Dissertationen zum Thema „Tombe collective“
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Joubert, Émil. „Cartographies de l'éternité - Concevoir l'au-delà et le mobilier d'une sépulture collective du début de la XXIème dynastie égyptienne“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2024SORUL002.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAt the beginning of the Third Intermediate Period (1069-664 B.C.), the Egyptian 21st dynasty (1069-945 B.C.) was characterized by the grouping of burials and a restriction of the furniture to a few elements - nested coffins, papyrus and shabtis - closely surrounding the mummy. By studying these objects, we can gain a better understanding of the way in which death and the rites associated with it were inserted in culture. Several lines of enquiry are proposed here, based on the corpus offered by a Theban collective burial site from the first half of the period, which has no archaeological context but housed around ten individuals, including “superiors of the keepers of the writings of the Treasure of the Domain of Amun” (ḥry sȝwty sš.w Pr-ḥḏ Pr-Jmn).Material analysis provides a better understanding of the production processes for this funerary furniture. While illustrating the great variability in practices, both over time and in synchrony, it highlights the attention paid to the layout of the iconotextual programme, whose articulations are reflected in the materiality. The circulation and recomposition of models also highlight the miscellaneity at work in creation and personalization.The importance of these aspects underlines the iconotext as a discourse structured by indexes of vectoriality and the corporeal anchoring of certain motifs. The resonance of scenes and texts from one object to another through their spatialization develops a unique funerary rhetoric, creating a sacralizing cosmogram around the body, sometimes in the image of a temple. The interaction between the inner and outer coffins signals the embedding of the body in the other world, and its inclusion in a wider universe. The different mappings created by the media used - three-dimensional coffins and more linear papyrus - reflect the complex pathways linking the Duat and the daytime world, leading to transfiguration.Access to deceased status is displayed during funeral rites that highlight the stages of glorification and ensure community involvement. The link to prestigious ancestors may be established through references or reuse of antique furniture. The ceremonies demonstrate membership of a social world, whose cohesion and links with royalty are asserted, notably through the probable role of certain members of the corpus in the reburial of past sovereigns and through parallels with the furniture of the women of the reigning family.A study of this corpus suggests the gradual formation, over several generations, of a collective burial around prestigious figures. It illustrates the closeness of these relationships with the afterlife and the way in which they provided access to eternity through integration with a wider world that was both divine and human.Appendices include an illustrated list of the objects in the corpus and a description of the complete coffins set in the corpus
Ben-Ncer, Abdelhouaed. „La sépulture collective néolithique d'Eybral (Coux-et-Bigarroque, Dordogne) : étude anthropologique“. Bordeaux 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR10610.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBoujot, Christine. „De la sépulture individuelle à la sépulture collective : le passage du Vème au IIIème millénaire av. J.-C. en France“. Paris 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA010689.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWhereas the practice of individual interment predominated the first phases of the neolithic, the use of collective tombs marks the end of that period in europe. The research of the means of passage from the first funerary expressions through to the second is the objective of this thesis. This work of synthesis, carried out throughout the whole of france where the principal currents of neolithisation are found (mediterranean, eastern and western), is based in literature grouping various approachs to the study of tombs. After considering the different meanings of the notions of individual and collective tombs. A description comparing the type most representative of each underlies the guiding principle so as to clearly reveal the main trends of that evolution. Considered principally from the point of view of their internal space, determinated at the time by the arrangement of the body and by the architecture, the tombs are subject to classification according to their distance in relation to the two extreme examples. The model obtained is finaly tested in the region of morbihan, where, confronted with the tangibles facts of the cultural chronology, it contributes to new proposals concerning the origin of "megalithism"
