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1
Henry, Todd M. "PHOTOESSAY: Gangsters in Paradise: The Deportees of Tonga." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 25, no. 1&2 (July 31, 2019): 278–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v25i1.489.
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This photoessay is based around photographs taken during the making of the documentary Gangsters in Paradise: The Deportees of Tonga. As a documentary photographer with a tendency to focus on social issues and subcultures, the author was interested in documenting the lives of deportees in Tonga. Through the film, he hoped to highlight the various complexities of identity, belonging and adaptation in relation to the deportee community of Tonga. More importantly, he wanted to start a conversation in Tonga itself regarding how this growing community can be better supported and understood by the wider Tongan public.
2
Kalavite, Telesia. "Indigenous Intergenerational Relational Rhythms." Art/Research International: A Transdisciplinary Journal 8, no. 2 (January 31, 2024): 636–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18432/ari29742.
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This article unfolds intergenerational sustainability and relational rhythms through Tongan language and culture and the interrelationships between older and younger Tongan people and between Tongans and non-Tongans in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ). It also unpacks the interconnected ways in which Tongans as Indigenous people honour the inseparability and sensibilities of knowing–seeing–feeling–doing–being–becoming Tongan across tā–vā (time–space) in language and cultural realities, and their implications on Tongan people’s success in life. I argue that there is still space to strengthen Tongan language and culture through intergenerational relationships between Tongans in loto-Tonga, the motherland, and communities settled in tu‘a-Tonga, the diaspora such as Aotearoa NZ.
3
Kalavite, Telesia. "Tongan translation realities across Tā ('Time') and Vā ('Space')." Journal of New Zealand & Pacific Studies 7, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/nzps_00004_1.
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Abstract The kingdom of Tonga known as the Friendly Islands is a bilingual country where the official languages are Tongan (lea faka-Tonga) and English (lea faka-Pilitānia). In a bilingual environment like Tonga, the ability to translate effectively between the two languages is a fundamental skill to communicate well and to achieve academic success. The main focus of this article is to approach translation through a sociocultural lens, and more specifically, through a Tongan-inspired tāvāist perspective: 'Okusitino's Māhina's Tā‐Vā ('Time‐Space') Theory of Reality. This theory has influenced a range of practices from many disciplines and social activities, such as translation. Theorizing translation in and across Tā ('time') and Vā ('space') informs the relationships between languages, cultures and educational backgrounds in the transmission of 'ilo ('knowledge') and poto ('skills') among all members of the society. In exploring the theory this article will consider two translation case studies of English to Tongan literature: Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland (1865) and Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's The Little Prince (1943).
4
Vikilani, Sione Fatanitavake. "Media freedom and state control in Tonga." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 16, no. 2 (October 1, 2010): 62–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v16i2.1035.
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The Tongan Constitution guarantees free speech and media freedom but this guarantee has often been misunderstood and misinterpreted by the media industry, the government and politicians alike. Freedom of speech was integrated into the Constitution from the beginning in 1875. However, as history has shown, this freedom has often been altered to silence opposition and critics’ voices. As early as 1882, the Tongan media had their first confrontation with the government and in 2003 saw a parallel incident unfolding. This article examines the influence of state control on the media in Tonga through an analysis of two case studies from different eras in Tongan history: the Niuvakai newspaper in 1882 and the Taimi ‘o Tonga newspaper in 2003.
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McLean, Angus. "CORPORAL PUNISHMENT OF CHILDREN IN TONGA – A VIOLATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS." ASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE LAW 15, no. 1-2 (April 6, 2014): 73–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718158-15010205.
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Corporal punishment of children is pervasive throughout the Pacific Island nation of Tonga. In May 2014, a mother was imprisoned for causing the death of her 14-year-old daughter who was beaten with a stick, watering hose and hammer and left to die on her living room floor. Tonga remains in a group of 39 countries that retain corporal punishment of children as a legal sanction for a crime and has defied recent calls during the Universal Periodic Review to abolish these laws. Despite the Tongan Court of Appeal observing corporal punishment to be a violation of the Constitution of Tonga and the jus cogens right to freedom from torture, the court has yet to suspend the operation of these laws. This article argues that the court has failed to protect the fundamental rights guaranteed to children and uphold the Constitution as the supreme law of Tonga. Analysis of the Constitution and the presentation of literature detailing the pervasive and destructive nature of corporal punishment in Tonga highlights the material extent of this injustice. This supports a call for the complete legislative prohibition of corporal punishment in Tonga, including in the criminal justice system, schools and the home.
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Fainga'a-Manu Sione, Inez, Ruth Faleolo, and Cathleen Hafu-Fetokai. "Finding Harmony between Decolonization and Christianity in Academia." Art/Research International: A Transdisciplinary Journal 8, no. 2 (January 31, 2024): 519–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18432/ari29764.
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This article presents our theoretical musings on practicing decolonization as Christian Tongan academics, recorded and shared within our Australian collective during 2022-2023. We aim to discuss the strength and power that comes from our Indigenous inheritance of God and Tonga, living in diaspora of Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand (tu'a Tonga). Amidst this Indigenous strength, there are also subtleties and crescendos of coloniality taking place in and around us, as well as the complexities and vulnerabilities with which Tongan Christian academics grapple in their sense making and meaning making processes. The significance of this discussion is that Oceanian women’s opinions and experiences of decoloniality are not often considered, particularly within the contexts of academia. We pray this article offers insights into how we can successfully navigate simultaneous private, public, individual, and collective journeys, daily, as Christian academics in the decolonization of these various spaces. This is our contribution as Christian academics, as daughters of Tonga, and wives and mothers of Oceania.
