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Toure, M. Wyatt, Fletcher J. Young, W. Owen McMillan und Stephen H. Montgomery. „Heliconiini butterflies can learn time-dependent reward associations“. Biology Letters 16, Nr. 9 (September 2020): 20200424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0424.
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For many pollinators, flowers provide predictable temporal schedules of resource availability, meaning an ability to learn time-dependent information could be widely beneficial. However, this ability has only been demonstrated in a handful of species. Observations of Heliconius butterflies suggest that they may have an ability to form time-dependent foraging preferences. Heliconius are unique among butterflies in actively collecting pollen, a dietary behaviour linked to spatio-temporally faithful ‘trap-line' foraging. Time dependency of foraging preferences is hypothesized to allow Heliconius to exploit temporal predictability in alternative pollen resources. Here, we provide the first experimental evidence in support of this hypothesis, demonstrating that Heliconius hecale can learn opposing colour preferences in two time periods. This shift in preference is robust to the order of presentation, suggesting that preference is tied to the time of day and not due to ordinal or interval learning. However, this ability is not limited to Heliconius , as previously hypothesized, but also present in a related genus of non-pollen feeding butterflies. This demonstrates time learning likely pre-dates the origin of pollen feeding and may be prevalent across butterflies with less specialized foraging behaviours.
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Chu, Hsun, Ching-chong Lai und Chih-hsing Liao. „A NOTE ON ENVIRONMENT-DEPENDENT TIME PREFERENCES“. Macroeconomic Dynamics 20, Nr. 6 (16.04.2015): 1652–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100514000960.
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In this paper we investigate the growth effect of environmental taxes when time preference is endogenously determined by environmental quality. We find that if people become more patient because of a cleaner environment, raising the environmental tax may reduce pollution and stimulate growth. Moreover, the Pigouvian principle may be inefficient in the presence of endogenous time preference.
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Trope, Yaacov, und Nira Liberman. „Temporal construal and time-dependent changes in preference.“ Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79, Nr. 6 (2000): 876–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.6.876.
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Chen, Shou, und Guangbing Li. „Time-Inconsistent Preferences, Retirement, and Increasing Life Expectancy“. Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (10.01.2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8681471.
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We study consumption behavior, retirement decisions, and endogenous growth within a dynamic equilibrium when individuals have present-biased preferences. Compared to individual with exponential preferences, individual with hyperbolic preferences will choose to retire early for present-biased preferences but to delay retirement for the initial time preference rate. We extend the benchmark equilibrium model to age-dependent survival law and solve numerically the equilibrium effects. It shows that, at the same age, the consumption-capital ratio may have slightly positive effect on increasing life expectancy before retirement but has a significantly positive effect on it after retirement.
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Lin, Chaonan, Hong-Yi Chen, Kuan-Cheng Ko und Nien-Tzu Yang. „Time-dependent lottery preference and the cross-section of stock returns“. Journal of Empirical Finance 64 (Dezember 2021): 272–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jempfin.2021.09.005.
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Baucells, Manel, und Lin Zhao. „Everything in Moderation: Foundations and Applications of the Satiation Model“. Management Science 66, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2020): 5701–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2019.3505.
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Models in which current utility depends solely on current consumption (a.k.a. time-separable preferences) are widely acknowledged to be unrealistic, especially when attempting to describe preferences over consumption rates. Alternatively, one may stipulate that instant utility also depends on a state, for example, some stock of past consumption. Escaping the gravitational pull of time separability, however, is difficult because (1) the behavioral axioms that characterize the state and the instant utility are not known, (2) how to elicit the preference parameters—most notably the initial level of the state and the decay rate—is not known, and (3) managerial applications where state-dependent preferences produce interesting insights and solutions are scarce. This paper makes advances on these three fronts by proposing a novel set of axioms that characterize the satiation model, a proof of concept on how to elicit all preference parameters using consumption rates, and a mixed-integer linear formulation to solve the optimal design of experiential services under satiation. Our preferences introduce a de-satiation motive, absent in separable preferences, and we explore how to optimally manage this motive. This paper was accepted by David Simchi-Levi, decision analysis.
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Cirillo, Cinzia, Yan Liu und Michael Maness. „A time-dependent stated preference approach to measuring vehicle type preferences and market elasticity of conventional and green vehicles“. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 100 (Juni 2017): 294–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2017.04.028.
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Gecu, Zeynep, und Kursat Cagiltay. „Mental Rotation Ability and Computer Game Experience“. International Journal of Game-Based Learning 5, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2015): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijgbl.2015100102.
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Computer games, which are currently very popular among students, can affect different cognitive abilities. The purpose of the present study is to examine undergraduate students' experiences and preferences in playing computer games as well as their mental rotation abilities. A total of 163 undergraduate students participated. The results showed a significant difference between students' mental rotation abilities in terms of their experiences and preferences in playing computer games. Moreover, 2D or 3D computer game preference was shown to be dependent on gender. This study also explores the quantity of time spent by undergraduate students playing computer games.
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Sen, Rohini, Alan L. Shields und Koichiro Atsuda. „Patient Preference for Once-Weekly Dosing in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Japan“. Journal of Health Economics and Outcomes Research 4, Nr. 1 (18.03.2016): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36469/9826.
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Background: Among several factors that impair adherence to available therapies in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the complexity of the dosing regimen. Moreover, the value of a once-weekly (QW) administration of oral medications for T2DM compared to once, twice, or thrice daily (QD, BID, TID) regimens is unclear. This study aims to identify subgroups and patient characteristics correlated with a preference for QW dosing compared to daily dosing using survey-based methods. Methods: This was a cross-sectional online survey study among patients with T2DM in Japan. Patients with T2DM were categorized into one of the three groups: (1) patients on treatment with oral hypoglycemic agent(s) only, (2) patients on combination treatment with oral hypoglycemic agent(s) and insulin, and (3) patients diagnosed with or suspected to have T2DM with no current or past experience with T2DM drug treatment (treatment naïve). Preliminary logistic regressions and classification and regression tree analysis (QW/QD dosing preferences as the dependent variable) were conducted to identify key predictors of dosing preference, followed by an evaluation of frequencies and trends in dosing preferences by the identified factors (subgroups). Results: Current treatment regimen, age, and work status were identified as the major demographic factors that were most predictive of QW preference. While, overall, 55.5% preferred QD and 33.3% preferred QW, the preference toward QW is higher in a specific cohort of patients that is treatment naïve (i.e., patients diagnosed with T2DM and/on diet/exercise therapy with no current or past experience with T2DM drug treatment) than who are on treatment, younger (age ≤64 years old), working full-time than part-time, and/or currently taking 0 or 1 drugs or more than 6 drugs (68.67% versus 30.12%). The most commonly cited reasons for QW preference were (1) “less burdensome because they didn’t have to take it every day” (47.8%), (2) “less psychological burden” (14.6%), and (3) “forget to take it less often”(12.5%). Conclusion: Patients with T2DM vary in terms of preference for dosing regimens. Daily dosing was preferred over QW dosing in the overall population, however, preference for QW was higher in younger, full-time working, treatment naïve subjects, who are/or currently taking 0 or 1 drugs or more than 6 drugs.
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Lubbers, Bart R., Mariana R. Matos, Annemarie Horn, Esther Visser, Rolinka C. Van der Loo, Yvonne Gouwenberg, Gideon F. Meerhoff et al. „The Extracellular Matrix Protein Brevican Limits Time-Dependent Enhancement of Cocaine Conditioned Place Preference“. Neuropsychopharmacology 41, Nr. 7 (29.12.2015): 1907–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2015.361.
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Foran, James M., Michael E. Williams, Joanne Willey und Mark R. Green. „Management of chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase (CML-CP) by American Hematology-Oncology Physicians (AHOP's): Diagnostic and treatment preferences after first-line imatinib (2010-2012).“ Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, Nr. 15_suppl (20.05.2013): 7046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.7046.
