Thematische Bibliographien / Tightness of SLM parts

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Tightness of SLM parts“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 28. Juni 2021

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 8. Februar 2022

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Tightness of SLM parts"

Yan, Xiaoling, Xiansheng Xu und Qinxue Pan. „Study on the Measurement of Stress in the Surface of Selective Laser Melting Forming Parts Based on the Critical Refraction Longitudinal Wave“. Coatings 10, Nr. 1 (19.12.2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10010005.

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Measurement and control of stress in the metal forming layer is the basic problem of selective laser melting (SLM) forming parts. The critical refraction longitudinal (LCR) wave method to test stress in metallic materials has been extensively studied. However, when testing of stress in selective laser melting (SLM) forming parts using this method, some deep-seated regularities of this technology are still not clear. In order to reveal the mechanism of the LCR wave method to measure stress in SLM forming parts, specimens made of 316 L stainless steel were manufactured using meander, stripe, and chessboard scanning strategies. Static load tensile test were applied to SLM forming specimens, with the purpose to demonstrate the scanning strategy has important effect on the LCR wave method to test stress in SLM forming parts. The regularity of the LCR wave velocity on stress is obtained in this study. The anisotropic microstructure of SLM forming parts has an unneglectable effect on the LCR wave stress test. The essential principle of anisotropic microstructure effecting the LCR wave velocity in SLM forming parts were revealed in the experiments. The results of the experiment provide a basis for non-destructive and reliable test of stress in SLM forming parts and other inhomogeneous materials.

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Liu, A., Chee Kai Chua und Kah Fai Leong. „Properties of Test Coupons Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting“. Key Engineering Materials 447-448 (September 2010): 780–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.447-448.780.

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Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is a popular and promising Additive Manufacturing (AM) technique as it can produce parts with complex internal features with part density close to 100%. However, unprocessed raw SLM fabricated parts have surface roughness issues and the mechanical properties of raw SLM parts without heat treatment are not ideal. The material used to address some of these issues in this research is an Aluminum alloy, AlSi10Mg – a strong and light weight metal. The SLM machine engaged for the test coupons fabrication is M2 Cusing from Concept Laser, Germany, which uses a diode pumped Yb-Fibre laser (Ytterbium-doped fibre lasers) with an effective output power of 200W. It is found that SLM fabricated parts with and without sandblasting shows up to 80% difference in surface roughness values. Also, the tensile test experiments of raw untreated SLM parts carried out at room temperature and at high temperature (200oC) show superior result compared with heat treated casted parts. Other properties such as hardness and density (porosity) are found to be better than heat treated cast parts as well.

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Liu, Jin Hui, Wen Juan Xie, Sheng Bing Xiao, Wei Ling Zhao und Jia Zhang. „On Formation and Estimation of Pores during Selective Laser Melting of Single-Phase Metal Powders“. Advanced Materials Research 338 (September 2011): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.338.94.

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Porous metals are applied in many more fields than other porous materials. Pores in porous metal parts manufactured by selective laser melting (SLM) should not be regarded as defects but favorable characters because they are the main composition of porous metal parts. Therefore, fully densification is not the only target in forming metal parts via SLM. The formation mechanism of pores in SLM is studied mathematically in this article, and mathematical model is built to describe the formation mechanism. It is concluded that the shape of pores and the porosity of parts are the function of SLM processing parameters and the diameter of powder particles. Pores can be controlled and estimated by adjusting processing parameters and the nature of forming materials. Porous metal parts produced by SLM can be applied in many more fields owing that SLM technology is flexible to change the shape of these part and the nature of materials.

