Zeitschriftenartikel: „Threats and violence were made aware“

1

Alfred, Kelly C., Timothy Turner und Aaron Young. „State Medical Board Exposure to Threats of Violence“. Journal of Medical Regulation 99, Nr. 3 (01.09.2013): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30770/2572-1852-99.3.11.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

ABSTRACT Between 2010 and 2012, the Federation of State Medical Boards Research and Education Foundation (FSMB Foundation) conducted a survey of state medical boards in an effort to ascertain the extent to which state medical board members and staff have experienced threats of violence and the actions taken by state boards in response to such threats. The survey also assessed current and anticipated levels of security being provided by state boards. Of the 70 boards queried, 37 responded, with 73% (n=27) of these boards reporting that their board members and/or staff had experienced either explicit or implied threats of violence. These threats targeted board members (85%), board staff (78%) and others (15%). Many of the threats directed at board members occurred after board meetings and/or hearings and were made by either a physician or a family member of a physician. Most of the threats directed at board members, staff and others were verbal, including threats of death. Most boards provide a security presence at board meetings, ranging from local law enforcement agencies to private security firms, but less than half of the respondents in the survey expressed satisfaction with their present security level. The results of the survey suggest that the state medical board community should be aware of the potential for violence against board members and staff, and should formulate prevention and threat-assessment policies as a precaution. Educational and training resources may be needed at the state board level. This could include the development of educational modules to train state public officials in conflict management, the prevention and handling of acts of violence, and how to identify and assess the seriousness of a potentially violent or stressful situation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

2

Tung, Le Thanh, Truong Tuan Anh, Nguyen Thi Minh Chinh und Nguyen Hoang Long. „Public Reactions in Online Newspapers to Workplace Violence Against Nurses“. SAGE Open Nursing 7 (Januar 2021): 237796082110038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23779608211003819.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Background Nurses frequently suffer from workplace violence, but the public is often not fully aware of the situation because many events are not widely reported. Methods This study is an attempt to describe public perceptions of and reactions to reports of incidents of violence against nurses in online newspapers. Articles about such violence in Vietnamese online newspapers published from January to December 2019 as well as readers’ comments on those articles were collected for thematic analysis. Results Nine assaults were reported in 152 articles, and 367 comments were left in the threads. The analysis found four themes: 1) proposing punishment, 2) showing sympathy, 3) being skeptical, and 4) taking gender into account. In particular, the audience called for stricter punishment of the assaulters and showed sympathy for the nurses. However, commenters’ prior experiences with poor nursing services sometimes made them skeptical about the motivations of the attackers. Additionally, commenters saw the violence as a conflict between a man (assaulter) and a woman (assaultee) rather than between a client and a professional nurse. Conclusions In general, the public showed support to nurses. Nurses should take advantage of this support to advocate improved policies and measures to protect themselves from violence at work.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

3

Kaplan, Sebastian G., und Dewey G. Cornell. „Threats of Violence by Students in Special Education“. Behavioral Disorders 31, Nr. 1 (November 2005): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019874290503100102.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

We compared threats of violence made by K–12 students in special education (120 cases) or general education (136 cases) in schools that were implementing threat assessment guidelines for managing student threats of violence (Cornell, Sheras, Kaplan, McConville, Posey, Levy-Elkon, et al., 2004; Cornell & Sheras, in press). Students in special education made disproportionately more threats, as well as more severe threats, than peers in general education. Students classified as emotionally disturbed (ED) exhibited the highest threat rates. Nevertheless, use of school suspension as a disciplinary consequence for threats was consistent for students in special and general education, and few students were expelled. Our findings support the use of threat assessment to manage threats of violence by students in special education.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

4

Levin, Carole, und C. J. Kracl. „Violence in Elizabeth’s England: Tudors and Turbervilles“. Explorations in Renaissance Culture 46, Nr. 1 (24.06.2020): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23526963-04601004.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Throughout her life Elizabeth Tudor was aware of the perennial violence that threatened her, threats that were also reflected in the England she ruled over. The experiences of the prominent Turberville family paralleled the type of violence Elizabeth faced, violence in which familial, political, and religious interests intersected. The most well-known of the Turbervilles was the writer George, whose Catholicism may have been the reason that Robert Jones attempted to murder him. Perhaps even more terrifying than religious violence was family violence. In her sister’s reign Elizabeth greatly feared that Mary would execute her. Shockingly, George’s older brother Nicholas was murdered by his brother-in-law. Elizabeth knew intimately the complex dangers of the time and so did her subjects.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

5

Davies, Stephen. „Assaults and threats on psychiatrists“. Psychiatric Bulletin 25, Nr. 3 (März 2001): 89–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.25.3.89.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Aims and MethodTo determine the annual rates of assaults and threats to psychiatrists, describing the situations and staff involved, using a retrospective postal questionnaire of 139 doctors working in South Wales.ResultsOver the year, 17% of respondents reported one or more assaults (of these, 42% were assaulted more than once) and 32% reported one or more threats. The most junior senior house officers (SHOs) were significantly more likely to have experienced an incident, regardless of the individual's gender or attendance at a course in managing aggression. Most assaults (61%) were committed by patients from general adult psychiatry, and half occurred during urgent assessments. Eighteen (58%) of the assailants were known to have previously assaulted amember of staff, and this information was known to the doctor before the assault for 16 (88%). Five (16%) of the assailants had been drinking alcohol prior to the assault. Twenty-nine (78%) of the assaults were documented in the case notes and 6 (19%) were reported to management.Clinical ImplicationsSome staff (in particular, inexperienced SHOs) are at greater risk, and efforts should be made to identify and help these individuals and/or grades to deal with aggression. All psychiatric staff should be trained to manage violence. Staff should be encouraged to report incidents to management, so that employers can identify and address problem areas.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

6

Roberts, Lynne, und David Indermaur. „Boys and Road Rage: Driving-Related Violence and Aggression in Western Australia“. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 38, Nr. 3 (Dezember 2005): 361–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/acri.38.3.361.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

This article reports on the results of a population survey of 1208 West Australian drivers designed to measure the prevalence of drivingrelated violence and aggression as well as perceptions of these behaviours. A clear distinction is made between driving-related violence (restricted to criminal acts of violence, threats of violence and vehicle damage) and other aggressive driving behaviours. Although the majority of survey respondents had experienced some form of aggressive driving behaviour, only 13% reported ever being a victim of driving-related violence. However, 17% of respondents believed they were likely, or very likely, to be a victim of driving-related violence within the coming year. More than two thirds of respondents thought their likelihood of being a victim of driving-related violence had increased over the past 10 years. Both aggressive driving behaviours and driving-related violence were typically perpetrated by young males against other males. The article concludes with a discussion of the masculinist characteristics of road rage and what this implies for the prevention of this crime.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

7

Zhikharevich, Boris. „Risks and Threats in Russian Regional Strategies“. Regionalnaya ekonomika. Yug Rossii, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2020): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/re.volsu.2020.4.2.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

The article presents the results of the Russian experience of the inclusion of risks and threats in regional strategies of social and economic development. The official documents of 85 strategies were analyzed, the quality of risks and risk assessment was expertly assessed at a five-point scale. A ranked number of strategies was made taking into account an additional parameter, i.e. the number of references to the word “risk”. A list of the best strategies was made. They are the strategies of Sakhalin, Kurgan, Novosibirsk, Ivanovo regions, Zabaykalsky krai, and Republic of Crimea. The author notes that in most strategies of the Russian regions, attention is paid to risks and threats, but only in a third of strategies they are analyzed relatively well, and measures to deal with risks have been developed in no more than 10% of strategies. An abnormally large number of references to the word “risk” were identified when they are described in relation to all projects (Arkhangelsk region) or events (Zabaykalsky krai). The methodological problems associated with the analysis of risks and threats were systematized. They are a mixture of the concepts of problem, weakness, threat, risk, negative factor; lack of assessments of the likelihood and strength of the impact of risks; lack of description of measures to reduce the consequences of risks. The absence of a correlation between the quality of work with risks and threats and the regional resilience index characterizing the region’s resistance to economic and financial crises was found. The author notes that the regions that are aware of their vulnerability work better than other ones which mentioned threats and risks in their strategies, but this circumstance has little effect on their shock resistance against economic crises. The recommendations concerning the improvement of strategic planning are suggested. They are a thorough analysis of threats and weaknesses at the stage of a SWOT analysis, identification of a separate section on strategic risks, and development of an appropriate set of adaptive scenarios, creation of a regional risk management system.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

8

V, MARAGATHAM. „A study on customers purchase decesion making green marketing products in tamil nadu with special reference to coimbatore city“. Journal of Management and Science 1, Nr. 4 (30.12.2015): 316–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/jms.2015.28.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

First of all, environment and environmental problems, one of the reason why the green marketing emerged. According to the American Marketing Association, green marketing is the marketing of products that are presumed to be environmentally safe, To analyse the factors influencing the green marketing products in Coimbatore city.Objectives of the study, To analyse the factors influencing the green marketing products in Coimbatore city. The describptive research has used this study. Primary as well as secondary data has been used in this study. Primary data collected from structured questionnaire. Secondary data were collected from journals, magazines, news paper etc. Simple random sampling technique adopted in this study.Suggested this study, Consumer needs to be made more aware about the merits of Green products. The consumer needs to be educated and made aware of the environmental threats. It should be made sure that the consumer is aware of and concerned about the issues that your product attempts to address. Green Marketing campaign and green advertising is good step toward it. Conclude this study, an environmental committed organization may not only produce goods that have reduced their detrimental impact on theenvironment, they may also be able to pressure their suppliers to behave in a more environmentally responsible fashion.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

9

Jassim, Bushra Ahmed, und Amal Kazem Mira. „Violence against wives and the Mental health’s impact on the battered students (wives)“. Al-Adab Journal, Nr. 115 (15.03.2016): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31973/aj.v0i115.1322.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Abstract Violence against wives and the Mental health’s impact on the battered students (wives) The problem of the study lies in replying to the following research questions: What types of violence are practiced against the battered students (wives)? Which type is the most commonly practiced one? Is it the physical violence, economic violence, psychological violence, sexual violence? What is the extent of effect of violence in its different forms on the psychological health of the battered students (wives). This research addresses the following issues: 1- To be more aware of the most widely or commonly practiced types of violence against the battered students (wives) whether this violence takes the forms of physical violence, economic violence, psychological violence or sexual violence. 2- To be more aware of the violence’s impact on the psychological health of the battered students (wives). This research is restricted to the battered students (wives) who refer to the Psychological and Educational Guidance and Counseling Unit in the Deanship of Students/ University of Sharjah, and the Psychological and Educational Guidance and Counseling Unit at Girls College of Education / University of Baghdad. The two researchers identified this as the battered students (wives): who referred to the Psychological and Educational Guidance and Counseling Unit in the Deanship of Students / University of Sharjah Affairs, and the Unity of Psychological and Educational Guidance at Girls College of Education/ University of Baghdad, where they were actually diagnosed as being exposed to one of the physical or psychological, sexual or economic violence. The two researchers defined the mental health as the imbalances in the psychological functions resulting from violence against wives where we can infer this through the degree obtained by the battered wife through her answers to questions included in the (symptoms list) which is amended and adopted in this research. The theoretical framework of the concepts of research has been shown in some theories such as Freud's analytical approach, the social learning theory, and the previous studies pertaining to the concepts dealt with in this research. The research samples includes (83 battered students (wives)) where the two researchers have built the psychological health scale, verified its psychometric properties in terms of (sincerity, steadiness and excellence) and used the appropriate statistical methods. The findings of the current research were presented and interpreted and they have made some recommendations and proposals.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

10

Thiers, Barbara, Roslyn Rivas und Elizabeth Kiernan. „Using Data From Index Herbariorum to Assess Threats to the World’s Herbaria“. Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 2 (15.06.2018): e26440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biss.2.26440.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