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Clark, Geoffrey, and Christian Reepmeyer. "Stone architecture, monumentality and the rise of the early Tongan chiefdom." Antiquity 88, no. 342 (December 2014): 1244–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00115431.
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Monumental construction is commonly associated with the rise of complex societies and frequently supported the ceremonies and ideologies that were instrumental in the creation of the new social order. Recent fieldwork at Heketa in eastern Tongatapu recorded stone-built platforms for houses and seats, and a three-tiered tomb and trilithon. Tongan tradition and archaeology combine to show that these were the setting for new ceremonies instituted by the emergent Tu’i Tonga lineage in the fourteenth century AD as they laid the foundations of the early Tongan chiefdom. Key to their success were activities that emphasised the sacred origins of the living Tu’i Tonga, including the drinking of kava and the presentation of first fruits to the chiefs.
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Robie, David. "REVIEW: Noted: Democracy and the price of silence." Pacific Journalism Review 18, no. 1 (May 31, 2012): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v18i1.305.
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Review of: Shoot the messenger: The report on the Nuku'alofa reconstruction project and why the government of Tonga dumped it, By Teena Brown Pulu. Auckland and Nuku'alofa: Taimi Publishers. Investigative journalism is critical to good governance in evolving South Pacific democracies, particularly the youngest, Tonga, which embarked on the biggest democratic reforms in a century in 2010. This is the view of Auckland Tongan anthropologist, social commentator and now author of a suppressed-then-exposed report about post-riots urban development.
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‘Esau, Raelyn Lolohea. "Tongan Immigrants in New Zealand." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 14, no. 4 (December 2005): 441–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719680501400403.
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This study sought to shed light on the experiences of Tongan immigrants in New Zealand. Three major areas were explored: the migration decision-making process, socio-economic changes in the host country, and transnational networks with Tonga. With respect to migration decision-making, the nuclear family plays an important role as the final decision-making unit. Family-related reasons, jobs, and study were the typical reasons for migration to New Zealand. Regarding socio-economic changes, the immigrants' income tends to increase as their duration of stay in New Zealand lengthens. Most of them work at blue-collar jobs. Many immigrants who were unmarried at the time of migration married after moving to New Zealand, mostly to other Tongans. The church serves as a critical support system for the immigrants. Tongans tend to prefer permanent residency visas over New Zealand citizenship. Remittances continue to play an important role in immigrants' links to Tonga, as do communication with family members and visits to Tonga. Despite these continuing links with their home country, most of the immigrants do not wish to return to Tonga permanently.
10
Salomon, Tim René. "A Balancing Act: Modern Equality vs Traditional Nobility in Tonga." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 40, no. 1 (June 1, 2009): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v40i1.5394.
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The article examines the treatment of commoners and nobles under the Tongan Constitution and ordinary legislation. This paper argues that Tonga fails to meet internationally acknowledged equality standards because "Tongan culture clashes head-on with basic human rights requirements". The article provides some suggestions how to achieve a balance between upholding Tongan culture and traditions and complying with internationally accepted equality standards.
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Helweg, David, Peter Jenkins, Douglas Cat, Robert McCauley, and Claire Garrigue. "Geograpmc Variation in South Pacific Humpback Whale Songs." Behaviour 135, no. 1 (1998): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853998793066438.
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AbstractEvery winter, (male) humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) produce long complex songs. Song content is dynamic and singers incorporate changes as they occur, thus song is shared through cultural transmission. We compared songs recorded in winter migratory termini in Tonga, New Caledonia, Eastern Australia, and on migration paths off Eastern Australia and New Zealand, in the winter of 1994. Seven themes were shared by all regions, with an additional two themes shared by all but Tonga. Differences in regional variants were most pronounced between Tongan and Eastern Australian song. New Caledonian and Kaikouran song were more similar to songs from Eastern Australia rather than Tonga. These regional differences were stable across the season. The results suggest some migratory exchange among widely separate wintering regions of Area V, consistent with tag recovery data, but the time and location at which song sharing occurs remains speculative.
12
Gillet, Nelly. "‘The White Link in the Tongan Heritage’: the Unusual Case of Patricia Ledyard." Heritage 27, no. 1 (2004): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/123z5.
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In Tonga, riches can be calculated with reference either to handicrafts (koloa), made by women and passed on from generation to generation, or to the oral memory of one’s family lineage. Through her Tongan best friend and her daughters, Patricia Ledyard, a papalangi (Tongan for ‘Westerner’) gained access and even made her own contribution to this Tongan heritage. Through her writing, she has become the white link in the Tongan heritage.
13
Ofanoa, Malakai, and Samuela Ofanoa. "KAVA CONSUMPTION AND FAMILY VIOLENCE." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 8, no. 9 (September 26, 2021): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.89.10928.
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Kava drinking has become an intrinsic part of Tongan culture. It involves regular participation and high consumption of kava drink in kava clubs and other kava venues in Tonga and New Zealand. However, mounting evidence has indicated that the reasons for, and perceived effects of kava consumption are yet to be fully understood (Nosa and Ofanoa, 2009, Ofanoa, 2010). A qualitative study to explore the issues related with Tongan men abusing kava consumption was conducted in Tonga and Auckland, New Zealand (Ofanoa, 2010).
 
 The study used culturally safe, Pacific qualitative research approaches of Kakala (Thaman, 1997) and Talanga (Ofanoa, 2010) to obtain information related to the issue. There were focus group interviews conducted with a convenience sample of 104 Tongan men across 5 kava clubs each in Tonga and Auckland, New Zealand. The analysis of the focus group interviews in both places involved a general inductive approach.
