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1
Hussain, AKM Ghulam, Abu Shara Shamsur Rouf, Shafiun Nahin Shimul, Nigar Nargis, Tara Mona Kessaram, Syed Mahfuzul Huq, Jagdish Kaur, Md Khairul Alam Shiekh und Jeffrey Drope. „The Economic Cost of Tobacco Farming in Bangladesh“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, Nr. 24 (17.12.2020): 9447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249447.
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The extent of tobacco cultivation remains substantially high in Bangladesh, which is the 12th largest tobacco producer in the world. Using data from a household survey of current, former, and never tobacco farmers, based on a multi-stage stratified sampling design with a mix of purposive and random sampling of households, this study estimated the financial and economic profitability per acre of land used for tobacco cultivation. The environmental effects of tobacco cultivation on land and water resources were estimated using laboratory tests of sample water and soil collected from tobacco-cultivating and non-tobacco cultivating areas. The study finds that tobacco cultivation turns into a losing concern when the opportunity costs of unpaid family labour and other owned resources, and the health effects of tobacco cultivation are included. Tobacco cultivation poses a significantly high environmental cost that causes a net loss to society. Nevertheless, the availability of unpaid family labour and the options of advanced credit as well as a buy back guarantee from the tobacco companies attract farmers to engage in and continue tobacco cultivation. Therefore, supply side interventions to curb the tobacco epidemic in Bangladesh need to address major drivers of tobacco cultivation to correct the wrong incentives and motivate tobacco farmers to switch to alternative livelihood options.
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Hong, Lin, Jia Yi und Zhai Xujun. „Theoretical Logic of the Cultivation of New Professional Farmers in Tobacco Planting Industry in the New Era“. Tobacco Regulatory Science 7, Nr. 5 (30.09.2021): 2613–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18001/trs.7.5.1.31.
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In the new era, new professional farmers are the new force to realize the modernization of rural agriculture, innovating the theoretical logic of cultivating new professional farmers is the inherent requirement to improve the quality and efficiency of cultivating new professional farmers. Due to the particularity of tobacco planting methods, On the basis of explaining the connotation of the cultivation of new professional farmers in tobacco planting industry and based on three theoretical foundations, this paper probes into the internal logic of the cultivation of new professional farmers, and constructs the theoretical framework of the cultivation of new professional farmers in tobacco planting industry. This will have important theoretical significance and practical value for speeding up the process of cultivating new professional farmers in tobacco planting industry, ensuring the quality of cultivating new professional farmers, and promoting the increase of farmers’ income and the development of modern agriculture.
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Mim, Niamah Atya, Shaikh Shamim Hasan, Muhammad Ziaul Hoque, Minhaz Ahmed und Prabin Chakma. „Tobacco Farmers’ Perceptions of Unsafe Tobacco Cultivation and Its Effect on Health and Environment: A Case of Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh“. Clean Technologies 6, Nr. 2 (08.05.2024): 586–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol6020031.
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As the environment is severely harmed by tobacco (like growing, processing, production, and disposal), the study was set forth to determine the tobacco cultivation status and perceptions of the tobacco farmers toward the environmental and health hazards of tobacco farmers due to tobacco cultivation. We conducted the study in Lama Upazila, Bandarban Hill District, Bangladesh. The survey method was applied to collect the necessary data, utilizing a pre-structured interview schedule, from 242 tobacco farmers who were selected randomly. The study’s results portrayed that the average tobacco cultivation farming experience of the farmers was about 10 years, and the farmers occupied about 0.97 acres of land for cultivating tobacco, while 81% of the tobacco farmers utilized the plain lands for cultivating tobacco, although the study area was a hilly one. A huge amount of fuel wood (average 5390 kg) was required for the curing of tobacco leaves. The farmers produced about 2 MT of tobacco per year and earned about BDT 89,066 (USD 810) from this production. Given that 77% of the tobacco farmers in the research area felt that tobacco production increased the risks to the environment and tobacco farmers health, their opinions ranged from somewhat to highly favorable, which meant they were concerned about the environment and health hazards. The research’s findings provide useful background knowledge on the detrimental effects of Bangladesh’s tobacco farming.
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Rahman, Md Zulfiquer, Muhammad H. Kabir, Md Mahbubul Alam und Saiful Islam. „Determinants of tobacco cultivation in Kushtia district, Bangladesh“. International Journal of Agricultural Extension 7, Nr. 3 (11.01.2020): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/ijae.007.03.2977.
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The study was undertaken to assess the extent of the area used for tobacco cultivation and to determine some selected characteristics of tobacco farmers that significantly influence farmers’ cultivation of tobacco. The selected characteristics were- age, education, farm size, annual income, tobacco cultivation experience, family labor, time spent in tobacco cultivation, profitability, agent contact, input availability, level of pest infestation and market security perception. The study was conducted at three villages of Mirpur upazilla under Kushtia district with the help of an interview schedule from September 12 to October 3, 2018. Twenty-five percent (25%) of the farmers were randomly selected from a population of 424 tobacco farmers. Out of the total population, 106 tobacco farmers were selected as the sample of the study. Multiple linear regressions were used in order to identify the important factors for tobacco cultivation. The findings also revealed that age, education, annual income, family labor and agent contact have a significant positive contribution to tobacco cultivation. Therefore, to reduce tobacco cultivation area coverage by the farmers, the policy should be made by giving emphasize on the significant factors.
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Mahmoud, Bakhtyar Saaid. „The portray of The Cultivation of Tobacco in Sulaymaniyah Province in Peshkawtin Newspaper (1920-1922)“. Twejer 4, Nr. 1 (Mai 2021): 503–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31918/twejer.2141.12.
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Peshkawtin Newspaper issued during British Rule in Sulaymaniyah Province between 1920 and 1922. This newspaper is considered the first Kurdish newspaper in Southern Kurdistan. The newspaper published articles about several different subjects during this period. This paper emphasizes on the portrayal of cultivation of tobacco in Sulaymaniyah province in Peshkawtin Newspaper. It has been divided into three chapters. The first chapter is about the definition of Peshkawtin Newspaper. We believe the definition of the newspaper is necessary because we are studying part of the newspaper. The second chapter analyses the British agricultural policy in the region in general especially its policy on the cultivation of tobacco in Sulaymaniyah Province. The chapter also emphases on the reasons why the British rule promoted tobacco cultivation. The last chapter is about the portrayal of cultivation of Tobacco in Sulaymaniyah province in Peshkawtin Newspaper. The chapter presents and analyses the articles which were published in the newspaper about the cultivation of the tobacco and the situation of agriculture in Sulaymaniyah province. The tobacco cultivation was widely covered by the newspaper. Many articles were written about the cultivation of tobacco in the newspaper. It can be said that the British rule issued the newspaper because of the importance of tobacco cultivation because the British wanted to promote their economic interests in the region.
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Bin Salam, Md Tareq, SM Shahriar Zaman, SM Tanzim Hossen und Md Asaduzzaman Nur. „Environmental Degradation due to Tobacco Cultivation in Northern Bangladesh“. Dhaka University Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences 9, Nr. 2 (10.08.2021): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujees.v9i2.55086.
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A field study was conducted in Northern Bangladesh, Rangpur district to observe the impact of tobacco cultivation on the environment as well as to characterize contributing factors motivating tobacco cultivation. Information was collected from the tobacco cultivators by a questionnaire survey that was conducted in four mostly tobacco cultivated upazilas, namely Badargonj, Taragonj, Rangpur Sadar, Gangachara of Rangpur district. Information from non-tobacco cultivators was also collected from Mithapukur Upazila. Survey findings revealed that 62.16% of respondents believed that soil productivity is decreasing in the tobacco field and 70.27% of tobacco farmers were using more chemical fertilizer per year than the previous years. More than half (54.05%) of respondents reported that tobacco is replacing native food crops. Moreover, 51.30% of tobacco farmers were facing various health hazards due to tobacco cultivation. The present study also investigated that 97.14% of farmers got a high benefit along with 89.19% of respondent’s availed organizational support from tobacco marketing companies. The overall satisfaction rate with the price was 80.56%, which was the main contributory factor for tobacco cultivation in the study area. The survey results also identified that farmers from Mithapukur Upazila gave up tobacco cultivation due to health hazards and unnecessarily underestimating the grade of tobacco leaf by the buyer company. The Dhaka University Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vol. 9(2), 2020, P 19-26
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Nayak, Nayanatara. „Alternatives to Flue Cured V irginia Tobacco Cultivation: Preliminary Observations from a Tobacco Growing Region In India“. Current Agriculture Research Journal 3, Nr. 1 (23.06.2015): 26–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.3.1.05.