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Wang, Di, Yang Liu, Yongqiang Yang und Dongming Xiao. „Theoretical and experimental study on surface roughness of 316L stainless steel metal parts obtained through selective laser melting“. Rapid Prototyping Journal 22, Nr. 4 (20.06.2016): 706–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-06-2015-0078.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a theoretical foundation for improving the selective laser melting (SLM) surface roughness. To improve the part’s surface quality during SLM process, the upper surface roughness of SLM parts was theoretically studied and the influencing factors were analyzed through experiments. Design/methodology/approach The characteristics of single track were first investigated, and based on the analysis of single track, theoretical value of the upper surface roughness would be calculated. Two groups of cubic sample were fabricated to validate SLM parts’ surface roughness, the Ra and relative density of all the cubic parts was measured, and the difference between theoretical calculation and experiment results was studied. Then, the effect of laser energy density on surface roughness was studied. At last, the SLM part’s surface was improved by laser re-melting method. At the end of this paper, the curved surface roughness was discussed briefly. Findings The SLM upper surface roughness is affected by the width of track, scan space and the thickness of powder layer. Measured surface roughness Ra value was about 50 per cent greater than the theoretical value. The laser energy density has a great influence on the SLM fabrication quality. Different laser energy density corresponds to different fabricating characteristics. This study divided the SLM fabrication into not completely melting zone, balling zone in low energy density, successfully fabricating zone and excessive melting zone. The laser surface re-melting (LSR) process can improve the surface roughness of SLM parts greatly without considering the fabricating time and stress accumulation. Originality/value The upper surface roughness of SLM parts was theoretically studied, and the influencing factors were analyzed together; also, the LSR process was proven to be effective to improve the surface quality. This study provides a theoretical foundation to improve the surface quality of SLM parts to promote the popularization and application of metal additive manufacturing technology.

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Franz, Peter, Aamir Mukhtar, Warwick Downing, Graeme Smith und Ben Jackson. „Mechanical Behaviour of Gas Nitrided Ti6Al4V Bars Produced by Selective Laser Melting“. Key Engineering Materials 704 (August 2016): 225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.704.225.

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Gas atomized Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) alloy powder was used to prepare distinct designed geometries with different properties by selective laser melting (SLM). Several heat treatments were investigated to find suitable processing parameters to strengthen (specially to harden) these parts for different applications. The results showed significant differences between tabulated results for heat treated billet Ti64 and SLM produced Ti64 parts, while certain mechanical properties of SLM Ti64 parts could be improved by different heat treatments using different processing parameters. Most heat treatments performed followed the trends of a reduction in tensile strength while improving ductility compared with untreated SLM Ti64 parts.Gas nitriding [GN] (diffusion-based thermo-chemical treatment) has been combined with a selected heat treatment for interstitial hardening. Heat treatment was performed below β-transus temperature using minimum flow of nitrogen gas with a controlled low pressure. The surface of the SLM produced Ti64 parts after gas nitriding showed TiN and Ti2N phases (“compound layer”, XRD analysis) and α (N) – Ti diffusion zones as well as high values of micro-hardness as compared to untreated SLM produced Ti64 parts. The microhardness profiles on cross section of the gas nitrided SLM produced samples gave information about the i) microhardness behaviour of the material, and ii) thickness of the nitrided layer, which was investigated using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and x-ray elemental analysis. Tensile properties of the gas nitrided Ti64 bars produced by SLM under different conditions were also reported.

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Bâlc, Nicolae, Sorin Cosmin Cosma, Julia Kessler und Voicu Mager. „Research on Improving the Outer Surface Quality of the Parts Made by SLM“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 808 (November 2015): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.808.199.

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The paper presents an application of the ANOVA method within the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) process. A new mathematical model was developed, to calculate the surface roughness of the SLM parts made from titanium powder, as function of the important SLM parameters: point distance, exposure time and laser power. Preliminary experiments were undertaken according to the Design Experts work plan and the new mathematical formula was tested by further experimental research, to validate the optimized SLM parameters.

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BOJKO, Łukasz, Wojciech RYNIEWICZ, Anna M. RYNIEWICZ, Marcin KOT und Paweł PAŁKA. „THE INFLUENCE OF ADDITIVE TECHNOLOGY ON THE QUALITY OF THE SURFACE LAYER AND THE STRENGTH STRUCTURE OF PROSTHETIC CROWNS“. Tribologia 280, Nr. 4 (01.08.2018): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7480.