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7046 Background: In CML-CP there is perceived complexity in risk stratification at diagnosis, and in testing for BCR-ABL kinase domain mutation (KD mut, including T315I) at relapse. We sought to understand AHOP practices in the context of NCCN and European LeukemiaNet guidelines. Methods: Between 2010 and 2012, we studied time dependent practice preferences of n=1,335 AHOP’s using a proprietary, live, case-based market research tool. A core case scenario and variations based on available diagnostic & treatment options were constructed. Preference data were acquired using blinded audience response technology. All responses for each scenario were obtained contemporaneously prior to any display of summary respondent selections. All sources of research support were double blinded. AHOP's were presented with a scenario of 59-year old CML-CP patient, then indicated preferred management from up to 9 relevant available/emerging diagnostic or therapeutic options following relapse after 1st-line imatinib. Results: The majority of AHOP’s in 2012 either did not calculate (52%), or were unfamiliar (21%) with Sokal or Hasford risk stratification score. Diagnostic preferences following relapse from 2010-12 are noted in Table (distribution over time, p<0.0001). If T315I was then detected in scenario, we noted marked differences in subsequent treatment preference in 2012 vs. 2011, respectively: decreased AlloBMT (16% vs. 32%); & increased 2nd-line dasatinib (26% vs. 14%) or bosutinib (12% vs. 8%) vs. nilotinib (8% vs. 20%) despite lack of efficacy for each in T315I. Preference increased slightly for ponatinib (16% vs. 14%), but not for omacetaxine (2% vs. 6%). Conclusions: Most AHOP’s do not apply risk stratification. Increasing preference for KD mut panel testing at relapse conforms to guidelines, although not all AHOP’s test. Heterogeneity in T315I treatment suggests uncertainty or unfamiliarity with newer agents, and evidence-based efforts are needed to improve awareness. [Table: see text]
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Riebel, Katharina. „Developmental influences on auditory perception in female zebra finches - is there a sensitive phase for song preference learning?“ Animal Biology 53, Nr. 2 (2003): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157075603769700304.
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Abstract Song plays an important role in mate choice in oscine songbirds. Male advertising song is culturally transmitted resulting in individual- or population-specific song variants. Evidence is accumulating that female song preferences are influenced by those song variants they experienced when young, but the nature and timing of the acquisition process itself is still poorly understood. Song acquisition (as well as sexual imprinting) has been studied in more detail in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) than in any other songbird species, making it timely to review the consequences of early exposure on female song perception in this species. The current literature provides substantial evidence not only for preference learning but also for exposure-dependent perceptual fine-tuning. Sensitivity for song preference learning changes over the course of development. Preference learning does not seem to occur earlier than 25 days of age (hence paralleling the time course for song acquisition in males), but a potential endpoint is currently less obvious. However, studies so far have focussed on the outcome rather than the process of learning, and thus have not aimed at delineating a sensitive phase. Early acquired song preferences seem highly stable regardless of additional experience, which suggests a self-terminating process as previously found for sexual imprinting. There are still obvious gaps in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the process of song preference learning, but these seem worthwhile addressing, as the consequences for mate choice might differ dramatically depending on when and from whom learning takes place.
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Gera, Pradeepini, Vishnu Bhargavi Sabbisetty, Tejaswini Devarasetty, Madhusri Nukala und Navyasri Vittamsetty. „A fuzzy preference tree-based recommender system for medical database“. International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, Nr. 1.1 (21.12.2017): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i1.1.9712.
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Nowadays every online site is using personalized recommender systems to suggest a right product for the customer. But existing system has tree structures and have unrequired items in the user preferences. So, it requires high memory and time. To overcome this issue,proposed a new method with increased performance. Firstly, introduced a technique for modeling fuzzy tree-established consumer pref-erences, in which fuzzy set techniques are used to express user choices. A recommendation approach to recommend tree-dependent items is then advanced. The critical path on this study is a comprehensive tree matching method, which can compare two tree-established facts and identify their corresponding components by taking into consideration of all the records on tree structures, weights, and the nodeattributes.The proposed fuzzy preference tree based recommender system is tested using a medical dataset.
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Yu, Jiangbo Gabriel, und R. Jayakrishnan. „Multiclass, Multicriteria Dynamic Traffic Assignment with Path-Dependent Link Cost and Entropy-Based Risk Preference“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2667, Nr. 1 (Januar 2017): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2667-11.
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Challenges arise in dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) when heterogeneous users evaluate choices on the basis of multiple interrelated criteria such as travel time and travel time uncertainty. This paper proposes a density-based formulation along with a stochastic quasigradient projection (SQGP) solution scheme with the aid of a traffic simulator. Path-dependent link cost is proposed to allow for the objective function formulation and more tractable analysis. The criteria in the discussion and the case study are travel time (link-additive), monetary cost (non additive), and travel time uncertainty (path-dependent link-additive). An information entropy-based uncertainty measure is proposed because of concerns about using conventional measures such as variability and reliability. The case study shows stochastic and efficient convergence, demonstrates the ability of SQGP to bypass local optima, and exemplifies the significant effect of using path-independent and path-dependent link costs to forecast traffic pattern and toll revenue. The results also suggest that a pricing strategy aimed at optimizing travel time and reliability for different user classes should consider travel time correlations between toll segments and the adjacent no-toll segments if enumerating paths is practically infeasible.
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Li, Manman, Jian Lu und Wenxin Ma. „A Hybrid Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm for Bi-objective Time Window Assignment Vehicle Routing Problem“. PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 31, Nr. 5 (18.10.2019): 513–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v31i5.3057.
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Providing a satisfying delivery service is an important way to maintain the customers’ loyalty and further expand profits for manufacturers and logistics providers. Considering customers’ preferences for time windows, a bi-objective time window assignment vehicle routing problem has been introduced to maximize the total customers’ satisfaction level for assigned time windows and minimize the expected delivery cost. The paper designs a hybrid multi-objective genetic algorithm for the problem that incorporates modified stochastic nearest neighbour and insertion-based local search. Computational results show the positive effect of the hybridization and satisfactory performance of the metaheuristics. Moreover, the impacts of three characteristics are analysed including customer distribution, the number of preferred time windows per customer and customers’ preference type for time windows. Finally, one of its extended problems, the bi-objective time window assignment vehicle routing problem with time-dependent travel times has been primarily studied.
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Raza, Asif, Ming Zhong und Muhammad Safdar. „Evaluating Locational Preference of Urban Activities with the Time-Dependent Accessibility Using Integrated Spatial Economic Models“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, Nr. 14 (07.07.2022): 8317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148317.
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In recent years, accessibility has been considered a vital policy objective in the development of a sustainable transportation system. Accessibility can make a significant contribution to quality of life. The accessibility of desirable locations, such as households and commercial locations, is usually underpinned by land use patterns and transportation infrastructure. The accessibility of different activities is largely determined by the spatial distribution of activities and associated transport networks in a metropolitan area. In order to examine how location choice behaviors of urban activities influence urban forms and land use patterns, accessibility has been used extensively to consider the impact of both the spatial distribution of opportunities (e.g., employment or services) and the transport cost of reaching them. However, in most cases, only those static/aggregate accessibility terms that are represented by the “logsum” of all available transport modes have traditionally been used in urban transport planning and modeling analysis. In this study, according to urban activities, several Integrated Spatial Economic (ISE) models i.e., PECAS (Production, Exchange, Consumption, Allocation, System) models were developed to study the relationship between dynamic, Time-Dependent Accessibility (TDA) and the location choice behavior of urban activities in the City of Wuhan, China. The developed models were then used as tools to investigate the impact of dynamic/disaggregate short-term TDA on location choice behaviors of various urban activities such as households and commercial. Regarding the household location choice, the ISE modeling results revealed that urban households living in the downtown area of the City of Wuhan were sensitive to TDA to employment centers, especially during the morning peak time. In addition, commercial services prefer locations that offer a high level of accessibility during off-peak times. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that planning exercises, such as the development of zoning and the allocation of urban activities and public facilities, pay more attention to dynamic, short-term TDA, which is essential for urban sectors to carry out daily activities, than their static, composite accessibility counterparts.
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Bagger, Jessica, Jochen Reb und Andrew Li. „Anticipated regret in time-based work-family conflict“. Journal of Managerial Psychology 29, Nr. 3 (14.03.2014): 304–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmp-05-2012-0157.