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Flue Cured Virginia (FCV) tobacco also known as cigarette tobacco is a commercial crop grown in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Orissa and Maharashtra states in India. Tobacco is considered a de-merit good because of its adverse effects on the health of the consumers and there is growing concern to replace tobacco with suitable alternative crops and livelihoods in tobacco growing regions. The main purpose of undertaking this study is to make a situation analysis of the tobacco growing region with respect to cropping pattern, background of farmers growing different crops, their perceptions on tobacco cultivation, institutional benefits available for growing tobacco and, to identify economically viable alternate crops for FCV tobacco if any and examine the factors governing their adoption. The review of literature and this study suggest that farmers are interested or willing to shift from tobacco. But, this willingness is conditional or is responsive to fulfillment of demands. Although there are alternatives that are being tried out, they are backed by huge investment in infrastructure. Studies in Tanzania, Bangladesh and India reveal that institutional support is the main factor inducing continuation of tobacco cultivation. Based on the net returns per unit of cultivation, this study indicates the possibilities of promoting ginger, chilly, sugarcane and plantation crops as alternatives to tobacco. In the case of alternative livelihoods, we could not find any instances of other remunerative livelihoods taken up by tobacco growers and non tobacco growers on large scale from the sample covered in this study. The earnings from livestock rearing, which is one of the subsidiary occupations reported by farmers is at subsistence level and cannot be compared with earnings from tobacco cultivation. As observed from the field and noted from secondary sources, FCV tobacco crop in India is like a pampered child. Its cultivation is profitable because of the domestic and international demand and institutional support extended towards its cultivation. In this background the cultivation of other crops cannot be left to the providence of natural factors. Shifting from tobacco may be possible only if similar treatment on par with tobacco is given to selected alternative crops expected to get comparable returns.
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Erdokesko, Ekaterina Aleksandrovna. „The development of tobacco cultivation in Tauride Province in the late XIX – early XX centuries“. Исторический журнал: научные исследования, Nr. 5 (Mai 2021): 158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2021.5.36558.
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The subject of this article is the tobacco cultivation in Tauride Province in the late XIX – early XX centuries. The author provides information on the amount of land allocated for tobacco cultivation, types of tobacco, tobacco plants and their owners, manufactured tobacco products, as well as retail of tobacco products. An overview is given to the factors that affected the demand for tobacco products in this historical period and uneven level of tobacco production. The article leans on the vast array of sources, including archival materials from the State Archive of the Republic of Crimea and the Russian State Historical Archive, statistical data, as well as reference material. The scientific novelty consists in the attempt to give a broader picture of tobacco production in the territory of Tauride Province, as this topic did not receive due attention within the Russian historiography. The conclusion is made that the second half of the XIX century marks a breakthrough in the development of tobacco cultivation in Tauride Province, associated with the legislative acts on taxation, as well as construction of new transport routes. This turned tobacco cultivation into one of the leading segments of agriculture in Yalta, Simferopol and Feodosia Uyezds, which have the most favorable natural and climatic conditions for the development of this industry. However, significant decline in the number of tobacco farmers was observed by the beginning of the XX century, as well as the acres of land allocated for tobacco cultivation. This was caused by unfavorable conditions for retail of tobacco products, decrease in yield capacity, quality of tobacco, as well as excess of supply over demand for tobacco products.
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King, Michael. „Policing the illicit trade of tobacco in Australia“. Journal of Financial Crime 26, Nr. 1 (07.01.2019): 146–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-12-2017-0121.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to identify factors that have led to the rebirthing of the illicit cultivation of tobacco in Australia known as chop-chop. Limited research has been conducted on the Commonwealth policing of tobacco-related criminal activity, but no prior studies have investigated domestic cultivation since the tobacco farming ceased legal production. Design/methodology/approach To fill the void of the literature, this study used data collected from Australian Government publications, court cases and newspapers to develop an understanding of the financial aspects and policing of the rebirth of chop-chop. Newspaper articles for a range of publications for a two-year period were used to examine policing efforts to disrupt criminals engaged in domestic cultivation of tobacco. Findings As tobacco was first legally grown in Australia, authorities have always faced the problems associated with the illicit cultivation of tobacco. Findings indicate that as a result of the increased number of successful interception of illicit tobacco at the border, the domestic cultivation of chop-chop is growing as criminal enterprises find alternative means to fund their activities. Originality/value The paper improves upon a neglected topic by offering a current contribution to a topic looking at the illicit tobacco, chop-chop trade.
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Suma, Asmaul Hosna, Md Sirajul Islam, Md Rafsan Jamil, Md Humayun Kabir und Utpol Kumar. „Impact of tobacco cultivation on soil and human health in the agricultural ecosystem at Tangail region of Bangladesh“. International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 12, Nr. 2 (24.01.2023): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v12i2.64025.
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The study was conducted to determine the impact of tobacco cultivation on soil and human health in the agricultural ecosystem at Bhuapur and Kalihati upazila of Tangail region from January to December 2019. Among them, 40 soil samples were collected, each 20 from Kalihati and Bhuapur Upazila. Among 20 samples, every 10 samples were collected from tobacco and non-tobacco land at a depth of 0 to 15 cm in Bhuapur, 0 to 15 and 15 to 30 cm in Kalihati Upazila. The soil pH, organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), available sulfur (S), available zinc (Zn), exchangeable potassium (K), exchangeable magnesium (Mg) and exchangeable calcium (Ca) were analyzed in the laboratory of Soil Resource Development Institute (SRDI), Tangail. In Kalihati Upazila, tobacco land showed significantly higher content of OM, available N, available P, available Zn, exchangeable K and exchangeable Mg, whereas pH was low in non-tobacco land. Surface soil (0 to 15 cm) and tobacco land showed significantly higher content of S than sub-surface (15 to 30 cm) soil and non-tobacco land. On the other hand, there was no significant variation between tobacco and non-tobacco land on soil properties in Bhuapur Upazila. In both Upazilas, all the nutrients except exchangeable Ca and Mg were lower than optimum in tobacco and non-tobacco land, which was unsuitable for crop cultivation. The cost of production was higher in tobacco land than in non-tobacco land in both Upazilas. About 36% of farmers informed that they were suffering from various diseases due to tobacco cultivation and curing. Tobacco cultivation in these areas degrades soil health and the agricultural ecosystem and releases nicotine into the environment, hampering food safety and human health. The study indicated that tobacco cultivation should be replaced by other crops to protect soil quality and human health. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 12(2): 27-35, December 2022
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Lisuma, Jacob B., Ernest R. Mbega und Patrick A. Ndakidemi. „The Effects of Cultivating Tobacco and Supplying Nitrogenous Fertilizers on Micronutrients Extractability in Loamy Sand and Sandy Soils“. Plants 10, Nr. 8 (04.08.2021): 1597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081597.
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This research was conducted to evaluate the trends of the extractable micronutrients boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) in soils differing in textures and collected before tobacco cultivation, and in after unfertilized and fertilized (N10P18K24 and CAN 27%) plots. The soils and tobacco leaves were assessed on the contents of the micronutrients after unfertilized and fertilized tobacco cultivation. In soils, tobacco cultivation with fertilization increased the extractable Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn by 0.10, 11.03, 8.86, and 0.08 mg kg−1, respectively, but decreased the extractable B by 0.04 mg kg−1. The effects of fertilization increased the extractable Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn by 0.14, 14.29, 9.83, and 0.24 mg kg−1, respectively, but decreased B by 0.08 mg kg−1. The combination effects of tobacco cultivation and fertilization increased the extractable Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn by 0.24, 25.32, 18.69, and 0.32 mg kg−1, respectively, but decreased the extractable B by 0.12 mg kg−1. The results revealed that the solubility of the extractable Zn, Mn, Cu, and Fe in soils were increased by both tobacco and fertilization, but the extractable B was decreased. The fertilization of the studied soils with NPK + CAN fertilizers significantly increased the concentration of the extractable micronutrients in tobacco leaves. Based on the findings of this study, further research must be conducted to investigate the effects of tobacco cultivation on soil health and fertility beyond considering only soil pH, SOC, micronutrients, and macronutrients. These studies should include the relationship between soil fertility (pH, texture, CEC, base saturation, etc.), micronutrients, and agronomic practices on the effect of tobacco cultivation on the extractability of B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn.