During the past few years, natural disasters, political or social unrest and institutional actions have imperiled herbaria. The question has been raised multiple times whether or not the data gathered about herbaria in Index Herbariorum could be used to predict which herbaria are at the greatest risk. Armed with such knowledge curators and the greater collections community might be in a better position to safeguard those herbaria. To explore the feasibility of using Index Herbariorum data in this way, we have identified a set of specific threats and then scored herbaria according to their susceptibility to those threats. These threats fall into two categories: Physical and Administrative. Physical threats are those that could lead to loss of collections through outright destruction due to catastrophic events (e.g., earthquake, flood) or loss of the protective controls (e.g., air conditioning, building security) that ensure a safe collections environment. Determination of these threats is based on location. Administrative threats involve decisions made by the governing body to remove staff support, appropriate space or climate control measures for the collection. Physical threats were determined using GIS to plot the location of all herbaria, and then overlaying these with map layers indicating current earthquakes, floods, cyclones and landslides and potential future threats (sea level rise and civil unrest). We deduced Administrative threats from Index Herbariorum data elements. These include the status of the herbarium (active or inactive), whether or not the Index Herbariorum entry for an institution has been updated in the past 10 years, whether or not the herbarium has a designated curator, the ratio of staff to specimens, and whether or not the collection has been digitized. Each threat was assessed as absent or present, and assigned a value of 0 or 1 accordingly. Using this method, less than 4% face no identified threats; 65% face one to three threats and 35% face five or more threats. The criteria used in this study cannot alone predict the future security of a collection, or the lack thereof. The reasons for the loss of a collection are usually more complicated than Index Herbariorum data can convey. However, the large proportion of herbaria that face multiple threats suggests that all herbaria should be aware of the risk factors for their collection, perhaps conducting a self-evaluation using the criteria presented here or others, and where possible should incorporate responses to those threats into their strategic and disaster preparedness plans.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

11

Yakar, Yasin Mahmut. „Verbal Violence in Children’s Books“. Journal of Education and Training Studies 6, Nr. 10 (15.08.2018): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i10.3395.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Books that are read during childhood play an important role in the preparation of the individual for life as well as for the family and friends' surroundings. In books prepared for children, part of real life needs to be reflected. It is expected that these reflections can include not only positive but also negative messages, situations and events so the child should be prepared to deal with adverse situations in real life and will be able to learn to cope with them. One of these negative aspects is verbal violence that an individual may encounter in different settings. In this framework, attempts have been made to detect examples related to verbal violence in children's books. The need for such a study on literary quality books for children is due to the lack of an independent research in Turkey on the reflections of verbal violence. The research was supported by document analysis. In the study, fourteen books were examined in the form of stories and novels prepared for children, which contained reflections of verbal violence in the curriculum. The reason why the story and the novel are examined is that it is highly possible to find fiction-based expressions in these species rather than in other literary genres. Documents examined in the study were obtained by taking expert opinion and read without any written notice. Subsequently, the works were first subjected to content analysis to obtain more in-depth data after descriptive analysis. It has been found that all the books examined in the study on the reflection of verbal violence in children's books contained examples of verbal violence. These are among the consequences of working with threats from a wide range of people, ranging from nicknames to disdain. Nevertheless, it was observed that verbal violence performers are more male characters while female characters rarely resort to violence, and many reasons were effective in practicing violence. The results show that examples of verbal violence should be included in children's books which are thought to be effective on child's self-preparation for life. It was found that the fact that violence is not justified as a solution to the problem and that the characters who conduct violence must not be confirmed are among the essential qualities that should not be forgotten when children's books are written.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

12

Jackson, Taurus. „The Effects Of Social Engineering On Enterprise Security“. Scholar Chatter 2, Nr. 1 (15.03.2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.47036/sc.2.1.1-14.2021.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

The focus of this research was to explore present control methods and solutions used throughout technology-based, healthcare-based, and manufacturing-based organizations in southwest Georgia to determine their effectiveness for reducing potential threats. Semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions are used to explore 30 information technology professionals' lived experiences with IT security policies and procedures. Two research questions guided the qualitative exploratory case study: How important is social engineering and enterprise security to the organization? and How are organizations evaluating and managing existing organizational solutions? Several themes emerged: (a) lack of education and inadequate information can affect the decision-making process, (b) response times from management is a key factor in reducing threats, (c) a sense of failure is always present, (d) failed IT policy management can increase organizational vulnerability, and (e) social engineering still has a negative stigma in the business environment. The findings suggest that although steps were made to change the perception of social engineering and enterprise security, additional work is needed to ensure employees are aware of how social engineering and enterprise security can affect their organization productivity. Key Words: Information systems, information technology, social engineering, enterprise security, control methods, policies, procedures, management

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

13

Lanthén, Klas, Mikael Rask und Charlotta Sunnqvist. „Psychiatric Patients Experiences with Mechanical Restraints: An Interview Study“. Psychiatry Journal 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/748392.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Objective. To examine psychiatric patients’ experience of mechanical restraints and to describe the care the patients received.Background. All around the world, threats and violence perpetrated by patients in psychiatric emergency inpatient units are quite common and are a prevalent factor concerning the application of mechanical restraints, although psychiatric patients’ experiences of mechanical restraints are still moderately unknown.Method. A qualitative design with an inductive approach were used, based on interviews with patients who once been in restraints.Results. This study resulted in an overbridging theme:Physical Presence, Instruction and Composed Behaviour Can Reduce Discontent and Trauma, including five categories. These findings implicated the following: information must be given in a calm and sensitive way, staff must be physically present during the whole procedure, and debriefing after the incident must be conducted.Conclusions. When mechanical restraints were unavoidable, the presence of committed staff during mechanical restraint was important, demonstrating the significance of training acute psychiatric nurses correctly so that their presence is meaningful. Nurses in acute psychiatric settings should be required to be genuinely committed, aware of their actions, and fully present in coercive situations where patients are vulnerable.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

14

Choi, Vivian Y. „Anticipatory States: Tsunami, War, and Insecurity in Sri Lanka“. Cultural Anthropology 30, Nr. 2 (25.05.2015): 286–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.14506/ca30.2.09.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

In 2004, a tsunami caused unprecedented damage and destruction in the Indian Ocean region. For Sri Lanka, the second-most affected country, with over thirty-thousand deaths and five-hundred-thousand displaced, the tsunami resulted in the introduction of new disaster management institutions, logics, and technologies. The formation and implementation of these new institutions, logics, and technologies must be understood alongside a human-made disaster: the decades-long civil war between the Sri Lankan government and the militant insurgent group of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). I outline the ways that the tsunami opened the door for national and social restructuring in Sri Lanka: the devastation of the tsunami and the logics of disaster risk management that followed it offered a political opening for new techniques of state power and projects of nation-building—a process I call disaster nationalism. This governmentality of disaster risk management plays out through an anticipation of disasters, in which disasters, both natural and human-made, are ever-possible future threats that justify ongoing practices and technologies of securitization. Yet state attempts to control the future remain in constant tension with the attitudes and opinions of people who have been affected by both the tsunami and war. These collective relations, practices, and structures of feelings are what I refer to as anticipatory states. From the calculative risk management projects of the Sri Lankan state to the everyday state of being ready and aware in the spaces of disaster, anticipation weaves into and out of experiences and encounters, its different forms and possibilities shaped by complexly layered histories and landscapes of disaster and violence, and, even, forces beyond the control of the anticipatory state.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

15

Maciejczyk-Cień, Piotr. „The security of critical infrastructure in the concept of the Territorial Defence Force of the Republic of Poland“. Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka - Refleksje 33, Nr. 33 (29.03.2019): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1945.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Nowadays, humanity has become dependent on the devices and systems which form part of everyday life. This relation was made clear by the terrorist attacks in New York, Madrid and London. The attacks resulted not only in human casualties and damage to infrastructure, but also made people aware of the close relations between the damage and the effective operation of the rescuers. This gave rise to the need to face the problem of protecting the infrastructure which is important for the security of the state and its citizens. At the same time, the issue of threats to critical infrastructure has started to emerge more and more in the literature devoted to internal security and stopped being associated solely with military concepts. In Poland, the notion of ‘critical infrastructure’ first started to appear in government documents and literature in 2007 after the introduction of the Crisis Management Act. The legislator specifies in the document the conceptual range of critical infrastructure which is closely related to the functioning of facilities, devices, and installations relevant for the security of the state and citizens. The following systems were regarded as critical infrastructures: the energy and fuel, communications and ICT, transport, rescue, financial, food and water supply, and healthcare systems, and also the one related to chemical and radioactive substances. This paper is an attempt at characterising the defence of critical infrastructure in Poland and the possibilities of preventing threats to important state security systems in the context of the establishment of the Territorial Defence Force.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

16

Artz, Sibylle, Margaret A. Jackson, Katherine R. Rossiter, Alicia Nijdam-Jones, István Géczy und Sheila Porteous. „A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON THE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH“. International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies 5, Nr. 4 (07.10.2014): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/ijcyfs54201413274.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Children living in homes where intimate partner violence occurs are often exposed to such violence through witnessing, seeing its effects, hearing about it, or otherwise being made aware that violence is taking place between parents or caregivers. Exposure to intimate partner violence is considered to be a form of child maltreatment, and affected children are often also the victims of targeted child abuse. This paper presents findings from a comprehensive review of the literature on the impact of exposure to intimate partner violence for children and youth, focusing on: (a) neurological disorders; (b) physical health outcomes; (c) mental health challenges; (d) conduct and behavioural problems; (e) delinquency, crime, and victimization; and (f) academic and employment outcomes. The notion of cascading effects informed our framework and analysis as it became evident that the individual categories of impacts were not only closely related to one another, but in a dynamic fashion also influence each other in multiple and interconnected ways over time. The research reviewed clearly shows that children who are exposed to intimate partner violence are at significant risk for lifelong negative outcomes, and the consequences are felt widely in society.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

17

Sinkeviciute, Valeria. „“Ya bloody drongo!!!”“. (Im)politeness and Moral Order in Online Interactions 1, Nr. 2 (31.12.2018): 272–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ip.00013.sin.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Abstract This paper explores impoliteness-related discourse on Facebook as a form of expressing situated moral judgement. The analysis focuses on negative and aggressive comments as a response to one public post that claims the non-existence of Australia. The content of the post indicates the threat to national identity of anyone who associates themselves with the country. As a result, a large number of impolite comments were made. A qualitative analysis of the dataset (limited to one month from the post’s publication) reveals four main strategies that are used in order to express the judgement of the post’s inappropriateness and repair the wrongdoing. Those range from insults of the author’s mental abilities and suspicion of drug use to violence-related discourse (e.g., death threats) and counter-attack of the author’s national identity. This paper, thus, aims to contribute to a growing area of research into online impoliteness.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

18

Oladipupo, Samuel Oluranti. „Determinants of Information Security Awareness among Employees of Capital Market Registrars in Lagos, Nigeria: An Empirical Study“. Asian Journal of Computer Science and Technology 8, Nr. 1 (05.02.2019): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajcst-2019.8.1.2119.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

The purpose of the study is to examine the determinants of information security awareness (ISA) among employees of Capital Market Registrars (CMRs) in Lagos, Nigeria based on established factors from the existing literatures on ISA. The main objectives of the study are; to determine the level of information security awareness among CMRs’ employees and to identify the components that influence information security awareness. This study utilised a survey design. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select the respondents for the study. A total of 326 copies of questionnaires were distributed among the employees in CMRs, of which 267 properly completed questionnaires were returned. Descriptive statistics and simple regression were used for data analysis. Finding revealed that information security policy, information security education, knowledge of technology, and employee’s behaviour significantly influenced information security awareness. The results of the study further revealed the strong correlation between employee’s behaviour and information security awareness. Overall, the study showed that the level of information security awareness is high, which implies that employees of CMRs in Lagos are aware of the potential threats and risk associated with information security. Based on these research findings, recommendations were therefore made.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