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Purpose – The primary purpose of this research was to investigate the role of anticipated regret in time-based work-family conflict decisions. Design/methodology/approach – A total of 90 working parents responded to a decision making problem describing a time-based conflict between a work event and a family event. Participants' preference for which event to attend constituted the dependent variable. Independent variables were participants' work and family centralities. Anticipated regret for choosing the work option and anticipated regret for choosing the family option were measured as hypothesized mediators. Findings – Structural equation modeling revealed that anticipated regret for choosing the family option mediated the relationship between work centrality and preference for the family option. Similarly, it was found that anticipated regret for choosing the work option mediated the relationship between family centrality and preference for the family option. Originality/value – This article contributes to work-family and decision making literatures by studying the intersection of the two fields. Although most work-family research studies ongoing conflict, this study focuses on one decision event. The findings suggest that anticipated regret plays a significant role in how individuals resolve time-based work-family conflict.
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Lin, Chih-Long, und Si-Jing Chen. „THE INFLUENCE OF PRODUCT PRESENTATION MODE AND ACADEMIC MAJOR ON THE MOTIVATION OF HAPTIC“. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 6, Nr. 2 (25.08.2018): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2018.623.
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Purpose of the study: This study was aimed to investigate the effect of product presentation mode and education background of the subject on the willingness of touch, preferences and visual imagery.
Methodology: A total of 60 students were recruited to participate. The independent variables included product presentation mode (physical products, backgrounds removed image, scenario photo) and academic major of the subject (design major or management major). Three different kind dependent variables were measured in the study. On physical product condition, one sample was placed in front of subjects at a time. Both backgrounds removed image and scenario photo conditions, the subjects view experimental photos through a 22-inch LCD screen. They watched the sample item for 10 seconds and then were asked to assess the subjective questionnaire.
Main Findings: The study results showed that when watching a physical product, the motivation of touch was greatest. The scenario photo generated more positive feelings and resulted in higher preference rating. The willingness of touch, preference and sensory ratings of management major students were higher than design major students.
Applications of this study: The findings of this study can serve as a reference for enterprises to properly present products on web pages in order to increase consumers’ motivation to touch and preference.
Novelty/Originality of this study: This study reinforces construction of a model of motivation to touch, and find that product presentation mode significant affect motivation to touch, preference and novelty feeling.
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Friedmann, Enav, und Oded Lowengart. „Gender segmentation to increase brand preference? The role of product involvement“. Journal of Product & Brand Management 28, Nr. 3 (13.05.2019): 408–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-06-2018-1917.
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Purpose This paper aims to address the role of product involvement in the brand preference formation of men and women. Product involvement can be defined as a consumer’s motivation for product purchase that affects their information processing strategies when forming a brand preference (e.g. more automatic at low levels vs more deliberative at high levels). Given that gender differences are found to be context-dependent, it was expected that, when forming a single brand preference, men would emphasize instrumental aspects (functional and socially conspicuous utilities) and women the experiential utility of the brand only with high-involvement-level products. Design/methodology/approach A descriptive survey (n = 459) using structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis was used following an online experiment where involvement level was manipulated (n = 255) to validate the results. Findings Stereotypical gender differences appeared at high, but not low-involvement levels. Theoretically, these findings question the evolutionary basis of gender differences, as differences were not consistent at both levels. Practical implications The findings raise questions about the efficacy of segmenting by gender when aiming to increase brand preference of low-involvement products, whereas stereotypical targeting seem to be effective for increasing preference for high-involvement ones. Originality/value For the first time, the role of product involvement and gender was examined in brand preference formation. This can theoretically clarify whether gender differences are consistent or dependent on the level of involvement. This information can help in designing efficient marketing strategies for products with different involvement levels.
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Resdiansyah. „Travel mode choice preferences of urban commuters in Kuching City, Malaysia based on stated preference data“. MATEC Web of Conferences 181 (2018): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818102007.
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One aspect of Kuching City that has not progressed in tandem with the rest of the city is the public transport system, which is relatively old and almost non-existent. Transport and City planners seem to be at their wit’s end in coming up with satisfactory solutions to Kuching’s public transportation woes. In current situation, many proposals, but none have proven workable. As a result, representative buses remain a rare sight on Kuching city’s roads. To achieve a sustainable public transport industry, the old buses need to be regenerated and replaced with modern buses. The objectives of the intended study are to explore the consumer’s travel behaviour by employing mode choice modelling. Consequently, a study was conducted in Kuching City Area by using stated preference technique, analysed and compiled by using SPSS.17 multiple linear regressions analysis. In this context, discrete choice analysis was used to examine the relationship between independent variables (travel time, waiting time, fares and comfort) and dependent variables (choice of respondent whether to consume old bus or choose new bus services). A total of 2000 respondents were interviewed. The findings showed that for the trips purpose, fares and comfortability were the primary factors that reflected the decision or behaviour of the respondents asked. It was discovered that there is a significant relationship between the choice of the respondents and comfortability. It also appeared that longer travel time did not affect for the traveler’s choice at this stage. Hence, the study suggests that the local authority and the bus operators should establish a “quality partnership” and working together in order to come out with a much better and appropriate transport policy and schemes for the existing public transportation systems, especially bus services.
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Hlouskova, Jaroslava, und Panagiotis Tsigaris. „Capital Income Taxation under Full loss offset Provisions of a Prospect Theory Investor“. Public Finance and Management 20, Nr. 1 (März 2021): 45–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152397212102000103.
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In this paper we examine capital income taxation of a reference dependent sufficiently loss averse investor in a two period portfolio choice model under full loss offset provisions. Capital income taxation with loss offset provisions has been found to stimulate risk taking in expected utility models under certain assumptions about attitudes towards risk but would such effect be found under prospect theory type of preferences? We observe that the impact of capital income taxation depends on investors’ reference levels relative to their endowment income and thus we explore capital income taxation for different types of loss averse investors in terms of their ambition. We consider the less ambitious investors to be the ones with relatively low reference levels (they avoid relative losses in both periods) and more ambitious investors to be those with relatively high reference levels. We analyze two types of more ambitious investors: investors with higher time preference (who experience relative losses only in the second period under the bad state of nature) and investors with lower time preference (who experience relative losses only in the first period). We observe that capital income taxation stimulates current consumption in most cases which encourages risk taking, although the final outcome would depend on the investors’ degree of risk aversion, the rate of time preference and the tax rate in relation to certain thresholds. Current consumption could be discouraged for some ambitious type of investors that have relatively high second period reference levels but not necessary first period reference levels. in summary, to determine the impact of capital income taxation on the decision variables the reference levels in relation to endowment income play the most significant role. Ignoring reference depended preferences can lead to different conclusions for investors reaction to capital income taxation. We also find certain type of investors whose happiness level increases with capital income taxation under full loss offset provisions.
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Perali, Federico, und Luca Piccoli. „An Extended Theory of Rational Addiction“. Mathematics 10, Nr. 15 (28.07.2022): 2652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10152652.
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This study extends the rational addiction theory by introducing an endogenous discounting of future utilities. The discount rate depends on habits accumulating over time because of the repeated consumption of an addictive good. The endogeneity of the discount rate affects consumption decisions via a habit-dependent rate of time preference and discloses a patience-dependence trade-off. The existence of a steady state in which habits do not grow and its optimality are proven. The local stability properties of the steady state reveal that the equilibrium can be a saddle node, implying smooth convergence to the steady state, but also a stable or unstable focus, potentially predicting real-world behaviors such as binge drinking or extreme addiction states that may drive to death. The stability of the steady state mostly depends on the habit formation process, suggesting that heterogeneity in habit formation may be a key component to explain heterogeneity in time preferences.
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Chi, Chen. „DEPENDENT INDEPENDENCE: REFRAMING AGING AND CAREGIVING AFTER CHINA’S ONE-CHILD POLICY“. Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.3104.
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Abstract Global aging has led to substantive demands for caregiving. In China, the country’s birth control policy and recent economic downturn have exacerbated the situation. Given the decreasing care they have received, older Chinese online users 65-74 years of age from single-child families, however, have demonstrated more positive attitudes than negative ones—expressing satisfaction and speaking highly of their adult children’s filial care. Why older Chinese come to appreciate their adult children’s filial performance? Building upon the concept of “regeneration” (Cole and Durham, 2007), I propose the term “dependent independence” to highlight the mutually constitutive parent-adult children relations in China’s single-child families. Employing a relational approach to aging and care in China, I analyze online posts from China’s most populous information-sharing platform, Zhihu. As the major cause of the care crisis in China, the One-Child Policy, I argue, creates the solution at the same time by modernizing Chinese families such that new care values and preference, specifically affective bonds and independence, have become dominant. I first demonstrate that this sample of older Chinese adults have shifted care preferences from physical support to affective bonds. I then analyze their reformulation of care values from servility to older adults to adult children’s independence and individual success. Revealing the changing values and preference of caregiving and family relations in China, this paper reminds us of what kind of future we aspire to, and what kind of values we cling to no matter as an adult child or an older adult.
