc2 Tyr15 dephosphorylation and the cell size under limited glucose, whereas TORC1 restrains mitosis and opposes securin–separase, which are essential for chromosome segregation. These results were obtained using the previously isolated TORC1 mutant tor2-L2048S in the phosphatidyl inositol kinase (PIK) domain and a new TORC2 mutant tor1-L2045D , which harbours a mutation in the same site. While mutated TORC1 and TORC2 displayed diminished kinase activity and FKBP12/Fkh1-dependent rapamycin sensitivity, their phenotypes were nearly opposite in mitosis. Premature mitosis and the G2–M delay occurred in TORC1 and TORC2 mutants, respectively. Surprisingly, separase/cut1—securin/cut2 mutants were rescued by TORC1/ tor2-L2048S mutation or rapamycin addition or even Fkh1 deletion, whereas these mutants showed synthetic defect with TORC2/ tor1-L2045D . TORC1 and TORC2 coordinate growth, mitosis and cell size control, such as Wee1 and Cdc25 do for the entry into mitosis.

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Alarcon, Clara M., Joseph Heitman und Maria E. Cardenas. „Protein Kinase Activity and Identification of a Toxic Effector Domain of the Target of Rapamycin TOR Proteins in Yeast“. Molecular Biology of the Cell 10, Nr. 8 (August 1999): 2531–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.10.8.2531.

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In complex with FKBP12, the immunosuppressant rapamycin binds to and inhibits the yeast TOR1 and TOR2 proteins and the mammalian homologue mTOR/FRAP/RAFT1. The TOR proteins promote cell cycle progression in yeast and human cells by regulating translation and polarization of the actin cytoskeleton. A C-terminal domain of the TOR proteins shares identity with protein and lipid kinases, but only one substrate (PHAS-I), and no regulators of the TOR-signaling cascade have been identified. We report here that yeast TOR1 has an intrinsic protein kinase activity capable of phosphorylating PHAS-1, and this activity is abolished by an active site mutation and inhibited by FKBP12-rapamycin or wortmannin. We find that an intact TOR1 kinase domain is essential for TOR1 functions in yeast. Overexpression of a TOR1 kinase-inactive mutant, or of a central region of the TOR proteins distinct from the FRB and kinase domains, was toxic in yeast, and overexpression of wild-type TOR1 suppressed this toxic effect. Expression of the TOR-toxic domain leads to a G1 cell cycle arrest, consistent with an inhibition of TOR function in translation. Overexpression of the PLC1gene, which encodes the yeast phospholipase C homologue, suppressed growth inhibition by the TOR-toxic domains. In conclusion, our findings identify a toxic effector domain of the TOR proteins that may interact with substrates or regulators of the TOR kinase cascade and that shares sequence identity with other PIK family members, including ATR, Rad3, Mei-41, and ATM.

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Montella-Manuel, Sandra, Nuria Pujol-Carrion, Mónica A. Mechoud und Maria Angeles de la Torre-Ruiz. „Bulk autophagy induction and life extension is achieved when iron is the only limited nutrient in Saccharomyces cerevisiae“. Biochemical Journal 478, Nr. 4 (24.02.2021): 811–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20200849.

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We have investigated the effects that iron limitation provokes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae exponential cultures. We have demonstrated that one primary response is the induction of bulk autophagy mediated by TORC1. Coherently, Atg13 became dephosphorylated whereas Atg1 appeared phosphorylated. The signal of iron deprivation requires Tor2/Ypk1 activity and the inactivation of Tor1 leading to Atg13 dephosphorylation, thus triggering the autophagy process. Iron replenishment in its turn, reduces autophagy flux through the AMPK Snf1 and the subsequent activity of the iron-responsive transcription factor, Aft1. This signalling converges in Atg13 phosphorylation mediated by Tor1. Iron limitation promotes accumulation of trehalose and the increase in stress resistance leading to a quiescent state in cells. All these effects contribute to the extension of the chronological life, in a manner totally dependent on autophagy activation.

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Bageshwar, Umesh K., Antara DattaGupta und Siegfried M. Musser. „Influence of the TorD signal peptide chaperone on Tat-dependent protein translocation“. PLOS ONE 16, Nr. 9 (09.09.2021): e0256715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256715.