 
 The findings reported that kava use is socially sanctioned and easily accessible in both countries. Further, kava presents concerning health and social issues. It increases poor family relationships that leads to family violence. Usually the family violence happens after kava sessions. The Kava men sleep long hours; they spent a lot of their family income in Kava sessions and makes many excuses.
 Moreover, kava men are usually very lazy to work, and slow to recover in the next day. Hence, the poor wives usually shoulder everything in the family. In many instances, some of them behave violently and aggressively. When such practices happen consistently, family violence starts, and many husbands physically abuse their wives. Evidently, one end up in the hospital with serious injuries or both husband and wife appear in court.
 The study concludes that Tongan men in both countries cannot continue to hide the truth that their abusive consumption of kava contributes to family violence. Hence, there is a tremendous need for urgent actions to prevent and minimize this practice. Further, since addressing the issue is sensitive and complex, a call for multi-sectoral and multi-disciplinary effort with the Tongan society in both Tonga and New Zealand is required to minimize the risks and optimize the benefits of kava use.
14
Kaeppler, Adrienne L. "Early photographers encounter Tongans." Journal of New Zealand & Pacific Studies 8, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 209–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/nzps_00038_1.
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Four early photographers are examined here in relation to their encounters with Tongans and Tonga. These photographers are Andrew Garrett, Gustav Adolph Riemer, Clarence Gordon Campbell and Walter Stanhope Sherwill. Garrett, an American natural historian who specialized in shells and fish, took two ambrotypes of Tongans in Fiji in 1868, which are two of the earliest Tongan photographs known. Riemer, born in Saarlouis, Germany, was a marine photographer on S.M.S. Hertha on an official diplomatic visit and took at least 28 photographs in Tonga in 1876. Campbell, a tourist from New York, took 25 culturally important photographs in 1902. Sherwill, a British subject born in India, moved to Tonga about the time of the First World War. He probably took many photographs with more modern equipment, but only two have been identified with certainty. This article presents information about the photographers and those depicted, where the original photographs can be found and the research that made it possible to glean cultural information from them. These early photographers are placed in the context of other more well-known early photographers whose works can be found in archives and libraries in New Zealand, Australia, Hawai‘i and Germany. In addition, summary information about two Tongan-born photographers is presented, as well as where their photographs/negatives can be found.
15
Garellek, Marc, and Marija Tabain. "Tongan." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 50, no. 3 (March 18, 2019): 406–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100318000397.
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Tongan (lea fakatonga, ISO 639-3 code ton) is a Polynesian language spoken mainly in Tonga, where it is one of two official languages (with English). There are about 104,000 speakers of the language in Tonga, with nearly 80,000 additional speakers elsewhere (Simons & Fennig 2017). It is most closely related to Niuean, and more distantly related to West Polynesian languages (such as Tokelauan and Samoan) and East Polynesian languages (such as Hawaiian, Māori, and Tahitian). Previous work on the phonetics and phonology of Tongan includes a general grammar (Churchward 1953), a dissertation with a grammatical overview (Taumoefolau 1998), a phonological sketch of the language (Feldman 1978), two dictionaries (Churchward 1959, Tu‘inukuafe 1992), journal and working papers on stress (Taumoefolau 2002, Garellek & White 2015), intonation (Kuo & Vicenik 2012), as well as the ‘definitive accent’ (discussed below) and the phonological status of identical vowel sequences (Poser 1985; Condax 1989; Schütz 2001; Anderson & Otsuka 2003, 2006; Garellek & White 2010; Ahn 2016; Zuraw 2018). This illustration is meant to provide an overview of the phonetic structures of the language, and includes novel acoustic data on its three-way word-initial laryngeal contrasts, which are cross-linguistically rare. The recordings accompanying this illustration come from Veiongo Hehepoto, a native speaker of Tongan currently living in Melbourne, Australia. Ms. Veiongo was born in 1950 on the island of Vava‘u (northern Tonga), but grew up and was educated in the capital city Nuku‘alofa on Tongatapu (see Figure 1). She moved to Vanuatu when she was 16 years old, and when she was 21 moved to Australia where she trained as a nurse. She continues to speak Tongan every day with family members (including children, who were born in Australia) and friends.
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Sullivan-Lee, Amanda, and Patricia Trish Tupou. "Tonga." Contemporary Pacific 34, no. 1 (2022): 217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2022.0013.
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Tupou, Trish, and Amanda Sullivan-Lee. "Tonga." Contemporary Pacific 33, no. 1 (2021): 252–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2021.0019.
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James, Kerry. "Tonga." Contemporary Pacific 13, no. 1 (2001): 258–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2001.0015.
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James, Kerry. "Tonga." Contemporary Pacific 14, no. 1 (2002): 236–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2002.0013.
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James, Kerry. "Tonga." Contemporary Pacific 15, no. 1 (2003): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2003.0015.
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Young Leslie, Heather E. "Tonga." Contemporary Pacific 19, no. 1 (2007): 262–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2007.0021.
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Ratuva, Steven. "Tonga." Contemporary Pacific 29, no. 1 (2017): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2017.0014.
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Ratuva, Steven. "Tonga." Contemporary Pacific 30, no. 1 (2018): 204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2018.0015.
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Veatupu, Loma, Viliami Puloka, Moira Smith, Christina McKerchar, and Louise Signal. "Me’akai in Tonga: Exploring the Nature and Context of the Food Tongan Children Eat in Ha’apai Using Wearable Cameras." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 10 (May 14, 2019): 1681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101681.