Chaddaoui, Laïdi. „Etude anthropologique d'une sépulture collective néolithique : la grotte de Can-Pey (Montferrer, Pyrénées-Orientales)“. Bordeaux 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR10639.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleYoung-Sánchez, Margaret Anne. „Textiles from Peru's central coast, 750-1100 : the Reiss and Stubel collection from Ancón /“. Ann Arbor (Mich.) : UMI dissertation services, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37711528r.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGerdau-Radonic, Karina. „Les Tombes collectives de Tablada de Lurín (Vallée de Lurín, Pérou ; Ier - IIIe s. Ap. J. C. )“. Bordeaux 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR13452.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChambon, Philippe. „Du cadavre aux ossements : la gestion des sépultures collectives dans la France néolithique“. Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010578.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWhat is meant by the term collective grave? It is a structure in which several individuals were buried in succession. Using evidence from a hundred sites, twenty of which were studied at first hand, the diversity of behaviour in collective graves is analysed, as well as the geographical and chronological development of burial practices. Five categories of site are distinguished. First of all, there are tombs which have traditionally been described as collective, but ultimately contain no clear evidence for successive burials. The second group comprises minimal collective tombs, with small numbers of bodies and quite simple funerary behaviour. Emptied graves are common. This was possibly done for a variety of reasons, such as to create more space or to recuperate bones. Secondary deposits, particularly cremations, are rare. They are not easy to identify and this explains their scarcity. The last group includes tombs with combined evidence for rearranged bones, compartmentation, and partial emptying. A tentative chronology for these practices is put forward. In the middle neolithic (4500-3500 B. C. ) the successive nature of burials in the monumental tombs of western France remains hypothetical. They were built to contain a limited number of burials, without selection for gender or age. From 3300 to 2800 B. C. , inhumation in collective tombs was the norm. Did this apply to the whole population? At the end of the neolithic, between 2700 and 2300 B. C. , an increased variety of burial practice marks the decline of previous ideology. However, collective graves do not disappear until the first quarter of the 2nd millennium. What do the collective tombs really signify? Their image of equality in death must surely conform to social organisation. The society of the dead is an idealized projection of the society of the living
Blin, Arnaud. „La gestion des sépultures collectives du bassin parisien à la fin du néolithique“. Thesis, Paris 10, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA100183.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFor one century and an half, around four hundred and fifty collective burials had been discovered in the Paris basin. The archeological information is widely lacunar. The knowledge of the chronological and cultural groups of the end of the Neolithic had been enhanced thanks to the burial deposit. It permitted to define a common phase of building and use of a large majority of the collective burials during the recent Neolithic (3350-3000 av. J.-C). A minority of them had been used during the final Neolithic(2900-2550 av. J.-C.), or even till the beginning of the Bronze Age.In spite of a common chronological horizon, the collective burials of the Paris basin presents a suprising architectural diversity. Two main types of monuments had been identified : the sepulchral galleries and the hypogeums. They coexist with a group of burials formerly named “dolmen” or “burial grave”, two names that we could not use any more. Each archictectural type is characterised by his own building technique, geographical distribution, implantation logic, useful life and deposit concentration. Is this diversity reinforced by some differences on burial practices ? Are the different types of collective burials of the Paris basin distinguished between as well by their functioning ? Could they constitue original characteristic cultural ?
Porqueddu, Marie-Elise. „Bâtir sous terre : architectures et techniques des sépultures collectives hypogées de Méditerranée occidentale à la fin de la Préhistoire“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0347/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAt the end of Prehistory in the Western Mediterranean, the rock-cut tombs are a privileged type of architecture. The understanding of the hypogea’s digging process is essential In order to determine which techniques and strategies come into play in the establishment of these structures. In the context of a PhD research work, a method has been developed on the subject. It is presented in three lines of reflection: the technological study of digging macro-tools, the analysis of the traces which are present on the walls of hypogea using photogrammetry, and an experimentation to confirm or refute the assumptions made during the first two axes of the study. These three axes were developed in different contexts, the monumental context of Fontvieille, located in the geographical area of the Bouches-du-Rhône administrative department in France and the necropolis of S'Elighe Entosu in Sardinia, Italy. These two fieldworks allows us to study the different characteristics of the hypogea. The comparison between the various contexts selected in the western Mediterranean allows us to glimpse the differences and similarities present in the digging process chains and the choices made by the different human groups. Beyond the knowledge of the techniques used for the digging of these architectures, this study also makes it possible to question the role of these in the community by the investment that their establishment generates
Delefosse, Thomas. „Archéologie moléculaire : étude des relations de parenté entre individus présents au sein d'une sépulture collective de l'époque néolithique“. Lille 1, 2000. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2000/50376-2000-206.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSmithers, Tamara. „Memorializing the Masters: Renaissance Tombs for Artists and the Cults of Raphael and Michelangelo“. Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2012. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/198573.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePh.D.