19

Zhang, Shu-E., Wenhui Liu, Jinghui Wang, Yu Shi, Fengzhe Xie, Shuang Cang, Tao Sun und Lihua Fan. „Impact of workplace violence and compassionate behaviour in hospitals on stress, sleep quality and subjective health status among Chinese nurses: a cross-sectional survey“. BMJ Open 8, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2018): e019373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019373.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to describe the current state of workplace violence (WPV) and compassionate behaviour towards nurses and to explain how they affect nurses’ stress, sleep quality and subjective health status.DesignA cross-sectional online survey study.SettingThe survey was conducted across eight provinces in China.ParticipantsA total of 1024 nurses were recruited to complete an online questionnaire survey from February to May 2016 in China.ResultsApproximately 75.4% participants had experienced some form of violence. Most of the participants experienced WPV such as verbal violence (65.2%), made difficulties (54.5%), tarnished reputation (37.5%), mob behaviour (34.9%), intimidation behaviour (18.8%), physical violence (14.6%) and sexual harassment (5.9%). In this study, 92.4% participants experienced compassionate behaviour from their coworkers (84.9%), supervisors (67.3%), and from their patients (65.3%). The results show that the exposure to WPV behaviour significantly affected the psychological stress (β=0.295, p<0.01), sleep quality (β=−0.198, p<0.01) and subjective health status (β=−0.252, p<0.01) of nurses. The exposure to compassionate behaviour significantly affected the psychological stress (β=−0.229, p<0.01), sleep quality (β=0.326, p<0.01) and subjective health status (β=0.342, p<0.01) of nurses. The results of the mediation analysis showed that psychological stress is a partial mediator in the relationship between violence and sleep quality (β=−0.458, p<0.01) and between violence and subjective health (β=−0.425, p<0.01). Moreover, psychological stress also partially mediated the relationship between compassionate behaviour and sleep quality (β=−0.473, p<0.01), and between compassionate behaviour and subjective health (β=−0.405, p<0.01).ConclusionIn China, most nurses have experienced different forms of WPV from patients and/or their relatives, as well as experiencing various forms of compassionate behaviour from their coworkers, supervisors and/or patients. This study investigates the prevalence of the different types of WPV and compassionate behaviour. Several aspects of harm to nurses from exposure to violence is confirmed. We found that WPV can damage nurses’ health outcomes, while compassionate behaviours were beneficial to their health outcomes. A harmonious nursing environment should be provided to minimise threats to nurses’ health status.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

20

Sun, Tao, Lei Gao, Fujun Li, Yu Shi, Fengzhe Xie, Jinghui Wang, Shuo Wang et al. „Workplace violence, psychological stress, sleep quality and subjective health in Chinese doctors: a large cross-sectional study“. BMJ Open 7, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2017): e017182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017182.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

BackgroundWorkplace violence (WPV) against healthcare workers is known as violence in healthcare settings and referring to the violent acts that are directed towards doctors, nurses or other healthcare staff at work or on duty. Moreover, WPV can cause a large number of adverse outcomes. However, there is not enough evidence to test the link between exposure to WPV against doctors, psychological stress, sleep quality and health status in China.ObjectivesThis study had three objectives: (1) to identify the incidence rate of WPV against doctors under a new classification, (2) to examine the association between exposure to WPV, psychological stress, sleep quality and subjective health of Chinese doctors and (3) to verify the partial mediating role of psychological stress.DesignA cross-sectional online survey study.SettingThe survey was conducted among 1740 doctors in tertiary hospitals, 733 in secondary hospital and 139 in primary hospital across 30 provinces of China.ParticipantsA total of 3016 participants were invited. Ultimately, 2617 doctors completed valid questionnaires. The effective response rate was 86.8%.ResultsThe results demonstrated that the prevalence rate of exposure to verbal abuse was the highest (76.2%), made difficulties (58.3%), smear reputation (40.8%), mobbing behaviour (40.2%), intimidation behaviour (27.6%), physical violence (24.1%) and sexual harassment (7.8%). Exposure to WPV significantly affected the psychological stress, sleep quality and self-reported health of doctors. Moreover, psychological stress partially mediated the relationship between work-related violence and health damage.ConclusionIn China, most doctors have encountered various WPV from patients and their relatives. The prevalence of three new types of WPV have been investigated in our study, which have been rarely mentioned in past research. A safer work environment for Chinese healthcare workers needs to be provided to minimise health threats, which is a top priority for both government and society.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

21

Alejos, Carmen–José. „La Paz en el Concilio Vaticano ii“. Annuarium Historiae Conciliorum 48, Nr. 2 (14.09.2019): 396–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25890433-04802005.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

The Second Vatican Council addressed the question of peace and war in the nos. 77–90 of the Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et spes. A few years after the end of the Second World War, the Council Fathers and the whole of humanity were aware of its devastating effects and need to avoid a new conflict. The Second Vatican Council began and developed in a global context of decolonization of 38 countries, of growth of superpowers and of cold war between the United States and the Soviet Union. The different editorial schemes show the thought of the Council Fathers, which evolved from proposing peace as a struggle against war, up to posing it as the best condition for the community, which must be complete, durable and stable. Thus the Council firmly rejected all forms of war (just war, total war) and violence; the arms race was also condemned, and at the same time an appeal was made to humanity to free itself from the old slavery of war.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

22

Mierzwa, Janusz. „Unifikacja, modernizacja, opresja. Przemiany aparatu administracyjnego II Rzeczypospolitej“. Prace Historyczne 147, Nr. 4 (2020): 719–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844069ph.20.039.12493.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Unification, modernization, oppression: Changes of the administration of the Second Polish Republic The creation of Polish public administration after regaining independence was characterized by two attributes –continuation (in the legal and organizational aspect) and novelty (personal aspect). At the beginning the process of modernization was uncoordinated, but this changed after the coup d’état. The Great Depression interfered with it, but after 1935 reforms proceeded in the same direction, for the most part. Similarly, the unification process was uncoordinated, gradually becoming more structured and rapid after 1926. Finally, serious changes of voivodship borders were made just before WWII. At the same time, we can observe the growing oppression of the administration, even though it was already detectable in the democratic period, it became stronger and more widespread when Józef Piłsudski’s camp took power. It manifested through physical violence, censorship, and the surveillance of opposition. It reflected not only the ways of the undemocratic government but was also associated with the brutalization of social habits and with the threats to internal security.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

23

Khokhlov, A. A. „Sanitary and hygienic situation in educational institution and its influence on student’s protests at the turn of the XX century (on the example of the kazan theological seminary)“. Kazan medical journal 95, Nr. 1 (15.02.2014): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj1472.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

In 1899 in the Kazan Theological Seminary the wave of student’s protests arose. Uproar were extreme forms and were accompanied by a window shattering, furniture crash and threats to authorities. Shortly before this, the Seminary rector, archimandrite Kirill (Lopatin) submitted the report to the Kazan archbishop Arseny (Bryantsev) in which he described difficult sanitary and hygienic situation of seminary and that it negatively affects the educational process. The document reveals a heavy student life: extreme overcrowding, lack of rooms, high humidity and lack of fresh air. As a special problem, absence of own bath was mentioned, forcing students to visit city baths, that led to increase of number of contagious diseases cases. The petition of the seminary students, handed over to the Kazan archbishop, confirmed that radical moods of pupils were motivated by worsening sanitary conditions in educational institution. However, despite recommendations of the bishop to the Seminary Board to find a solution of the problems rising, no efforts were made due to different reasons. The commission appointed for investigation of incidents, consisted of teachers, but didn’t include a medical worker, that indirectly indicates authorities’ formalistic approach to the problem. On the other hand, the considerable fault in sanitary and hygienic situation deterioration in Seminary lays on students, who by the end of the XIX century were not yet aware of simple sanitary rules importance.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

24

Yesufu, Shaka. „The socio-economic impact of the Covid-19: a South African perspective on its impact on the socio-economic, inequality, security, and food systems“. ScienceRise, Nr. 4 (31.08.2021): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2313-8416.2021.002036.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

The objects of this research are: first, to highlight some of the socio-economic impact, arising out of the government's strict lockdown rules due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Second, to explore the psychological effects of the new normal on citizens, arising out of the lockdown. The author investigated the following problems: social problems, caused by restricted movements, increase interpersonal violence crimes, and economic problems due to job losses, emanating from several businesses closures. The main results of the research are: very high number of death rates with over (78 000), succumbing to coronavirus in South Africa, high unemployment, threats of food scarcity, educational setbacks due to schools closure, economic inequality gap, more widely pronounced, and hospitals, put under severe pressure due high patients needs. The area of practical use of the research is for all citizens, directly affected by the global pandemic. The research highlights the significance of the use of technology to inform and support lifelong learning using more e-learning platforms as an alternative for the old pedagogic delivery of lectures. The innovative technological products, arising out of the lockdown, were several e-learning softwares introduced. Apps like ‘uber eats; Vromo; Open Table; and ChatFood were all introduced and made delivery of fast food to our homes relatively easy. Several e-learning products were made popular: Microsoft teams; Zoom; Skype; Canvas; Ariculate 360; 7 taps; Spayee and teachable. The Scope of the innovative technology products were more pronounced in both the hospitality, catering industries, and educational institutions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

25

Maatman, Theresa Camille, Heather Prigmore, Joni Strom Williams und Kathlyn E. Fletcher. „Patient safety superheroes in training: using a comic book to teach patient safety to residents“. BMJ Quality & Safety 28, Nr. 11 (14.06.2019): 934–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2018-009094.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

ProblemMedical errors are a health burden. Residents must be aware of patient safety threats and have confidence reporting concerns. Creative modalities for teaching such content (eg, simulation) are resource intensive, while lectures do not assimilate clinical practice. Therefore, the objective of this project was to assess the use of a comic book to train Internal Medicine residents to identify patient safety issues. We report acceptability of the teaching tool and awareness and confidence in identifying patient safety issues using a comic book.ApproachResidents from the Medical College of Wisconsin participated in a 1-hour session to identify 24 safety topics in a comic book. The primary outcomes were awareness and confidence. Engagement and enjoyment were also measured as forms of acceptability of the tool. Comparisons were made using Fisher’s exact tests and paired t-tests for awareness questions and Fisher’s exact tests for confidence questions. Analyses were performed using SAS V.9.4.OutcomesFifty participants were included in the analyses. Proportions in each awareness category were significantly different on post-test in 21 of 24 topics included. The confidence in both identifying safety topics (55.1% precourse to 96% postcourse) and reporting them (35.42%–90%) increased significantly after the curriculum. 90% found the tool enjoyable and 98% found the tool engaging.Next stepsThis curriculum was successful in increasing resident awareness and confidence regarding patient safety. The use of a comic book was acceptable to residents. Future directions include digital conversion of the curriculum and expansion to include multiple settings within the hospital.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

26

Zieliński, E., M. Zieliński, B. Motylewski und D. Skalski. „STUDY OF ADOLESCENTS' AWARENESS OF THE EFFECTS OF SMOKING IN ORDER TO INCREASE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CANCER PREVENTION“. Bulletin of Lviv State University of Life Safety 23 (30.06.2021): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20784643.23.2021.07.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

In Poland and the world, cancer is a serious health problem. There are the second cause of death in total and the first cause of death before the age of 65 in Poland. The paper presents some research results concerning the understanding of the level of knowledge of adolescents about lung cancer. An attempt was made to answer the question: Do young people have basic knowledge about lung cancer? The following hypotheses were made: Students believe that they influ-ence whether they will develop lung cancer. Adolescents have a basic knowledge of lung cancer. The obtained results allowed for the formulation of conclusions. The main goal of the work is to find out about the level of knowledge of young people about lung cancer.To improve the situation of lung cancer in society, numerous social organizations and associations take part in social campaigns dedicated to all citizens, regardless of age and sex. Some postulates, the introduction of which could increase the health security of the state and eliminate some environmental threats, such as passive smoking, will be presented below. These postulates have the overarching goal of changing the model of lung cancer prevention and care in Poland. The changes should be comprehensive - from prevention (primary and secondary), through diagnostics and treatment, post-treatment care (including rehabilitation and psycho-oncological care), to observation aimed at detecting and treating complications of the disease and anti-cancer therapy as well as early detection of possible recurrence of the disease. Given that smoking is becoming a bad habit of the younger age group than the study, it would be worthwhile to expand the age range and conduct such research among children, for example, from the age of 7 years. At this age, children are more receptive to and aware of health hazards.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

27

Robertson, Graham, Richard Pearson und Robert Gibb. „The Entry of Mentally Disordered People to the Criminal Justice System“. British Journal of Psychiatry 169, Nr. 2 (August 1996): 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.169.2.172.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