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Unhealthy food consumption is a key driver of the global pandemic in non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The Government of Tonga has prioritised NCD prevention due to the very high rates of NCDs in the Kingdom. This research examines the nature and context of the me’akai (food) consumed by Tongan children in Ha’apai using wearable cameras. Thirty-six randomly selected 11-year-old children used wearable cameras to record their lives for three days, as part of the wider Kids’Cam Tonga project. Images were analysed to assess the participants’ food consumption according to a new data analysis protocol for Tonga. Core foods were defined as including breads and cereals, fresh fruit, vegetables, meat and alternatives, and staple vegetables. Non-core food types included confectionery, unhealthy snack foods, edible ices, and processed meat. Tongan researchers led the research in partnership with the Government of Tonga. Overall, children were observed to have consumed a mean of 4.5 (95% CI 3.3, 6.7) non-core and 2.3 (95% CI 1.8, 2.9) core foods per 10 h day, excluding mixed meals. Unhealthy snack foods, confectionary, and cookies, cakes, and desserts were the most commonly consumed non-core foods, and fresh fruit was the most frequently consumed core food. Snacking was the most frequent eating episode observed, with children snacking on non-core foods four times a day (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.5 to 6.2) compared to 1.8 (95% CI 1.3 to 2.6) core food snacks per day. Most commonly, children were observed eating at home, at school, and on the road while out walking. The most common sources of food were the home, other children, and the supermarket. On average, children consumed one purchased product per day, almost all (90%) of which were non-core. Children were also observed eating an average of just less than one mixed meal per day. Less than half (45.2%) of all mixed meals observed were traditional foods. This research illustrates the presence, and likely dominance, of energy-dense nutrient-poor (EDNP) foods in the diet of these Tongan children. It highlights a transition from a traditional diet and suggests that these children live in an obesogenic environment, one that promotes obesity as a normal response to an abnormal environment. The findings support efforts by the Government of Tonga for the implementation of a healthy School Food Policy, junk food taxes, and initiatives to ban the importation of EDNP foods. This study has relevance for other Pacific Island nations and all nations concerned with addressing obesity and other diet-related NCDs.
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Fonua, Sonia M., Fire U. F. A. T. M. I. Fonua, Lavinia T. Fonua, Sulieti Fieme’a Burrows, and Tui Emma Gillies. "Engaging with Tapa and Ngatu." Art/Research International: A Transdisciplinary Journal 8, no. 2 (January 31, 2024): 415–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18432/ari29746.
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The making and gifting of koloa faka-Tonga (women’s valuables, also known as koloa) has been an integral part of Tongan identity and culture for as long as anyone can remember. Working collaboratively on tapa and ngatu provides space for discussions and understanding, and reflections of Tongan identity and culture. The practice of gifting koloa has continued outside of the Kingdom of Tonga as Tongans migrate for new opportunities, including Aotearoa New Zealand (henceforth Aotearoa NZ). Using two different examples, this article will explore, through talatalanoa, how Tongan family partnerships working with tapa/ngatu in contemporary ways are sites of intergenerational knowledge sharing through art practices in Aotearoa NZ. Sulieti Burrows and Tui Emma Gillies are a mother-daughter partnership of tapa artists who work and reside in Aotearoa NZ and use their time together to share stories and make tapa works depicting what concerns them in contemporary society. Also residing in Aotearoa NZ, Lavinia and Fire Fonua are a mother-son partnership who turn koloa into contemporary personal adornment, alongside Fire’s wife, Sonia. In this article, the four Tongan authors’ reflections on inter-generational knowledge sharing and practices related to koloa making and gifting are described and illustrated using examples of their work. Their diverse stories also reflect on Tongan material culture, and Tongan identity, and demonstrate how working on practices that centre koloa provides opportunities to consider what it means to be Tongan in Aotearoa NZ, and how Tongan ways of being, knowing, and doing are valued as tu’atonga.
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L. Burns, Emma, Brian H. Costello, and Bronwyn A. Houlden. "Three evolutionarily significant units for conservation in the iguanid genus Brachylophus." Pacific Conservation Biology 12, no. 1 (2006): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc060064.
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We examined phylogenetic relationships within the genus Brachylophus, which comprises two endangered iguana species endemic to the South Pacific islands of Fiji and Tonga. Genetic variation among Fijian Crested Iguanas B. vitiensis and Fijian and Tongan Banded Iguanas B. fasciatus was analysed using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome b (cyt b) characterized from 35 individuals from island populations. Three distinct clades of Brachylophus were identified. The most divergent clade comprised B. fasciatus from Tonga, which supports the recognition of Tongan iguanas as a separate species. Molecular clock estimates suggested that the average sequence divergence (6.4%) between Tongan and Fijian B. fasciatus clades equated to 7 - 15.8 MY of separation, confirming that extant Brachylophus species have a long history of evolution in situ in the Fijian and Tongan archipelago. Phylogenetic analyses also revealed that Fijian B. fasciatus and B. vitiensis iguana populations were not reciprocally monophyletic. One clade comprised two mtDNA haplotypes from the Fijian islands of Monu, Monuriki, Devuilau, Waya and Yadua Taba. The other clade comprised B. fasciatus haplotypes from Kadavu and Gau, which was divergent from both the aforementioned Fijian clade (dA = 3.5%), and the Tongan clade (dA = 6.4%). In addition to mtDNA data, variation was assessed at microsatellite loci, and significant differentiation between iguana populations was detected. Based on both mtDNA and microsatellite analysis, the conservation priorities for these endangered lizards must be reassessed to protect iguanas as three distinct evolutionarily significant units.
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Yangailo, Tryson. "The Impact of Industrialization on Economic Growth in Tonga." International Journal of Applied Research in Business and Management 4, no. 3 (October 31, 2023): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.51137/ijarbm.2023.4.3.4.
