Thematische Bibliographien / Tone

Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Tone“

Autor: Grafiati
Veröffentlicht am 4. Juni 2021
Zuletzt aktualisiert am 30. Juli 2024

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Tone"

1

Fong, Ivan, Fenqi Wang, Kira Chan, Tyne Johnson-Dhillon, Jadeyn Trasolini, Dawn Behne, Allard Jongman, Joan Sereno und Yue Wang. „Phonetic adaptation in conversation: The case of Cantonese tone merging“. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 155, Nr. 3_Supplement (01.03.2024): A314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0027635.

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Phonetic adaptation occurs when one interlocutor adjusts their speech to converge to or diverge from that of their conversation partner to enhance intelligibility. While most research investigates segmental adaptations, our study focuses on suprasegmentals, specifically Cantonese tone merging. Some Cantonese speakers (“mergers”) are found to merge certain lexical tones (e.g., mid-level Tone3 and low-level Tone6), which may cause confusions when interacting with non-merger speakers. Previous research has shown that a merger may unmerge a level tone pair (Tone3/Tone6) when shadowing a non-merger. However, still unclear is whether such changes result from automatic acoustic mimicking or reflect goal-oriented adaptations for intelligibility benefits. This study uses an unscripted conversation task involving a merger and a non-merger playing a video game, where productions of merged tones may cause confusions, thus motivating goal-oriented adaptations. Initial acoustic analyses focus on average F0 and F0 taken at 10 points along the contour in target Tone3 and Tone6 productions by mergers. Differences in these values for Tone3 versus Tone6 provide evidence that a merger is unmerging the tone pair. Preliminary results show increasing unmerging trends as the task progresses, suggesting progressive alignment toward a non-merger’s productions for intelligibility gains.
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Gbeto, Flavien. „Esquisse de la tonologie synchronique de Wemɛgbe dialecte Gbe du sud-Benin“. Studies in African Linguistics 33, Nr. 1 (01.06.2004): 66–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v33i1.107339.

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In this paper I show that Wemegbe, a language spoken in southern Benin, has two underlying tones, H and L, and that the surface tones M, LH and HL are derived by phonological rules. A H tone is inserted after an initial prevocalic voiceless obstruent (occurring in non verbals), creating a HL contour tone, when the vowel of the syllable is L toned. The LH tone is derived through a rightspreading rule from a L' prefix tone, which is postulated for all verbs in their imperative forms and for all nouns. Of particular interest is the fact that the rightward spreading rule for L' is blocked by a voiceless obstruent. Finally, the M tone is derived through a L-Raising rule. This analysis shows that not only can vowels be TBUs in the world's languages, but also initial root consonants can be.
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Myers, Scott. „Tone association and F₀ timing in Chichewa“. Studies in African Linguistics 28, Nr. 2 (15.06.1999): 215–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v28i2.107375.

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In Chichewa (Bantu, Malawi), a high tone is realized as a peak in fundamental frequency (fO). In this study, the timing of fO peaks relative to the duration of the high-toned syllable was measured for high tones in phrase-medial, -penultimate and -final positions. No phonetic support was found for the assumption in the literature that a phrase-medial high tone is spread over two syllables. Instead, it was found that such a high tone is realized with a significantly later fO peak than a high tone in the last two syllables. On the other hand, support was found for Kanerva's proposal that a phrase-final high tone is shifted in phonological representation to the phrase-penultimate syllable.
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Teeranon, Phanintra, und Rungwimol Rungrojsuwan. „Change in the Standard Thai High Tone: An Acoustic Study“. MANUSYA 12, Nr. 3 (2009): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-01203003.

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Lin, Hui-shan. „Indirect tone-prominence interaction in Kunming tone sandhi“. Concentric. Studies in Linguistics 45, Nr. 1 (31.05.2019): 44–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/consl.00003.li.