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Nasution, Pangeran Putra Perkasa Alam, Heddy Shri Ahimsa-Putra und Bambang Hudayana. „Tobacco Cultivation Regimentation: An Ethnographic Treatise from Pagergunung Village, Bulu, Temanggung“. Jurnal Antropologi: Isu-Isu Sosial Budaya 25, Nr. 2 (28.12.2023): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jantro.v25.n2.p183-193.2023.
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Indonesia, as the sixth largest tobacco-producing country in the world, has participated in the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) by issuing compromise regulations through Government Regulation (PP) No. 109 of 2012. This regulation regulates restrictions on tobacco production and distribution of products made from tobacco raw materials. Furthermore, PP No. 109 of 2012 determines the increases in tobacco excise rates and the determination of limits on nicotine levels also sparked unrest among tobacco farmers in the Temanggung area. This article attempts to explain the insistence of farmers, especially in the eastern slope of Mount Sumbing, Pagergunung Village, Bulu District, Temanggung, in maintaining tobacco cultivation even though they are faced with an anti-tobacco campaign from the FCTC. The continued cultivation of tobacco can be understood as a form of regimen of cultivated plants. This article is an anthropological study with a regimentation theoretical perspective and ethnographic approach as a research method which presents the research results. From this research, it is known that the cultivation regimen is controlled by mythology, tobacco trade tricks, and the pretext of tradition as a socio-cultural surplus.
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ISKANDAR, JOHAN, BUDIAWATI S. ISKANDAR, AZRIL AZRIL und RUHYAT PARTASASMITA. „The practice of farming, processing and trading of tobacco by Sukasari people of Sumedang District, West Java, Indonesia“. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 18, Nr. 4 (07.10.2017): 1517–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d180429.
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Iskandar J, Iskandar BS, Azril, Partasasmita R. 2017. The practice of farming, processing and trading of tobacco by Sukasari people of Sumedang District, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 18: 1517-1527. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L) is an original crop of Cuba, Latin America, discovered by Christoper Columbus in 1492 and introduced to Europe. Moreover, it was distributed to Asia countries, including Indonesia. Local people of Sukasari village, Sukasari sub-district, Sumedang district, West Java, has cultivated tobacco for a long time, since the Dutch colonial, based on local ecological knowledge transmitted by inter-generations. As a result, local people of Sukasari village have rich knowledge on the tobacco. Nowadays, however, since the agricultural lands as well as tobacco farmers have decreased, the local ecological knowledge of the Sukasari people have eroded. This paper elucidates the local ecological knowledge of Sukasari people, Sumedang District of West Java on landraces, cultivation, process, and local trading of tobacco. The method used in this study was qualitative with descriptive analysis applying the ethnoecological approach. The result of the study showed that the Sukasari people have predominantly cultivated four landraces of the tobacco. The cultivation of tobacco include the selecting of seeds, nursery, preparing land, planting, caring, harvesting and processing of tobacco products, requiring diligent efforts and high skill. Today, the cultivation of tobacco has many constrains, such as climate anomalies, decrease of agricultural lands, and the lack of finance; consequently, the tobacco farmers have less enthusiasm to cultivate the tobacco. As a result of decreaase of tobacco cultivation, the local ecological knowledge of the Sukasari people has eroded and may extinct in the near future.
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Talukder, Ashis, Iqramul Haq, Mohammad Ali und Jeffrey Drope. „Factors Associated with Cultivation of Tobacco in Bangladesh: A Multilevel Modelling Approach“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, Nr. 12 (15.06.2020): 4277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124277.
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An increasing number of studies provide evidence on the serious negative consequences of tobacco farming on economic livelihoods, human health and the environment. There is, however, only limited research on tobacco farming in Bangladesh, a significant producer of tobacco leaf. It is not yet well understood why many farmers choose to grow tobacco considering the challenging context. Accordingly, this study examines the factors that influence farmers’ decisions to grow tobacco in Bangladesh. Socio-demographic and economic information was collected from 220 tobacco farmers and 117 non-tobacco farmers from the major tobacco-growing district of Kushtia, for a total sample of 337. These farmers were recruited from two sub-districts (or upazilla—Daulatpur and Mirpur) using a stratified random sampling. A two-level logistic regression model was applied for the identification of the variables that condition farmers’ decisions to cultivate tobacco leaf. Almost two-thirds of the sampled farmers (65.3%) chose to farm tobacco. The results demonstrate that the following variables shape most farmers’ decisions to cultivate tobacco: older age, less education, tobacco firms’ short-term financial support of growing tobacco, greater ease of selling tobacco products at market, better access to credit (also provided by the tobacco companies), and farmer’s perception about higher profits from tobacco cultivation compared to other crops. This study strongly suggests that the government and others working on tobacco control should consider engaging in initiatives to increase farmers’ education, perhaps particularly for older farmers, and provide meaningful financial support in part by helping to increase access to credit and ensuring a better market facility to sell their other healthier agricultural crops, goods and services.
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Nursamsi, Nursamsi, und Muhammad Syahfitra. „SUITABILITY ANALYSIS OF TOBACCO CULTIVATION TECHNIQUE IN NAGARI BARUAH GUNUNG“. JERAMI : Indonesian Journal of Crop Science 6, Nr. 1 (31.12.2023): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jijcs.6.1.21-25.2023.
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The problem with tobacco farmers in Nagari Baruah Gununang is a productivity. Tobacco productivity is below national productivity due to cultivation techniques that do not comply with standards. The research method uses suitability analysis to assess the level of suitability of cultivation techniques used by farmers in Nagari Baruah Gunuang. The level of suitability is analyzed using check sheet based on a likert scale by comparing farmers actual and standards cultivation. The research results show that suitability level of tobacco cultivation technique is 70%. This means that the cultivation techniques used by farmers are still classified as almost in accordance with standards. The stages of cultivation that do not meet standards are planting; fertilization; and weeding, watering and loosening. The problems that cause non-compliance with this standard are close spacing of plants, lack of use of manure and dolomite, inappropriate dosage and type of chemical fertilizer, and insufficient watering and irrigation.
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Prasetyo, Rahadian Adi, und Ronny Mulyawan. „Perencanaan Penggunaan Lahan Untuk Pengembangan Budidaya Tembakau di Kabupaten Temanggung“. Berkala Ilmiah Pertanian 6, Nr. 1 (11.02.2023): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/bip.v6i1.36983.
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Tobacco is one of the importan commodities in Temanggung Regency. Temanggung’s tobacco has a nicotine content from 3 – 8%, so it is used as one of the main flavoring ingredients in manufacture of cole cigarettes. The rapid development of tobacco cultivation land in Temanggung Regency was not followed by site selection according to land capability class and land suitability. The aim of this study were to, 1) calculate the aviability of land for the development of tobacco cultivation, 2) determine the land suitability class for tobacco cultivation. The matching method is use in land suitability class. Extensification of tobacco cultivation land in temanggung regency can be carrie out on land with suitability class S3 (according to marginal) covering an area of 17.490,90 ha, covering a dry area of 11.975 ha; rainfed rice fields 3.622,9 ha; and shurbs 1.893 ha . Actual land suitability class of land aviable, among others S3na (8.293,98 ha), S3nr,na (3.621,96 ha), S3rc,na (2.389,78 ha), S3tc,nr,na (1.014,93 ha), S3tc,na (787,04 ha), S3tc (402,73 ha), S3tc,nr (343,43 ha), and S3tc,rc (1,17 ha). Potential land suitability class of land aviable, among others S2na (8.293,98 ha), S2nr,na (3.621,96 ha), S3tc (2.548,13 ha), S3rc (2.389,78 ha), and S3tc,rc (1.17 ha).
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Verona, L., Supriyadi, N. E. Diana und G. S. A. Fatah. „Virginia tobacco sustainable production in Indonesia“. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 974, Nr. 1 (01.01.2022): 012116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/974/1/012116.