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The twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway transports folded proteins across energetic membranes. Numerous Tat substrates contain co-factors that are inserted before transport with the assistance of redox enzyme maturation proteins (REMPs), which bind to the signal peptide of precursor proteins. How signal peptides are transferred from a REMP to a binding site on the Tat receptor complex remains unknown. Since the signal peptide mediates both interactions, possibilities include: i) a coordinated hand-off mechanism; or ii) a diffusional search after REMP dissociation. We investigated the binding interaction between substrates containing the TorA signal peptide (spTorA) and its cognate REMP, TorD, and the effect of TorD on the in vitro transport of such substrates. We found that Escherichia coli TorD is predominantly a monomer at low micromolar concentrations (dimerization KD > 50 μM), and this monomer binds reversibly to spTorA (KD ≈ 1 μM). While TorD binds to membranes (KD ≈ 100 nM), it has no apparent affinity for Tat translocons and it inhibits binding of a precursor substrate to the membrane. TorD has a minimal effect on substrate transport by the Tat system, being mildly inhibitory at high concentrations. These data are consistent with a model in which the REMP-bound signal peptide is shielded from recognition by the Tat translocon, and spontaneous dissociation of the REMP allows the substrate to engage the Tat machinery. Thus, the REMP does not assist with targeting to the Tat translocon, but rather temporarily shields the signal peptide.

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Weisman, Ronit, Irina Roitburg, Miriam Schonbrun, Rona Harari und Martin Kupiec. „Opposite Effects of Tor1 and Tor2 on Nitrogen Starvation Responses in Fission Yeast“. Genetics 175, Nr. 3 (18.12.2006): 1153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.106.064170.

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Gon, S., C. Jourlin-Castelli, L. Theraulaz und V. Mejean. „An unsuspected autoregulatory pathway involving apocytochrome TorC and sensor TorS in Escherichia coli“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98, Nr. 20 (18.09.2001): 11615–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.211330598.

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Ilbert, Marianne, Vincent Méjean, Marie-Thérèse Giudici-Orticoni, Jean-Pierre Samama und Chantal Iobbi-Nivol. „Involvement of a Mate Chaperone (TorD) in the Maturation Pathway of Molybdoenzyme TorA“. Journal of Biological Chemistry 278, Nr. 31 (23.05.2003): 28787–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m302730200.

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Lemaire, Olivier N., Flora A. Honoré, Cécile Jourlin-Castelli, Vincent Méjean, Michel Fons und Chantal Iobbi-Nivol. „Efficient respiration on TMAO requires TorD and TorE auxiliary proteins in Shewanella oneidensis“. Research in Microbiology 167, Nr. 8 (Oktober 2016): 630–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2016.05.004.

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Lemaire, Olivier N., Flora A. Honoré, Cécile Jourlin-Castelli, Vincent Méjean, Michel Fons und Chantal Iobbi-Nivol. „Efficient respiration on TMAO requires TorD and TorE auxiliary proteins in Shewanella oneidensis“. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 1857 (August 2016): e89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.04.291.

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Weinberg, Louise. „Sovereign Immunity and Interstate Government Tort“. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, Nr. 54.1 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.54.1.sovereign.

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This paper argues that the Supreme Court made a serious mistake last term, when, in a case of interstate government tort, it tore up useful options that should be available to each state for the rare cases in which they would be of service. In seeking to insulate a state from liability when its employee intrudes on a sister state’s territory and causes injury there, the Court stripped every state of power, in cases of interstate government tort, to try injuries occurring on its own territory to its own residents—an unprecedented disregard of a state’s acknowledged traditional interests. Indeed, the Court went beyond interstate government tort and seemed to say that the Constitution prohibits litigation against a state in all cases, whether to enforce state or federal law, whether in state or federal courts. It is argued that the Court’s originalist and structural arguments cannot withstand scrutiny. Moreover, the Court’s position, if firmly established, would balk the actual interests even of a state as defendant. The states typically do see a need to meet their tort responsibilities. Real damage has been done, but it is argued that conservative and liberal views on judicial review of government action in time may well converge to put an end to judicial abnegation of the duty to place government at all levels under the rule of law.

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Brandt, J. Rasmus. „The Tomba dei Tori at Tarquinia: A ritual approach“. Nordlit, Nr. 33 (16.11.2014): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/13.3186.

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In a recent publication (Brandt 2014b) an attempt was made to single out recurring pictorial motifs in Etruscan tomb paintings and to interpret them as elements of funerary ritual procedures with reference to Arnold van Gennep’s rites-de-passage model (1908) and Mary Douglas’ views on purity and danger (1996). The model is here applied on the Archaic and well-known Tomba dei Tori at Tarquinia in order to see if the tomb’s many enigmatic pictorial scenes can be read as coherent elements of such procedures.

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Gon, Stéphanie, Jean-Claude Patte, Jean-Philippe Dos Santos und Vincent Méjean. „Reconstitution of the Trimethylamine Oxide Reductase Regulatory Elements of Shewanella oneidensis in Escherichia coli“. Journal of Bacteriology 184, Nr. 5 (01.03.2002): 1262–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.184.5.1262-1269.2002.