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Abstract Kunming exhibits a special kind of interaction between tone and prominence whereby the prosodic headedness is shown to play an indirect role in tone sandhi. Due to higher-ranked tonal faithfulness constraints, lower tones, which are universally unfavored in the head position, do not change to higher tones, and higher tones, which are universally unfavored in the non-head position, do not change to lower tones. Nonetheless, though the unfavored tone-(non-)head correlation does not directly trigger tone sandhi, it indirectly decides whether tone sandhi will take place. Falling tones, inter-syllabic tone segment disagreement, and tonal combinations with identical contours are marked tonal structures in the language. But not all these structures result in tone sandhi. The penalization of these structures is tied to an unfavored tone-(non-)head correlation; only when an undesired tone-(non-)head correlation is involved are the marked tonal structures penalized. The indirect tone-(non-)head interaction observed in Kunming is special but not unique to the language as a similar correlation is found in the Chinese dialects of Dongshi Hakka and Beijing Mandarin.
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Tu, Jung-Yueh. „Analysis of errors in Mandarin disyllabic tones produced by Vietnamese speakers“. Global Chinese 9, Nr. 2 (01.09.2023): 215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/glochi-2023-0017.

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Abstract This study investigates the tone production of Mandarin disyllabic words by Vietnamese speakers. It aims to provide insights into the challenges Vietnamese speakers face when producing Mandarin tones in disyllabic words. In the study, there were 30 Vietnamese L2 learners of Mandarin, who were requested to produce 80 (4 tones × 4 tones × 5 words of each tonal combination) disyllabic words in Mandarin. The overall results showed that Tone 4 was the most difficult among the four lexical tones. In the first syllable, most errors were found for Tone 3 when followed by another Tone 3 (where the first Tone 3 should be pronounced as a rising tone, similar to Tone 2, but mispronounced as Tone 3), which indicated that Vietnamese speakers tend to underapply Mandarin third tone sandhi. In the second syllable, most errors were found for Tone 4 when preceded by Tone 4 (the second Tone 4 mispronounced as Tone 1). The findings can help explore how L2 production models can account for L2 production of Mandarin tones by considering effects of phonetic/phonological nature of Mandarin lexical tones as well as the interference arising from the L1 phonology of learners.
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Yang, Chunsheng. „Tone errors in scripted conversations of L2 Mandarin Chinese“. Chinese as a Second Language Research 5, Nr. 1 (01.05.2016): 63–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/caslar-2016-0003.

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AbstractThis study examines the acquisition of Mandarin tones by American English speaking second language (L2) learners. Three types of tone sequences, namely, compatible tone sequences, conflicting tone sequences, and other tone sequences, were used. The analysis of tone errors in different tone sequences showed that, while learners seemed to have acquired the Tone 3 and its sandhi, they tended to over-apply the sandhi rule in inappropriate contexts and produced tone errors. More importantly, the low and rising tones, which are generally difficult for L2 learners to produce, were the most frequent tones produced to replace other tones. More specifically, the low tone errors tended to occur at the phrase-medial position, while the rising tone errors tended to occur at the phrase-initial position. The low and rising tone errors were attributed to the difficulty in quickly changing tone targets and F0 direction in tone production, which is the product of the superimposition of English prosody.
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Mugele, Robert, und Michael Rodewald. „Aspects of Bandi tonology“. Studies in African Linguistics 22, Nr. 2 (15.04.1991): 105–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v22i2.107425.

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Bandi tonology offers three points of interest. The first is low tone opacity. Several tone rules act to obscure the presence of underlying low tones in Bandi. In some cases low tones are lost completely while in other cases underlying low tones are manifested phonetically as downstep tones or as the low of a falling glide. The net result of Bandi tone rules is to create considerable opacity with respect to low tones. Second, is the treatment of polarizing tones. In Bandi, polarization rules cannot merely create a new tone, but must assign tone height to an underlying tone of unspecified tone height. Finally, there are fonnal problems that result from adherence to the OCP. A rule of tonal dissimilation becomes unduly complicated if it is assumed that the OCP prohibits sequences of like tones. A contrast between nouns with a LH and LLH melody also argues against theOCP.
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Wong, Puisan, und Carrie Tsz-Tin Leung. „Suprasegmental Features Are Not Acquired Early: Perception and Production of Monosyllabic Cantonese Lexical Tones in 4- to 6-Year-Old Preschool Children“. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 61, Nr. 5 (17.05.2018): 1070–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2018_jslhr-s-17-0288.