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Abstract In Indonesia, tobacco has a very important and strategic role. Cigarette production in Indonesia reaches 362 billion cigarettes and needs 362 thousand tons of tobacco. Meanwhile, the national tobacco production was only about 180 thousand tons of 220 thousand hectares. To cover the shortage of raw materials, imports are carried out. Types of imported tobacco are mainly Virginia tobacco which reaches 110 thousand tons, Oriental and Burley. Assuming that Virginia’s tobacco productivity reaches 2 tons per hectare, an area of approximately 55 thousand hectares is required to cover the demand for Virginia’s tobacco. Opportunities for the development of Virginia tobacco in Indonesia can be carried out in several areas. It must be covered and supported by technology and policy for tobacco development that is land suitability, varieties, cultivation technology, pest and disease control, harvesting and processing technology, and marketing. With this support, the sustainability of tobacco cultivation is expected to meet the needs of raw materials on an ongoing basis.
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Baud, Michiel. „A colonial counter economy: tobacco production on Española, 1500-1870“. New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 65, Nr. 1-2 (01.01.1991): 27–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002015.
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Examination of some aspects of the peasant economy which in defiance of the central government was based on the cultivation of tobacco. The author emphasizes the dynamics of economic change on a local level in the Cibao. Tobacco cultivation created a mercantile class in the towns, which eventually became an important social force.
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Wardhono, Adhitya, Josi Ali Arifandi und Yulia Indrawati. „The Quality Development of Besuki Na-Oogst Tobacco in Jember Regency“. JEJAK 12, Nr. 1 (10.03.2019): 190–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jejak.v12i1.15494.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the strategies for improving the quality standardization of Besuki Na-Oogst tobacco cultivation. Data sources were obtained from the results of in-depth interviews with Besuki Na-Oogst tobacco-related stakeholders. The analytical method used was the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results of the study showed that the success of Besuki Na-Oogst tobacco cultivation governance as a quality and export-oriented product was not only determined by good cultivation techniques but also needed to be supported by institutional patterns from upstream to downstream, starting from on-farm to off-farm. Trade and marketing are being the main priorities in the development of tobacco quality. Some of the top rankings in alternative strategies are the role of formal institutions in marketing followed by management of quality standards, determination of selling prices and market expansion occupying the priorities of all alternatives in the development of tobacco quality. These results are in line with the important role of quality in export commodities in particular in which quality will affect competitive advantage and ultimately improve the welfare of farmers and other tobacco farming actors.
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Zagà, Vincenzo, Francesca Marinangeli und Maria Sofia Cattaruzza. „Why and how tobacco cultivation depletes agricultural land“. Tabaccologia 21, Nr. 3 (10.01.2024): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.53127/tblg-2023-a017.
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Mi, Zou, Liu Peng und Fang Lu. „The Way of Integrating Art Appreciation Course into the Talent Cultivation of Tobacco Profession“. Tobacco Regulatory Science 7, Nr. 6 (03.11.2021): 6207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18001/trs.7.6.98.
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Integrating the art appreciation course into the talent cultivation plan of tobacco profession has become the major way for colleges and universities to implement aesthetic education. This is also one of the reform measures of public curriculum in colleges and universities in the new era. By clarifying the concept connotation and policy requirements of the art appreciation course, and combining the talent training characteristics of tobacco profession, the construction of tobacco profession can be promoted. By doing this, on the one hand, it is conducive to consolidating the talent training plan of tobacco profession. On the other hand, it can cultivate the artistic ability of students majoring in tobacco, expand their artistic knowledge, and effectively build up their aesthetic quality and artistic level. As the consequence, the talent training quality of tobacco profession can be improved.
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Synowiec, Andrzej. „Kształtowanie się ogólnopolskiej placówki naukowo-badawczej przemysłu tytoniowego – powstanie Centralnego Laboratorium Przemysłu Tytoniowego“. Prace Historyczne 148, Nr. 3 (2021): 581–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844069ph.21.038.14014.
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Formation of a nationwide research and development facility for the tobacco industry – establishment of the Central Tobacco Industry Laboratory The text presents the establishment circumstances of the first nationwide research and development institution for the tobacco industry. The need to create such an institution dealing with workings of the broadly understood tobacco industry was felt from the beginning of tobacco cultivation in Poland, and especially after the regaining of the independence. After World War II, the matter became even more urgent due to the fact that the cultivation of tobacco was of great importance for the Polish economy and the consumption of tobacco products was constantly growing. It is difficult to talk about a modern tobacco industry without a specialized research and development facility with qualified personnel of scientists and appropriate laboratories. Long-term discussions as to the form and manner of organization of said facility were crowned with the establishment of the Central Scientific and Research Institute of the Tobacco Industry in 1951. It was intended to then later be replaced with the Tobacco Industry Institute, but instead, the Tobacco Industry Research and Control Laboratory was first established in 1954 and in 1956 it was transformed into the Central Tobacco Industry Laboratory with its seat first in Warsaw and then in Cracow-Czyżyny (until 2004).
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BAUD, MICHIEL, und KEES KOONINGS. „A lavoura dos pobres: Tobacco Farming and the Development of Commercial Agriculture in Bahia, 1870–1930“. Journal of Latin American Studies 31, Nr. 2 (Mai 1999): 287–329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x99005295.
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The social and economic history of North-Eastern Brazil has largely been written as the story of slave-holding plantations. In contrast, this article focuses on the peasant agriculture of tobacco in the state of Bahia. It shows how the small-scale cultivation of tobacco for the European (mainly German) export market had already started well before the end of slavery. Tobacco cultivation gradually expanded to become the most important export product in the first decade of the twentieth century. Apart from its economic significance, the history of Bahian tobacco agriculture throws an interesting light on the social and political relations in the region. Land ownership among the tobacco farmers expanded, but most of them remained locked into ties of dependency to commercial intermediaries and large landowners. On the other hand, the latter's dominant position did not lead to a strong position for tobacco interests in the regional political arena. Finally, the tobacco producers originated in the black (ex-)slave community. This article argues that this specific ethnic make-up played an important role in the organisation of the tobacco sector and its relative neglect by regional and national politicians.
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Sukweenadhi, Johan, Chelsea Tranku, Dewi Ayu und Se-Chan Kang. „Optimizing Nicotine Extraction and Analysis Method from Tobacco Agrowaste Extract“. BIO Web of Conferences 104 (2024): 00022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202410400022.
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Tobacco cultivation is prevalent in Indonesia and contributes significantly to the economy. However, it has negative impacts on social, health, and environmental conditions. The tobacco waste generated is classified as pre-harvest and post-harvest waste, which can be utilized to extract nicotine and recycle essential nutrients. Nicotine has various biological activities and potential health benefits. The extraction of nicotine from tobacco waste is a pressing issue to provide a valuable resource for various industries and reduce the environmental harm caused by burning tobacco waste. The study optimized the HPLC conditions for the detection of nicotine, including the mobile phase composition and flow rate, using a UV detector and a C18 column. The optimal eluent composition was Acetate Buffer: Methanol: Acetonitrile with a ratio of 30:50:20, and the optimal flow rate was 0.2 mL min-1. Additionally, it was found that the nicotine content of tobacco stem samples was higher than that of tobacco dust samples. Overall, this study provides valuable information on the extraction and analysis of nicotine in tobacco samples using HPLC, which can have important implications on developing sustainable tobacco production practices to minimize the negative impacts of tobacco cultivation on social, health, and environmental conditions.
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Selfia, Yeni, Nanik Hidayati, Abdul Majid und Mei Shinta Kussetyaning Hikmah. „KONTRIBUSI USAHATANI TEMBAKAU TERHADAP PENDAPATAN RUMAH TANGGA DI DESA WUNGUREJO KECAMATAN RINGINARUM KABUPATEN KENDAL“. SEPA: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis 19, Nr. 1 (31.07.2022): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/sepa.v19i1.52832.