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ABSTRACT Several bacteria can grow by using small organic compounds such as trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) as electron acceptors. In Shewanella species, the TMAO reductase respiratory system is encoded by the torECAD operon. We showed that production of the TMAO reductase of S. oneidensis was induced by TMAO and repressed by oxygen, and we noticed that a three-gene cluster (torSTR) encoding a complex two-component regulatory system was present downstream of the torECAD operon. We introduced the torSTR gene cluster into Escherichia coli and showed that this regulatory gene cluster is involved in TMAO induction of the torE promoter but plays no role in the oxygen control. The TorR response regulator was purified, and gel shift and footprinting experiments revealed that TorR binds to a single region located about 70 bases upstream of the transcription start site of the tor structural operon. By deletion analysis, we confirmed that the TorR operator site is required for induction of the tor structural promoter. As the TMAO regulatory system of S. oneidensis is homologous to that of E. coli, we investigated a possible complementation between the TMAO regulatory components of the two bacteria. Interestingly, TorSec, the TMAO sensor of E. coli, was able to transphosphorylate TorRso, the TMAO response regulator of S. oneidensis.

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Gussow, Leon. „Toro! Toro! Toro! Mercury-Tainted Sushi“. Emergency Medicine News 30, Nr. 4 (April 2008): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.eem.0000316459.13906.0c.

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Lloubès, Roland, Emilie Goemaere, Xiang Zhang, Eric Cascales und Denis Duché. „Energetics of colicin import revealed by genetic cross-complementation between the Tol and Ton systems“. Biochemical Society Transactions 40, Nr. 6 (21.11.2012): 1480–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20120181.

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Colicins are bacterial toxins that parasitize OM (outer membrane) receptors to bind to the target cells, use an import system to translocate through the cell envelope and then kill sensitive cells. Colicins classified as group A (colicins A, E1–E9, K and N) use the Tol system (TolA, TolB, TolQ and TolR), whereas group B colicins (colicins B, D, Ia, M and 5) use the ExbB–ExbD–TonB system. Genetic evidence has suggested that TolQ and ExbB, as well as TolR and ExbD, are interchangeable, whereas this is not possible with TolA and TonB. Early reports indicated that group B colicin uptake requires energy input, whereas no energy was necessary for the uptake of the pore-forming colicin A. Furthermore, energy is required to dissociate the complex formed with colicin E9 and its cognate immunity protein during the import process. In the present paper, we detail the functional phenotypes and colicin-sensitivity results obtained in tolQ and exbB mutants and cross-complementation data of amino acid substitutions that lie within ExbB or TolQ TMHs (transmembrane helices). We also discuss on a specific phenotype that corresponds to group A colicin-sensitivity associated with a non-functional Tol system.

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Gon, Stéphanie, Jean-Claude Patte, Vincent Méjean und Chantal Iobbi-Nivol. „The torYZ (yecK bisZ) Operon Encodes a Third Respiratory Trimethylamine N-Oxide Reductase inEscherichia coli“. Journal of Bacteriology 182, Nr. 20 (15.10.2000): 5779–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.20.5779-5786.2000.

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ABSTRACT The bisZ gene of Escherichia coli was previously described as encoding a minor biotin sulfoxide (BSO) reductase in addition to the main cytoplasmic BSO reductase, BisC. In this study, bisZ has been renamed torZ based on the findings that (i) the torZ gene product, TorZ, is able to reduce trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) more efficiently than BSO; (ii) although TorZ is more homologous to BisC than to the TMAO reductase TorA (63 and 42% identity, respectively), it is located mainly in the periplasm as is TorA; (iii)torZ belongs to the torYZ operon, and the first gene, torY (formerly yecK), encodes a pentahemic c-type cytochrome homologous to the TorC cytochrome of the TorCAD respiratory system. Furthermore, the torYZ operon encodes a third TMAO respiratory system, with catalytic properties that are clearly different from those of the TorCAD and the DmsABC systems. ThetorYZ and the torCAD operons may have diverged from a common ancestor, but, surprisingly, notorD homologue is found in the sequences aroundtorYZ. Moreover, the torYZ operon is expressed at very low levels under the conditions tested, and, in contrast to torCAD, it is not induced by TMAO or dimethyl sulfoxide.

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Hammond, N. G. L. „The Archaeological and Literary Evidence for the Burning of the Persepolis Palace“. Classical Quarterly 42, Nr. 2 (Dezember 1992): 358–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838800015998.