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Noye Tuplin, Erin W., und Matthew R. Holahan. „Exploring time-dependent changes in conditioned place preference for food reward and associated changes in the nucleus accumbens“. Behavioural Brain Research 361 (April 2019): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2018.12.031.
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Rivera, Manuel, Robertico Croes und YunYing Zhong. „Developing mobile services“. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 28, Nr. 12 (12.12.2016): 2721–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-02-2015-0052.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine and identify important attributes for mobile applications (apps) that might dictate tourist preferences for the apps on a small island destination. Guided by the Task Technology Fit (TTF) theory, the study considers the tasks performed, technology characteristics and individuals’ characteristics in determining the mobile apps attribute set. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a conjoint methodology within a case study approach framework. The conjoint analysis allows for assessing preferences from different consumers regarding the objective characteristics of products or services that facilitate the optimal design of product development. Optimal product development is a challenge for destinations, as they strive to achieve and sustain optimal market positions. Mobile apps may empower destinations in this endeavor. The case study approach imparts a context-dependent knowledge that facilitates a more nuanced understanding of consumer preference of use. Findings The results of the conjoint analysis suggest a strategic mapping of the most important attributes including type of content information, coupons and location awareness in defining apps product development. Within each attribute, the study also identifies the significant characteristics of a mobile application that are preferred by tourists. This ranking exists irrespective of familiarity with the destination (first-time and repeat visitors). Research limitations/implications The implication is that revealed preferences anchored in conjoint analysis provide a powerful approach to optimize product development in a small island destination. From a practical perspective, the findings suggest that the developments of a mobile app for a destination must concentrate on fostering spending and consider the app as a new marketing channel. From a theoretical point of view, the current study highlights the usefulness of using the conjoint analysis and the TTF theory as an overarching framework in mapping a multi-attribute decision-making space that influences tourist judgment and preference of use. The conjoint method applied in the study enables researchers to clearly identify a combination of various mobile app attributes that are most influential on tourists’ choice and preference of use. The guiding framework, TTF theory, allows the conjoint product designs to go beyond the technology characteristics to include tasks performed by tourists and their individual characteristics. Originality/value This study is the first to apply a conjoint analysis within the TTF theoretical framework in the context of a small island destination when assessing tourists’ use preferences toward mobile applications, while at the same time investigating whether any differences exist between first-time and repeat visitors. The study demonstrates that complementing the nature of the task (traveling) with context-specific interface and interactive features is an important area of inquiry that can benefit from adopting conjoint analysis.
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Dewi, Ghina Kemala, Alvi Darmawati Nur Hardaningrum, Satiti Utami und Pandu Adi Cakranegara. „The Effect of CSR, Executive Risk Preference, and Company Size on Tax Avoidance in Financial Institutions in Indonesia“. Daengku: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Innovation 2, Nr. 4 (08.08.2022): 466–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/454ri.daengku1103.
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This research aims to analyze CSR, Executive Risk Preference and Company Size on tax avoidance in Indonesia. This study is quantitative research, where the dependent variable is tax avoidance. To proxy tax avoidance, it uses a cash-effective tax rate (CETR). Independent variables examined include Corporate Social Responsibility, Executive Risk Preference and Firm Size. The sample of this study was 55 companies in the Financial Financing Institution sector, listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during period 2015-2019. This study uses purposive sampling to determine samples with predetermined criteria. At the same time, a classical assumption test is used to analyze the data. Hypothesis testing is performed using multiple linear regression methods. The results show that Corporate Social Responsibility and Company Size have a significant positive effect on tax avoidance. In contrast, there is no significant positive effect of Executive Risk Preference on tax avoidance.
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Akramov, Jamshid Doniyerovich, und Tashmuxamedova Karima Samatovna. „Viability of Small Enterprise and the Enlargement of Inward Occasion to Progression Its Capacity“. International Journal of Community Service & Engagement 2, Nr. 2 (14.05.2021): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.47747/ijcse.v2i2.239.
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This research paper argues that common growth figures are not a assure of high profitability. This observed that a number of functions of the marketplace position of companies and their owners-managers have a poor effect on profitability and boom fees, and the extent of profitability stays above the average for a very brief time. The efficiency of small companies is enormously dependent on approach preference, whilst turnover increase is specifically depending on strategy.
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Moon, Alice, und Leif D. Nelson. „The Uncertain Value of Uncertainty: When Consumers Are Unwilling to Pay for What They Like“. Management Science 66, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2020): 4686–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2019.3426.
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Do people have an irrational dislike for risk? People pay less for uncertain prospects than their worst possible outcomes, and researchers have proposed that this effect occurs because people strongly dislike risk. We challenge this proposition across seven studies. Though people seem to irrationally dislike risky prospects when preference is assessed with open-ended pricing measures, such as willingness-to-pay, people display rational responses toward risky prospects when preference is assessed using rating measures, such as ratings of expected enjoyment. This discrepancy does not seem to arise because these measures (a) focus on different components of the uncertainty, (b) rely on context-dependent versus normed scales, or (c) involve voluntarily opting into an uncertain situation. Accordingly, we find that people also display rational responses toward risky prospects with time measures (i.e., willingness-to-wait and anticipated time usage) and choice. We discuss alternative explanations and crucial implications of our effects for both theory and application. This paper was accepted by Yuval Rottenstreich, judgment and decision making.
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Foran, James M., Michael G. Heckman, Michael E. Williams, Joanne Willey und Mark R. Green. „Treatment of Higher-Risk Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) by American Hematology-Oncology Providers (AHOP's): Changes in 1st-Line Treatment Preferences Over Time in Relation to Cytogenetics & Survival Data From Randomized Studies (2006–2010)“,. Blood 118, Nr. 21 (18.11.2011): 3816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v118.21.3816.3816.