In this study, I argue that the cult of the artist centered on memorial making. From the Quattrocento through the Seicento, the growth in the size and number of memorials for artists parallels the changes that took place regarding the social class, professional position, and economic privilege of practitioners of the three main visual arts, painting, sculpture, and architecture. Similar to portraits, self-portraits, personal emblems, and signatures, tomb effigies and epigraphs were a type of construction of identity that articulated similar notions, serving as a form of popular praise and as a way to preserve one's memory for posterity. Moreover, tombs for artists existed in the public sphere on a grand scale, reaching larger audiences and thus having a greater cultural impact. Additionally, in tandem with contemporary art theory, tomb making became a tangible outlet for the paragon of the arts and for comparison against each other. The funeral ceremony functioned not only as a communal display of local pride but it also served as a vehicle for constructing artist-patron relationships and a way to promote the profession. The faculty to fashion artistic ties through the public spectacle of the funeral and the permanent medium of the memorial proved to be particularly essential for the newly formed art academies in regard to group identity and professional bonding. Publicizing the unification of the three arts was a key concern for the academies, especially in regard to decorating communal burial sites and devising group insignia. The display of emblematic imagery in addition to the erection of inscriptions that link the artist to his master on the tomb memorial became a palpable way to formulate an artistic pedigree for that particular artist and for that associated community of artists. The early art companies in central Italy--I Virtuosi al Pantheon in the 1540s in Rome, the Accademia del Disegno in the 1560s in Florence, and the Accademia di San Luca in the 1590s in Rome--were founded with the intention to properly bury their members. Moreover, for members, establishing ties to Raphael and Michelangelo, who received unprecedented burials, were hailed as symbolic figureheads for the academies, and were venerated as "artistic saints," lies at the center of sixteenth-century memorial making for artists. For some in the profession, as was the case for the followers of Raphael, being buried near their capomaestro solidified real or desired connections. The display of what was believed to be Raphael's skull in the seventeenth-century Roman Academy exhibits the new regard for the artist. The physical being of the artist came to be an object charged with meaning, similar to a holy relic, bringing new meaning to the concept of the "divine artist." For others, viewing the miracle of the unmarred corpse of Michelangelo, their padre delle tre arti, upon the opening of his coffin after it arrived in Florence, left a lasting impression. By exploring the panegyric following of Raphael and Michelangelo with a focus on tomb memorials, this dissertation explores what is meant by the phrase the "cult of the artist," especially in relation to these two masters. In doing so, this study synthesizes and weaves together otherwise disparate sources in order to elucidate a better understanding of the idea of the artist during the Early Modern period in Italy. As it proves, honoring the artist through the creation of memorials was the principal way to publicly pay tribute to those in the trade and provided a new type of artistic camaraderie.
Temple University--Theses
Madigan, Valeri J. „A comparison of tomb art from New Kingdom Egypt and classic period Oaxaca, Mexico“. Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1290.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBachelors
Sciences
Anthropology
GRATSON, SCOTT D. „A STRATIFICATION OF DEATH IN THE NORTHERN RENAISSANCE: A RECONSIDERATION OF THE CADAVER TOMBS OF ENGLAND AND GERMANY“. Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2019. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/587512.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePh.D.
This analysis is on the function of cadaver or transi tombs in the south of England and Germany from the fifteenth to early sixteenth centuries, at particular moments when theological and cultural shifts related to Church reforms and the Reformation were tethered to new considerations about death, memorial, and changing concepts of the soul and matter. The study begins with a focus on the tombs of Henry Chichele (1364–1443) in Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury, England, and Alice de la Pole (1404–1475) of Saint Mary’s Church in Ewelme, Oxfordshire, England. Additionally, the memorial relief of Ulrich Fugger (1441–1510) in Saint Anna's Church in Augsburg, Germany, acts as a bridge to Hans Holbein’s painted Dead Christ in the Tomb (1521) in the Kuntsmuseum Basel, in which Christ is simultaneously portrayed as an effigy, transi, and resurrected body. This was also an extended period when notions of visuality changed, along with preferences for different media and pressures on images and objects. As the demands of verisimilitude and discourses about presence and matter changed, media progressed from three-dimensional sculpture and carved relief to oil paint on wood. Transi tombs embodied this trajectory, altering uses and impressions of materials as they progressed from metal to stone to relief carving and paint. Transi tombs, in particular, structured time as a malleable construct, through the incorporation of varying images and their configuration in different visual strata and degrees of vividness and decay. By merging motifs of the dead with the Resurrected Christ, the transi tomb phenomenon situated death in relation to the viewer’s experience of mortality, memorial, and remembrance. Through these changing images and media, public perception of death was inextricably transformed, coinciding with the advent of the Reformation.