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This study examines the impact of industrialization on economic growth in Tonga. The Tongan government has worked tirelessly to ensure that the country achieves and sustains industrialization to drive economic growth. This study was undertaken because of conflicting findings from previous studies on the nature of the relationship that exists between economic growth and industrialization. Some studies have shown that industrialization has a positive and significant impact on economic growth, while others have not. The study used secondary data from World Bank data statistics and specified a model where GDP was the dependent variable while industrial output, inflation, interest rate and exchange rate were the independent variables. Jamovi software was used to analyze the data using multiple regression analysis. The results show that industrialization and exchange rate have a positive and significant impact on economic growth in Tonga. This implies that the existing industrialization policy should be maintained and implemented accordingly. The government of Tonga should continue to provide a good and attractive environment for industrial growth in the country. Replication of this study in other countries is recommended and future studies are also recommended to consider the inclusion of other macroeconomic indicators such as FDI and others as variables.
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Hafoka, Moana. "Using the Past to Guide the Future: Criminal Deportee (Re)integration in a New Homeland." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2024): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.3602.
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The United States regularly deports individuals to Tonga due to criminal convictions, and these deportees often struggle to reintegrate into Tongan society. This phenomenological study explored the lived experiences of 12 such criminal deportees through semi-structured interviews to elicit participants’ personal stories of deportation and transition. Common themes of family, religion, and Tongan culture emerged in their responses. These results are discussed, as well as recommendations to aid deportees. The study emphasizes that successful deportee reintegration can be facilitated with the collaboration of government, religious groups, and families.
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Vallance, Aaron K. "Kava Tonga." Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 8, no. 3 (June 2002): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/10755530260127934.
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STEADMAN, DAVID W., and OONA M. TAKANO. "A new genus and species of pigeon (Aves, Columbidae) from the Kingdom of Tonga, with an evaluation of hindlimb osteology of columbids from Oceania." Zootaxa 4810, no. 3 (July 13, 2020): 401–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4810.3.1.
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The region from New Guinea through Oceania sustains the world’s most diverse set of columbids. We describe osteological characters of the hindlimb (femur, tibiotarsus, tarsometatarsus) that divide the Papuan-Oceanic pigeons and doves into three groups based on functional morphology: “arboreal” (Hemiphaga, Ducula, Ptilinopus, Drepanoptila, Gymnophaps), “intermediate” (Columba, Macropygia, Reinwardtoena), and “terrestrial” (Gallicolumba [includes Alopecoenas], Trugon, Microgoura, Goura, Chalcophaps, Geopelia, Henicophaps, Caloenas, Didunculus, Otidiphaps). The arboreal and terrestrial groups are each distinctive osteologically, especially in the tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus, which are short relative to the femur in the arboreal group, and long relative to the femur in the terrestrial group. The intermediate pigeons are more similar to arboreal than to terrestrial pigeons, but nonetheless fit in neither group. To estimate the phylogenetic relationships among or within these three groups is somewhat tentative using hindlimb osteology alone, although all five genera of arboreal pigeons have independent molecular evidence of relatedness, as do most of the genera of terrestrial pigeons. Using the hindlimb and other osteological data as a framework, we describe a new extinct genus and species of pigeon, Tongoenas burleyi, from Holocene archaeological and Pleistocene paleontological sites on six islands (Foa, Lifuka, `Uiha, Ha`afeva, Tongatapu, and `Eua) in the Kingdom of Tonga. Tongoenas was a large-sized member of the “arboreal” pigeon group, with osteological characters that relate it to Ducula, Gymnophaps, and Hemiphaga (generally canopy frugivores) rather than with the “terrestrial” pigeons (more ground-dwelling and granivorous) such as Gallicolumba, Trugon, Microgoura, Goura, etc. (others listed above). Among volant columbids, living or extinct, only the species of Goura (from New Guinea) are larger than Tongoenas. From most of the same prehistoric sites, we also report new material of the nearly as large, extinct pigeon Ducula shutleri Worthy & Burley, recently described from islands in the Vava`u Group of Tonga. Thus, D. shutleri also was widespread in Tonga before human impact. The prehistoric anthropogenic loss in Tonga of Tongoenas burleyi, Ducula shutleri, and other columbids undoubtedly had a negative impact on the dispersal regimes of Tongan forest trees. At first human contact about 2850 years ago, at least nine species of columbids in six genera inhabited the Tongan islands, where only four species in three genera exist today.
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Rowe, Edward, and Dougal Greer. "MULTI-HAZARD RISK ASSESSMENT FOR TONGATAPU – A COASTAL INUNDATION LENS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 37 (September 1, 2023): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.management.103.
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A multi-hazard disaster risk assessment was undertaken for Tongatapu through the Asian Development Bank (ADB) on behalf of the Government of Tonga. This was to inform investments, urban planning and improvements to natural hazard resilience across the island (ADB, 2021). This paper presents the methodology and findings of the coastal inundation and sea level rise components and how these relate to other hazards assessed and the overarching risk assessment. Due to its low elevation and flat topography, Tongatapu, and the Tongan capital of Nukualofa, are vulnerable to pluvial (surface) flooding associated with heavy rainfall and coastal flooding from extreme sea levels and cyclone induced storm surge. Similarly, Tongatapu is vulnerable to damaging winds associated with tropical cyclones, earthquakes particularly associated with the nearby Kermadec Tonga Trench, and tsunami inundation. The study assessed these hazards and considered the influence of climate change on intensity of rainfall and sea levels.
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Hrubcová, Pavla, and Václav Vavryčuk. "Contact of the Samoan Plume with the Tonga Subduction from Intermediate and Deep-Focus Earthquakes." Surveys in Geophysics 42, no. 6 (November 2021): 1347–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10712-021-09679-9.