BackgroundThe police are the gatekeepers to the criminal justice system (CJS). It is agreed that where possible mentally ill people should be diverted to psychiatric care. The purpose of this investigation was to determine what factors were associated with the entry of obviously mentally ill people into the CJS.MethodThe population of all detainees arrested in seven London police stations was observed to determine the presence of obvious mental illness. All detainees regarded as ill or known to have significant psychiatric histories were followed through the CJS to court disposal. Defendants diagnosed as psychotic by court liaison psychiatrists were identified and the circumstances of their arrest and detention examined.ResultsOf all police detainees observed, 1.4% were found to be acutely ill. Diversion of obviously ill detainees was common practice. The factor most strongly associated with entry to the CJS was the presence of violence at time of arrest. Other factors were the persistence of (petty) offending and the operation of court warrants issued as a result of the person's failure to appear at court when required to do so.ConclusionsBoth police and courts are well aware of the inappropriateness of custody for acutely ill people and efforts are made to divert such people out of the CJS. Persistent petty offenders are often being recycled from the street to police station to court and back to the street without the benefit of care. A dedicated facility is recommended in central London to meet this need.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

28

Kareem, Masood A., und Jader A. Jader. „Prevalence of Cigarette and “Waterpipe” Smoking among “Duhok Universities” Students“. Polytechnic Journal 9, Nr. 2 (01.12.2019): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.25156/ptj.v9n2y2019.pp63-69.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Tobacco use is considered one of the largest public health threats facing the world. Waterpipe smoking (WPS) is a customary and cultural method of tobacco consumption in many parts of the world. This study aimed to find the prevalence of smoking among Duhok city University students in Iraq and to assess students’ knowledge regarding smoking. A cross-sectional, self-completed questionnaire-based study was conducted at four Universities in Duhok city. According to the study’s objectives, scientific and literature colleges from each university are selected. The selection of the number of enrolled colleges and departments is proportionate with total university students’ number. The colleges and departments are selected by a simple random sampling method. Descriptive and analytic statistical tools (SPSS-23) were used to assess significant associations. Chi-square test association is used to compare between proportions. The prevalence of cigarette smoking was 23.5% among studied students (41.9% among males and 6.8% among females), and the prevalence of WPS was 33.2% (56.7% among males and 11.8% among females). There is a significant correlation between cigarette smoking and WPS. Most of the students in this study were not well aware of the most harmful effects of smoking. There was a highly statistically significant association between cigarette and WPS. Smoking in males is more prevalent than females. Inclusion of a detailed and separate course in the university curriculum regarding tobacco control and the effects of smoking on health should be made compulsory. This course must be started from the 1st year of academic courses till the time of graduation or conducting health education and extensive counseling on the harmful effect of smoking for all university students.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

29

Matsuo, Minoru. „Thinking of Disasters“. Journal of Disaster Research 1, Nr. 1 (01.08.2006): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2006.p0006.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

What people desire most in life is freedom from anxiety, peace of mind in a trustworthy environment, and life in a spiritually rich environment. Among the basic prerequisites for peace of mind are safety and security. Threats to safety and security fall into two categories: 1) The first involves artificial, intentionally created events, typified by war. The element differentiating such events as war from disaster is the presence of intent – in this case, to kill or injure the enemy. In contrast, damage caused by unilateral violence such as terrorism – one-sided violence against innocent people having no intent to fight – is qualified as a disaster. 2) The second category involves disasters caused by natural factors and, in the case of artificially created events, an element lacking intent and unexpected from the viewpoint of the state-of-the-art, inadvertently involving good will. We are concerned here with the second rather than the first category. Typical of the first half of the second category are natural disasters. When I confronts natural disasters, I invariably encounter the cognition of a deeprooted principle, which is that Nature is beyond human elements. Despite the oft-stated saying that “Man shall impose mastery of Nature,” such a stance is far outside the envelope. Instead of such a stance, we should, if possible, make a plea to be loved by Nature, but surely this is a figment of human egoism. The best path for human beings to take is to do their utmost, seeking Nature’s understanding of our endeavors to be freed from the deadly penalties exacted by Nature. The above path limits the basic method and way of thinking against natural disasters to “disaster mitigation.” Disaster mitigation roughly falls into two approaches. The first involves the construction of new structures or the improvement of existing ones, i.e., physical defense against natural elements. The human inability to predict the future – and natural disasters – prevents us from preparing everything against the disaster with this method, viz., “God only knows.” What we can do is to prepare for potential disaster probabilistically, constructing structures that, at least temporarily, mitigate maximum disaster. The second approach involves preparation of an “observational disaster-mitigation system.” In other words, predicting potential disasters prior to their actual occurrence by applying observations and knowledge from past disasters in order to mitigate damages, or constructing and implementing a “disaster-mitigation system” using all possible measures including evacuation before actual events attack residential area. Regarding the occurrence of nonmalicious artificial events – the second category of threats to safety mentioned above – examples include the hazards caused by chemicals, food, and construction materials that are potentially lethal to those exposed to them. Man may not be perfect, being unable to in prepare completely against such suffering. It has occurred in the past and will surely occur in the future. For such disasters and their mitigation, we must clarify their effects from the viewpoint of human studies centering on law and ethics in addition to the technological viewpoint. In the case of marketing of new products and new technology, for example, it is natural that inspection from different angles should be made, and that doubled and tripled efforts be taken to avoid fatal damage such as loss of human life. Behind this, persons concerned must be aware that human beings – small existence compared to Nature – enter unknown world tremblingly. It is excellent to inaugurate the accumulation of knowledge on disasters from as wide a viewpoint as possible, not restricting action to natural disasters alone. I express congratulations from my heart and look forward to reading many contributions on advanced achievements that may lead to peace of mind for people potentially affected by disasters and their mitigation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

30

Tod, Pinjra. „Not Paradise but Prison“. Critical Times 3, Nr. 3 (01.12.2020): 506–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/26410478-8662384.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Abstract In the fall of 2019, Pinjra Tod (Break the Cage), an autonomous collective of women students working to ensure secure, affordable, and non-discriminatory accommodation for women students throughout Delhi, joined forces with other student organizations to coordinate a joint protest and public meeting against the continuing siege of Kashmir. The action took place at the Arts Faculty of Delhi University. In this pamphlet, Pinjra Tod interrogates Narendra Modi's corporate plans for a “paradise” in Kashmir under the capitalist guise of “freedom,” and its intersection with far-right racialized nationalism. Further, they report on the horrific stories emerging from Kashmir: stories of the detention and torture of minors and young men, arbitrary midnight raids, and constant threats and danger of sexual violence against women by the armed forces. They articulate the present state of emergency as an intensification of the long and brutal history of oppression by the Indian state impacting the lives and democratic aspirations of the people of Kashmir. Raising their voices against the continuing lockdown and in support of and solidarity with the people of Kashmir, Pinjra Tod presents a set of demands which include that Articles 370 and 35A of India's constitution be reinstated; that the popular participation of Kashmiri people in any further policy decision be ensured; that all political leaders, social activists, youth, and children be released; and that special provisions be made for all Kashmiri students across all universities whose studies were disrupted.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

31

Brasholt, Marie, Brenda Van den Bergh, Erinda Bllaca, Alba Mejía, Marie My Warborg Larsen, Anne Katrine Graudal Levinsen und Jens Simon Modvig. „The risk of sanctions following visits by monitoring bodies; a study conducted in Albania and Honduras“. Torture Journal 30, Nr. 2 (09.11.2020): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/torture.v30i2.120079.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Introduction: Independent monitoring of places of detention is considered an effective way of preventing torture, but some reports have shown that detainees may face reprisals after engaging with monitors.This pilot study aims to further investigate the nature and the extent of such reprisals. Methods: A cross-sectional survey among male prisoners in 4 prisons in Albania and 4 in Honduras was carried out using an interviewer-administered, structured questionnaire and collecting additional narrative comments. Strict ethical guidelines were followed, and follow-up visits took place to detect any sanctions following participation in the study. Results: 170 detainees were invited to par- ticipate of whom 164 accepted. Most were aware of monitoring visits and found them helpful. More than one-third reported that au- thorities had made special arrangements like cleaning and painting prior to the monitoring visits, and 34% of participants in Albania and 12% in Honduras had felt pressured to act in a specific way towards the monitors. One- fifth had experienced sanctions after the last monitoring visit, most often threats and humiliations. During the follow-up visits, the interviewees reported no incidents following their participation in the study. Discussion: This pilot study has shown that it is possible to collect information about detainees’ experience with monitoring visits through interviews while they are still detained. The fact that reprisals are reported prior to and fol- lowing monitoring visits points to the need of improving monitoring methodology to further lower the risk. Further research is needed to better understand the dynamics of the sanctions taking place with the aim of reaching a deeper understanding of potential preventive measures.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

32

Liu, Dongping, Guogang Zhang, Hongxing Jiang, Lixia Chen, Derong Meng und Jun Lu. „Seasonal dispersal and longitudinal migration in the Relict Gull Larus relictus across the Inner-Mongolian Plateau“. PeerJ 5 (25.05.2017): e3380. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3380.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

The Relict Gull Larus relictus is a globally vulnerable species and one of the least known birds, so understanding its seasonal movements and migration will facilitate the development of effective conservation plans for its protection. We repeatedly satellite-tracked 11 adult Relict Gulls from the Ordos sub-population in Hongjian Nur, China, over 33 migration seasons and conducted extensive ground surveys. Relict Gulls traveled ∼800 km between Hongjian Nur in northern China to the coast of eastern China in a predominantly longitudinal migration, following a clockwise loop migration pattern. The gulls migrated faster in spring (4 ± 2 d) than in autumn (15 ± 13 d) due to a time-minimization strategy for breeding, and they showed considerable between-individual variation in the timing of the autumn migration, probably due to differences in the timing of breeding. Gulls that made at least two round trips exhibited high flexibility in spring migration timing, suggesting a stronger influence of local environment conditions over endogenous controls. There was also high route flexibility among different years, probably due to variations in meteorological or habitat conditions at stopover sites. Relict Gulls stayed for a remarkably long time (234 ± 17 d) on their major wintering grounds in Bohai Bay and Laizhou Bay, between which there were notable dispersals. Pre-breeding dispersals away from the breeding area were distinct, which seemed to be a strategy to cope with the degradation of breeding habitat at Hongjian Nur. Overwhelming lake shrinkage on the breeding ground and at stopover sites and loss of intertidal flats on the wintering grounds are regarded as the main threats to Relict Gulls. It is crucial to make protection administrations aware of the great significance of key sites along migration routes and to promote the establishment of protected areas in these regions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

33

Molochko, S., V. Bashynskyi, O. Kalamurza und V. Zhurakhov. „ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATE, CHARACTERISTICS AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE DETECTION SENSORS MOUNTED ON UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEMS“. Наукові праці Державного науково-дослідного інституту випробувань і сертифікації озброєння та військової техніки, Nr. 8 (29.06.2021): 80–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.37701/dndivsovt.8.2021.09.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

In recent years, the international community has become increasingly aware of the scale and severity of the problems posed by landmines and explosive remnants of war, including unexploded ordnance, gradually agreeing that this is a global problem that requires international concerted actions [1]. Significant excess of pace of development and intensity of mines use in comparison with the means of demining determine the urgency of the problem of ensuring the required level of their technical perfection. At the same time, special attention should be paid to ensuring the required level of quality of demining processes, reducing to a minimum level of explosive threats and cost of demining [2]. In modern economic conditions, the high efficiency of UXO detection in a certain area with relatively minimal cost of material and human resources is of great importance. The article analyzes the possibility of detecting explosive ordnance using a thermal imager, hyperspectral camera, magnetometer, metal detector which are installed on an unmanned aerial system (UAS). In addition, there was given consideration to the properties of sensors for detecting explosive ordnance which will ensure their full use during humanitarian demining: performance, transportability, survivability, reliability, failure-free, durability, maintainability, storage ability, cost effectiveness. Explosive ordnance detection sensors mounted on UAS must have their own navigation system or be connected to an on-board navigation system that links information from the sensors to the terrain. It must be possible to determine the coordinates of any object after landing an UAS and process information from the sensors. The calculations were made regarding the effectiveness of actions for searching and detecting explosive ordnance using an unmanned aerial system.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