Temple University--Theses
Pape, Eléonore. „A shared ideology of death ? : the architectural elements and the uses of the Late Neolithic gallery graves of western Germany and the Paris Basin“. Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100171.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAmidst the pan-European phenomenon of the rise of numerous collective burials in the second half of the 4th millennium BC appear so-called gallery graves in two distinct regions, notably in Hessia and Westphalia, in the Paris Basin, and in scarce numbers also in Belgium and the Netherlands. These collective burial vaults of diverse construction materials and of rectangular shape are organised in a short antechamber reserved to the deposit of collective grave good assemblages and in a long chamber sheltering numerous deceased individuals, which were deposited successively. The similarities of the structures of both main study regions in terms of architecture were already noted since the 20th century and the nature of the ties binding latter have since then been interrogated in the line of diffusionist approaches. The resulting presumptions of the direction of unilinear diffusionist processes changed according to the progress of dating methods and processing of radiocarbon samples. With the present research work, the issue was revived anew, and this time via a twofold comparative analysis: A first, empirical comparative analysis is destined to check at what level the collective structures correspond to a structural stereotype and to inform us in terms of potentially regional variations. A second, qualitative comparison included three Galeriegräber and six allées sépulcrales in order to determine to what degree their uses conferred or differed according to distinct architectural and regional features. The resulting observations are finally argued jointly concerning to what extent we finally can consider them the remains of a shared ideology of death
Saenz, Ruales Nancy. „Etude paléogénétique de deux sépultures collectives du Néolithique (mont Aimé, Bassin parisien, 3500-3000 av. J.C.)“. Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2021. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/4969/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn France, two cultural currents came into contact from the early Neolithic (6000-4700 BC): the Mediterranean current from the south and the Danubian current from the east. As part of this thesis work, we studied two multiple burials in the Paris Basin which could be located at the meeting point of these two currents; these are hypogeum 1 and 2 of Mont-Aimé (Marne, France) used at the end of the Neolithic (3500-3000 BC). In these two underground burial complexes of similar construction, genetic analyzes were carried out on 30 of the buried subjects. The study of autosomal STRs (Short Tandem Repeats) allowed the characterization of the sex of individuals as well as the determination of close family ties. The analysis of STR and SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) of the Y chromosome has not only made it possible to trace the paternal lines but also to compare them with those carried by other ancient and modern populations. Finally, the sequencing of the entire mitochondrial DNA molecule has similarly enabled the study of maternal lines. Combined analysis of archaeological data and nuclear DNA revealed details of the site's chronology and demonstrated the presence of genetic relatedness within and between the two hypogea. These results thus contribute to our understanding of the structural similarities between the two collective burials, used by successive generations of individuals. The study of uniparental lineages has shown a diversity of mitochondrial haplotypes characteristic of the European Neolithic but also shed light on the homogeneity of the Y chromosome haplotypes, none of which is found in other ancient or modern populations. This result suggests the presence, in the Neolithic population of the Paris Basin, of human groups carrying maternal lines typical of the period and paternal lines that were already rare and now extinct. If the presence of these male lineages, probably from the European Paleolithic, does not allow the group of individuals from Mont-Aimé to be linked to one or the other of the two European migration currents, it demonstrates the persistence of a group of men still genetically unassimilated at the end of the Neolithic. These analyzes, therefore, reveal a personal history, that of paternal lines which remained in the majority in a human group, even though the latter was gradually incorporated into a population of newcomers