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AbstractThe Tonga subduction zone in the south-west Pacific is the fastest convergent plate boundary in the world with the most active mantle seismicity. This zone shows unique tectonic features including Samoan volcanic lineament of plume-driven origin near the northern rim of the Tonga subducting slab. The proximity of the Samoa hotspot to the slab is enigmatic and invokes debates on interactions between the Samoa plume and the Tonga subduction. Based on long-term observations of intermediate and deep-focus Tonga earthquakes reported in the Global Centroid Moment Tensor (CMT) catalog, we provide novel detailed imaging of this region. Accurate traveltime residua of the P- and S-waves recorded at two nearby seismic stations of the Global Seismographic Network are inverted for the P- and S-wave velocities and their ratio and reveal their pronounced lateral variations. In particular, they differ for the southern and northern parts of the Tonga subduction region. While no distinct anomalies are detected in the southern Tonga segment, striking low-velocity anomalies associated with a high Vp/Vs ratio are observed in the northern Tonga segment close to the Samoa plume. These anomalies spread through the whole upper mantle down to depths of ~ 600 km. Together with the fast extension of the northern back-arc Lau Basin, slab deformation and geochemical enrichment in the northern Tonga region, they trace deep-seated magmatic processes and evidence an interaction of the Tonga subduction with the Samoa plume.
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M, Ofanoa. "Hear Our Voices: Experiences of Family Planning Services by Tongan Women in South Auckland, New Zealand." Nursing & Healthcare International Journal 6, no. 1 (2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/nhij-16000257.
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Access to family planning services have been widely accepted worldwide as a basic human right. However, findings from a study that involved 12 Tongan females in South Auckland, New Zealand reported that Pacific women were less likely to use available family planning services due to cultural taboo and sensitive reasons. This becomes a breach of basic human rights especially as Pacific women (including Tongan) have one of the highest rates of unplanned pregnancy in New Zealand. The purpose of this article is to present the key findings from a study that was undertaken in 2015 as part of the primary author’s Masters in Public Health degree from the University of Auckland. The key findings from the study indicated the complex and multifaceted barriers to accessing family planning due to cultural and social factors including embarrassment, stigma, taboo subjects, anga faka Tonga and inter-generational conflict. Differences in cultural views and expectations regarding pre-marital sex and abstinence between the West and anga faka Tonga points towards the need for improved awareness of family planning services irrespective of marital status. Improving communication between daughters and their mothers (or trusted female figures within the family) and providing culturally safe services were identified as key strategies to improving access to family planning services.
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Moala, Kalafi. "The case for Pacific media reform to reflect island communities." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 11, no. 1 (April 1, 2005): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v11i1.827.
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"The largest number of Tongans outside of Tonga lives in the United States. It is estimated to be more than 70,000; most live in the San Francisco Bay Area. On several occasions during two visits to the US by my wife and I during 2004, we met workers who operate the only daily Tongan language radio programmes in San Francisco. Our organisation supplies the daily news broadcast for their programmes. Our newspapers— in the Tongan and Samoan languages— also sell in the area. The question of what are the fundamental roles of the media came up in one of our discussions..."
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Mabugu, Patricia Ruramisai, Lovemore Mutonga, Cathrine Sibanda, and Letween Syadiobhe. "Resolving hiatus in Tonga." Journal for Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences 8, no. 2 (August 21, 2020): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.32642/.v8i2.1517.
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The study investigates hiatus contexts and hiatus resolution strategies in Zimbabwean Tonga. Data for this research were collected through intuition because one of the researchers is a native speaker of Tonga. The data were verified by other native speakers of Tonga. The analysis is couched within generative CV Phonology model (Clements & Keyser, 1983). The study establishes that Tonga does not allow vowel hiatus and when it occurs it is resolved by vowel deletion, secondary articulation, glide formation, glide epenthesis and vowel coalescence.These strategies do not operate haphazardly but they are motivated by different morphosyntactic and phonological environments. The study also found out that compensatory lengthening accompanies each strategy in well-defined morphosyntactic and phonological contexts. Morphosyntactically, it accompanies other hiatus resolution strategies in the verbal domain and infinitive verbs. Phonologically, compensatory lengthening accompanies other strategies when V1 is either /u/ or/i/. The major contribution of this research is typological because it adds to the Bantu literature as to how Tonga language resolves hiatus. Tonga is unique in the sense that it uses accompanying compensatory lengthening. Compensatory lengthening in Tonga occurs only in the verbal domain when V1 is either /u/or/i/.
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Xu, Jingyuan, Dan Li, Zhixuan Bai, Mengchu Tao, and Jianchun Bian. "Large Amounts of Water Vapor Were Injected into the Stratosphere by the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai Volcano Eruption." Atmosphere 13, no. 6 (June 4, 2022): 912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13060912.
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The Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai (Tonga) injected only small amount of SO2 into the stratosphere, while our analyses of the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) measurements show that a massive amount of water vapor was directly injected into the stratosphere by the Tonga eruption, which is probably due to its submarine volcanic activity. The Tonga eruption injected a total amount of 139 ± 8 Tg of water vapor into the stratosphere and resulted in an increase of 8.9 ± 0.5% in the global stratospheric water vapor. Analyses also show that the uppermost altitude impacted by Tonga reached the 1 hPa level (~47.6 km). Additionally, the maximum hydration region for increased water vapor is at 38–17 hPa (~22.2–27 km), where the water vapor mixing ratio increased by 6–8 ppmv during the three months after the Tonga eruption. The enhanced stratospheric water vapor has great potential to influence the global radiation budget as well as ozone loss.