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<p><em>The area of tobacco plantations owned by farmers in Wungurejo Village does not guarantee the high yields produced so that it greatly affects the household income of farmers. The purpose of this study was to determine how much tobacco farming contributes to farmers' household income and what are the driving and inhibiting factors for tobacco farming in Wungurejo Village. Determination of respondents was done by purposive sampling method amounted to 38 tobacco farmers. The research phase starts from the pre-field stage, the field work stage, and the data analysis stage. This study uses a descriptive qualitative and quantitative approach. The results showed that in general the total household income of tobacco farmers was 60.53% with a total income of > 5,000,000-7,500,000 per month. Tobacco farming income gave the largest contribution, namely 58.26% of the total household income. This shows that more than half of the household income of farmers in Wungurejo Village comes from tobacco farming. Factor driving farmers in the Wungurejo to run a tobacco farm is suitable climatic conditions, the status of private land ownership, and availability of labor. While the inhibiting factors experienced by farmers such as limited business capital, lack of understanding of farmers about tobacco cultivation, and the government has never held counseling on tobacco cultivation.</em></p>
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Ji, Pingsheng, Alexander S. Csinos, Lara L. Hickman und Unessee Hargett. „Efficacy and Application Methods of Oxathiapiprolin for Management of Black Shank on Tobacco“. Plant Disease 98, Nr. 11 (November 2014): 1551–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-14-0172-re.
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Black shank, caused by Phytophthora nicotianae, is responsible for serious yield and quality reduction in tobacco production. Application of effective fungicides continues to be a viable component in developing integrated disease management programs. Experiments were conducted in 2011 to 2013 to determine the efficacy and application methods of a new fungicide, Zorvec (a.i. oxathiapiprolin), for management of black shank under field conditions. Oxathiapiprolin is the first member of a new class of isoxazoline fungicide. Application of Zorvec (0.35 liter/ha) onto tobacco seedlings 1 week prior to transplanting in conjunction with directed applications of the product at 0.7 liter/ha at first cultivation and lay-by (last cultivation) reduced black shank significantly compared to the nontreated control in the experiments conducted in 2011 and 2012. Application of Zorvec at 1.4 liter/ha through transplant water followed by directed sprays at first cultivation and lay-by at 0.7 liter/ha reduced black shank significantly compared with the nontreated control in 2012 and 2013 studies. These treatments were not significantly different (P = 0.05) in disease reduction compared to mefenoxam. All treatments involving Zorvec increased tobacco yield significantly (P = 0.05) or showed a tendency to increase tobacco yield over the nontreated control in all experiments conducted in 2011 to 2013. The results indicated that the new fungicide oxathiapiprolin was effective in reduction of P. nicotianae on tobacco.
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DRISTY, SHEIKH, SHAH AUYON, KANIZ USHA, REHANA KHATUN und MD ISLAM. „Soil Fertility Status of Major Tobacco Growing Lands of Bangladesh“. Journal of Bangladesh Agricultural University 21, Nr. 4 (2023): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/jbau.178905.
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Tobacco cultivation is associated with the destruction of soil quality, productivity, and environmental pollution. An experiment was conducted to know the soil fertility status of tobacco and non-tobacco growing soils of major tobacco growing areas (Manikganj, Kushtia, Lalmonirhat, Nilphamari, Chattogram, Rangamati, Bandarban and Khagrachari) of Bangladesh. Soil samples were examined to check the level of various nutrient components of soil like Organic Carbon (OC), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Zinc (Zn) in the Laboratory of Soil Science at Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture. Wet oxidation, Kjeldhal, Olsen, flame photometer and atomic absorption spectrophotometer methods were followed to determine the OC, total N, P, K and Zn respectively of the soil samples. Overall, the results showed a decrease in all the nutrients in the tobacco growing lands compared to non-tobacco growing lands. The amount of OC (p value 0.0271), total N (p value 0.0162) and exchangeable K (p value 0.0006) were significantly lower in the tobacco lands. The organic carbon content of both tobacco and non-tobacco land showed below standard limit (2%). The total nitrogen content of the soil samples for both tobacco and non-tobacco showed below 0.5% except the non-tobacco growing lands of Chattogram and Khagrachari. The available P and Zn content in tobacco lands also showed a decrease in compared to non-tobacco lands but statistically there were no significant differences between them. The available P and Zn content in all the soil were below 50 ppm (except Khagrachari in non-tobacco lands) which was very low. The K content was also low in the tobacco growing lands and low to medium in the non-tobacco growing lands. This result reveals the poor soil condition due to tobacco cultivation in the major tobacco growing areas of Bangladesh. So, effective measures should be taken immediately to retain the soil health.
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Huang, Youyan, Lihui Yan, Zhongfa Zhou, Denghong Huang, Qianxia Li, Fuxianmei Zhang und Lu Cai. „Complex Habitat Deconstruction and Low-Altitude Remote Sensing Recognition of Tobacco Cultivation on Karst Mountainous“. Agriculture 14, Nr. 3 (03.03.2024): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14030411.
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Rapidly and accurately extracting tobacco plant information can facilitate tobacco planting management, precise fertilization, and yield prediction. In the karst mountainous of southern China, tobacco plant identification is affected by large ground undulations, fragmented planting areas, complex and diverse habitats, and uneven plant growth. This study took a tobacco planting area in Guizhou Province as the research object and used DJI UAVs to collect UAV visible light images. Considering plot fragmentation, plant size, presence of weeds, and shadow masking, this area was classified into eight habitats. The U-Net model was trained using different habitat datasets. The results show that (1) the overall precision, recall, F1-score, and Intersection over Union (IOU) of tobacco plant information extraction were 0.68, 0.85, 0.75, and 0.60, respectively. (2) The precision was the highest for the subsurface-fragmented and weed-free habitat and the lowest for the smooth-tectonics and weed-infested habitat. (3) The weed-infested habitat with smaller tobacco plants can blur images, reducing the plant-identification accuracy. This study verified the feasibility of the U-Net model for tobacco single-plant identification in complex habitats. Decomposing complex habitats to establish the sample set method is a new attempt to improve crop identification in complex habitats in karst mountainous areas.
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Yakin, Addinul, und Rizqi Auliya’u Rahmatin. „ANALISIS KOMPARASI KINERJA FINANSIAL PETANI MITRA DAN NON MITRA PADA USAHATANI TEMBAKAU VIRGINIA DI KABUPATEN LOMBOK TIMUR OF INDONESIA“. JURNAL AGRIMANSION 24, Nr. 1 (12.04.2023): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/agrimansion.v24i1.1321.
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Tobacco is a strategic commodity with significant economic value and profitable cultivation for farmers. Establishing a business partnership is a viable approach for achieving this goal. The purpose of this study was to compare the financial performance of partner and non-partner farmers in East Lombok district tobacco cultivation. Profit, return on capital, net profit margin (NPM), and profitability are used to evaluate financial performance. All of the foregoing measures demonstrated that the financial performance of Virginia tobacco farmers who participated in the partnership program was significantly higher than that of farmers who did not participate. This is achievable due to the fact that farmer partnerships make it possible to gain knowledge and direction on optimal tobacco farming (good practices), so allowing farmers to increase their production and productivity. In addition, partner farmers have pricing certainty, allowing them to generate more earnings. As a result, tobacco growers and farmers of other commodities are encouraged to form mutually advantageous relationships with related businesses in order to increase their profitability
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Vrtoch, Ľuboš, Martin Pipíška, Miroslav Horník und Jozef Augustín. „Bioaccumulation of 60Co2+ ions in tobacco plants“. Nova Biotechnologica et Chimica 7, Nr. 1 (13.01.2022): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/nbc.1357.
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Tobacco has previously been used in investigations of metals and radionuclide uptake. This study presents determination of bioaccumulation and translocation of 60Co2+ ions in tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.) grown in Hoagland’s nutrient solution. Cobalt concentration in tobacco plants increased with increasing concentration in nutrient solution. Bioaccumulation from the initial concentration C0 = 0.96 μM Co reached 90% after 7 day cultivation. Only small amounts of Co accumulated in roots, up to 2 - 4 % were removable from roots by washing with 0.1 M CoCl2, indicating that this portion of Co is bound to the root surface in ion-exchangeable form. Tobacco roots retained approximately 2/3 of accumulated cobalt and 1/3 was transported to shoots. Autoradiography revealed that 60Co was preferentially localized in younger leaves. Prolongation of cultivation time did not change the [Co]roots : [Co]shoots ratio significantly. Relationships between growth rate, transpiration rate, uptake and distribution of cobalt in plant tissue are discussed.