Gaultier, Françoise. „Contribution à l'étude des ateliers de céramique étrusque à figures noires : seconde moitié du sixième - première moitié du cinquième siècle av. J.-C. : la collection du musée du Louvre“. Paris 10, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA100191.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the descriptive catalogue, after a brief introduction to the history of the Etruscan black figure pottery collection of the louvre museum, there is a description and a critical analysis of the eighty five vases or fragments of vases recorded. The shape, decoration, figured representations are carefully examined on each vase. Then, whenever possible, it is attributed to a painter whose style is studied and works inserted in the whole Etruscan black figure production. The evolution of the workshops, the relation between them, the possibility of transfers from one center to another are also considered. Works are thus added to the existing ones of painters already identified and half a dozen of new personalities are identified and studied. Among the ltter, some are of major importance. This is the case of the angular face painter who very likely was the founder of the la tolfa vase production workshop towards the middle of the sixth century B. C. , and also the painter of the "danseuse aux crotales" who was certainly one of the first-rank painters among those living in the first half of the fifth century. Then, a chapter is devoted to the connection between pottery and the proper art of painting and it is demonstrated that the angular face painter and the author of the tarquinia tomba dei tori is the same person. As a conclusion, a few pages entitled "acculturation, imitation and creativity" evoke the problems related with a mixed culture through the pottery production
Robson, Benjamina. „Anthropologie historique des telo troky tesaka à Madagascar : des ordres statutaires aux communautés politico-religieuses contemporaines (17e-21e siècle)“. Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0176.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe thesis sheds light on "political-religious" tesaka power (Godelier 2007) — in Vangaindrano, South-Eastern Madagascar — by integrating historical and evolutionary considerations. It aims to be a tool for understanding the dialectic of the transformation of the exercise of politico-religious power since the foundation of the tesaka kingdom, likely to have occurred in the 17th century, until the creation of the three contemporary communities of politico-religious order (telo troky) in 1897, and their state nowadays. The main objective is to present the permanent and dynamic aspects of the tesaka social system by highlighting the close interweaving of the political and religious embodied by the keeper of sacrificial worship posts for the invisible sacred beings (pita hazomanga).If during the tesaka royal period, only the king inherits worship posts (fatora) and has the exclusivity of the exercise of the politico-religious power of pità hazomanga, the emergence of telo troky leads to the construction of the Fatora and the appearance of a pità hazomanga specific to each community. From then on, the sacrificial ceremony to the invisible sacred beings (velatry) presents itself as the stable element of the "core of the ritual process" (Bloch 1997 [1992]: 9), revealing the resilience of a system of religious beliefs, and applicable to all grades of local politico-ritual units (troky or fatora, raza or koboro, raibe raiky or trañondonaky, lonaky or traño raiky)
Bagan, Ghislain. „Espaces et sociétés en Méditerranée nord-occidentale durant la Protohistoire“. Montpellier 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON30069.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAt the crossroads of archaeology, geography, and anthropology, we propose here a multi scalar approach to the human societies’ environment in north-western Mediterranean between the end of the Bronze Age and the Roman period. From the Ebro to the Rhone, we will investigate the questions related to the daily environment of the group, to its neighbourhood relations with other communities, and to the cultural areas. The spatial distribution of the necropolis will constitute for example an essential source of information on the size and shape of the territories. On another scale, it will be important to develop the notions of transitions and cultural frontiers, to insist on the degree of sedentary life, and on the process of territorial stabilization, whether it was initiated by a grouped or dispersed settlement…Taking into account the major historical events of the Mediterranean Sea, and also the individual history of the indigenous groups, the continuity and ruptures of the establishment systems will be examined : themes such as the evaluation of the perennate character of the indigenous structures, pre-existing the Mediterranean trade, but also the restructuration of the networks linked with commercial pressure (establishment of economic areas) will plainly enter the reasoning