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Naidu, Suwastika, Anand Chand, and Paul Southgate. "Determinants of innovation in the handicraft industry of Fiji and Tonga: an empirical analysis from a tourism perspective." Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 8, no. 4 (October 7, 2014): 318–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jec-11-2013-0033.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants of innovation in handicraft industry of Fiji and Tonga. Design/methodology/approach – Data for this study was collected via face-to-face interviews with handicraft sellers in Fiji and Tonga. In total, 368 interviews were conducted in Fiji and Tonga out of which, 48 was from Tonga and 320 was from Fiji. Findings – The results of this study show that eight factors; namely, value adding, design uniqueness, new product development, cultural uniqueness, advanced technology, experience of owner, ability of owner to adapt to trends in market and quality of raw materials have significant impact on level of innovation in handicraft industry of Fiji and Tonga. Originality/value – To date, none of the existing studies have examined determinants of innovation in handicraft industry of the Pacific Island countries. This is a pioneering study that examines determinants of innovation in handicraft industry of Fiji and Tonga.
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Naidu, Suwastika, and Anand Chand. "A comparative analysis of best human resource management practices in the hotel sector of Samoa and Tonga." Personnel Review 43, no. 5 (July 29, 2014): 798–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pr-02-2013-0021.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to comparatively analyse the best human resource management (HRM) practices in the hotel sector of Samoa and Tonga. Design/methodology/approach – This study examined best HRM practices used by the hotel sector of Samoa and Tonga by using self-administered questionnaires. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to 73 hotels in Samoa and 66 hotels in Tonga. Out of the 73 self-administered questionnaires that were distributed in Samoa, 58 usable questionnaires were returned resulting in a response rate of 79 per cent. In the case of Tonga, out of the 66 self-administered questionnaires were distributed, 51 usable questionnaires were returned resulting in a response rate of 77 per cent. Findings – The findings of this study show that there are 28 best HRM practices in Samoa and 15 best HRM practices in Tonga. This study also found that best HRM practices differ based on differences in internal and external environmental factors present in different geographical areas. The findings of this paper support the assumptions of the Contextual Paradigm of HRM and strategic human resource management. Research limitations/implications – This study is based on a single sector of Samoa and Tonga. A single sector study limits the generalisations that can be made across different sectors in Samoa and Tonga. Practical implications – Human resource managers should incorporate cultural, political, legal, economic and social factors in HRM practices. Originality/value – None of the existing studies have examined best HRM practices used by the hotel sector of Samoa and Tonga. This study is a pioneering study that comparatively analyses the best HRM practices used by the hotel sector of Samoa and Tonga.
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Lubbungu, Jive. "The Use of Allusion in Tonga Work Songs: Its Social and Economic Implication." Journal of Law and Social Sciences 5, no. 3 (2023): 70–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.53974/unza.jlss.5.3.919.
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This article sets out to examine the use of allusion in selected Tonga work songs. Whereas there is extensive and impressive documentation about the Tonga people and their culture, their history, and even their literature, by authors like Elizabeth Colson, there is hardly any documentation on the use of allusion and its social implications in Tonga work songs. Therefore, this study gives utter attention to one poetic element – the allusion, in the Tonga work songs and argues that allusion reflects the Tonga people’s social and economic activities through work songs. The study mainly used the qualitative method to collect data from respondents. This article is a brain child of research work which was conducted in two ways namely, through desk research and field research in three districts of Southern Province in Zambia. A total of 35 work songs were collected through interview guide, questionnaires, and Focus Group Discussions. The study revealed that Tonga work songs help lighten the work, comment on perpetual unpalatable social tendencies, communicate values of hard work, social cohesion, and objectives and share memories of the past other than culture transmission to the young generation. The study also revealed that Tonga Work songs are rich in Poetic elements such as allusion that inculcate a sense of self-responsibility among others. The study further reveals that allusion in Tonga work songs reflects Tonga people’s past and their agricultural inclination, a reflection of Tonga’s main economic activity. What comes out of this study also is that there are hardly any allusions to Tonga’s paramountcy of chiefs like in other tribes in southern Africa.
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Towner, Nick. "The effectiveness of the destination websites in promoting linkages between visitors and the community in Tonga." Journal of Pacific Studies 36, no. 2 (2016): 90–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.33318/jpacs.2016.36(2)-5.
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Whilst tourism has brought Tonga potentially significant prospects for job creation and local business ownership, many tourists lack knowledge about the cultural experiences on offer at their holiday destination. This signifies a lost opportunity to form linkages between foreign tourists and the Tongan community. This study analysed the content of 40 Tongan websites to see how effectively they promoted linkages to community based tourism industries. It found the majority of websites had very weak content on local handicrafts, food and cultural events and were ineffective at promoting linkages between tourists and the community, thereby reducing the potential for local community participation in the tourism industry.
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Gailey, Christine Ward. "“RAMBO” In Tonga: Video Films and Cultural Resistance in the Tongan Islands (South Pacific)." Culture 9, no. 1 (September 2, 2021): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1080890ar.
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Video films and VCR’s have widespread popularity in the kingdom of Tonga (South Pacific). Based on field research in urban neighbourhoods, the author argues that local interpretations of videos can vary markedly from dominant meanings, but at times parallel them. Discussion of the distribution, ownership, video genres available, and viewing patterns - as well as shifting land rights, cash income needs, and international labor migration - provides the context of audience interpretations. The basis for congruence or difference in interpretation is sought in local view of Tongan history and of changing socioeconomic conditions. The Tongan case has significance for contemporary debates about cultural hegemony and resistance in neocolonial developing countries.
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Ke, Fuyang, Xiangxiang Hu, Guan Hong, Lulu Ming, and Bao Song. "Characteristics and Evolution of the Response of the Lower Atmosphere to the Tonga Volcanic Eruption." Applied Sciences 13, no. 18 (September 7, 2023): 10095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app131810095.