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Abstract Abstract 3816 Background: The hypomethylating agent (HMA) azacitidine (AZA) significantly improves survival compared to conventional care regimens for patients (pts) with “higher risk” MDS (including both Int-2 & High-Risk according to IPSS) (Lancet Oncol 10:223, 2009 – first presented Dec 2007); a more recent trial of the HMA decitabine (DEC) vs. best supportive care in pts with similar IPSS failed to show a significant survival advantage (JCO 29:1987, 2011 – first presented Dec 2008). Since 2006 the immunomodulatory drug lenalidomide (LEN) has been FDA-approved for treatment of anemia in lower-risk MDS pts & deletion of chromosome 5q (Del5q). However, no phase III survival data have been presented with LEN in patients with higher risk MDS, nor is it an expert consensus 1st-line treatment recommendation in higher risk setting (NCCN Guidelines 2011). We sought to evaluate the change in 1st-line treatment preference with these 3 approved agents for higher risk MDS among AHOP's from 2006–2010 in relation to pertinent survival data as it became available. Methods: Between 2006–10 we studied time dependent prescribing preferences of n=1960 AHOP's in a prospective annual research series. Approx. 330–450 individual AHOP's participated in any given year. AHOP demographic data was available from 2007–10 (n=1510); they were predominantly male (77%), working in Community setting (79% vs. 21% Academic), & in small group practice (≤5 providers −59%, including 18% “solo practice”). All regions were represented (NE 23%; SE 22%; Central 19%; SW 13%; West 23%). Most (57%) were >10yrs out from training, and only 18% were <5yrs out from training. A total sample was studied using an extensively tested, live, case-based, market research vehicle to anonymously acquire data. AHOP's were presented with a scenario of an older pt with higher risk MDS (High-Risk 2006–09; Int-2 in 2010) & specific cytogenetic abnormalities, then indicated their preferred treatment from up to 10 relevant available/emerging 1st-line therapeutic options. In each, the scenario was of a pt age 63 yrs (2006–08) or 68–70 yrs (2009–10); with symptomatic anemia & pancytopenia; no response to darbepoietin; with RAEB-2 - excess Bone Marrow blasts 11% (2006–09) to 16% (2010); complex (2006–09) or normal cytogenetics (2010); and both without and then with Del5q in same scenario (2008–10). The distribution of treatment choices was compared over time & according to Del5q status using a chi-square test. Results are shown in Table below. In NON-Del5q scenario, a clear & significant shift toward greater AZA preference by almost 2-fold (from 40% to 78%) was apparent after 2007 (P<0.0001). For same scenario With Del5q (2008–2010), treatment preferences changed significantly over time (P<0.0001), with lower 1st-line AZA and greater DEC & LEN preference (the latter >40% after 2008). In addition, a marked and significant increase in 1st-line LEN preference was observed when AHOP's were presented with the same higher-risk scenario each yr but With-Del5q vs. NON-Del5q (p<0.0001). For “Non Del 5q” vs. “With Del 5q” scenarios, p-values result from a chi-square test, testing for any difference in the distribution of treatment choices over time. *(p<0.0001) - LEN With-Del5q vs. NON-Del5q in higher-risk scenario each year, 2008–2010. Conclusions: Significant changes in 1st-line treatment preferences of AHOPs for pts with higher-risk MDS are apparent in the findings from 2008–10, the time frame following the availability of randomized phase III data demonstrating a survival advantage for AZA therapy. When the presence of a Del5q abnormality is added to the same higher-risk scenario, treatment preferences change dramatically with a significantly increased preference for LEN (despite no available ph III survival data supporting this approach) and for DEC (despite a “negative” ph III trial). These findings suggest important educational gaps concerning the available phase III survival data supporting first line prescribing preferences for patients with higher risk MDS. Efforts to address this gap via evidence-based approaches are warranted. Disclosures: Foran: Celgene: Honoraria; Xcenda: Honoraria. Williams:Xcenda: Honoraria; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Independent DSMB member, Research Funding. Willey:Xcenda: Employment; Celgene: Business relationship; Eisai: Business relationship. Green:Xcenda: Employment; Celgene: Business relationship; independent DSMB; Eisai: Business relationship.
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MOON, KWAN DEOG, PASCAL DELAQUIS, PETER TOIVONEN, SUSAN BACH, KAREEN STANICH und LEANNE HARRIS. „Destruction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by Vanillic Acid in Unpasteurized Juice from Six Apple Cultivars“. Journal of Food Protection 69, Nr. 3 (01.03.2006): 542–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-69.3.542.
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The behavior of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Granny Smith, Gala, Empire, McIntosh, Red Delicious, and Golden Delicious apple juice with or without supplementation with 5 or 10 mM vanillic acid was examined over a storage period of 7 days at 4 and 15°C. The consequences of supplementation on sensory difference and preference were also determined by triangle testing. Juices made from the six apple cultivars had pH values ranging between pH 3.13 and 3.92. Vanillic acid exerted a concentration, pH, and time-dependent lethal effect toward E. coli O157:H7 in unpasteurized apple juice. Supplementation with 10 mM vanillic acid led to a 5-logarithm reduction in populations after 7 days at both temperatures, but sensory analysis revealed significant differences from and preference for unsupplemented juices. Supplementation with 5 mM vanillic acid accelerated death of E. coli O157:H7, but population reductions ranged from 5 log CFU/ml in low pH juices to none in high pH juices, particularly at 4°C. No sensory difference or preference was detected in two of the six juices at this level of supplementation.
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Llaurens, V., M. Raymond und C. Faurie. „Why are some people left-handed? An evolutionary perspective“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, Nr. 1519 (05.12.2008): 881–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0235.
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Since prehistoric times, left-handed individuals have been ubiquitous in human populations, exhibiting geographical frequency variations. Evolutionary explanations have been proposed for the persistence of the handedness polymorphism. Left-handedness could be favoured by negative frequency-dependent selection. Data have suggested that left-handedness, as the rare hand preference, could represent an important strategic advantage in fighting interactions. However, the fact that left-handedness occurs at a low frequency indicates that some evolutionary costs could be associated with left-handedness. Overall, the evolutionary dynamics of this polymorphism are not fully understood. Here, we review the abundant literature available regarding the possible mechanisms and consequences of left-handedness. We point out that hand preference is heritable, and report how hand preference is influenced by genetic, hormonal, developmental and cultural factors. We review the available information on potential fitness costs and benefits acting as selective forces on the proportion of left-handers. Thus, evolutionary perspectives on the persistence of this polymorphism in humans are gathered for the first time, highlighting the necessity for an assessment of fitness differences between right- and left-handers.
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Dong, Fang, Xin Chen, Xingyuan Men, Zhuo Li, Yujun Kong, Yiyang Yuan und Feng Ge. „Contact Toxicity, Antifeedant Activity, and Oviposition Preference of Osthole against Agricultural Pests“. Insects 14, Nr. 9 (24.08.2023): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14090725.
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Osthole, the dominant bioactive constituent in the Cnidium monnieri, has shown acute pesticidal activities. However, its detailed toxicity, antifeedant, and oviposition preference effects against agricultural pests have not been fully understood, limiting its practical use. This study aimed to investigate the contact toxicity, antifeedant activity, and oviposition preference of osthole against three agricultural pests (Tetranychus urticae, Myzus persicae, and Bactrocera dorsalis). Our results showed that the Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson (CMC) has a high osthole content of 11.4 mg/g. Osthole exhibited a higher level of acute toxicity against the T. urticae to four other coumarins found in CMC. It showed significant pesticidal activity against T. urticae and M. persicae first-instar nymphs and adults in a dose-dependent manner but not against B. dorsalis adults. Osthole exposure reduced the fecundity and prolonged the developmental time of the T. urticae and M. persicae. Leaf choice bioassays revealed potent antifeedant activity in the T. urticae and M. persicae. Furthermore, the female B. dorsalis showed a distinct preference for laying eggs in mango juice with 0.02 mg/mL osthole at 48 h, a preference that persisted at 96 h. These results provide valuable insights into the toxicity, repellent activity, and attractant activity of osthole, thereby providing valuable insights into its potential efficacy in pest control.
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Kuhne, Michael, und Judith Wiener. „Stability of Social Status of Children with and without Learning Disabilities“. Learning Disability Quarterly 23, Nr. 1 (Februar 2000): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1511100.
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The stability of peer status of children with and without learning disabilities (LD) was examined. Thirty-eight 9- to 12-year-old children with LD were compared with a sample of children without LD matched on gender and general education classroom placement using a composite positive and negative nomination sociogram (Coie & Kupersmidt, 1983) and a Social Behavior Nomination Scale adapted from Dodge (1983). The measures were administered twice in the same school year. Findings that students with LD had lower social preference scores and were more likely to be socially rejected were consistent with previous research. Children with LD were also less likely to be seen as cooperative and leaders than children without LD. Although the sociometric measures had good test-retest reliability, the Social Preference score of children with LD decreased and their Liked Least score increased from Time 1 to Time 2 compared to children without LD. Children with LD were also seen by their peers as being more dependent at Time 2 than Time 1. Children with LD who had average social status at Time 1 were more likely than children without LD to change their social status to Neglected or Rejected social status at Time 2.
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Rozhkova, I. N., S. V. Okotrub, E. Yu Brusentsev, K. E. Uldanova, E. A. Chuyko, V. A. Naprimerov, T. V. Lipina, T. G. Amstislavskaya und S. Ya Amstislavsky. „Alterations in the social-conditioned place preference and density of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area in Clsnt2-KO mice“. Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 27, Nr. 2 (06.04.2023): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vjgb-23-14.