Demangeot, Coralie. „Le dénombrement des défunts dans les ensembles funéraires : problèmes théoriques, paramètres quantitatifs : application à la sépulture collective du dolmen des Peirières à Villedubert (Aude, France)“. Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13652/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the field of funerary anthropology, the quantitative osteology analysis constitute a preliminary approach necessary to the comprehension of a deposit because they inform on the composition of the exhumed population. Applied to osseous gatherings giving a great number of remains, split up and intricate in a kind of anatomical disorder, these studies are difficult to handle. By definition, the deposits concerned are thus collective burials, a fortiori if there are secondary deposits. Through the estimate of the minimum number of subjects (MNI) present in the chalcolithic level of the collective burial of the dolmen of Peirières (Aude, France), this work aims at highlighting the theoretical problems related to quantitative osteology, that is from the point of view of the methods or the application of these, as well as the anatomical areas most relevant to the counting of the subjects starting from fragmented series. In order to carry out this work, the NMI estimations are based on the traditional methods of counting of the osseous and dental gatherings on the one hand, on the ponderal analysis on the other hand, method used in the case of incinerations. It appears that the qualitative character of a deposit conditions the results of the quantitative analysis. NMI and ponderal indices confrontation show that fragmentation led to particular osteological profiles. In such cases, a choice of precise anatomical areas and a systematization of ponderal analysis thus appear essential for a sound interpretation of the results. It also appears that the concepts of quantitative osteology, such as defined, are not easily applicable to extremely fragmented osseous deposits. Eventually, a series of comparisons of the results from some collective burials of the same period seems to point to a redundancy as far as numbers are concerned or the relevance of certain parts of the skeleton in term of counting
Labrude, Angélique. „Dynamiques funéraires et affirmations identitaires en Crète à l'est du Lassithi (XIVe - Ve siècles av. J-C.)“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAG044.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis doctoral thesis examining funerary dynamics in the east of Lassithi from the fourteenth to the fifth century B.C.E. has several aims. In the first instance, I seek to identify through the material vestiges the collective and codified practices that constitute the funerary rituals marked by a strong identitarian dimension. I also endeavour to grasp the territorial strategies used in the organisation of funerary sites in parallel to the major socio-political changes affecting Crete during the delicate transitional period marking the passage from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age. After an initial presentation of the spatio-temporal context and the vocabulary specific to the archaeology of death, the thesis turns towards the systematic description of each sepulchre in its own environment. This material data is subsequently combined with a thematic and comparative analysis of the necropolis. Finally, the systematic dimension of funerary dynamics in the east of Lassithi is considered in light of the Aegean chrono-cultural context
Laforest, Caroline. „La sépulture collective 163D de la nécropole nord de Hiérapolis (Phrygie, Turquie, période Augustéenne -VIIe s. de notre ère) : fouille et enregistrement des dépôts, gestes et pratiques funéraires, recrutement“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0352/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe roman cities of Asia Minor are surrounded by vast necropolises, amongst which funerary complexes are mostoften plundered. While monuments and inscriptions have been studied in great detail in the past, the depositional context andfunerary treatment of the dead and the management of collective burials have not been submitted to detailed analysis. Thediscovery of Tomb 163d, a subterranean funerary chamber not plundered in the North Necropolis of Hierapolis (ancientprovince of Phrygia, in the South-West of Turkey) provided a unique opportunity to apply archeo-anthropological analysis inorder to understand funerary treatment and burial practices. This study reinvestigated the excavations which took place in2003, to complement another four campaigns (2010-2013). For these excavation campaigns a specific intervention strategywas developed as part of the Archeological Italian Mission of Hierapolis. After discussing the chronological framework, thisstudy analyses funerary treatment (modes of inhumation, body treatment, depositional context) as well as the burialmanagement to the management within the dynamic of the funeral space. The stratigraphic analysis demonstrated that thegrave was utilized from the Augustan period to the 7th century and contained 293 individuals. During the 3rd century, a Jewishfamily rebought the tomb for further use, as indicated by the inscriptions engraved on the monument. The taphonomic study ofthe articulated skeletons revealed that the majority of the deceased were buried in wooden coffins. It appeared that the Jewishfamily left some skeletal remains from the first occupiers in situ, in accordance with the Roman law defining the sepulchrum asa locus religious. However, the management of human remains was more related to practical considerations, linked to thevolume of the remains, than to the concern of respecting the deceased. By analyzing and interpreting the organization offuneral spaces, the conclusions of this study provide new evidence on relationships between different religious groups living inHierapolis, and on aspects of burial practices during Roman Antiquity and Proto-Byzantine period