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Prosthetic crowns reproduce the damaged hard structures of the patient’s own teeth and take over their natural functions, thus securing the correct reconstruction of the stomatognathic system. The aim is to evaluate the crowns for premolars and molars produced by casting, milling, and Selective Laser Melting technologies, in terms of the accuracy of reproducing the degree against the prosthetic pillar, the analysis of the surface layer structure of the step, and the micromechanical parameters of the alloy. The study material included CoCrMo alloy crowns. The conducted study allowed finding that the tightness of prosthetic crowns made using traditional casting technology as well as in SLM milling and technology is comparable and meets clinical requirements. Structural crown analyses confirmed the very good quality of the surface layer obtained with milling technology and SLM technology using the CAD/CAM method. SLM and digital milling allow the formation of precise and durable structures constituting the foundation of crowns in a time much shorter than the casting process.

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Wang, Zhi Gang, Yu Sheng Shi, Rui Di Li, Qing Song Wei und Jin Hui Liu. „Manufacturing AISI316L Components via Selective Laser Melting Coupled with Hot Isostatic Pressing“. Materials Science Forum 675-677 (Februar 2011): 853–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.675-677.853.

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Selective laser melting (SLMing) is a new advanced material processing technology which is used in fabricating parts with complex shape. Hot isostatic pressing (HIPing) is a manufacture technology which forms parts by imposing high heat and pressure on metal powders or semi-manufactured parts. Considering the advantages of both the technologies, they can be combined to produce higher-quality parts free from the limitation of the shape of parts. AISI316L stainless steel is widely used in manufacturing varies of complex metal parts. In this research, three AISI316L stainless steel samples with different relative densities were acquired by controlling the fabricating parameters in SLM. The SEM and optical microscopy analysis were employed to characterize the relative density, microstructure, deformation by comparing the differences between SLM samples and SLM-HIPped samples. In addition, the influence of HIP process on microstructures of samples in different laser fabricating parameters was investigated by analyzing the mechanisms of SLM and HIP. The results show that HIP can close vacuum crack and pore, consequently, the relative density of SLM samples increases after HIP, making the property of the samples improved and microstructure better-distributed. Moreover, the increment of relative density under the same HIP condition is also discussed.

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Lin, Zhenqiang, Yiwen Lai, Taotao Pan, Wang Zhang, Jun Zheng, Xiaohong Ge und Yuangang Liu. „A New Method for Automatic Detection of Defects in Selective Laser Melting Based on Machine Vision“. Materials 14, Nr. 15 (27.07.2021): 4175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154175.

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Selective laser melting (SLM) is a forming technology in the field of metal additive manufacturing. In order to improve the quality of formed parts, it is necessary to monitor the selective laser melting forming process. At present, most of the research on the monitoring of the selective laser melting forming process focuses on the monitoring of the melting pool, but the quality of forming parts cannot be controlled in real-time. As an indispensable link in the SLM forming process, the quality of powder spreading directly affects the quality of the formed parts. Therefore, this paper proposes a detection method for SLM powder spreading defects, mainly using industrial cameras to collect SLM powder spreading surfaces, designing corresponding image processing algorithms to extract three common powder spreading defects, and establishing appropriate classifiers to distinguish different types of powder spreading defects. It is determined that the multilayer perceptron (MLP) is the most accurate classifier. This detection method has high recognition rate and fast detection speed, which cannot only meet the SLM forming efficiency, but also improve the quality of the formed parts through feedback control.

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Król, M., J. Mazurkiewicz und S. Żołnierczyk. „Optimization and analysis of porosity and roughness in selective laser melting 316L parts“. Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 1, Nr. 90 (01.03.2018): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.0607.