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The incidence of autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) constantly increases in the world. Studying the mechanisms underlying ASD as well as searching for new therapeutic targets are crucial tasks. Many researchers agree that autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder. Clstn2-KO mouse strain with a knockout of calsyntenin 2 gene (Clstn2) is model for investigating ASD. This study aims to evaluate the social-conditioned place preference as well as density of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which belongs to the brain reward system, in the males of the Clstn2-KO strain using wild type C57BL/6J males as controls. Social-conditioned place preference test evaluates a reward-dependent component of social behavior. The results of this test revealed differences between the Clstn2-KO and the control males, as the former did not value socializing with the familiar partner, spending equal time in the isolationand socializing-associated compartments. The Clstn2-KO group entered both compartments more frequently, but spent less time in the socializingassociated compartment compared to the controls. By contrast, the control males of the C57BL/6J strain spent more time in socializing-associated compartment and less time in the compartment that was associated with loneness. At the same time, an increased number of DA and possibly GABA neurons labeled with antibodies against the type 2 dopamine receptor as well as against tyrosine hydroxylase were detected in the VTA of the Clstn2-KO mice. Thus, a change in social-conditioned place preference in Clstn2-KO mice as well as a higher number of neurons expressing type 2 dopamine receptors and tyrosine hydroxylase in the VTA, the key structure of the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway, were observed.
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Sarmiento, Luis Felipe, Jorge Alexander Ríos-Flórez, Hector Andres Paez-Ardila, Pêssi Socorro Lima de Sousa, Antonio Olivera-La Rosa, Anderson Manoel Herculano Oliveira da Silva und Amauri Gouveia. „Pharmacological Modulation of Temporal Discounting: A Systematic Review“. Healthcare 11, Nr. 7 (06.04.2023): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11071046.
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Temporal discounting is a phenomenon where a reward loses its value as a function of time (e.g., a reward is more valuable immediately than when it delays in time). This is a type of intertemporal decision-making that has an association with impulsivity and self-control. Many pathologies exhibit higher discounting rates, meaning they discount more the values of rewards, such as addictive behaviors, bipolar disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders, social anxiety disorders, and major depressive disorder, among others; thus, many studies look for the mechanism and neuromodulators of these decisions. This systematic review aims to investigate the association between pharmacological administration and changes in temporal discounting. A search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct and Cochrane. We used the PICO strategy: healthy humans (P-Participants) that received a pharmacological administration (I-Intervention) and the absence of a pharmacological administration or placebo (C-Comparison) to analyze the relationship between the pharmacological administration and the temporal discounting (O-outcome). Nineteen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The most important findings were the involvement of dopamine modulation in a U-shape for choosing the delayed outcome (metoclopradime, haloperidol, and amisulpride). Furthermore, administration of tolcapone and high doses of d-amphetamine produced a preference for the delayed option. There was a time-dependent hydrocortisone effect in the preference for the immediate reward. Thus, it can be concluded that dopamine is a crucial modulator for temporal discounting, especially the D2 receptor, and cortisol also has an important time-dependent role in this type of decision. One of the limitations of this systematic review is the heterogeneity of the drugs used to assess the effect of temporal discounting.
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Syah, Resdian. „THE USE OF STATED PREFERENCE TECHNIQUE TO MODEL MODAL CHOICES“. KURVATEK 1, Nr. 1 (29.04.2016): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33579/krvtk.v1i1.205.
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Public transportation especially bus services in Kuching City, Malaysia are relatively old and most of the buses are in state of dilapidation. This gives a very bad image on Kuching city and poor perception especially from the tourists and local consumers. To achieve a sustainable public transport industry, the old buses need to be regenerated and replaced with modern buses. The aim of the study is to explore the consumer’s travel behavior by employing modal choice modelling. Consequently, a study was conducted in Kuching City Area by using stated preference technique, analyzed and compiled by using SPSS.17 multiple linear regressions analysis. In this context, discrete choice analysis was used to examine the relationship between independent variables (travel time, waiting time, fares and comfort) and dependent variables (choice of respondent whether to consume old bus or choose new bus services). A total of 2000 respondents were interviewed. The findings showed that for the trips purpose, fares and comfortability were the primary factors that reflected the decision or behavior of the respondents asked. It was discovered that there is a significant relationship between the choice of the respondents and comfortability. For the trips purpose to school, recreation, shopping and others, most of the respondents preferred to opt for scenario 5 (travel time 20 min, frequency 20 min, fare RM 2.00, and the level of comfort is good with AC system) which gave the highest demand with the percentage of 75.4%, 55.1%, 70.3% and 69.1% respectively. On the other hand, scenario 3 (travel time 30 min, frequency 15 min, fare RM 2.00, and the level of comfort is good with AC system) was chosen for the purpose of working trips with the percentage of 50.5% respectively. Thus, it can be concluded that scenario 5 is the most appropriate condition to be implemented for the future bus services to serve the consumers in Kuching city subjected to a condition whereby the bus operators need to deliver a better, comfortable and reasonable fares bus services. It also appeared that longer travel time did not affect for the travelers choice at this stage. Hence, the study suggests that the local authority and the bus operators should establish a “quality partnership” and working together in order to come out with a much better and appropriate transport policy and schemes for the existing public transportation systems, especially bus services.
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Saveer, Ahmed M., Sophie H. Kromann, Göran Birgersson, Marie Bengtsson, Tobias Lindblom, Anna Balkenius, Bill S. Hansson, Peter Witzgall, Paul G. Becher und Rickard Ignell. „Floral to green: mating switches moth olfactory coding and preference“. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, Nr. 1737 (08.02.2012): 2314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.2710.
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Mating induces profound physiological changes in a wide range of insects, leading to behavioural adjustments to match the internal state of the animal. Here, we show for the first time, to our knowledge, that a noctuid moth switches its olfactory response from food to egg-laying cues following mating. Unmated females of the cotton leafworm ( Spodoptera littoralis ) are strongly attracted to lilac flowers ( Syringa vulgaris ). After mating, attraction to floral odour is abolished and the females fly instead to green-leaf odour of the larval host plant cotton, Gossypium hirsutum . This behavioural switch is owing to a marked change in the olfactory representation of floral and green odours in the primary olfactory centre, the antennal lobe (AL). Calcium imaging, using authentic and synthetic odours, shows that the ensemble of AL glomeruli dedicated to either lilac or cotton odour is selectively up- and downregulated in response to mating. A clear-cut behavioural modulation as a function of mating is a useful substrate for studies of the neural mechanisms underlying behavioural decisions. Modulation of odour-driven behaviour through concerted regulation of odour maps contributes to our understanding of state-dependent choice and host shifts in insect herbivores.
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Mehandru, Sushil, Attiya Haroon, Avais Masud, Mayurkumar Patel, Elmer Sadiang-Abay, Eric J. Costanzo und Tushar J. Vachharajani. „Pregnancy and hemodialysis access: A case for patient satisfaction in favor of a tunneled dialysis catheter“. Journal of Vascular Access 19, Nr. 6 (05.03.2018): 663–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1129729817747540.
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While an arteriovenous fistula is the best available access, many patients continue to rely on a tunneled hemodialysis catheter for dialysis therapy. Despite the highest risk of catheter-related bacteremia and associated morbidity and mortality, patients often prefer tunneled hemodialysis catheter to avoid pain associated with cannulation of an arteriovenous access. We report three tunneled hemodialysis catheter–dependent end-stage renal disease patients (age: 38, 35, 33 years), who became pregnant. Pregnancy was discovered at 10, 12 and 10 weeks of gestation. All three patients were switched to daily hemodialysis (six sessions/week) as soon as the pregnancy was discovered. The three patients had refused the placement of an arteriovenous access and expressed their strong preference for tunneled hemodialysis catheter. All had been educated about the risks and benefits of catheter, grafts, and fistulas. Patient preference was acknowledged and dialysis therapy was continued with tunneled hemodialysis catheter. Pregnancy was uneventful in two patients with the delivery of a healthy baby. The third patient had a miscarriage. Patient preference for tunneled hemodialysis catheter and satisfaction is important and can result in a successful outcome in pregnant patients. Nonetheless, in keeping with the National Kidney Foundation guidelines as well as the Fistula First, an arteriovenous fistula should be offered to hemodialysis patients. At the same time, patient’s preference and wish should be respected and followed.
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Chen, Wan-Hui, und Paul P. Jovanis. „Driver En Route Guidance Compliance and Driver Learning with Advanced Traveler Information Systems: Analysis with Travel Simulation Experiment“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1843, Nr. 1 (Januar 2003): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1843-10.