Evangelista, Lucy Elizabeth Shaw. „Resting in peace or in pieces? Tomb I and death management in the 3rd millennium BC at the Perdigões Enclosure (Reguengos de Monsaraz, Portugal)“. Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/81204.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFor this study, the human bone sample recovered from Tomb I was analysed from a bioarchaeological perspective with the aim of contributing towards a better understanding of the Late Neolithic/Chalcolithic individuals that used the Perdigões prehistoric enclosures (Reguengos de Monsaraz, Portugal) as a burial site, and their attitudes towards death. To achieve this, four main research objectives were defined: (I) the analysis of the human remains exhumed from Tomb I, in order to characterize demographic, morphologic and pathological aspects of the population(II) based on physical anthropological analysis and the archaeological register, identification of funerary rules and attitudes, relating them to mental constructions towards death through a study of: the conception and form of deposition of human remains; the organization of the internal space of the tomb; evidence of ritualization; signs of management of the funerary space (III) to understand how the specific mortuary practices identified in Tomb I fit into the global funerary practices already known for the rest of the important archaeological site of Perdigões (IV) Tomb I was also understood within the context the history of the use of other tholoi type structures in the territory that is now referred to as South Portugal. Tomb I is a tholos type structure from Perdigões Archaeological Complex, dated from the first half of the 3rd millennium BC and excavated between 1997 and 2001.The sample was in poor state of conservation and highly fragmented, and skeletonized elements were found completely disarticulated. Anthropic and natural taphonomic alterations were limiting factors of the study. A two-fold approach was applied to the study of the skeletal sample from this funerary structure. First, it was studied according to the archaeological phases defined after field work, which sought to understand possible differentiated uses of the tomb through time. The skeletal sample was then studied as a whole, regardless of phases of use. The data obtained through this latter anthropological study were utilized for the paleodemographic reconstruction and for the identification of potential patterns in mortuary practices and for further comparison of this monument with other funerary structures inside and outside Perdigões Archaeological Complex. Both approaches mirror the same reality: the collective, commingled use of this tomb for deposition of human remains from both sexes and individuals of all ages. A total of 61926 bone fragments and 1579 teeth were studied. The paleodemographic approach estimated an MNI of 103 individuals for this structure: 55 adults and 48 non-adults (below 15 years of age at death). Results showed both sexes were represented, while non-metric trait data, highly limited by the conditions of the sample, delivered few results. Calculus was identified on 20,6% of the analysed teeth (289/1399) and linear enamel hypoplasia on 10,4% (143/1369) of the tooth sample, making them the most frequently represented dental pathologies for permanent teeth. Average tooth wear in this sample was low: 1,9 (n=1428) very close to the level of wear obtained for deciduous dentition: 1,8 (n=84). Cariogenic lesions were found on only 0,5% of the 1406 permanent teeth analysed and antemortem tooth loss was identified in 5,3% (n=29/539) of the observable alveoli. Skeletal pathological changes related mostly to joint disease, found mainly on upper and lower limb bones and the spine. The presence of enthesopathies were most commonly found on the lower limb and foot bones. Some evidence other diseases, such as infectious, congenital, metabolic and traumatic conditions, was found, but in low frequencies. However, the rarity of some of these pathologies for prehistoric contexts must be highlighted, as the probable case of Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna identified on an individual from Phase 2C. The analysis of the use of the chamber for funerary depositions throughout the different phases revealed that different physical areas were used for the depositions of human remains and artefacts. In terms of Funerary Anthropology, Tomb I constitutes a burial site where an obvious and intense manipulation of the skeletal remains took place. No anatomical connections were identified and evidence suggests the secondary use of this funerary structure, although the possible presence of primary depositions at some point of its life cannot be overruled. Comparison with other tholos/tholoi type structures made it possible to record differences in demographic, morphological and pathological features between coeval populations.