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Purpose: The investigations have been carried out on 316L stainless steel parts fabricated by Selective Laser Melting (SLM) technique. The study aimed to determine the effect of SLM parameters on porosity, hardness, and structure of 316L stainless steel. Design/methodology/approach: The analyses were conducted on 316L stainless steel parts by using AM125 SLM machine by Renishaw. The effects of the different manufacturing process parameters as power output, laser distance between the point’s melted metal powder during additive manufacturing as well as the orientation of the model relative to the laser beam and substrate on porosity, hardness, microstructure and roughness were analysed and optimised. Findings: The surface quality parts using 316L steel with the assumed parameters of the experiment depends on the process parameters used during the SLM technique as well as the orientation of formed walls of the model relative to the substrate and thus the laser beam. The lowest roughness of 316L SLM parts oriented perpendicularly to the substrate was found when 100 W and 20 μm the distance point was utilised. The lowest roughness for part oriented at 60° relatives to the substrate was observed when 125 W and the point distance 50 μm was employed. Practical implications: Stainless steel is one of the most popular materials used for selective laser sintering (SLM) processing to produce nearly fully dense components from 3D CAD models. Reduction of porosity is one of the critical research issues within the additive manufacturing technique SLM, since one of the major cost factors is the post-processing. Originality/value: This manuscript can serve as an aid in understanding the importance of technological parameters on quality and porosity of manufactured AM parts made by SLM technique.

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Mehr Quellen

Dissertationen zum Thema "Tightness of SLM parts"

Kafka, Richard. „Vývoj SLM procesních parametrů pro tenkostěnné díly z niklové superslitiny“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-443180.

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The diploma thesis deals with the development of process parameters of SLM technology for the material IN718. The main goal is an experimental development of a set of parameters for the production of thin-walled parts with regard to material density, surface roughness and tightness. The essence of the development of parameters is an experimental explanation of the influence of laser power and scanning speed on the morphology of single tracks, which are used for the production of a thin wall. Together with walls of larger widths and volume samples, it is possible to create an intersection of parameters by which is possible to create components formed by a combination of thin-walled and volume geometry. The performed research created a material set, where the parameters of thin walls are used for the area of contours of bulk samples. We managed to produce a wall with an average width of 0.15 mm and roughness of 6 m, which meets the requirement for the tightness. The meander scanning pattern achieved a relative material density of 99.92%, which is more than with the supplier's parameters. Based on the acquired knowledge, it was possible to apply a set of parameters to components combining both geometries.

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Barinka, Michal. „Modifikace povrchu materiálu vytvořeného technikou SLM“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-449795.

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This diploma thesis deals with the surface modification of 3D printed metallic materials. The research part presents the most used methods of additive manufacturing and their process parameters influencing the quality of printed components. Defects arising during these processes and the techniques used to eliminate them are also described. In the experimental part of the work, the optimization of electrochemical polishing parameters was performed. The aim was to modify the rough surface of the components and thus prevent the formation of defects on the surface. The mechanical properties were investigated by means of three-point bending under static and dynamic loading. Fractographic analysis was performed on the quarry surfaces.

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Clark, Jared A. „The Effects of Build Orientation on Residual Stresses in AlSi10Mg Laser Powder Bed Fusion Parts“. Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1578819644598848.

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Oliveira, Abel Loureiro de. „Effect of heat treatment on SLM maraging C-300 steel parts“. Dissertação, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/122700.

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Oliveira, Abel Loureiro de. „Effect of heat treatment on SLM maraging C-300 steel parts“. Master's thesis, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/122700.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Tightness of SLM parts"

Tawfik, Ahmed, Radu Racasan, Desi Bacheva, Liam Blunt, André Beerlink und Paul Bills. „Challenges in Inspecting Internal Features for SLM Additive Manufactured Build Artifacts“. In Structural Integrity of Additive Manufactured Materials & Parts, 102–21. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp163120200003.

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Bilgin, Guney Mert, Cansinem Tuzemen, Cemre Tigli und Yesim Nur Gulcan. „Investigation of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of SLM-Produced Inconel 718 and Hastelloy-X Alloys“. In Structural Integrity of Additive Manufactured Materials & Parts, 340–51. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp163120190133.