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If real-time driver en route guidance advice does not meet driver preferences (e.g., preference for taking the freeway) or the advice is not correct, drivers are very likely to ignore the information, and the guidance system becomes ineffective in their route choice no matter how advanced the system. There is a need to investigate the factors affecting driver compliance with en route guidance advice. A travel simulation experiment was used to investigate significant factors affecting driver route choice behavior. A linear mixed model was developed for describing the factors affecting driver compliance with guidance advice using the compliance rate over several simulated trips as a dependent variable. The issue of repeated observations is addressed. The system accuracy and subjects’ learning experience in their spatial experience at the same intersection and temporal experience in the same day are also taken into account. The model results show that significant factors are involved: freeway advice, turning advice, congestion occurrence, incident occurrence, subjects’ spatial experience, subjects’ temporal experience, and subjects’ education level; there are several important interactions as well.
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Liu, Kai, und Yuan Xu. „Route Choice Behavior: Understanding the Impact of Asymmetric Preference on Travelers’ Decision Making“. Symmetry 11, Nr. 1 (08.01.2019): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11010066.
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This paper investigated the impact of asymmetric preference on travelers’ route choices. Firstly, a status quo-dependent route choice mode was developed to describe travelers’ route choices. Then, based on that model, a route choice experiment was conducted, and during the experiment, participants were requested to choose a route from two arbitrary non-dominated routes. Finally, according to the observation data, data analysis and model parameter estimation were conducted. The results show that participants used different measures to trade off travel cost and travel time. Additionally, there was a gap between most participants’ willingness to pay (WTP) and willingness to accept (WTA). Moreover, participants’ WTP greater than their own WTA was the key reason resulting in the inertial route choices. The empirical results in this paper can help the traffic manager to understand travelers’ inertial route choice behavior from a different perspective.
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Ma, Yu, Ning Chen, Hui-min Wang, Meng Fan-gang und Jian-guo Zhang. „Inhibition of the reinstatement of morphine-induced place preference in rats by high-frequency stimulation of the bilateral nucleus accumbens“. Chinese Medical Journal 126, Nr. 10 (20.05.2013): 1939–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20130088.
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Background Opiate addiction remains intractable in a large percentage of patients, and relapse is the biggest hurdle to recovery. Many studies have identified a central role of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in addiction. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has the advantages of being reversible, adjustable, and minimally invasive, and it has become a potential neurobiological intervention for addiction. The purpose of our study was to investigate whether high-frequency DBS in the NAc effectively attenuates the reinstatement of morphine seeking in morphine-primed rats. Methods A morphine-dependent group of rats was given increasing doses of morphine during conditioned place preference training. A control group of rats was given equal volumes of saline. After the establishment of this model, withdrawal syndromes were precipitated in these two groups by administering naloxone, and the differences in withdrawal symptoms between the groups were analyzed. Electrodes for DBS were implanted in the bilateral shell of the NAc in the experimental group. The rats were stimulated daily in the NAc for 5 hours per day over 30 days. Changes in the conditioned place preference test and withdrawal symptoms in the rats were investigated and place navigation studies were performed using the Morris water maze. The data were assessed statistically with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's tests for multiple post hoc comparisons. Results High-frequency stimulation of the bilateral NAc prevented the morphine-induced reinstatement of morphine seeking in the conditioned place preference test. The time spent in the white compartment by rats following 30 days of DBS ((268.25±25.07) seconds) was not significantly different compared with the time spent in the white compartment after relapse was induced by morphine administration ((303.29±34.22) seconds). High-frequency stimulation of the bilateral NAc accelerated the innate decay of drug craving in morphine-dependent rats without significantly influencing learning and memory. Conclusion Bilateral high-frequency stimulation of the shell of the NAc may be useful as a novel therapeutic modality for the treatment of severe morphine addiction.
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Ivankovic, Franc, Dan Gordon und Patrik Haslum. „Planning with Global State Constraints and State-Dependent Action Costs“. Proceedings of the International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling 29 (25.05.2021): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icaps.v29i1.3481.
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Planning with global state constraints is an extension of classical planning in which some properties of each state are derived via a set of equations, rules or constraints. This extension enables more elegant modelling of networked physical systems such as power grids. So far, research in this setting focused on domains where action costs are constant, rather than a function of a state in which the action is applied. This limitation prevents us from accurately specifying the objective in some real-world domains, leading to generation of suboptimal plans. For example, when reconfiguring a power network, we often need to temporarily leave some users without electricity for a certain amount of time, and in such circumstances it is desirable to reduce the unsupplied load over the total time span. This preference can be expressed using statedependent action costs. We extend planning with global state constraints to include state-dependent action costs, adapt abstraction heuristics to this setting, and show improved performance on a set of problems.
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Mityakov, Sergey, und Christof Rühl. „The Stern Review on Climate Change: Inconvenient Sensitivities“. Energy & Environment 20, Nr. 5 (September 2009): 779–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/095830509789141461.
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Nicholas Stern's Review of “The Economics of Climate Change” (2007) triggered considerable discussion, essentially by condensing a complex problem – the question of how to act in the face of global warming – into juxtaposing two numbers, the cost of mitigation and the cost of climate change. The Review concludes that mitigation today is economically superior to adaptation tomorrow. The review was widely criticized for the assumption of a pure rate of time preference of almost zero, on which its conclusions seemed to depend. In this paper we argue first, that this assumption discriminates against current in favour of future generations. Second, we perform a sensitivity analysis to test for the extent to which the conclusions of the Review are indeed based on the assumption of a rate of time preference of almost zero. We demonstrate that the conclusions of the Review are no longer valid as soon as parameter values are used which are standard in economic analysis. Combined, these results raise a bigger question: how wise is it to base crucial policy choices on a model so dependent on a single, deeply subjective, judgement call?
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Kuo, Tzu-Hsin, und Chuan-Chin Chiao. „Learned valuation during forage decision-making in cuttlefish“. Royal Society Open Science 7, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2020): 201602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201602.
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Decision-making, when humans and other animals choose between two options, is not always based on the absolute values of the options but can also depend on their relative values. The present study examines whether decision-making by cuttlefish is dependent on relative values learned from previous experience. Cuttlefish preferred a larger quantity when making a choice between one or two shrimps (1 versus 2) during a two-alternative forced choice. However, after cuttlefish were primed under conditions where they were given a small reward for choosing one shrimp in a no shrimp versus one shrimp test (0 versus 1) six times in a row, they chose one shrimp significantly more frequently in the 1 versus 2 test. This reversed preference for a smaller quantity was not due to satiation at the time of decision-making, as cuttlefish fed a small shrimp six times without any choice test prior to the experiment still preferred two shrimps significantly more often in a subsequent 1 versus 2 test. This suggests that the preference of one shrimp in the quantity comparison test occurs via a process of learned valuation. Foraging preference in cuttlefish thus depends on the relative value of previous prey choices.
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Hogger, Elfriede, Klaus Bauer, Eva Höllbacher, Notburga Gierlinger, Johannes Konnerth und Hendrikus W. G. van Herwijnen. „Time-dependent ammonia emissions from fumed oak wood determined by micro-chamber/thermal extractor (μCTE) and FTIR-ATR spectroscopy“. Holzforschung 73, Nr. 2 (25.02.2019): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0042.
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AbstractThe ongoing preference for dark colours in parquet and furniture is a driving force for colour modification of bright wood species. The treatment of oak wood with gaseous ammonia (fuming) leads to dark colours, but residual ammonia in the wood may lead to bonding failures with resins, odour nuisance and thus customer complaints. The focus of the present paper is the determination and emission of remaining ammonia in fumed oak. A fast and convenient approach based on Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy was developed to replace the currently applied time-consuming and complex determination procedures. The integrated area of the infrared (IR) region between 1575 and 1535 cm−1shows a relationship with the coefficient of determination (R2=0.76) to the residual ammonia content determined by the micro-chamber/thermal extractor (μCTE) method. The prediction accuracy was further improved by partial least square regression calculations. Promising models with high R2(0.85), low root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSE-CV=1.08%) with five principal components were established and already integrated successfully into the production as input control. FTIR-ATR spectroscopy proved to be a simple and fast predictive method to estimate residual ammonia in fumed oak.
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Li, Xin, Ding-Bang Luh und Zihao Chen. „A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Eye-Tracking Studies for Consumers’ Visual Attention in Online Shopping“. Information Technology and Control 53, Nr. 1 (22.03.2024): 187–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.itc.53.1.34855.