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Purpose Previous studies reported that children acquire Cantonese tones before 3 years of age, supporting the assumption in models of phonological development that suprasegmental features are acquired rapidly and early in children. Yet, recent research found a large disparity in the age of Cantonese tone acquisition. This study investigated Cantonese tone development in 4- to 6-year-old children. Method Forty-eight 4- to 6-year-old Cantonese-speaking children and 28 mothers of the children labeled 30 pictures representing familiar words in the 6 tones in a picture-naming task and identified pictures representing words in different Cantonese tones in a picture-pointing task. To control for lexical biases in tone assessment, tone productions were low-pass filtered to eliminate lexical information. Five judges categorized the tones in filtered stimuli. Tone production accuracy, tone perception accuracy, and correlation between tone production and perception accuracy were examined. Results Children did not start to produce adultlike tones until 5 and 6 years of age. Four-year-olds produced none of the tones with adultlike accuracy. Five- and 6-year-olds attained adultlike productions in 2 (T5 and T6) to 3 (T4, T5, and T6) tones, respectively. Children made better progress in tone perception and achieved higher accuracy in perception than in production. However, children in all age groups perceived none of the tones as accurately as adults, except that T1 was perceived with adultlike accuracy by 6-year-olds. Only weak association was found between children's tone perception and production accuracy. Conclusions Contradicting to the long-held assumption that children acquire lexical tone rapidly and early before the mastery of segmentals, this study found that 4- to 6-year-old children have not mastered the perception or production of the full set of Cantonese tones in familiar monosyllabic words. Larger development was found in children's tone perception than tone production. The higher tone perception accuracy but weak correlation between tone perception and production abilities in children suggested that tone perception accuracy is not sufficient for children's tone production accuracy. The findings have clinical and theoretical implications.
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Mallipeddi, Rakesh R., Ramkumar Janakiraman, Subodha Kumar und Seema Gupta. „The Effects of Social Media Content Created by Human Brands on Engagement: Evidence from Indian General Election 2014“. Information Systems Research 32, Nr. 1 (01.03.2021): 212–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/isre.2020.0961.

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With human brands or individual celebrities in fields ranging from sports to politics increasingly using social media platforms to engage with their audience, it is important to understand the key drivers of online engagement. Using Twitter data from the political domain, we show that positive and negative-toned content receive higher engagement, as measured by retweets, than mixed or neutral toned tweets. However, less popular human brands generate higher social media engagement from positive-toned content compared with more popular human brands. Therefore, we recommend that popular human brands (e.g., popular politicians or chief executive officers) keep their content objective rather than emotional. Furthermore, the tone of related brands (i.e., human brands who belong to the same political party) has a strong reinforcement effect; that is, social media engagement is higher when the tone of the focal human brand and related brands are the same and lower when the tones are different. Therefore, we prescribe that human brands actively coordinate their social media content with related brands to generate higher engagement. From human brands’ perspective, our findings recommend a comprehensive social media strategy, which takes into account the tone of content, tone of related brands’ content, and human brands’ popularity.
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Dissertationen zum Thema "Tone"

1

Zhang, Zheng-sheng. „Tone and tone sandhi in Chinese“. online access from Digital dissertation consortium, 1988. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?8907344.

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Pham, Hoa T. „Vietnamese tone, tone is not pitch“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ63689.pdf.

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Hartmann, Katharina. „Focus and Tone“. Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1972/.

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Tone is a distinctive feature of the lexemes in tone languages. The information-structural category focus is usually marked by syntactic and morphological means in these languages, but sometimes also by intonation strategies. In intonation languages, focus is marked by pitch movements, which are also perceived as tone. The present article discusses prosodic focus marking in these two language types.
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Banterle, Francesco. „Inverse tone mapping“. Thesis, University of Warwick, 2009. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/55447/.

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The introduction of High Dynamic Range Imaging in computer graphics has produced a novelty in Imaging that can be compared to the introduction of colour photography or even more. Light can now be captured, stored, processed, and finally visualised without losing information. Moreover, new applications that can exploit physical values of the light have been introduced such as re-lighting of synthetic/real objects, or enhanced visualisation of scenes. However, these new processing and visualisation techniques cannot be applied to movies and pictures that have been produced by photography and cinematography in more than one hundred years. This thesis introduces a general framework for expanding legacy content into High Dynamic Range content. The expansion is achieved avoiding artefacts, producing images suitable for visualisation and re-lighting of synthetic/real objects. Moreover, it is presented a methodology based on psychophysical experiments and computational metrics to measure performances of expansion algorithms. Finally, a compression scheme, inspired by the framework, for High Dynamic Range Textures, is proposed and evaluated.
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Chan, Lee Lee L. „Fuzhou Tone Sandhi /“. Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9935444.

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6

Emonts, Michael William. „Memory-based Tone Recognition of Cantonese Syllables“. BYU ScholarsArchive, 2003. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/60.