34

Kahraman, Hilal, Fatma Köybaşı Şemin und Celal Teyyar Uğurlu. „Okul Güvenliği: Türkiye’de Basına Yansıyanlar / School Security: Reflected to the Press in Turkey“. Journal of History Culture and Art Research 8, Nr. 1 (01.04.2019): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v8i1.1923.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Abstract The purpose of this study is to reveal school safety problems in Turkey reflected to the newspaper topics. In this study which is designed according to qualitative research method, document analysis technique is used. A total of 362 news related to school security problems with the keyword of “school” in the 2017-2018 academic year constitute the data of this study which is accessed from the search engines of Hürriyet and Sabah newspapers. In the analysis of the data, content analysis was performed to determine the dimensions of the events that reflect the news about school security problems. In the content analysis, in accordance with the sub-objectives of the research; Analyzes were made based on the topics related to physical, psycho-social and external threats which are reflections of school safety problems. As a result of the analysis in regard to the physical security of schools; four different categories were reached: building, transportation, hygiene factors and security related to infrastructure. Building category is divided into two sub-categories namely outdoor and indoor categories. Outdoor category involves structural problems of the buildings while the indoor category deals with the emergency situation. In the case of psycho-social security, the events in newspapers were collected in five different categories as violence, abuse, suicide, substance abuse and security events related to negligence. In the sub-dimension of psycho-social security, it is observed that most of the security incidents are seen in the category of violence and abuse in schools; It is interesting to note that in these categories, harming of others and sexual harassment are the most intense security incidents in schools. Finally, events related to external threats in the schools were collected in seven different categories as follows: school environment events, school environment structure and system, abuse, psychological attacks, terrorism, burglary and violence. It is possible to say that the school-related incidents as a result of the sale of drugs and unhealthy foods and the theft of schools' equipment are the most common external threats.ÖzBu çalışmanın amacı; Türkiye’de okul güvenliği sorunlarını gazete haberlerine yansıyan kısmıyla açığa çıkarmaktır. Nitel araştırma yöntemine göre desenlenen bu çalışmada, dokuman analizi tekniği kullanılmıştır. Hürriyet ve Sabah gazetelerinin internet ortamındaki arama motorlarından ulaşılan, 2017-2018 eğitim-öğretim yılındaki ‘‘okul’’ anahtar kavramıyla okul güvenliği sorunları ile ilgili yaşanmış olaylara ait 362 adet haber, bu çalışmanın verilerini oluşturmaktadır. Verilerin analizinde okul güvenliği sorunlarına ilişkin haberlere yansıyan olayların hangi boyutlarda yaşandığının belirlenmesi amacıyla içerik analizi yapılmıştır. İçerik analizi yapılırken araştırmanın alt amaçları doğrultusunda; okul güvenliği sorunlarının yansımaları olan fiziksel, psiko-sosyal ve dış tehditlilerle ilgili başlıklarına dayalı olarak analizler yapılmış, bu başlıklar altında tema ve kategorilere ulaşılmış ve ulaşılan tema ve kategoriler sınıflandırılarak, frekansları gösteren şekillerle sunulmuştur. Yapılan analizler sonucunda okulların fiziksel güvenliğine ilişkin; bina, ulaşım, hijyen etkenleri ve altyapı ile ilgili güvenlik olayları olmak üzere dört farklı kategoriye ulaşılmıştır. Bu kategorilerden bina kategorisi altında öne çıkan dış mekân başlığı altında binaların yapısal sorunları ve iç mekân da ise acil durumlar kategorileri, önemli güvenlik olayları olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Psiko-sosyal güvenliğe ilişkin olarak ise gazete haberlerinde yer alan olaylar; şiddet, istismar, intihar, madde bağımlılığı ve ihmal ile ilgili güvenlik olayları olmak üzere beş farklı kategoride toplanmıştır. Psiko-sosyal güvenlik alt boyutunda okullarda şiddet ve istismar kategorisinde güvenlik olaylarının en fazla yaşandığı görülürken; bu kategorilerde kişiye zarar verme ve cinsel tacizin okullarda en yoğun olarak yaşanan güvenlik olayları olması dikkat çekicidir. Son olarak okullarda dış tehditler ile ilgili yer alan olaylar, okul çevresi olayları, okul çevresi yapı ve sitemi, istismar, psikolojik saldırılar, terör, hırsızlık ve şiddet ile ilgili güvenlik olayları olmak üzere yedi farklı kategoride toplanmıştır. Bu kategorilerden uyuşturucu madde ve sağlıksız gıdaların satışı sonucunda yaşanan okul çevresi olayları ile okulların donanım ve araç gereçlerine yönelik yapılan hırsızlık olaylarının okullarda en sık yaşanan dış tehditler olduğunu söylemek mümkündür.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

35

Foley, Hugh. „Robert Lowell, the New Critics, and the “Unforgivable Landscape” of Liberalism“. Twentieth-Century Literature 66, Nr. 4 (01.12.2020): 485–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/0041462x-8770706.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

This essay argues that Robert Lowell’s poetry demonstrates a critical engagement with the liberal individual that he is not often given credit for. By examining Lowell’s handling of the pathetic fallacy, whereby the external landscape is made to match the mood of the observer, the essay reveals a critique of the historical formation of American individualism, visible in how Lowell connects the literary historical tropes he is employing to the history of American “imperial” violence. This is first shown through a close reading of “Mouth of the Hudson.” The essay connects Lowell’s view to those of his New Critical mentors, such as John Crowe Ransom, for whom the individual of the liberal political order is entwined with the history of Puritan iconoclasm and Romantic views of the poetic subject. It argues that Ransom’s critique parallels those of later critics, such as Marjorie Perloff, David Antin, and Maria Damon, who see Lowell’s poetic self as both solipsistic and symptomatic of an American liberal ideology. Demonstrating that Lowell’s views were formed by a critique of liberal individualism, it then attempts to show how Lowell moved beyond this in his later work, harnessing a depiction of the poetic subject’s individual experience to a critique of individualism itself as manifested in the American political worldview of the Cold War era. It reads “Beyond the Alps” as a demonstration of the way Lowell is able to wed both critique and depiction of individuality together through a self-aware handling of the poetic landscape.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

36

Simkhada, P., E. Van Teijlingen, A. Sharma, P. Bissell, A. Poobalan und S. P. Wasti. „Health consequences of sex trafficking: A systematic review“. Journal of Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences 4, Nr. 1 (22.09.2018): 130–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmmihs.v4i1.21150.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Background: Sex trafficking is one of the most common forms of human trafficking globally. It is associated with health, emotional, social, moral and legal problems. The victims of sex trafficking when returned home are often ignored. This study aimed to explore the health consequences of sex trafficking among women and children.Methods: Medline EMBASE, PsycINFO and CINAHL were systematically searched, from date of inception to July 2016 using a combination of Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and text words on health risks and consequences of sex trafficking. Electronic searches were supplemented by searching the reference lists of included papers and citation tracking. Both Qualitative and quantitative primary studies published in English and exploring health-related problems among sex trafficked women and children were included in this review. Health outcomes considered were: physical, psychological or social risks and consequences of sex trafficking among women and children. No restrictions were applied to geographical regions as sex trafficking involves victims being trafficked between different countries, and within countries. Data were extracted and study quality independently appraised by two reviewers and narrative synthesis was conducted for this review.Results: A total of fifteen articles were included covering health risks and well-being related to sex trafficking. Sexual and physical violence among victims such as rape and repetitive stress and physical injuries were common. The prevalence of STI (sexually transmitted infections) and HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) was also reported as high. Being trafficked at a young age, having been in brothels for a longer period and sexual violence and forced prostitution were linked with a higher risk for HIV infection. Physical health problems reported included headaches, fatigue, dizziness, back pain, memory problem, stomach pain, pelvic pain, gynaecological infections, weight loss, lesions or warts, unwanted pregnancies and abortions. The studies on mental health reported that depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were commonly reported health consequences among sex trafficking victims.Conclusion: there is a compelling need for interventions raising awareness about sex trafficking among young girls and women most at risk of being trafficked. Most studies in this review have focussed on the physical health problems of the trafficked victims although there is also remarkable mental burden amongst those victims. Key policy makers, government officials, public health officials, health care providers, legal authorities and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) should be made aware about the health risks and consequences of trafficking. Trafficking consequences should be recognised as a health issue and all the sectors involved including regulating bodies should collaborate to fight against sex trafficking. Due to the heterogeneity of the articles, no meta-analysis could be conducted.JMMIHS.2018;4(1):130-150

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

37

Teeraphan, Papontee. „PROBLEMS CAUSED BY SMALL PIG FARM ODOR AROUND THE WESTERN SONGKHLA LAKE BASIN“. University Of Bengkulu Law Journal 2, Nr. 1 (22.04.2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/ubelaj.2.1.1-13.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Pollution is currently a significant issue arising awareness throughout the world. In Thailand, pollution can often be seen in any part of the country. Air pollution is pointed as an urgent problem. This pollution has not damaged only to human health and lives, it has destroyed environment, and possibly leading to violence. In Phattalung, air pollution is affecting to the residents’ lives. Especially, when the residents who are mostly agriculturists have not managed the waste resulted from the farm. In Phattalung, at the moment, there are many pig farms, big and small. Some of them are only for consuming for a family, some, however, are being consumed for the business which pigs will be later purchased by big business companies. Therefore, concerning pollution, the researcher and the fund giver were keen to focus on the points of the air pollution of the small pig farms. This is because it has been said that those farms have not been aware on the pollution issue caused by the farms. Farm odor is very interesting which can probably lead to following problems. The researcher also hopes that this research can be used as a source of information by the government offices in order to be made even as a policy or a proper legal measurement. As the results, the study shows that, first, more than half of the samples had smelled the farm odor located nearby their communities, though it had not caused many offenses. Second, the majority had decided not to act or response in order to solve the odor problem, but some of them had informed the officers. The proper solutions in reducing offenses caused by pig farm odor were negotiation and mediation. Last, the majority does not perceive about the process under the Public Health Act B.E. 2535.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

38

Teeraphan, Papontee. „PROBLEMS CAUSED BY SMALL PIG FARM ODOR AROUND THE WESTERN SONGKHLA LAKE BASIN“. University Of Bengkulu Law Journal 2, Nr. 1 (22.04.2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/ubelaj.v2i1.8008.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Pollution is currently a significant issue arising awareness throughout the world. In Thailand, pollution can often be seen in any part of the country. Air pollution is pointed as an urgent problem. This pollution has not damaged only to human health and lives, it has destroyed environment, and possibly leading to violence. In Phattalung, air pollution is affecting to the residents’ lives. Especially, when the residents who are mostly agriculturists have not managed the waste resulted from the farm. In Phattalung, at the moment, there are many pig farms, big and small. Some of them are only for consuming for a family, some, however, are being consumed for the business which pigs will be later purchased by big business companies. Therefore, concerning pollution, the researcher and the fund giver were keen to focus on the points of the air pollution of the small pig farms. This is because it has been said that those farms have not been aware on the pollution issue caused by the farms. Farm odor is very interesting which can probably lead to following problems. The researcher also hopes that this research can be used as a source of information by the government offices in order to be made even as a policy or a proper legal measurement. As the results, the study shows that, first, more than half of the samples had smelled the farm odor located nearby their communities, though it had not caused many offenses. Second, the majority had decided not to act or response in order to solve the odor problem, but some of them had informed the officers. The proper solutions in reducing offenses caused by pig farm odor were negotiation and mediation. Last, the majority does not perceive about the process under the Public Health Act B.E. 2535.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