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Sinatrya, Almansyah Nur, Sigit Soeparjono und Tri Candra Setiawati. „Soil Drenching with Silicon Improves the Adaptive Response of Tobacco Cultivation under Excess Water Condition“. Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 37, Nr. 2 (09.09.2022): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/carakatani.v37i2.60756.
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Tobacco variety H382 was a cigar type tobacco that has a high economic value and potential as export trade commodity in Indonesia. The development stage of tobacco was very sensitive to water stress, like the water excess. Silicon was one of the most abundant elements in earth crust and has a role in water stress reduction to the plant. The objective of this study was to determine the response of tobacco crop variety H382 with the application of silicon fertilizer to adapt in waterlogging stress condition. This study used a factorial randomized block design with first factor was silicon fertilizer (0, 0.15, 0.30 and 0.45 ml) and second factor was excess water stress treatments (50% to 70%, 70% to 90%, 90% to 110% and 110% to 130% of field capacity). All treatments were replicated three times. The results showed that the addition of 0.45 ml silicon fertilizer to waterlogged tobacco crop could escalate the adaptive response of plant to cope with stress; seen from the increasing of the opened stomata, aerenchyma formation and the chlorophyll content of tobacco crop under excess water stress compared to control. Silicon supplementation improves the water availability in root surroundings and repairs the root architecture; thus, lead to a better hydraulic conductivity of the root for water and nutrient intake. Furthermore, authors found that the application of silicon fertilizer helped tobacco crop variety H382 improve plant adaptability to deal with excess water stress.
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Kienle, Udo, Basil Manos und Thomas Jungbluth. „Alternatives to Tobacco cultivation—Towards an evidence based approach“. Land Use Policy 45 (Mai 2015): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.01.009.
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Tushingham, Shannon, Charles M. Snyder, Korey J. Brownstein, William J. Damitio und David R. Gang. „Biomolecular archaeology reveals ancient origins of indigenous tobacco smoking in North American Plateau“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, Nr. 46 (29.10.2018): 11742–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1813796115.
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Chemical analysis of residues contained in the matrix of stone smoking pipes reveal a substantial direct biomolecular record of ancient tobacco (Nicotiana) smoking practices in the North American interior northwest (Plateau), in an area where tobacco was often portrayed as a Euro-American–introduced postcontact trade commodity. Nicotine, a stimulant alkaloid and biomarker for tobacco, was identified via ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in 8 of 12 analyzed pipes and pipe fragments from five sites in the Columbia River Basin, southeastern Washington State. The specimens date from 1200 cal BP to historic times, confirming the deep time continuity of intoxicant use and indigenous smoking practices in northwestern North America. The results indicate that hunting and gathering communities in the region, including ancestral Nez Perce peoples, established a tobacco smoking complex of wild (indigenous) tobacco well before the main domesticated tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) was introduced by contact-era fur traders and settlers after the 1790s. This is the longest continuous biomolecular record of ancient tobacco smoking from a single region anywhere in the world—initially during an era of pithouse development, through the late precontact equestrian era, and into the historic period. This contradicts some ethnohistorical data indicating that kinnikinnick, or bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) was the primary precontact smoke plant in the study area. Early use likely involved the management and cultivation of indigenous tobaccos (Nicotiana quadrivalvis or Nicotiana attenuata), species that are today exceedingly rare in the region and seem to have been abandoned as smoke plants after the entry of trade tobacco.
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Indra Yuliawan und Setiawan Budi Santoso. „Potensi Tembakau Lembutan Temanggung Sebagai Indikasi Geografis Menurut Undang-Undang No 20 Tahun 2016 Tentang Merek Dan Indikasi Geografis“. Jurnal Hukum dan Sosial Politik 1, Nr. 2 (09.05.2023): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.59581/jhsp-widyakarya.v1i2.213.
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Temanggung Regency has an area of mostly highlands because it is located on the part of Mount Sindoro and Mount Sumbing. In general, these areas have lower temperatures and water is more limited than areas that are located lower, especially during the dry season. Not all types of plants can live and develop properly. One type of plant that can be cultivated with good results is tobacco. Initially, the tobacco grown in Temanggung Regency was N. tabacum var. fructicosa then became a variety that has been adapted for years to produce a specific tobacco quality. Through a special cultivation model, namely related to tillage, planting seeds, plant maintenance and fertilization, a long flat-shaped tobacco is produced with a width of approximately 0.5-1 cm. Therefore, people call it soft tobacco.
Soft tobacco which is the original cultivation of the people of Temanggung is a special attraction for kretek products so that several manufacturers mix their products with soft tobacco from Temanggung Regency. Regardless of the pros and cons of the tobacco plant itself, Soft Tobacco can have economic value so it has potential to be used as a Geographical Indication for Temanggung Regency. This writing uses a qualitative method, with a normative juridical approach, in which case the method uses a statutory and conceptual approach.
Protection of geographic indications aims to protect the uniqueness of a product, in this case, Temanggung soft tobacco from counterfeiting or improper use, while at the same time providing opportunity and legal protection to the people of the Temanggung area as producers of soft tobacco products to get maximum benefits. Therefore it is interesting to write about Soft Tobacco having the potential to become a Geographical Indication for Temanggung Regency and what is the role of the local government in making this Soft Tobacco a Geographic Indication.
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Li, Cong, Zhijun Chen, Yuan Zhou, Bin Wei und Xueqiao Wu. „A Study of the Economic and Social Effects and Countermeasures of Guizhou Tobacco Business Artisan Workshops“. Advances in Economics and Management Research 7, Nr. 1 (14.08.2023): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aemr.7.1.265.2023.
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Currently, the Chinese tobacco industry is facing many problems and challenges, such as the gradual loss of competitive advantage and rapid changes in the internal and external environment of enterprises, as well as a shortage of professional talents. Starting from the crucial link between tobacco cultivation and manufacturing, this article explores and analyzes the specific operational effectiveness of the tobacco leaf craftsman studios, using the examples of the Song Guanglong Tobacco Leaf Plant Protection Craftsman Studio and the Chen Yonghua Tobacco Leaf Blending Craftsman Studio in Guizhou Province. Taking into account both economic and social benefits, the article proposes corresponding measures and suggestions.
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Wang, Di, Lin Xie, Simon Yang und Fengchun Tian. „Support Vector Machine Optimized by Genetic Algorithm for Data Analysis of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Sensors“. Sensors 18, Nr. 10 (25.09.2018): 3222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103222.
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Near-infrared (NIR) spectral sensors deliver the spectral response of the light absorbed by materials for quantification, qualification or identification. Spectral analysis technology based on the NIR sensor has been a useful tool for complex information processing and high precision identification in the tobacco industry. In this paper, a novel method based on the support vector machine (SVM) is proposed to discriminate the tobacco cultivation region using the near-infrared (NIR) sensors, where the genetic algorithm (GA) is employed for input subset selection to identify the effective principal components (PCs) for the SVM model. With the same number of PCs as the inputs to the SVM model, a number of comparative experiments were conducted between the effective PCs selected by GA and the PCs orderly starting from the first one. The model performance was evaluated in terms of prediction accuracy and four parameters of assessment criteria (true positive rate, true negative rate, positive predictive value and F1 score). From the results, it is interesting to find that some PCs with less information may contribute more to the cultivation regions and are considered as more effective PCs, and the SVM model with the effective PCs selected by GA has a superior discrimination capacity. The proposed GA-SVM model can effectively learn the relationship between tobacco cultivation regions and tobacco NIR sensor data.
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RACHMAN, ABDUL, und FITRININGDYAH TRI KADARWATI. „KARAKTERISASI DAN EVALUASI WILAYAH PENGEMBANGAN TEMBAKAU CERUTU BESUKI“. Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri 9, Nr. 1 (15.07.2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jlittri.v9n1.2003.25-37.