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Research concerning the response characteristics of lower atmosphere to volcanic eruption is a key and hot topic in the field of volcanic environment research. Against the background of a submarine volcano in the South Pacific island country of Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai (HTHH) on 15 January 2022, this paper explores the response characteristics of this volcanic eruption on environmental factors in the lower atmosphere region using a priori data such as ERA5 reanalysis data, water vapor data from GNSS inversion and surface temperature data from Landsat inversion for the Tonga Islands region. Among them, (1) The amount of precipitable water (PWV) in Tonga was abnormally high on 15 January. (2) The water vapor flux was mainly in the lower space below 850 hPa. (3) The average surface temperature in December 2021 was higher. In February 2022, the average surface temperature was lower. (4) There was a low-pressure center near 30° S on the south side of Tonga volcano on 14 January, and a new low-pressure center was formed on the east side of Tonga volcano after the eruption of Tonga volcano on 15 January. Furthermore, the precipitation area of Tonga increased in January and decreased in February 2022. The PWV values, water vapor fluxes, temperature and circulation response characteristics, and precipitation characteristics show that the volcanic eruption affected part of the atmospheric and oceanic circulation, and water vapor was transported to the low-pressure center along the direction of atmospheric circulation. With the continuous water vapor transport, precipitation formed in Tonga, and the intensity and area of precipitation in Tonga increased significantly in January. Thus, the volcanic eruption could have significantly triggered the response between the low-pressure center, PWV, precipitation and surface temperature in the lower atmosphere, which influenced the environmental characteristics of this eruption.
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Hang’ombe, Khama, Minyono Mwembe, and Charton Siantumbu. "Aspects of the Causative Morpheme -i- in Tonga (M64)." Randwick International of Education and Linguistics Science Journal 1, no. 1 (June 23, 2020): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47175/rielsj.v1i1.25.
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This paper examines the phonological behaviour of the causative morpheme –i- in Tonga, using the Plateau and Valley Tonga varieties. It identifies the various segments in radical final positions of different verbal forms and seeks to establish how the introduction of the causative morpheme in their environment affects the segments. The paper finds that in some cases the morpheme induces phonological change to the segments preceding the morpheme, with more phonological ‘activity’ noted in Plateau Tonga. The influence of the morpheme identified in the study is that it induces fricativisation, palatalisation, or glottalisation to radical final segments of the verbs where it is introduced, depending on the nature the concerned segment. The conclusion drawn in the paper is that the influence of the morpheme is more pronounced in Plateau Tonga than in Valley Tonga.
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Puthillath, Beena, Abishek Jose, Aswin S. Kumar, M. S. Shibin, and Shojo Johnson. "Recreation of Conventional Tonga." Asian Journal of Electrical Sciences 10, no. 2 (November 5, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajes-2021.10.2.2948.
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This paper focus on designing of Electric Tonga gives emphasis on two domains namely electrical and mechanical. It scrutinizes all available technologies to find solutions to all issues to above mentioned domains. The major focus was to recreate the conventional Tonga by replacing the animal mode of transportation to electro-mechanical mode of transportation which can be run using Renewable energy. This recreated Tonga is eco-friendly, less cost, and creates less pollution. The three major components are a rechargeable battery, motor and wheels. Battery supplies electrical power to the motors which converts this electrical power into mechanical power and gives them to the wheels via a shaft. The Tonga could carry two to three passengers at a time from one point to the other. It is possible to incorporate a solar panel which can provide a secondary source of energy input other than battery, as well as an Arduino with line follower to control the Tonga. The paper aims to promote tourism and to use Tonga available without torturing animals.
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Garrigue, Claire, Paul Forestell, Peter Gill, Patricia Naessig, Nathalie M. Patenaude, and Scott C. Baker. "Migratory movements of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) between New Caledonia, East Australia and New Zealand." J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 2, no. 2 (September 1, 2000): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.47536/jcrm.v2i2.494.
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‘Discovery’ marks and their recoveries from humpback whales in the southwest Pacific provide no evidence of migratory interchange between wintering grounds in New Caledonia and migratory corridors off east Australia (Moreton Island) and New Zealand, or wintering grounds in Tonga. To provide further insight into the migratory connections among these regions, images of 169 individually-identified humpback whales from New Caledonia were compared with the published catalogues of Australian (n = 1,088), Tongan (n = 78) and New Zealand (n = 1) humpback whales. Four of the New Caledonian humpbacks were found to have migrated past east Australia and one past New Zealand in separate years. No movement was found between New Caledonia and Tonga. These data provide the first photographic information on exchanges between regions of the southwest Pacific. Reviewed in light of historical records, these data also highlight the necessity for further research in the South Pacific region to resolve the question of the proposed segregation of the Southern Hemisphere Group V stock into an eastern group (New Zealand and the Pacific Islands) and a western group (east Australia).
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International Monetary Fund. "Tonga: Statistical Annex." IMF Staff Country Reports 98, no. 128 (1999): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451837414.002.
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International Monetary Fund. "Tonga: Statistical Appendix." IMF Staff Country Reports 01, no. 167 (2001): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451837445.002.
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International Monetary Fund. "Tonga: Statistical Appendix." IMF Staff Country Reports 06, no. 242 (2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451837476.002.
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Pearce, Douglas G., and Douglas C. Johnston. "Travel Within Tonga." Journal of Travel Research 24, no. 3 (January 1986): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004728758602400303.
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Helffrich, George. "Trouble under Tonga?" Nature 436, no. 7051 (August 2005): 637–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/436637a.
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