39

Ezinna E, Enwereji, Ezeama Martina C und Enwereji Kelechi O. „Redefining Coronavirus: Update on the Impacts of COVID-19 in the Rural Areas of Abia State“. International Journal of Global Health 1, Nr. 2 (14.09.2020): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2693-1176.ijgh-20-3545.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Public health professionals working in rural communities are aware of the health disparities which result from lack of physicians, limited services, and income during the pandemic. Also they are aware that some populations are more vulnerable than others. People in the rural areas are experiencing problems on their physical, social and economic life styles because the pandemic is exacerbating some inequities. Individuals especially women and children in the rural areas are facing barriers in accessing health care services due to lack of resources and availability of health care providers in the communities. With COVID-19, women are less likely to seek services, including sexual and reproductive health services. Such services may be postponed to limit exposure to COVID-19 infection. This is particularly disturbing because in addition to the women maintaining their own health, they are also responsible for taking care of the mental, emotional and physical health needs of their families as well as all domestic responsibilities. As such, women in rural settings face special challenges as a result of these significant roles they play. Therefore, the impacts of COVID-19 are exacerbated on women by virtue of their sex and the roles they play in the family. This is a qualitative study that reviewed the reports of the 36 health care professionals under the aegis of members of COVID-19 committee working in partnership with state government to control, prevent and cushion the effects of COVID-19 in the society. This study is therefore, a summary of the observations of the COVID-19 committee members made up of 10(27.8%) females and 26(72.2%) males. The study focused on exploring how individual lifestyles in the rural areas have been affected in the face of COVID- 19 pandemic by identifying the vulnerabilities in social, political and economic systems which can amplify the impacts of the pandemic. Findings showed that preventive measures like lockdown and social distancing rules, wearing of face mask, hand washing with soap, and environmental cleanliness were not observed. The study noted that health seeking behaviours, sexual and marital life including income, education, employment and social interactions were all negatively affected. Most hospitals were battered and health care professionals boycotted the hospitals for fear of being infected. It was found that lack of health workers in the hospitals caused a good number of individuals to engage in self-medications. Also most pregnant women delivered their babies at home and few with traditional birth attendants. Some of the women who had deliveries at home experienced complications during and after delivery. Unfortunately, the report showed that governments’ financial supports to these women and their family members were insignificant as the government was more concerned with mitigating the spread of COVID-19 than assisting women to have safe deliveries. Therefore, the vulnerable groups especially women, children, and the elderly who experienced threats to their safety and wellbeing as a result of the services that were disrupted during the pandemic, should be assisted so as not to lose their lives to preventable diseases.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

40

Joseph, Rapeta Seshoka, und Magano Meahabo Dinah. „Supervision of learners with intellectual disabilities in a special school: In loco parentis of teachers as a wellness perspective“. European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 11, Nr. 2 (10.06.2017): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v11i2.p248-260.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

This chapter addresses a study that was conducted at a special school for learners with intellectual disabilities in the Bojanala region of South Africa’s North West Province. After all, the learners are the heartbeat of the school; in their absence, the school, its buildings and facilities, and even the teachers would be rendered pointless. The aim of this study was to explore ways in which learners are supervised and cared for, considering their mild, moderate and (in a few cases) severe intellectual disabilities. This longitudinal study took place over a period of three years and was embedded in a community engagement project conducted at a particular special school in said region. Due to the nature of a project, action research was selected as the approach most likely to yield useful results over an extended period of time. Additionally, Hettler’s Wellness Theory (1980) was used as the theoretical framework by which to investigate how this school’s teachers and other personnel adhered to the in loco parentis principle - i.e. teachers’ legal imperative to assume some of parental functions and responsibilities, including protecting learners’ physical and psychological wellbeing. As such, the school management team (SMT) and teachers made up the study’s participants. Data were collected by means of questionnaires, interviews and observations. In their encounters with the school management team, the researchers realised that it is particularly crucial to ensure learner safety at special schools. Initial findings also revealed that most of the teachers employed at the school had not received training on teaching at a special school. Furthermore, teachers indicated that they were aware of their specific roles, stating that they only needed to be reminded of what they needed to do in order to ensure learner safety at all times. They pointed out that they simply followed the duty roster with regard to learner safety. This entails teaching learners about dangerous objects like garden utensils and how to remove them from the school premises in addition to adhering to the school safety policy. The teachers further revealed that 24-hour security personnel were employed by the school and that the school premises were bordered by a fence. Meanwhile, the SMT indicated that, although the school did have a safety policy, threats to learner safety persisted. For example, learners were not provided with protective equipment while working in the workshops. The SMT listed the potential consequences of this unsafe school environment as physical injuries, bullying, kidnapping, arson, harassment, and teen pregnancies. Since the study was transformative in nature and action research was relevant, there was a need for intervention. Thus, the findings of the study were shared with the SMT. Furthermore, it was clear from conversations with teachers that they needed intervention, including in-service training. The intervention process was discussed with the school management team and all staff members. It was patently obvious that the majority of the teachers and some of the management team did not have specialised training in special needs or inclusive education and that they were not aware of the needs of learners with intellectual disabilities. The SMT thus highlighted the need for training for all staff members in how to adhere to the in loco parentis principle.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

41

Tkachuk, Andriy. „The security dimension of Ukrainian-Russian relations around Crimea in the political activity of the People’s Movement of Ukraine in 1991–2008th.“ Науково-теоретичний альманах "Грані" 22, Nr. 2 (22.04.2019): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/171923.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

In this general article withsecurity dimension of Ukrainian-Russian relations around Crimea in the political activity of the People’s Movement of Ukraineis discussed. The key political statements of the PMU concerning the Crimea and Sevastopol military base of the Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Federation were investigated. An assessment of the position of political force on Russian policy in the Crimea is given. It was found out that in their activity, the members of the PMU paid constant attention to the lack of a clear state policy of the Ukrainian authorities regarding the Crimea and the military contingent located on the peninsula of the Russian Federation. In most cases, the PMU pointed out that the lack of well thought-out Ukrainian policy in the Crimea along with the activity of Russia itself is a catalyst for destabilizing events on the peninsula. Particular attention of the «Rukhvtsy» paid attention to the activity of various cultural and educational groups in the Crimea, which were completely loyal to Russia. In addition, the special emphasis in the article is made in the position of the PMU on the base of the Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Federation. It was found out that in the vision of political power, the presence of the Black Sea Fleet of Russia in the Crimea was destabilizing not only on the socio-political situation in the Crimea, but also throughout the territory of Ukraine. At the same time, «Rukhvtsy» indicated that the lack of well-thought Ukrainian policy in bilateral relations around Crimea could further develop into a full-scale conflict. The main proposals of the PMU concerning the possible regulation of tension in bilateral relations are outlined. It is concluded that in 1991–2008 the People’s Movement of Ukraine as a political force was clearly aware of the hidden threats to national security contained in the Ukrainian-Russian relations around Crimea. At the same time, in spite of numerous political statements and appeals to the top government of the state, the proposals voiced by the PMU did not take into account in any way that in the future they became a catalyst for the beginning of Russian open aggression against Ukraine.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

42

Landmann, Tomasz. „Sprawa białoruska w początkowym okresie kształtowania państwowości II RP — problem polityczny i społeczno-kulturowy czy niewykorzystana szansa konsolidacji narodowej?“ Wrocławskie Studia Wschodnie 23 (27.09.2019): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1429-4168.23.3.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Белорусский вопрос на начальном этапе формирования государственности II Речи Посполитой — политическая и социально-культурная проблема, или неиспользованный шанс народной консолидации?В статье даётся характеристика белорусского вопроса при власти Речи Посполитой на начальном этапе формирования основ государственности, то есть с 1919 до начала 1922 года, а также выводы по основному тезису работы. Анализ опирается на архивные материалы из архива института Юзефа Пилсудского в Америке и имеющуюся научную литературу.Выдвинут тезис о больших трудностях оценки властей II Речи Посполитой в связи с проблемами народной консолидации в восточной и северо-восточной Польше. Автор разделяет мнение о разнице источников и условности проблем, связанных с жизнью белорусского населения, влияющей и на безопасность II Речи Посполитой.Можно утверждать, что власти II Речи Посполитой были в курсе масштаба проблем, связанных с функционированием белорусского меньшинства. Были предприняты усилия для осуществления народной консолидации на Восточных Кресах, но эта политика оказалась безуспешной, будучи дополнительно предопределяема многочисленными источниками угрозы для безопасности государства. The Belarusian case in the initial period of shaping the statehood of the Second Polish Republic: A political and socio-cultural problem or a missed opportunity for national consolidation?The article presents the characteristics of the Belarusian case made by the authorities of the Second Polish Republic in the initial period of shaping the foundations of statehood, i.e. from 1919 until the beginning of 1922. The analysis was based on archival material from the Archive of the Józef Piłsudski Institute in America and the available literature.A thesis was put forward about serious difficulties noticed in the assessments of the authorities of the Second Polish Republic in connection with attempts at national consolidation in eastern and north-eastern Poland. The author defends the belief in the diversity of sources and determinants of problems related to the life of the Belarusian population, also affecting the security of the Second Polish Republic.It can be said that the authorities of the Second Polish Republic were aware of the scale of problems related to the functioning of the Belarusian minority. The objective of national consolidation in the Eastern Borderlands was pursued, although this policy proved ineffective, being additionally determined by numerous sources of threats to the security of the state.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

43

Krupala, Katie. „The Evolution of Uneven Development in Dallas, TX“. Human Geography 12, Nr. 3 (November 2019): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194277861901200308.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Dallas has a long history of uneven development. It is the product of excess capital, white planning, and a desire to shape the land into something it is not. Communities in Dallas broke sharply along racial and class lines, and as a result black and white Dallas developed separately. Forces of structural and physical violence largely determined where African American neighborhoods were, and are, located in Dallas. African American, Mexican American, and other low-income communities suffered not only from low housing availability and high rent prices, but also bombings, arson, and other physical threats. When alliances formed between poor whites and their neighbors of color, the construction of a highway or railroad was apt to split a neighborhood and fracture the community. The effects of segregation and discrimination have followed the African American communities in Dallas since their inception. Space for African Americans, who made up almost twenty percent of the population, within the Dallas city limits continued to shrink. In 1940, African American neighborhoods were squeezed into 3.5 square miles within the City and in small communities along the perimeter. Meanwhile, the wealthy sequestered themselves into enclaves within the city, avoiding both minorities and municipal taxes while benefitting from city services. In this paper I explore how this historical discrimination and segregation shaped geographic inequality across Dallas today. Much of the wealth in Dallas is clustered in the north around the Park Cities enclave as illustrated by viewing the property tax values over the city. Low-income, majority African American neighborhoods like Joppa, located in southern Dallas, illustrate the impacts that the flows of capital have on livelihoods. South Dallas experienced a sharp decrease in population as residents moved to the suburbs in the 1960s and has since been underdeveloped. Joppa, a small, historically neglected, neighborhood has remained isolated until recently. Developers are interested in Joppa for its cheap, empty lots, and valuable proximity to booming downtown Dallas and the Trinity River Corridor. Gentrification is a concern for the neighborhood; residents have a desire to revitalize their neighborhood on their own terms, not developers’. This research will help to visualize and amplify the continued material effects of a history Dallas is trying to make invisible.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

44

Ramiz, Adam, Paul Rock und Heather Strang. „Detecting Modern Slavery on Cannabis Farms: The Challenges of Evidence“. Cambridge Journal of Evidence-Based Policing 4, Nr. 3-4 (28.08.2020): 202–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41887-020-00052-1.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Abstract Research Question To what extent could police identify victims of modern slavery among growers arrested on cannabis farms as suspects under drug laws, and what challenges of evidence would have to be met to separate offending from victimisation? Data A purposive sample of criminal history data of all Vietnamese nationals arrested for cannabis cultivation offences in Surrey/Sussex in the 3 years to 2017 (N = 19) was identified and collected. Three ‘cannabis farm’ cases from the period 2014–2017 were analysed to produce key information about growers, including their nationality, criminal history and possible status as modern slavery victims. The case records and interviews provide key information about the extent to which growers on farms were treated as slaves under the 2015 Modern Slavery Act. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the three arrested growers to explore their lived experiences of recruitment and labour on the farms. Arresting police officers were also interviewed to explore how they frame the problem of cannabis cultivation and make decisions about their role in confronting it. Interview transcripts were prepared for analytic purposes. All interviewees were informed that the research was focused on the management of the policing of cannabis farms alone and full anonymity was assured. Findings Five of the 19 Vietnamese nationals had previous criminal disposals. Of the remaining 14 individuals, five had no record and nine had various charges, but the prosecutions had not reached court. Of the three cases examined in depth, the arrested growers provided stories consistent with their having been trafficked and subjected to ‘debt bondage’. They described precarious journeys before being forced to work on UK farms. All three had been exposed to threats of violence or death for themselves and/or their families, should they attempt escape. Varying levels of mental and physical hardship were evidenced. There were a priori reasons to conclude that they were eligible to be considered modern slavery victims. When arrested, however, none had pleaded victimisation. Police officers demonstrated an ignorance of related legislation and varying levels of awareness of the possibility of modern slavery. They responded to the first impression made by the grower as a person culpable under drugs laws. Even where officers had concerns about modern slavery, no appropriate crime was recorded, and no formalised investigation followed. Conclusions Given reluctance or inability to frame the police response to cannabis farms under modern anti-slavery legislation, policing agencies should consider adopting more detailed practice guidelines to officers on how to react to the complex challenges involved, including the investigative opportunities that may help unearth modern slavery on cannabis farms through greater encouragement of victim accounts.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