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<p>Pada awalnya tembakau cerutu ditanam di wilayah Jember Utara. Tetapi karena berbagai masalah tembakau cerutu berkembang ke Wilayah Tengah dan Selatan Perkembangan ke wilayah baru belum diikuli oleh penyesuaian tcknologi Akihatnya mutu belum sesuai dengan yang diharapkan. Penelitian tahun 1998 dan 1999 dilakukan di Kabupaten Jember dengan tujuan untuk memperoleh informasi tentang sifat klimatologi, lanah, kcragaan hasil dan mutu, kcragaan teknologi dan prefcrensi pasar Informasi ini akan digunakan sebagai dasar untuk perbaikan-pcrbaikan tcknologi. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode survei. Daerah pengembangan lembakau cerutu di Jember dibagi liga wilayah, I Hara, Tengah. dan Selatan. sesuai dengan pembagian yang telah disetujui oleh masyarakat pctcmbakauan di Jember. Lima desa contoh diambil untuk mewakili liap wilayah. Penetapan contoh bcrdasar tipe tanah Icrluas dan selanjulnya ditclapkan desa dengan areal tembakau cerutu terluas untuk masing-masing tipe lanah Informasi pasar diperoleh dari wawancara dengan enam eksportir terkemuka Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semua wilayah menghadapi masalah tanah berat yang sulit diolah, dan kandungan bahan organik, nitrogen dan fosfor tanah yang rendah Makin ke Selatan iklim semakin kering, bentuk lahan semakin datar, semakin linggi ketersediaan air di musim kemarau, kebutuhan pupuk nitrogen makin tinggi, dan peluang mendapatkan tembakau pembalut makin linggi. Harga tembakau wilayah Selatan tetinggi dari ketiga wilayah Untuk mempermudah pengelolaan disarankan agar wilayah dibagi dua yaitu wilayah Utara dan wilayah Tengah bagian Selatan dengan lahan bcrgelombang sebagai penghasil utama tembakau iller dan pembungkus dan wilayah Tengah bagian Selatan dan wilayah Selatan dengan lahan datar dan terscdianya air cukup, sebagai penghasil tembakau pembalut dan pembungkus.</p><p>Kata kunci: Nicotiana tabacum, lembakau cerutu, karaktcrisasi lahan, evaluasi lahan</p><p> </p><p><strong>ABSTRACT </strong></p><p><strong>Characterization and evaluation of development region of besuki cigar tobacco</strong></p><p>Ihe beginning of cigar tobacco cultivation was in North Region of Jember Regency But due to several problems, the cultivation of cigar tobacco expanded to the Middle and South Region. In the new area, the technology of cigar tobacco was not yet adapted. So the tobacco quality did not match their expectation The research was conducted in 1998 and 1999 in Jember Regency, to get information about the characteistics of climate and soil, yield and quality performance, technology display, and market preference. This information should be used as basic knowledge to improve technology for besuki cigar tobacco. The research used survey method The tobacco cultivation was divided into three regions. Five villages were taken as sampling to represent for each region. Determining samples were based on the village has largest area of cigar tobacco located in largest area of soil type of each region. Market information was achieved from interview with six expoters. The result of this research showed thai Ihe more region lo Ihe Soudi was earlier planning date, flatter land, higher water available and nitrogen fertilization, and greater opportunity to get wrapper tobacco All region faced soil problems, were soil hardly cultivated, and low of organic matter, N, and P content of soil To make management of cigar tobacco cultivation easier, il was proposed lhai the area of cigar tobacco should be divided into two regions i.e. North Region and Middle Region of Southern part with wavy land for tobacco produce iller and binder tobacco, and Middle of Nothern part and South one for tobacco produce wrapper binder tobacco.</p><p>Key words : Nicotiana tabacum, cigar tobacco, land characterization, land evaluation</p>
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Azevedo, Fernando Alves de, Francisco de Assis Alves Mourão Filho, Evandro Henrique Schinor, Luis Gustavo de Paoli, Beatriz Madalena Januzzi Mendes, Ricardo Harakava, Dean W. Gabriel und Richard F. Lee. „GUS gene expression driven by a citrus promoter in transgenic tobacco and 'Valencia' sweet orange“. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 41, Nr. 11 (November 2006): 1623–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2006001100008.
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The objective of this work was the transformation of tobacco and 'Valencia' sweet orange with the GUS gene driven by the citrus phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) gene promoter (CsPP). Transformation was accomplished by co-cultivation of tobacco and 'Valência' sweet orange explants with Agrobacterium tumefaciens containing the binary vector CsPP-GUS/2201. After plant transformation and regeneration, histochemical analyses using GUS staining revealed that CsPP promoter preferentially, but not exclusively, conferred gene expression in xylem tissues of tobacco. Weaker GUS staining was also detected throughout the petiole region in tobacco and citrus CsPP transgenic plants.
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Riquinho, Deise Lisboa, und Elida Azevedo Hennington. „Health, environment and working conditions in tobacco cultivation: a review of the literature“. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 17, Nr. 6 (Juni 2012): 1587–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-81232012000600022.
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This study presents a review of the literature published between 1979 and 2010 on health and working conditions in tobacco cultivation, with particular emphasis on the Brazilian context. A review of computerized databases (PubMed, Scopus, WilsonWeb and Bireme/PAHO Virtual Health Library - Public Health) was carried out using the following search terms: tobacco, agricultural worker health, agricultural worker disease, working conditions, unsafe working conditions, occupational risk, occupational disease, and labor force. Articles published in English, Spanish and Portuguese were analyzed. Thirty-seven articles were selected from 214 references that were initially identified. Thirty-four additional publications (reports, etc.) were also analyzed. Among the many effects described in the literature, especially noteworthy are "green tobacco sickness," respiratory disorders, musculoskeletal injuries, mental disorders, and a negative environmental impact. Very few studies have been carried out in Brazil.
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Hariyanto, Ledya Anggriani, Retno Purwandari und Alfid Tri Afandi. „Characteristics of Work Accident to Tobacco Farmers in Indonesia“. Nursing and Health Sciences Journal (NHSJ) 1, Nr. 3 (29.12.2021): 202–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.53713/nhs.v1i3.61.
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Tobacco farmers are individuals who are members of farming groups engaged in the cultivation of the agricultural sector in the form of tobacco. When carrying out tobacco cultivation activities, farmers are vulnerable to work accidents. The purpose of this research was to describe the characteristics of work accidents on tobacco farmers in Kalisat District, Jember Regency. The research design used descriptive quantitative. This research employed a purposive sampling technique, with a total of 97 tobacco farmers as respondents. The research data were collected through a demographic questionnaire and a work accident accident questionnaire. In the type indicator, it was found that 43.3% farmers often experienced incidents of being hit by immovable objects. In the object indicator, 36.1% farmers often experience accidents due to work equipment. In the indicator of the nature of the wound 26.8% farmers often experienced minor injuries and 9.3% stated that they always experienced these incidents. In the indicator of the location of the wound, farmers often experienced injuries on the hands, namely 36.1%. In the cause indicator, 66.0% farmers stated that they rarely use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). According to the results of this study, work accidents among tobacco farmers in Kalisat District are still highly prevalent. This research will be utilized as a preventative and assessment tool for public health center in the application of UKK and for PPL to develop outreach activities in order to reduce the number of work accidents.
Keywords: agricultural; tobacco farmer; work accidents; descriptive
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Hermawan, Yanuar Mahir, Subagiya Subagiya und Ato Sulistyo. „Kajian Penggunaan Debu Limbah Tembakau dan Pemberian Vermikompos Terhadap Populasi Ditilenchus pada Bawang Merah“. Agrotechnology Research Journal 1, Nr. 2 (14.12.2017): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/agrotechresj.v1i2.18890.
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<p>Shallot is a high value commodity for Indonesian people. The rate of shallot production is considered quite slow considering of the increasing population, income, and the area of shallot cultivation. On the cultivation of shallots common obstacle of Ditylenchus that cause damage to the stems and shallot bulb. The dust of tobacco and vermicompost waste is known to suppress the development of nematodes. This study aims to examine the use of tobacco ash waste and vermicompost on the population of Ditylenchus nematodes as well as the growth and yield of shallot. This research was conducted at Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret University (UNS) Surakata in August to December 2016. The study was performed using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with treatments in the form of tobacco dust, vermicompost, combined tobacco dust and vermicompost and control treatment. Data were analyzed using variance test (F test) with 5% level. If the result shows significant effect then followed by DMRT of 5% level. The result of this research showed that the use of combination of tobacco ash waste and vermicompost could decrease nematode ditylenchus population in the soil. The use of tobacco ash waste could decrease total of parasite nematode population on plant tissue. The treatment didn’t give any effect to shallot’s yield. Shallot’s yield was not influenced by the existence of nematode ditylenchus and another on plant tissue.</p>
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Wu, Xudong. „TOPSIS Tobacco Business Enterprise Based on Entropy Weight Method Cigarette new product evaluation model construction“. Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 19 (02.11.2023): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v19i.11759.