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Speech recognition has only recently been applied to Cantonese. Considerable effort, however, has been spent in recognizing Mandarin, the standard dialect of Chinese. Prior to this thesis, the only published work on monosyllabic Cantonese tone recognition is from Tan Lee et al. (1993,1995). This thesis is the first of its kind in that it explores memory-based learning as a viable approach for Cantonese tone recognition. The memory-based learning algorithm employed in this thesis outperforms the highly respected and widely used neural network approach. Various numbers of tones and features are modeled to find the best method for feature selection and extraction. To further optimize this approach, experiments are performed to isolate the best feature weighting method, best class voting weights method, and the best number of k-values to implement. A detailed error analysis is also reported. This thesis will prove valuable as a future reference for memory-based learning in application to more complex tasks such as continuous speech tone recognition.
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Karlsson, Christoffer, und Lukas Schachtschabel. „Legible Tone Mapping : An evaluation of text processed by tone mapping operators“. Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för kreativa teknologier, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-12748.

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Context. Tone mapping operators (TMO) are designed to reduce the dynamicrange of high dynamic range images so that they can be presented onstandard dynamic range display devices. Many operators focus on creatingperceptually similar images. Objectives. This thesis aims to investigate how dierent TMOs reproducephotographed text. The underlying reason being to test the contrast reproductionof each TMO. Methods. An experiment has been performed in order to investigate thelegibility of photographed and tone mapped text. A user study was conducted,in which 18 respondents partook, where respondents were to ratehow much of the text in each photograph that they found to be legible. Results. Due to low participation, the results of the experiment are mostlyinconclusive. However, some tendencies have been observed and analyzedand they fall in line with previous work within the area. Conclusions. The main conclusion that can be drawn from the results isthat the TMO presented by Kuang [11] is rated as better than the TMOsby Fattal [7] and Kim and Kautz [10].
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D'Oyley, Heather M. „Vasodilators and venous tone“. Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27871.

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The objective of these experiments was to investigate the effects of various membrane receptor-mediated and receptor-independent vasodilators on the resistance and capacitance vessels of conscious, unrestrained rats by measuring mean arterial pressure (MAP) and mean circulatory filling pressure (MCFP), an index of total body venous tone. ln the first set of experiments the dose-response effects of the directly-acting vasodilators nitroglycerin, sodium nitroprusside and hydralazine were determined in intact rats as well as in rats treated with the ganglionic blocker, hexamethonium. The effects of these drugs were compared with those of the vehicle, normal saline, in control rats. In intact rats, iv infusion of nitroglycerin did not alter MAP while iv infusions of nitroprusside and hydralazine caused dose-dependent decreases in MAP. In intact rats, nitroglycerin and sodium nitroprusside did. not affect MCFP while hydralazine increased MCFP. After treatment with hexamethonium all three drugs decreased MCFP, though the decreases in MCFP caused by hydralazine were not significantly different from the corresponding changes in saline-treated rats. Therefore, sodium nitroprusside and hydralazine but not nitroglycerin were effective arteriolar dilators in intact rats; all three drugs dilated arterioles in ganglionic-blocked rats, ln intact rats, the direct venodilator actions of nitroprusside and nitroglycerin were masked by endogenous sympathetic tone. When sympathetic nerve activity was attenuated, both drugs had venodilatory effects. Hydralazine, on the other hand, hao insignificant venodilatory effects both in the presence and absence of the sympathetic reflexes. In the second set of experiments we determined the dose-response effects of hexamethonium, phentolamine, prazosin and rauwolscine — the latter being non-selective ⍺, ⍺₁-selective, and ⍺₂-selective adrenoceptor antagonists, respectively — in intact rats. Prazosin and rauwolscine were also administered to rats with reflexly increased venous tone induced by the infusion of hydralazine. In intact rats iv infusions of prazosin, phentolamine and rauwolscine all caused dose-dependent decreases in MAP; only rauwolscine reduced MCFP to levels slightly below control. Hexamethonium caused a aecrease in MAP as well as a markea reduction in MCFP. After venous tone was raised by the infusion of hydralazine, both prazosin and rauwolscine dose-dependently decreased MCFP. Therefore, the resistance and capacitance vessels contain both ⍺₁- and ⍺₂-adrenoceptors. in the intact rat, however, the capacitance vessels are somewhat resistant to the effects of postjunctionally acting ⍺-antagonists in contrast to the effects of hexamethonium which acts at the level of the ganglion.
Medicine, Faculty of
Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of
Graduate
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Bao, Zhiming. „The structure of tone /“. New York [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press, 1999. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0602/99019275-d.html.