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As the marketing landscape continues to evolve, consumer preference remains a key driver of corporate profitability. Extensive research has shown that visual attention is a critical factor in consumer decision-making. However, a comprehensive meta-analysis of online shopping visual presentation has yet to be conducted. This paper applies various eye-tracking dependent variables to investigate consumer visual attention in relation to four common interface design factors: brand, endorser, product, and text. Generally, from the research it shown that product and brand havd positive effect, while text might be negative. It is worthy mention that we identified the subgroup analysis involving total time of fixation (SMD=-0.020, 95%CI: [-0.079,0.039], p=0.507), fixation count (SMD=-0.032, 95%CI: [-0.109,0.045], p=0.421) and time to first fixation (SMD=0.464, 95%CI: [0.346,0.582], p=0.000). In this paper, exposure time obviously impacted FC (Q-value=11.637, p=0.003) and TTFF (Q-value=10.316, p=0.006) in the reanalysis studies. Meanwhile consumer preference highly related to FC (Q=10.953, p=0.001) and TTFF (Q=6.540, p=0.011) were under concern. Studies contained 17 papers with a total of 1071 participants. The publication bias was within the reasonable rang and the heterogeneity mainly resulted in subgroup and moderator differences. Our study on systematic review and meta-analysis show that, to appropriately control the consumer visual attention attributes could be a good solution for increasing consumer preference in online shopping interaction experience. Furthermore, more controllable design factor and moderators related to visual attention should be concerned for neuromarketing progress. In the future, other measurements such as ERPs, FMRI, fINRs could be explored for making better consumer sentiment experience.
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Kyriazakis, I., D. H. Anderson und A. J. Duncan. „Conditioned flavour aversions in sheep: the relationship between the dose rate of a secondary plant compound and the acquisition and persistence of aversions“. British Journal of Nutrition 79, Nr. 1 (Januar 1998): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19980009.
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Within the overall objective of whether ruminants are able to form conditioned aversions (CFA) toward a food flavour associated with the administration of an aversive stimulus which occurs naturally in food plants (oxalic acid, OA), two specific objectives were tested: (1) whether the rate and degree of formation of CFA are dependent on the dose rate of OA administered and (2) whether the persistence of formed CFA depends on the previous dose rate of OA. Sheep were conditioned to associate the specific flavour of one of two novel foods with either the oral administration of OA or equivalent placebos. Four dose rates of OA were tested (0.06, 0.12, 0.18 and 0.24 g/kg sheep live weight per d), with twelve sheep per dose. Each conditioning period lasted for 8 d and was repeated four times. At the end of each conditioning period the preference for the two flavours was measured in short-term, 20min preference tests. The persistence of the CFA was measured at 0, 7, 21 and 49 d after the completion of the conditioning phase with long-term, 3 h preference tests. The results of the experiment indicated that: (1) the rate and degree of formation of CFA were dependent on the rate of administration of OA; (2) sheep required repeated exposures to the lower dose rates of OA in order to develop CFA and these CFA did not persist in the absence of continual reinforcement; (3) CFA to the higher dose rates of OA were developed after as little as one exposure and persisted over a period of at least 7 weeks. These findings are consistent with the expectation that ruminants should be able to select a diet which minimizes the risk of consumption of potentially harmful foods, whilst at the same time maintaining a degree of flexibility in their feeding behaviour.
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Ma, Xiaohan, Xiangyong Yuan, Jiahuan Liu, Li Shen, Yiwen Yu, Wen Zhou, Zuxiang Liu und Yi Jiang. „Gravity-Dependent Animacy Perception in Zebrafish“. Research 2022 (31.08.2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2022/9829016.
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Biological motion (BM), depicted by a handful of point lights attached to the major joints, conveys rich animacy information, which is significantly disrupted if BM is shown upside down. This well-known inversion effect in BM perception is conserved in terrestrial vertebrates and is presumably a manifestation of an evolutionarily endowed perceptual filter (i.e., life motion detector) tuned to gravity-compatible BM. However, it remains unknown whether aquatic animals, living in a completely different environment from terrestrial animals, perceive BM in a gravity-dependent manner. Here, taking advantage of their typical shoaling behaviors, we used zebrafish as a model animal to examine the ability of teleosts to discriminate between upright (gravity-compatible) and inverted (gravity-incompatible) BM signals. We recorded their swimming trajectories and quantified their preference based on dwelling time and head orientation. The results obtained from three experiments consistently showed that zebrafish spent significantly more time swimming in proximity to and orienting towards the upright BM relative to the inverted BM or other gravity-incompatible point-light stimuli (i.e., the non-BM). More intriguingly, when the recorded point-light video clips of fish were directly compared with those of human walkers and pigeons, we could identify a unique and consistent pattern of accelerating movements in the vertical (gravity) direction. These findings, to our knowledge, demonstrate for the first time the inversion effect in BM perception in simple aquatic vertebrates and suggest that the evolutionary origin of gravity-dependent BM processing may be traced back to ancient aquatic animals.
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Arnason, R. M., H. Papei, P. Barmby, A. Bahramian und M. D. Gorski. „Distances to Galactic X-ray binaries with Gaia DR2“. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 502, Nr. 4 (06.02.2021): 5455–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab345.
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ABSTRACT Precise and accurate measurements of distances to Galactic X-ray binaries (XRBs) reduce uncertainties in the determination of XRB physical parameters. We have cross-matched the XRB catalogues of Liu, van Paradijs & van den Heuvel to the results of Gaia Data Release 2. We identify 86 XRBs with a Gaia candidate counterpart, of which 32 are low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) and 54 are high-mass X-ray binaries (HMXBs). Distances to Gaia candidate counterparts are, on average, consistent with those measured by Hipparcos and radio parallaxes. When compared to distances measured by Gaia candidate counterparts, distances measured using Type I X-ray bursts are systematically larger, suggesting that these bursts reach only 50 per cent of the Eddington limit. However, these results are strongly dependent on the prior assumptions used for estimating distance from the Gaia parallax measurements. Comparing positions of Gaia candidate counterparts for XRBs in our sample to positions of spiral arms in the Milky Way, we find that HMXBs exhibit mild preference for being closer to spiral arms; LMXBs exhibit mild preference for being closer to interarm regions. LMXBs do not exhibit any preference for leading or trailing their closest spiral arm. HMXBs exhibit a mild preference for trailing their closest spiral arm. The lack of a strong correlation between HMXBs and spiral arms may be explained by star formation occurring closer to the mid-point of the arms, or a time delay between star formation and HMXB formation manifesting as a spatial separation between HMXBs and the spiral arm where they formed.
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Chen, Han-Ching, und Fei-Fei Jin. „Fundamental Behavior of ENSO Phase Locking“. Journal of Climate 33, Nr. 5 (01.03.2020): 1953–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0264.1.
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AbstractEl Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events tend to peak at the end of the calendar year, a phenomenon called ENSO phase locking. This phase locking is a fundamental ENSO property that is determined by its basic dynamics. The conceptual ENSO recharge oscillator (RO) model is adopted to examine the ENSO phase-locking behavior in terms of its peak time, strength of phase locking, and asymmetry between El Niño and La Niña events. The RO model reproduces the main phase-locking characteristics found in observations, and the results show that the phase locking of ENSO is mainly dominated by the seasonal modulation of ENSO growth/decay rate. In addition, the linear/nonlinear mechanism of ENSO phase preference/phase locking is investigated using RO model. The difference between the nonlinear phase-locking mechanism and linear phase-preference mechanism is largely smoothed out in the presence of noise forcing. Further, the impact on ENSO phase locking from annual cycle modulation of the growth/decay rate, stochastic forcing, nonlinearity, and linear frequency are examined in the RO model. The preferred month of ENSO peak time depends critically on the phase and strength of the seasonal modulation of the ENSO growth/decay rate. Furthermore, the strength of phase locking is mainly controlled by the linear growth/decay rate, the amplitude of seasonal modulation of growth/decay rate, the amplitude of noise, the SST-dependent factor of multiplicative noise, and the linear frequency. The asymmetry of the sharpness of ENSO phase locking is induced by the asymmetric effect of state-dependent noise forcing in El Niño and La Niña events.