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Recent excavations in Macedonia have provided an analogy to the pillaging of the Palace at Persepolis. In plundered tombs at Aiani the excavators found a number of small gold discs with impressed rosettes and of gilded silver ivy leaves; at Katerini some thirty-five gold discs with impressed rosettes, a gold double pin, a gold ring from a sword-hilt, a bit of a gilded pectoral, gilded silver fittings once attached to a leather cuirass, many buttons and other fragments; and at Palatitsia (near Vergina) bits of a gilded bronze wreath and of a gold necklace, and an ivory fitting. It was suggested that some of these objects had been dropped when ornamental facings were being torn away from a wooden funerary couch and from clothing by the robbers, who were probably working at speed and dared not return. In the antechamber of the tomb at Katerini many of the objects I have mentioned were found inside a burnt layer, and M. Andronikos has provided the explanation that they had been burnt on the pyre outside the tomb and then brought inside with the debris of the pyre itself. Nothing else was associated with burnt material.

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Pommier, Janine, Vincent Méjean, Gérard Giordano und Chantal Iobbi-Nivol. „TorD, A Cytoplasmic Chaperone That Interacts with the Unfolded TrimethylamineN-Oxide Reductase Enzyme (TorA) inEscherichia coli“. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273, Nr. 26 (26.06.1998): 16615–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.26.16615.

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Tranier, Samuel, Isabelle Mortier-Barrière, Marianne Ilbert, Catherine Birck, Chantal Iobbi-Nivol, Vincent Méjean und Jean-Pierre Samama. „Characterization and multiple molecular forms of TorD from Shewanella massilia, the putative chaperone of the molybdoenzyme TorA“. Protein Science 11, Nr. 9 (13.04.2009): 2148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1110/ps.0202902.

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Cappa, Clare, Craig Forrest, Russell Hinchy und Vernon Nase. „Tort Deform or Tort Reform?“ Alternative Law Journal 28, Nr. 5 (Oktober 2003): 212–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x0302800501.

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Touber, Jetze. „Bart Leeuwenburgh, Het noodlot van een ketter. Adriaan Koerbagh 1633-1669 (Vantilt; Nijmegen 2013) 264 p., ill., € 19,95 ISBN 9789460041143“. Tijdschrift voor geschiedenis 127, Nr. 3 (01.09.2014): 519–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/tvgesch2014.3.toub.

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van der Torre, Wouter, Sarike Verbiest, Paul Preenen, Linda Koopmans, Roos van den Bergh und Marieke van Den Tooren. „Lerende en innovatieve organisaties: Een integraal organisatiemodel en praktijkvoorbeelden uit de IT“. Tijdschrift voor HRM 23, Nr. 4 (01.12.2020): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/thrm2020.4.torr.

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Door snelle technologische ontwikkelingen worden innovatie en 'leven lang ontwikkelen' steeds urgenter. Om meer inzicht te krijgen in het bevorderen van innovatief en lerend gedrag in organisaties hebben we een theoretisch model ontwikkeld waarin de belangrijkste stimulerende factoren voor (informeel) leren en (sociale) innovatie zijn opgenomen. Dit model is gebaseerd op wetenschappelijke literatuur over onder meer informeel leren, lerende organisaties, werkplekleren, sociale innovatie en intrapreneurship. Tevens hebben we drie goede voorbeelden in de IT-sector onderzocht met de vraag hoe zij in de praktijk concreet invulling geven aan de verschillende factoren uit het model. Uit de resultaten blijkt dat het stimuleren van sociale innovatie en informeel leren een integrale uitdaging is waarbij vele aspecten van de organisatie van invloed zijn. Denk bijvoorbeeld aan gevarieerde en uitdagende taken, autonomie, psychologische veiligheid, rolmodellen, participatief leiderschap, transparantie en externe oriëntatie. Deze inzichten bieden werkgevers en werknemers concrete handvatten om het leervermogen en het innovatieve vermogen van de organisatie te versterken.

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Tomberge, Nick. „Het uitzicht achter Hotel Bellevue in Buitenzorg“. Internationale Neerlandistiek 60, Nr. 2 (01.09.2022): 196–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/in2022.2.005.tomb.

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Torp-Kõivupuu, Marju. „Ristipuud maastikul ja usundilises jutupärimuses“. Mäetagused 27 (2004): 105–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/mt2004.27.torp.

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Touburg, Giorgio. „Boekbespreking - Omlo, J. Integratie én uit de gratie? Perspectieven van Marokkaans-Nederlandse jongvolwassenen. Delft: Eburon, 2011, 158 pp. ISBN 978 90 5972 569 0“. Mens en maatschappij 87, Nr. 4 (01.12.2012): 439–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/mem2012.4.toub.

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