45

Loader, Ian, und Richard Sparks. „The Question of Public Criminology: Seeking Resources of Hope for a Better Politics of Crime“. International Annals of Criminology 52, Nr. 1-2 (2014): 155–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003445200000386.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

SummaryThis paper develops an argument lightly sketched in our book Public Criminology? (2010). There we posed the question of what it would take for criminology to make a substantial contribution to the search for “a better politics of crime”. We were of course well aware of what some of our critics then informed us, namely that this was just a suggestion in need of much fuller articulation.Here we begin by summarizing the position outlined in that book and some subsequent papers. We argue that criminology has indeed made some salient contributions to the search for a better politics, but the scale of that contribution has also been limited by some intellectual tendencies that draw energy and attention away from the kind of reconstruction that we propose.In particular, the tone of some of the leading accounts of recent penal politics is grim — not without reason, as we freely acknowledge. If the trends with which we have become so familiar in some parts of the world — chronically high levels of incarceration, racial disproportion, demotic symbolic politics — flow either from core features of ‘late modernity’ or from inherent logics of neoliberal globalization, as some key contributors have insisted, then the prospects for changing these in any substantial and purposeful way, any time soon, seem rather slim. There have of course been reversals in the unremitting rise of mass incarceration recently. Are these more than temporary, reversible fluctuations? Are some of those who celebrate them clutching at straws?It is not necessary to share such (perhaps premature) optimism to wish to promote a somewhat different and more hopeful form of analysis and engagement. Is there perhaps also an opposite tendency to depict some of these problems as so massive and intractable — the tendency that we here call ‘hype’ — as to deter us from practical intervention? This paper seeks to identify some resources that could contribute to the task of reconstructing our approaches to theorizing our institutions and practices of crime control. If criminology is to contribute more effectively to thinking about how we draw limits to state coercion and demand strict scrutiny over the threats to individual rights, human development, and civic dignity posed by institutionalized exclusion and stigmatization it will need access to a certain range of perspectives and to build (or re-build) some alliances. What kind of criminology is best suited to the challenge of developing penal practices and institutions fit for democratic societies?

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

46

N.M., Dr Githae, Farah M.A und Masese D. M. „Factors Affecting the Sustainability of Community Rural Water Supplies in Sankuri Division, Garissa District, Kenya“. International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review 9, Nr. 10 (28.10.2018): 20662–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2018/9/10/614.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

Water is the most important natural resource, indispensable for life and at the same time the backbone of growth and prosperity for humankind. More than 1.1 billion people lack access to safe water and 2.6-billion lack access to basic sanitation in the world today. Water is not like other commodities in the sense that it is essential to human life. It is also essential to economic growth and poverty reduction. About 18% of the world’s population lacks access to improved water supply, According to WHO, 1.6 million deaths per year can be attributed to unsafe water and lack of sanitation (Pérard, 2007:42). Major threats to the sustainability of rural water supplies include high poverty levels in communities, weak institutional framework and inability of communities to handle breakdowns. The purpose of the research was to determine the factors that affect the sustainability of rural water supply facilities in Sankuri Division, Garissa District. To explore the causes of non-functionality of the water supply, a purposive survey was undertaken covering five (5) locations situated within the proximity of the Tana Rive with a sample of 384 households for quantitative data. Qualitative data was collected through focused group discussions and key informant interviews. The study established demographic characteristics of the study population, majority of the respondents (73.8%) that fetched water for the household were women, and 4.4% were female children. As concerns their level of education and ability to pay for the services, those with higher levels of education were more likely to pay for the water services. Economic factor had a bearing on the households’ ability to pay for the services and therefore the need to consider the cost implication for sustainability of the WSS. Aspects of the operations and management of the WSS elicited components of sustainability and the study’s findings whereby Water management Committee accounted for 48.6%, however components of management contributing to unsustainability among others were poor management skills 18%, corruption among the office bearers 8.4% and lack of accountability 8%. The study concluded that involvement of women in the management of the water systems since they are mostly involved in accessing this valuable commodity for their households is of utter importance, given their key role in this vital commodity for the members of their households. Cost has played a crucial role in the sustainability of the WSS, and lastly, Governance issues were not articulated to promote active community participation by the government policy, hence influence of the Operation and Management of the WSS. The study made recommendations at two levels: To the Government to incorporate basic Operations and Management skills for the WSS teams and enhance the capacity building in the initiation of the projects. Water Service Providers to be aware of the consumers’ preference in the management of the WSS. The committee members’ capacity building is crucial for the attainment of sustainability of the WSS. Water tariffs to be affordable in order to support the communities’ ability to pay for the services, and to facilitate maintenance of the systems. Lastly, planning of annual stakeholders and management meetings to promote trust and ownership of the water facility should be emphasized.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

47

Kolosova, I. V. „Buddhism in Central Asia and Russia: History and Present Stata“. Post-Soviet Issues 7, Nr. 2 (03.06.2020): 237–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24975/2313-8920-2020-7-2-237-249.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

The article considers the history of Buddhism in Central Asia and in Russia. It outlines the main periods of development and special features of Buddhism in the region, its influence on the local culture. It explorers the contemporary state of the Buddhist sangha in Russia and Central Asian countries.Central Asia has played an important role in the development of Buddhism as a world religion. In I-III centuries A.D. missionaries from Central Asia carried out the sermon of the Buddhist teachings. The archeological findings illustrate the massive spread of Buddhism on the wide territories of the region which were part of the Kushan Kingdom. The second period of the flourishing of Buddhist teaching falls on the V – first part of the VIII centuries, when the geography on Buddhism in the region expanded, and it peacefully co-existed with other religions.By IX century, when the territories of the contemporary Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Tadjikistan stayed under the rule of Umayyad and Abbaside Caliphate, Islam eventually ousted Buddhism from these lands.The third period of rise of Buddhism in the region started with the appearance of Dzungars who aspired to take hold of the lands of Kazahstan. From 1690 to 1760 Central Asian region had become an area of struggle for the hegemony between the Buddhist Dzungarian khanate and China. The Dzungars promoted the spread of Buddhism in the Eastern part of Kazahstan and Northern part of Eastern Turkestan. The entry of Western Turkestan into the Russian Empire put an end to external threats and internal feudal strife. It gave the start to the process of consolidation of the Central Asian nations, which recognized their belonging to Muslim Ummah. In the absence of Dzungar and Chinese factors the influence of Buddhism in the region almost stopped.By the end of the XX century with the renaissance of religiosity on the post-Soviet space the interest to Buddhism slightly raised. However, at the present moment the number of the Buddhists in the region is insignificant. Among the followers of Buddhism the main place is taken by the Korean diaspora, residing in Central Asia since 1937. There also exist some single neo-Buddhist communities in the region.Buddhism made its contribution to the development of the unique socio-cultural identity of Russia as Eurasian by it’s nature. Buryatia, Kalmykia, Tuva, as well as several parts of Altai, Irkutsk and Chita regions represent historical areas of the spread of Buddhist teaching. At the present moment the Russian Buddhist sangha contains of the major independent centers in Buryatia, Kalmykia, Tuva, Moscow and St.Petersburg.Buddhism plays and important part in socio-cultural space of Russia, gradually moving far beyond the borders of the regions of its traditional location. Popularity of the Buddhist philosophy derives from the range of grounds, among which are the closeness of some of its principles to contemporary scientific ideas, first of all to cognitive sciences, as well as openness to dialogue with other cultural and religious traditions, humanism, ethics of non-violence and ideas of common responsibility.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

48

V. V., Novitskyi. „Political and legal mechanisms for the protection of human rights through the lens of the European Union countries“. Almanac of law: The role of legal doctrine in ensuring of human rights 11, Nr. 11 (August 2020): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2020-11-32.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

The author of the article, first of all, draws attention to the current problems of protection and protection of human rights, which unfortunately are traced within the territorial jurisdiction of the European Union. Such problem is quite well demonstrated by Berbel Koffler, as the Commissioner of the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany on human rights and humanitarian aid policy. Indeed, the Ombudsman of Germany has raised a number of deep dilemmas: violence against human rights defenders on the grounds of their professional activity, the relation of human rights institutions with public security and economic development. In fact, these questions, in varying percentages, are equally relevant to many countries in the world. In the outlined context, the case of the European Court of Human Rights “Gabriel Weber and Caesar Richard Saravia v. Germany” of 29.06.06 was analyzed. Actually, this case covers directly the issues of human rights and national security of Germany. Grounds for initiating this case have arisen in connection with the legislative provisions of the Law of Germany on the Restriction of the Secret of Correspondence, Mail and Telecommunications of 13.08.68., ("Law G-10"), taking into account changes made under the Anti-Crime Act of 28.10.94, which extend the powers of the Federal Intelligence Service, within the so-called strategic monitoring. It is about collecting information by listening to telephone conversations in order to identify and prevent serious threats to the Federal Republic of Germany, such as: armed attacks on its territory, international terrorist attacks, other serious crimes. According to the applicants who worked as journalists, strategic monitoring can be used against individuals to prevent effective journalistic investigations. In view of these suspicions, the applicants argued that they had violated the human rights guaranteed by the Convention, such as the right to privacy and correspondence, the violation of press freedom, and the right to an effective remedy. The ECHR Judges, having examined the circumstances of the case, concluded that there were no grounds to satisfy the complaints on the basis of the following arguments: 2) German legislation, as part of strategic monitoring, is endowed with adequate and effective safeguards against abuse by authorized entities. In addition, the article analyzes the multi-vector issue of banning citizens of some European Union countries from wearing hats that completely or partially hide their faces. The fact is that, under such restrictions, in particular, the traditional clothing of women adherents of Islam has fallen. It is a “burqa” and a “niqab”. The presented study is mainly based on the legislative practice of France, Belgium, which provides for administrative as well as criminal penalties for non-compliance with the stated prohibition. In such cases as S.А.С. France, Belkacemi and Oussar v. Belgium, Dakir v. Belgium, the applicants, alleged that they had violated the human rights guaranteed by the Convention, including: the right to respect for their private life; the right to freedom of expression of one's religion or belief; the right to freedom of expression; the right to freedom of association; humiliating treatment and discrimination against the enjoyment of the abovementioned human rights. According to most ECHR judges, who have dealt with the said cases, the disputed prohibition is not necessary in a "democratic society for public safety" but its main task is to preserve the conditions of "cohabitation" as an element of "protection of the rights and freedoms of others." In the context of this debate, attention was paid indirectly to such EU Member States as: Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Latvia, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Denmark, Switzerland. Keywords: human rights, legal guarantees, security, privacy.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

49

Bertouille, S. „Wildlife law and policy“. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 35, Nr. 2 (Dezember 2012): 159–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32800/abc.2012.35.0159.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