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The tobacco industry takes brand as the core of resource allocation of marketing elements, which is an innovative initiative of the decisive role of market resource allocation. Improving the evaluation system of brand specifications is a key link in promoting moderate brand competition and giving play to the core role of brand resource allocation. At present, tobacco commercial enterprises mainly draw on the brand competitiveness evaluation system, but lack of perfect new product competitiveness evaluation system, resulting in brand cultivation is not precise enough, and new product exit is difficult to market. In this paper, by interpreting the connotation of cigarette new product competitiveness of tobacco commercial enterprises, from the perspective of the whole process of cigarette value realisation, the TOPSIS model is used to construct a comprehensive evaluation model for tobacco commercial enterprises that contains three evaluation dimensions of new product development potential, market status and sales volume scale, and the entropy weighting method is used to assign weights to the seven secondary indicators, so as to provide a solid foundation for the precise cultivation of brands, the evaluation of new products and the market-oriented elimination mechanism of tobacco commercial enterprises. It provides a solid foundation for tobacco commercial enterprises to accurately cultivate brands and improve new product evaluation and market-based elimination mechanism.
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Smith, Mark H., David G. Altman und Brad Strunk. „Readiness to Change: Newspaper Coverage of Tobacco Farming and Diversification“. Health Education & Behavior 27, Nr. 6 (Dezember 2000): 708–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109019810002700607.
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Diversification, like tobacco use prevention and cessation, is an important public health concern. The multilevel patterns of tobacco dependency suggest the need for public health approaches to the “tobacco problem.” To understand how newspaper and wire service journalists cover issues involving diversification among tobacco farmers, the authors performed a content analysis of a subset of 100 articles on diversification and tobacco farming. Prochaska and DiClemente’s stages of change model was applied to the “problem behavior” of tobacco farming. Among news accounts relating to tobacco farmers or tobacco farming, print media accounts gave relatively little attention to the issue of diversification. Farmers in the sample of news accounts were generally cognizant of pressures to diversify away from reliance on tobacco cultivation but were frustrated due to obstacles to diversification such as limited diversification options and relative absence of infrastructure supports. Community leaders and policy-relevant sources generally supported diversification.
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Yola, Theodora Merryta, Dielanova Wynni Yuanita und Christine Novita Dewi. „Peningkatan Agribisnis Tembakau: Seleksi Bibit Unggul Sejak Dini?“ Jurnal Social Economic of Agriculture 12, Nr. 1 (30.06.2023): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/j.sea.v12i1.59373.
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This study intends to enhance the process of agribusiness in tobacco in Indonesia starting from decision-making to selecting tobacco seeds (superior and non-superior) until the final result of agribusiness in tobacco. This research analyzes the total costs required in the process of tobacco cultivation until the selling through tobacco collectors. The methods used are interviews and observations of 10 tobacco farmers in Kapencar village of Wonosobo regency as well as 2 tobacco collectors. The researcher conducts interviews with 5 farmers who use superior seeds and the rest who do not. The findings of this study show that the use of superior seeds results in lower cost and the profit of superior seeds is higher than that of non-superior seeds. The use of superior seeds is able to improve the quality of tobacco produced by farmers, as well as the quality of tobacco in Indonesia.
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Каргина, Лидия Николаевна, und Вера Владимировна Илюхина. „New tobacco varieties“. Magarach Vinogradstvo i Vinodelie, Nr. 4(114) (22.12.2020): 316–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.35547/im.2020.47.47.005.
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Отделом табаководства Института «Магарач» выведены перспективные сорта табака Дюбек Предгорный и Берлей 38 × Вирджиния Н, которые изучались в течение трех лет в конкурсном сортоиспытании в 4-кратной повторности. Произведена оценка данных сортов по комплексу хозяйственно ценных признаков, в качестве стандартов использовали сорта Американ 14 и Дюбек новый. Сорта Дюбек Предгорный и Берлей 38 × Вирджиния Н обладают рядом хозяйственно ценных признаков, дают высокие показатели продуктивности табачного сырья и рекомендуются для возделывания в различных зонах Крыма. Department of Tobacco Growing selected new promising varieties ‘Djubek Predgorny’ and ‘Berley 38 × Virginia N’ studied during 3-year period in compatitive varietal trial in fourfold replication. The assessment of these varieties was carried out by the complex of economically valuable traits. ‘American 14’ and ‘Djubek Novy’ varieties were used as a standard. The varieties ‘Djubek Predgorny’ and ‘Berley 38 × Virginia N’ possess a number of economically valuable traits, give high productivity indexes of tobacco raw materials and are recommended for cultivation in various zones of Crimea.
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Mukherjee, Sanchita, und U. S. Mishra. „Government Interventions on Tobacco Control in India: A Critical Review“. Indian Journal of Human Development 13, Nr. 2 (August 2019): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973703019867225.
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Tobacco use is a serious concern in India since it is one of the largest producers and consumers of tobacco in the world. With growing evidence of health hazards caused by tobacco, Government of India had enacted various tobacco control legislations. This article provides a critical review of such government interventions. It traces tobacco practices and production trends in India, and proceeds further to provide a detailed account of the history of such interventions to understand the effectiveness of such policies, and stresses on the role of tobacco companies to weaken tobacco control policies in India. This article concludes that though tobacco control has taken a long leap forward with the introduction of various legislative steps to prohibit tobacco use across the country, review of these policies shows their inadequacy not only in enforcement but also in issues related to (a) the interference of the tobacco industry, (b) issues with tobacco taxation and (c) the failure of government to rehabilitate people involved with cultivation, production and distribution of tobacco products.
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Chikkala, Kranthi Kumar. „Socio-economic Impact of Tobacco Cultivation on Dalit Agricultural Laborers“. Journal of Developing Societies 31, Nr. 1 (März 2015): 77–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x14562939.
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Isabella, Sifola Maria, Raimondi Giampaolo und Maggio Albino. „Improving the sustainability of tobacco cultivation by optimizing nitrogen fertilization“. Australian Journal of Crop Science 11, Nr. 11 (20.11.2017): 1399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.17.11.11.pne475.
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Hasan, Fuad, und Dwidjono Hadi Darwanto. „PROSPEK DAN TANTANGAN USAHATANI TEMBAKAU MADURA“. SEPA: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis 10, Nr. 1 (04.09.2017): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/sepa.v10i1.14108.
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Tobacco has an important role in the socio-economic life of the community, such as the State in the form of tax revenue and foreign exchange earnings,employment, the income of farmers, laborers, and merchants, as well as revenue. But on the other hand, under the pretext of health, development and trading of tobacco began to get legalized opposition through regulations. This has an impact on the survival of tobacco farming, which in turn have an impact on the welfare of farmers. This paper aims to discuss the prospects and challenges facing tobacco farmers inMadura. In addition, tobacco farmers face problems: marketing systems, productivity, and bargaining position. Alternative solutions are 1) reduction in acreage planted; 2) replacement of plants; 3) low nicotine tobacco cultivation; 4) diversification of derivative products; 5) optimization of the institutional.
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Bridges, David C., und Michael G. Stephenson. „Weed Control and Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Tolerance with Fomesafen“. Weed Technology 5, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1991): 868–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x0003400x.
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Research was conducted to determine the tolerance of flue-cured tobacco to fomesafen and the potential for weed control in tobacco with fomesafen. Treatments consisted of fomesafen at 0.4 or 0.6 kg ai ha–1applied pretransplant incorporated (PTI), pretransplant (PRE-T), post-transplant (POS-T), postemergence-over-top (POT), or post-directed (PD). Tobacco injury within 30 d of application was as high as 30%, but tobacco recovered and few significant differences in tobacco yield, grade index, or price were observed except where fomesafen was applied PTI at 0.6 kg ha–1. Tobacco tolerance relative to time of application was generally PRE-T = POT > POS-T = PTI. Florida pusley and large crabgrass control was > 80% for all fomesafen treatments. Yellow and purple nutsedge control was approximately 30% before cultivation.