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Lippert, Rene Bastian, und Roland Lachmayer. „A Design Method for SLM-Parts Using Internal Structures in an Extended Design Space“. In Industrializing Additive Manufacturing - Proceedings of Additive Manufacturing in Products and Applications - AMPA2017, 14–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66866-6_2.

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Herbin, Pawel, Dariusz Grzesiak und Marcin A. Krolikowski. „Topology Optimisation Aimed at Additive—SLM Manufacturing of Metal Parts of ExoArm 7-DOF“. In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 533–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68619-6_51.

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Lesyk, Dmytro, Silvia Martinez, Oleksii Pedash, Vitaliy Dzhemelinskyi und Bohdan Mordyuk. „Combined Thermo-Mechanical Techniques for Post-processing of the SLM-Printed Ni-Cr-Fe Alloy Parts“. In Advances in Design, Simulation and Manufacturing III, 295–304. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50794-7_29.

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Spierings, A., G. Levy, L. Labhart und K. Wegener. „Production of functional parts using SLM – Opportunities and limitations“. In Innovative Developments in Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 785–90. CRC Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b11341-126.

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„Experimental investigation of charpy impact tests on metallic SLM parts“. In Innovative Developments in Design and Manufacturing, 225–32. CRC Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203859476-38.

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Rombouts, M., E. Yasa, J. Luyten, J. Deckers und J. Kruth. „Experimental investigation of charpy impact tests on metallic SLM parts“. In Innovative Developments in Design and Manufacturing. CRC Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203859476.ch30.

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Xu, Wei. „Direct Additive Manufacturing Techniques for Metal Parts: SLM, EBM, Laser Metal Deposition“. In Encyclopedia of Materials: Metals and Allloys, 290–318. Elsevier, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819726-4.00095-8.

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Kirsh, David. „When Is a Mind Extended?“ In Andy Clark and His Critics, 128–42. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662813.003.0011.

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This chapter explores four conditions for operationalizing the concept of cognitive extension. (1) Temporal tightness of the coupling—interaction between inner and outer processes must be fast, tight, and fluid, interacting at the speed of thought. (2) External mind parts must be transparent extensions of ourselves like glasses or prosthetic limbs that are psychologically absorbed into the subject’s body sense. We act through these parts or processes rather than on them. (3) Cognitive extensions are “owned”; they are not independent functioning units that could be a source of cognition themselves; inner processes confer cognitive status on the outer. (4) Extended parts or processes interact bidirectionally; causation is reciprocal, though controlled from the biological side. The chapter concludes that extension does exist. Through interaction we create an extended cognitive envelope. The parts of this envelope are episodic processes enacting external thinking rather than being an enduring assemblage of parts. To make the final leap to durable mind parts—external assemblages that are parts of a person even when not in use—requires reasoning of the sort lawyers and judges do best, not scientists.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Tightness of SLM parts"

Glukhov, V. I., V. V. Shalay, V. A. Grinevich und Yu N. Panin. „Geometric modeling of wedge gate parts for ensuring the valves tightness“. In OIL AND GAS ENGINEERING (OGE-2018). Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5051949.

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Park, Hong-Seok, Ngoc-Hien Tran und Ansari Md Jonaet. „Prediction of Temperature Distribution and Residual Stress in SLM Printed Parts“. In ASME 2018 13th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2018-6440.

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Selective laser melting (SLM) is a powder bed based additive manufacturing (AM) process to manufacture metallic parts. SLM is the complex thermal-physical-chemical process of the interaction between a laser source and metallic powders. The SLM printing method has been applied widely for fabricating the metallic parts. However, the high temperature in heating and fast cooling during SLM process result in the large residual stress which affects to the quality of the SLM printed parts such as distortion and cracks. This research proposes to develop a system for predicting the quality of the part from the manufacturing planning to remove the failures before carrying out the real printing process. For developing such system, a model for predicting the temperature distribution should be generated. From this model, an interrelationship between process parameters and temperature distribution should be derived out. Based on that, the deformation can be predicted by calculating residual stress along with the result of temperature distribution.