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Ighoroje, Ahbor Dolly Awani. „pH and vascular tone“. Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293493.

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Bücher zum Thema "Tone"

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Zhang, Jingfen. Tono-types and Tone Evolution. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4870-7.

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Yip, Moira Jean Winsland. Tone. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

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Garō, Ishikawa, und Gallery Aoi (Nagoya Japan), Hrsg. Tone Fink ten: Tone Fink. Tōkyō: Ishikawa Garō, 1994.

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Bax, Arnold. Tone poems. London: Chandos, 1985.

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McMahon, Sean. Wolfe Tone. Cork: Mercier, 2001.

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Vigeland, Tone. Tone Vigeland. London: Electrum Gallery, 1990.

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McMahon, Seán. Wolfe Tone. Cork: Mercier, 2001.

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Bax, Arnold. Tone poems. London: Chandos, 1985.

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Rivers, Olivia. Tone deaf. New York: Skyhorse Publishing Company, Incorporated, 2016.

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1892-1958, Tone Valdemars, Hrsg. Valdemārs Tone. Rīga: Neputns, 2010.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Tone"

1

Gooch, Jan W. „Tone“. In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 754. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_11945.

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Weik, Martin H. „tone“. In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 1795. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_19721.

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Markham, Peter. „Tone“. In What’s the Story? The Director Meets Their Screenplay, 49–54. London ; New York : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367815363-9.

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Block, Bruce. „Tone“. In The Visual Story, 127–44. Third edition. | London ; New York : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315794839-5.

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Abrams, Michael C. „Tone“. In The Art of City Sketching, 211–65. 2. Aufl. Names: Abrams, Michael (Michael C.) author. Title: The art of city sketching : a field manual / Michael Abrams. Description: 2nd edition. | New York : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003026037-6-8.

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Marlo, Michael R., und David Odden. „Tone“. In The Bantu Languages, 150–71. Second edition. | New York : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Routledge language family series: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315755946-5.

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Zhang, Jie. „Tones, Tonal Phonology, and Tone Sandhi“. In The Handbook of Chinese Linguistics, 443–64. Hoboken, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118584552.ch17.

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Gooch, Jan W. „Continuous Tone“. In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 169. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_2875.

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Leman, Marc. „Tone Semantics“. In Music and Schema Theory, 3–19. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85213-8_2.

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Gooch, Jan W. „Self-Tone“. In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 653. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_10444.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Tone"

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Thompson, Napier Guy Ian. „Tone sandhi between complex tones in a seven-tone southern Thai dialect“. In 5th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP 1998). ISCA: ISCA, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/icslp.1998-101.

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Demaidi, Mona Nabil, und Mohamed Medhat Gaber. „TONE“. In the ArabWIC 6th Annual International Conference Research Track. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3333165.3333179.

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Palomino, Daniel, Muhammad Shafique, Altamiro Susin und Jörg Henkel. „TONE“. In ISLPED'14: International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2627369.2627628.

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Zhang, Yong, Xinran Xiong und Oana Balmau. „TONE“. In EuroSys '22: Seventeenth European Conference on Computer Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3503646.3524295.

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Qin, Zhen, und Peggy Mok. „The perception of speech and non-speech tones by tone and non-tone language listeners“. In Speech Prosody 2012. ISCA: ISCA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/speechprosody.2012-93.

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Cooper, Angela, und Yue Wang. „Cantonese tone word learning by tone and non-tone language speakers“. In Interspeech 2010. ISCA: ISCA, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2010-533.

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Schwanhäußer, Barbara, und Denis Burnham. „Lexical tone and pitch perception in tone and non-tone language speakers“. In Interspeech 2005. ISCA: ISCA, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2005-278.

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8

Mutoh, Tsutomu. „Optical tone“. In ACM SIGGRAPH 2008 new tech demos. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1401615.1401645.

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Mutoh, Tsutomu. „Optical Tone“. In ACM SIGGRAPH ASIA 2008 artgallery: emerging technologies. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1504229.1504243.

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Watanabe, Eri, Yuta Hanzawa und Masa Inakage. „Clay tone“. In SIGGRAPH07: Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1280720.1280890.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Tone"

1

Hale, Jay H. Setting the Moral Tone in Operational Level Commands,. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, Mai 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada331142.