Neste trabalho, os ossos humanos recuperados do Sepulcro I, foram analisados numa perspectiva bio-arqueológica com o objectivo de contribuir para uma melhor compreensão dos indivíduos do Neolítico Final / Calcolítico, que usaram o Complexo Arqueológico dos Perdigões (Reguengos de Monsaraz, Portugal) como local de enterramento e suas atitudes em relação à morte. Para atingir este objectivo, 4 linhas de investigação foram definidas: (I) a análise dos restos humanos exumados do Sepulcro I, a fim de caracterizar os aspectos demográficos, morfológicos e patológicos dos indivíduos exumados (II) com base nos dados de antropológica biológica e do registo arqueológico, identificar regras e atitudes funerárias através de um estudo da concepção e forma de deposição de restos humanos, da organização do espaço interno do túmulo, das evidências de ritualização e dos sinais de gestão do próprio espaço funerário (III) compreender de que forma as práticas mortuárias específicas identificadas no Sepulcro I se encaixam nas práticas funerárias conhecidas para o sítio arqueológico dos Perdigões (IV) e compreender como o Sepulcro I se enquadra no contexto da utilização de outros monumentos funerários tipo-tholos conhecidos para o sul de Portugal. O Sepulcro I é uma estrutura funerário tipo-tholos do Complexo Arqueológico de Perdigões, datada da primeira metade do 3º milénio AC e escavada entre 1997 e 2001. A amostra encontrava-se em mau estado de conservação e muito fragmentada, e os elementos esqueléticos foram encontrados completamente desarticulados. Alterações tafonómicas de origem antrópica e natural foram factores limitantes do estudo. Foi aplicada uma dupla abordagem ao estudo da amostra esquelética da Perdigões. Primeiro, o monumento foi estudado de acordo com as fases arqueológicas definidas após o trabalho de campo, que procuravam compreender possíveis usos diferenciados do túmulo ao longo do tempo. A amostra esquelética foi depois estudada como um todo, independentemente das fases de uso. Os dados obtidos através desta última abordagem foram utilizados para o estudo subsequente. Este incluiu a caracterização antropológica e a identificação de potenciais padrões nas práticas mortuárias da amostra esquelética e para posterior comparação do Sepulcro I com outras estruturas funerárias dentro e fora do Complexo Arqueológico dos Perdigões. Ambas as abordagens refletem a mesma realidade: o uso coletivo deste túmulo para a deposição de restos humanos de indivíduos de ambos os sexos e de todas as idades. Um total de 61926 fragmentos de osso e 1579 dentes foram estudados para o Sepulcro I. A abordagem paleodemográfica estimou um NMI de 103 para esta estrutura: 55 adultos e 48 não adultos (menos de 15 anos de idade). Os resultados mostraram que ambos os sexos se encontravam representados. A análise dos dados paleomorfológicos, muito limitada pelas condições da amostra, apresentou poucos resultados. As patologias orais mais frequentemente representadas para dentes permanentes são o tártaro, identificado em 20,6% dos dentes analisados (289/1399) e as hipoplasias do esmalte dentário, observadas em 10,4% (143/1369) da amostra dentária. O desgaste médio dos dentes era baixo: 1,9 (n=1428) muito próximo do nível de desgaste obtido para a dentição decidual: 1,8 (n = 84). As lesões cariogénicas foram identificadas em apenas em 0,5% dos 1406 dentes permanentes observados e a perda de dentes antemortem foi identificada em 5,3% (n = 29/539) dos alvéolos observáveis. Alterações patológicas do esqueleto estavam principalmente relacionadas com a doença articular, encontradas sobretudo nos ossos dos membros superiores e inferiores e na coluna vertebral. A presença de entesopatias foi mais comumente encontrada nos membros inferiores e nos ossos dos pés. Foram identificadas algumas evidências de outras doenças infecciosas, congénitas, metabólicas e traumáticas, mas em baixas frequências. No entanto, a raridade de algumas destas patologias para contextos pré-históricos deve ser destacada, como o provável caso de Hiperostosis Frontalis Interna identificado num indivíduo da Fase 2C. A análise do uso da câmara para deposições funerárias ao longo das diferentes fases revelou que diferentes áreas físicas foram usadas para deposições de restos humanos e artefactos. Em termos de Antropologia Funerária, o Sepulcro I constitui-se como um local de enterramento onde ocorreu uma intensa manipulação dos restos humanos. Não foram identificadas conexões anatómicas e as evidências sugerem o uso secundário desta estrutura funerária, embora a possível presença de deposições primárias, em alguma fase da sua utilização, não possa ser rejeitada. A comparação com outras estruturas do tipo tholos permitiu registar diferenças demográficas, morfológicas e patológicas entre populações contemporâneas e esclarecer a presença potencial de rituais funerários diferenciados ocorrendo ao mesmo tempo em diferentes regiões.