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Wang, Xiaoqing, Xibing Gong und Kevin Chou. „Review on Powder-Bed Laser Additive Manufacturing of Inconel 718 Parts“. In ASME 2015 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2015-9322.

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This study presents a thorough literature review on the powder-bed laser additive manufacturing processes such as selective laser melting (SLM) of Inconel 718 parts. The paper first introduces the general aspects of powder-bed laser additive manufacturing and then discusses the unique characteristics and advantages of SLM. Moreover, the bulk of this study includes extensive discussions of microstructures and mechanical properties, together with the application ranges, of Inconel 718 parts fabricated by SLM.

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Schaaf, Manfred, Thomas Klenk, Ralf Vogel und Jaroslav Bartonicek. „Tightness Characteristics of Packings“. In ASME 2005 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2005-71471.

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The demands on industry to reduce fugitive emissions are increasing, steadily /1/, /2/. On this background it is necessary to improve function and tightness of tightening joints like flanged joints and stuffing box packings. Function and tightness can only be guaranteed if the entire chain of parameters involved is taken in to account (design criteria, gasket factors, calculation, mounting procedure). On the field of flanged joints there are standardization projects on the way that address the topics of the new regulatory demands. Only few work is done regarding stuffing box packings, however. Similar to flanged joints a reliable function and tightness of stuffing box packings can only be achieved if the behaviour of the parts (bolts, gland, stuffing box) is known and their interaction is understood. Regarding the behaviour of stuffing box packing materials it is necessary to determine characteristics like deformation capability, relaxation, friction and leak rate. These characteristics have to be used to prove function and tightness. Some attempts to define these characteristic values have already been made; test procedures and test rigs to determine these values have been developed. Parallel to that, gasket manufacturers are developing new packing materials and entire packing sets in order to meet the more stringent requirements on tightness. One of these newly developed products are nonwoven packing sets which should be applicable up to temperatures of 280 °C in the processing and chemical industry. In the paper the most relevant packing material characteristics and the necessary tests to determine these characteristics are reviewed, first. Then the results of extensive tests with new nonwoven packing sets regarding tightness characteristics, friction, wear and gap extrusion are presented.

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Di Wang, Yongqiang Yang, Manhui Zhang, Jianbin Lu, Ruicheng Liu und Dongming Xiao. „Study on SLM fabrication of precision metal parts with overhanging structures“. In 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Assembly and Manufacturing (ISAM). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isam.2013.6643532.

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Schurb, Julius, Matthias Hoebel, Hartmut Haehnle, Harald Kissel, Laura Bogdanic und Thomas Etter. „Additive Manufacturing of Hot Gas Path Parts and Engine Validation in a Heavy Duty GT“. In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-57262.

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Additive manufacturing and in particular Selective Laser Melting (SLM) are manufacturing technologies that can become a game changer for the production of future high performance hot gas path parts. SLM radically changes the design process giving unprecedented freedom of design and enabling a step change in part performance. Benefits are manifold, such as reduced cooling air consumption through more efficient cooling schemes, reduced emissions through better mixing in the combustion process and reduced cost through integrated part design. GE is already making use of SLM for its gas turbine components based on sound experience for new part production and reconditioning. The paper focuses on: a) Generic advantages of rapid manufacturing and design considerations for hot gas path parts b) Qualification of processes and additive manufacturing of engine ready parts c) SLM material considerations and properties validation d) Installation and validation in a heavy duty GT Additive Manufacturing (AM) of hot gas path components differs significantly from known process chains. All elements of this novel manufacturing route had to be established and validated. This starts with the selection of the powder alloy used for the SLM production and the determination of essential static and cyclic material properties. SLM specific design features and built-in functionality allow to simplify part assembly and to shortcut manufacturing steps. In addition, the post-SLM machining steps for engine ready parts will be described. As SLM is a novel manufacturing route, complementary quality tools are required to ensure part integrity. Powerful nondestructive methods, like 3D scanning and X-ray computer tomography have been used for that purpose. GE’s engine validation of SLM made parts in a heavy duty GT was done with selected hot gas path components in a rainbow arrangement including turbine blades with SLM tip caps. Although SLM has major differences to conventional manufacturing the various challenges from design to engine ready parts have been successfully mastered. This has been confirmed after the completion of the test campaign in 2015. All disassembled SLM components were found in excellent condition. Subsequent assessments of the SLM parts including metallurgical investigations have confirmed the good part condition.