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2

D. Rockwell, J.C. Lin, P. Oshkai, M. Reiss und M. Pollack. Shallow Cavity Flow Tone Experiments: Onset of Locked-On States. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/821945.

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3

Larson, G. W., H. Rushmeier und C. Piatko. A visibility matching tone reproduction operator for high dynamic range scenes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Januar 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/486125.

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4

Camarillo, G., und H. Schulzrinne. Early Media and Ringing Tone Generation in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). RFC Editor, Dezember 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc3960.

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5

Lee, Bomi, und Michelle L. Childs. Ideal Beauty Standards: A Preliminary Analysis of Ethnicity and Skin Tone Features. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University. Library, Januar 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa.8298.

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6

Ahle, Neil W. Endothelial Mediation of Coronary Vascular Tone: Nitric Oxide Attenuation of Cholinergic Vasospastic Challenge. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1011160.

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7

Kapelyushnyi, Anatolyi. Феноменологічний інструментарій ефективності девіатологічного контролювання впливу телевізійного тексту на формування емоційного тонусу суспільства. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, März 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2023.52-53.11740.

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Annotation:
Main objectives of the study are the phenomenological tools of the effectiveness of deviatological control of the influence of television text on the formation of emotional tone of society. Particular attention is paid to the additional emotional meanings that arise when speaking live due to lack of time to understand them. Because of this, emotional nuances, and often the emotional background in general, arise involuntarily, against the wishes of the author. Emphasis is placed on making appropriate recommendations to TV journalists. During the Russian aggression in the Ukrainian media, the responsibility for maintaining the proper emotional tone of society is growing. Television plays an important role in Ukraine in this regard. Deviatological control of society is weakened, so more attention should be paid to professional organizations. Since we are talking about the effectiveness of deviatological control of the influence of television text on the formation of emotional tone of society, we must first keep in mind the phenomenological tools of this influence. Recently, phenomenological tools have been used more and more often during the analysis of journalistic texts in terms of the effectiveness of their impact on the mass audience. The methods of phenomenology prove to be the most effective when it comes to various aspects of spontaneous speech, which is represented in the mass media by live television broadcasting. Additional emotional meanings arise when speaking live because of the lack of time to understand them. Because of this, emotional nuances, and often in general the emotional background, which consists, at first glance, it is unknown what, arises involuntarily, against the wishes of the author. Most often, so involuntarily and contrary to out of nowhere negative color and negative emotional background. Thus, it is not a question of creating a positive emotional background in society. Even more, it is not even about an emotionally neutral perception of reality with elements of objectivity. Everything is extremely bad in our house and in the world. Results/findings and conclusions of my research: in order to improve live broadcasting, such application of phenomenological methods in the evaluation of the text from a deviatological point of view should take place at an early stage, and may precede it (the text) utterance. Key words: television, live broadcast, TV journalist, broadcast of television journalists, phenomenological tools, deviatological control, emotional tone of society.
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8

Bandula-Irwin, Tanya, Max Gallien, Ashley Jackson, Vanessa van den Boogaard und Florian Weigand. Beyond Greed: Why Armed Groups Tax. Institute of Development Studies, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2023.044.

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Annotation:
Armed groups tax. Journalistic accounts often have a tone of surprise about this fact, while policy reports tend to strike a tone of alarm, highlighting the link between armed group taxation and ongoing conflict. Policymakers often focus on targeting the mechanisms of armed group taxation as part of their conflict strategy, often described as ‘following the money’. We argue that what is instead needed is a deeper understanding of the nuanced realities of armed group taxation, the motivations behind it, and the implications it has for an armed group’s relationship with civilian and diaspora populations, as well as the broader international community. We build on two distinct literatures, on armed groups and on taxation, to provide the first systematic exploration into the motivation of armed group taxation. Based on a review of the diverse practices of how armed groups tax, we highlight that a full account of the groups’ motivations needs to go beyond revenue motivations, and engage with key themes around legitimacy, control of populations, institution building, and the performance of public authority. Summary of Working Paper 131.
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9

Lavoie, Kimberly. High Frequency Pure Tone Audiometry and High Frequency Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions: A Correlational Analysis. Portland State University Library, Januar 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1688.

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Abramitzky, Ran, Jacob Conway, Roy Mill und Luke Stein. The Gendered Impacts of Perceived Skin Tone: Evidence from African-American Siblings in 1870–1940. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, März 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w31016.

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