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Yao, Hong, Ryan Katona, Jianren Zhou, Md I. Islam, Jonathan Raush, Fengyuan Lu und Shengmin Guo. „Defects Evaluation of Selective Laser Melting Stainless Steel 316 Parts Using Positron Annihilation Lifetime Measurement“. In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-86729.

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Alloy parts fabricated by the selected laser melting (SLM) additive manufacturing process generally contain many defects. Non-destructive Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS) measurements were applied to evaluate these defects. The two-component positron lifetime method was used to analyze the evolution of two types of defects, mono-vacancy and vacancy cluster. Stainless steel 316 SLM samples were prepared using two sets of SLM processing parameters. For SLM samples, the temperature effect of heat treatment was examined by PALS. The effect of plastic deformation is also examined using PALS.

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Yang, Mei, Yishu Zhang, Haoxing You, Richard Smith und Richard D. Sisson. „Hardening of Selective Laser Melted M2 Steel“. In HT2021. ASM International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.ht2021p0007.

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Abstract Selective laser melting (SLM) is an additive manufacturing technique that can be used to make the near-net-shape metal parts. M2 is a high-speed steel widely used in cutting tools, which is due to its high hardness of this steel. Conventionally, the hardening heat treatment process, including quenching and tempering, is conducted to achieve the high hardness for M2 wrought parts. It was debated if the hardening is needed for additively manufactured M2 parts. In the present work, the M2 steel part is fabricated by SLM. It is found that the hardness of as-fabricated M2 SLM parts is much lower than the hardened M2 wrought parts. The characterization was conducted including X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to investigate the microstructure evolution of as-fabricated, quenched, and tempered M2 SLM part. The M2 wrought part was heat-treated simultaneously with the SLM part for comparison. It was found the hardness of M2 SLM part after heat treatment is increased and comparable to the wrought part. Both quenched and tempered M2 SLM and wrought parts have the same microstructure, while the size of the carbides in the wrought part is larger than that in the SLM part.

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Höller, Christian, Philipp Zopf, Philipp Schwemberger, Rudolf Pichler und Franz Haas. „Load Capacity of Support Structures for Direct Machining of Selective Laser Melted Parts“. In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11134.

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Abstract Selective Laser Melting (SLM), as a fast-growing metal-based Additive Manufacturing technology, allows to produce high strength parts with complex geometries. However, limited part properties in the as-built condition require effortful post-processing tasks (e.g. milling, drilling, polishing) to meet technical specifications and tolerances. This significantly increases the manufacturing costs of SLM parts. To address this problem, the concept of Direct Machining is presented. Direct Machining is defined as the post-processing of SLM parts via machining without prior removal of the parts from the build platform to achieve economic benefits. For this, the support structures have to withstand the occurring cutting forces during machining — a task for which they were not initially designed. The aim of this study is to investigate the load capacity of 316L SLM support structures. For this, machining experiments on a five-axis milling machine were conducted. Cutting parameters, support geometries and support volume were varied and the cutting forces were measured to investigate their influence on the stability of the support structures. Results show, that deliberate SLM support structures allow precise machining directly on the build platform. Furthermore, a theoretical load model of Direct Machining is developed. Based on this, further optimization of the support structures regarding cutting force absorption and material volume are presented.

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Pacurar, Razvan, Nicolae Balc und Florica Prem. „Research on how to improve the accuracy of the SLM metallic parts“. In THE 14TH INTERNATIONAL ESAFORM CONFERENCE ON MATERIAL FORMING: ESAFORM 2011. AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3589710.

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