One of the crucial issues of our decades is how to stop the loss of biodiversity. Policy–makers need reliable data to base their decisions on. Managing wildlife populations requires, first of all, science–based knowledge of their abundance, dynamics, ecology, behaviour and dispersal capacities based on reliable qualitative data. The importance of dialogue and communication with the local actors should be stressed (Sennerby Forsse, 2010) as bag statistics and other monitoring data in wildlife management could be more precise if local actors, notably hunters, were better informed and aware of their importance, especially in supporting existing and emerging policies at national and international levels. Another essential issue in wildlife management is the conflicts generated by humans and their activities when they interact with wildlife (Heredia & Bass, 2011). A sociologic approach is required to take into account those human groups whose interests are divergent, facilitating communication and collaborative learning among these users of the same ecosytem. Obstacles should be addressed and solutions devised to protect and encourage a sustainable use of this ecosystem in, as much as possible, a win–win relationship. Policy objectives and mana-gement strategies should be discussed and debated among the stakeholders involved, then formulated. Policies can be translated into different types of instruments, economic and legislative, but also informative and educa-tive. As awareness of the actors is a key factor of successful regulation, the regulations should be sufficiently explained and stakeholders should be involved in the implementation of these regulations as much as possible. Finally, the effectiveness of the regulations should be evaluated in light of their objectives, and where necessary, the regulations should be strengthened or adapted to improve their performance (Van Gossum et al., 2010).The various aspects of the processes described above were highlighted in the plenary talk and the five oral communications presented during the session on wildlife law and policy. In his plenary talk, Dr Borja Heredia, Head of the Scientific Unit of the Secretariat of the CMS/UNEP in Bonn, pointed out different sources of human–wildlife conflicts, such as the logging activities in subtropical forests that induce overexploitation and poaching for bushmeat consumption; the problem of predators on livestock and the poisoning of lions in the Masaï Reserve; animals invading the human territory; and game species as a vector of diseases in humans and livestock (Heredia & Bass, 2011). Heredia stressed the importance for wildlife managers to deal with the human dimension; he stressed the importance of successful conflict management based on principles such as a non–adversial framework, an analytical approach, a problem–solving orientation, the direct participation of the conflicting parties, dialogue as a basis for mutual understanding and facilitation by a trained third party. Heredia explained how the Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals (UNEP/CMS) contributes to confict resolution and in this way increases the chance of survival of these species. The CMS (see CMS website) works for the con-servation of a wide array of endangered migratory animals worldwide through the negotiation and implementation of agreements and action plans. Migratory species threatened with extinction are listed in Appendix I of the Con-vention. CMS parties strive towards strictly protecting these animals, conserving or restoring the places where they live, mitigating obstacles to migration and controlling other factors that might endanger them. Besides establishing obligations for each State joining the CMS, CMS promotes concerted action among the Range States of many of these species. Migratory species that need, or would significantly benefit from, international co–operation are listed in Appendix II of the Convention. For this reason, the Convention encourages the Range states to reach global or regional agreements. The Convention acts, in this res-pect as a framework convention. The Agreements may range from legally binding treaties (called agreements, there are seven) to less formal instruments, such as Memoranda of Understanding, or actions plans (there are 20), and they can be adapted to the requirements of particular regions. The development of models tailored according to the conservation needs throughout the migratory range is a unique capacity to CMS. Heredia detailed inter alia the Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels, the Great Apes Survival Part-nership, the Agreement on the Conservation of Gorillas and their Habitats, the MoU on the Saïga Antelope, and the Programme for the Conservation and sustainable use of the wild saker falcon (Falco cherrug) in Mongolia.The talk of Sarah Wilks, research fellow at the School of Law, University of Western Sydney, illus-trated the importance of adequate transparency and public consultation in environmental and conservation law and decision making. Wilks (2012) examined the Australian legislation concerning animal welfare and the export of Australian wildlife products and, as a case study, explored the Tasmanian State Government’s recent decision to promote the com-mercial harvest and export of brushtail possums She pointed out that although the Enviromment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation 1999 (EPBC) process intended to be open and co–operative, it is not, in prac-tice, co–operative, public and transparent. The export of possum products requires Australian Government approval under the Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment (EPBC). Wilks (2012) assessed the Tasmanian Wildlife Trade Management Plan for Common Brushtail Possums developed by the EPBC, the public submissions to the Austra-lian Government, and the Australian Government’s response against the provisions of the EPBC. As a result, she deplored that welfare outcomes, like that of back or pouch juveniles whose mother had been trapped or killed have not been adequately considered either at Tasmanian State or at Australian Govenment level. She concluded by deploring that submissions on ethical grounds could not yet be considered by the Australian Government because the decision to harvest or not to harvest is made at State level, and yet the Tasmanian State legislation is deficient in mandating public consultation.Data on hunting and game resources provide quan-titative and qualitative information on game species, but moreover, game monitoring has shown to be efficient in identifying threats to biodiversity, such as biodiversity problems in agriculture and forest ecosystems, and also to be an early warning in assessing threats from invasive alien species (Sennerby Forsse, 2010). They are an essential tool for game managers, scientists and policy–makers, and hunters and hunter organisations are key resources in the collection of this information.The ARTEMIS data bank was initiated by the Federation of Asssociations of Hunting and Conservation of the Euro-pean Union FACE (see ARTEMIS website) to improve information about game in support of existing and emer-ging European policies. The objective of ARTEMIS is to centralise and analyse, in a coordinated and coherent Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 35.2 (2012)161extending the ban to all waterfowl hunting and not only that undertaken in protected wetlands.The presentation of K. E. Skordas, from the Hunting Federation of Macedonia and Thrace, Research Divi-sion, Greece, illustrated the contribution of the Hellenic Hunters Confederation (HHC) to law enforcement for wildlife protection. It showed how stakeholders, hun-ters, set up heir own Game Warden Service in 1999, through their Hunting Associations, in order to assume responsibility for the control of illegal hunting and wil-dlife protection, in collaboration with the local Forest Service. These game wardens carry out repressive and preventive controls and prosecutions. Besides this initiative, information campaigns are organised by the HHC to improve hunters’ awareness (see website of the Hellenic Hunters Confederation, HHC). Skordas & Papaspyropoulos (2011) analysed the relation between law enforcement, hunter awareness and infringement categories, classed in degree of influencing wildlife protection. They observed a strong reduction in the number of infringements; particularly, they found that hunting out of season and hunting without a license decreased from 23.4% to 7.31% and from 30.12% to 11.8%, respectively.All the talks presented in this session stressed the importance of dialogue in wildlife management as a basis for mutual understanding. Communication and involvement of the local actors/stakeholders are key factors at different stages of wildlife management: when collecting reliable data on which policy–makers may draw up their decisions, when debating policy objectives and strategies, and when implementing regulations and administrative acts

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

50

TKAVC, SUZANA. „UN SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1325 AND THE ROLE OF GENDER PERSPECTIVE“. WOMEN, PEACE AND SECURITY ON THE 15TH ANNIVERSARY OF UN SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1325/ ŽENSKE, MIR IN VARNOST OB 15. OBLETNICI SPREJETJA RESOLUCIJE VARNOSTNEGA SVETA ORGANIZACIJE ZDRUŽENIH NARODOV 1325, VOLUME 2016/ ISSUE 18/3 (30.09.2016): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179//bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.18.3.2.

Der volle Inhalt der Quelle

Annotation:

An increasingly intensive activity has been noticed recently at the international level with regard to the implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 and associated resolutions. More and more international events regarding women, peace and security are being organised every year, education and training programmes as well as a conceptual framework of the gender perspective are being developed, and system solutions in both international organisations and national structures are being put forward. One of such solutions is the appointment of ambassadors for women, peace and security, as well as of gender advisors on gender perspective. Last year, a full-time advisor position in this field was set up at the General Staff of the Slovenian Armed Forces. Being a subject matter expert for the area of gender perspective in the Slovenian Armed Forces, I am pleased that the importance of the agenda regarding women, peace and security has been recognised and that a publication has been issued at the academic level by involving experts and gaining support from the leadership. I am grateful to my international colleagues for their papers, for having kindly responded to the invitation to share their views, solutions and experiences with us. This is indeed the main value of this publication: sharing is caring. The set of topics demonstrates to what extent the Resolution and the gender perspective are implemented, ranging from the international level, through national solutions and to the realisation in international operations and missions. Although Resolution 1325 is extensively explained in individual papers, I would like to introduce several key factors linking the Resolution and the gender perspective, to proffer a better understanding of the topic and emphasise why the integration of the gender perspective is vital for both Slovenian and international landscape. The basis for this discussion are conceptual solutions of international organisations and my participation in the NATO Committee on Gender Perspectives. Actions like this are vital for they aim to develop the said area and encourage new ways of thinking,thereby highlighting compound gender-related topics and informing the practices of Slovenian Armed Forces. Resolution 1325 is a milestone for the role of women in conflict prevention and resolution, in peace processes, humanitarian response and in post conflict reconstruction. It underlines three interlinking factors, i.e. women, peace and security. There is no security without peace, and no peace without a safe and secure environment. Moreover, there is no peace and security without addressing the entire population. In the past, women were frequently excluded from peace processes. If solely one perspective is included, the expected result can be partial. In 15 years since the adoption of Resolution 1325, the increased asymmetric threats in a complex security environment have resulted in the need for more comprehensive approaches to ensure security and peace around the world. During this time, many facts which were ignored in the past have been seriously discussed at the international level with the aim of finding solutions. Armed conflicts and the post-conflict period affect women differently than men. Boys and girls too are affected differently, in relative terms. Importantly, acts of men and women in such circumstances can be either different or the same, but due to socially constructed perceptions they are accepted differently. More particularly, it should be stressed that socially constructed is their gender, which is a concept that this introduction defines as social and cultural characteristics associated with a given sex (whereas sex refers to biological differences between males, females, and intersex persons, and is assigned at birth). Gender as such materialises in our reality: for example, while during armed conflicts the majority of men are recruited for combat tasks, women stay at home with children or are forced to leave their homes. That is why they make up the majority of internally displaced persons and refugees both on refugee routes and in refugee camps. Their safety is compromised in such circumstances; they are often targeted by groups of combatants, kidnapped, enslaved or abused. It should also be noted that girls and boys are not exposed in the same way: girls can be subject to pre- mature and forced marriages, boys to early recruitment into combatant groups. As regards the general recognition of the role of men and women in armed conflicts and beyond, the most common perception is of women as victims and men as combatants. However, the truth is that women also are combatants and strong actors for peace, and men are victims of intentionally committed acts. Furthermore, a serious problem in contemporary conflicts is sexual and gender-based violence. This is an alarming issue. This form of violence is predominantly inflicted against women, although also girls, boys and men suffer from it, either in the form of torture or as a weapon of war. It could be said that the gender perspective in relation to international operations and missions has, on the one hand, developed for the purpose of implementing Resolution 1325 and, on the other hand, resulted from militaries’ experiences. Central to the gender perspective in international operations and missions is making women’s and men’s experiences and concerns integral to operation processes, whilst taking into account the different security-related situations these individuals face in line with their gender. As it has been argued, there is evidence that women and men, boys and girls, face different security risks - a process underpinned by the way their masculinities and femininities are perceived in a given culture and society, i.e. gender. Being able to recognise and understand the entire security situation as broadly as possible is crucial for operational effectiveness. Recognising the routes of women, which are usually different from routes used by men due to their individual gender roles, can affect the execution of an operation. Such information influences the provision of security, force protection and operational success. Therefore, the integration of the gender perspective into every process at all levels and in every stage of action is of extreme importance; comprehensive information on situation in the area of operation contribute to decisions of those in command. Experiences gained in international operations and missions have led to observations on certain limitations in the execution of tasks, particularly at the tactical level, for example as regards the exclusion of women from the local environment, particularly in those areas of operation where women are not allowed to communicate publicly with unknown men and where the structure and personnel are predominantly male. The inclusion of the gender perspective into task accomplishment has thus become a necessity to which international organisations, such as UN, NATO, the EU and other have drawn attention. In their structures, the contemporary armed forces need both female and male members at all levels and on different duties. This holds true for the fulfilment of tasks in international operations and missions and for the execution of tasks in domestic environment. International organisations tend to increasingly emphasize the importance of the inclusion of women into all structures; however, questions regarding women in armed forces keep appearing in the military, particularly as regards gender equality, physical performance of women and removal of restrictions in relation to the fulfilment of certain duties for women. There are growing tendencies to implement the gender equality principle, whereby a risk of equating equality with sameness may appear in the militaries. However, to perceive equality as sameness can lead to unilateral or too general solutions. Concerns, for example, that taking into account the biological differences between men and women in setting the standards could mean lower criteria and poorer performance actually lead to more important question: are standards really defined according to the requirements of individual duties or are they too general, and are they also established on the basis of the inclusion of gender perspective? It is crucial to understand that different tasks require different competences and preparedness of an individual. Indeed, the truth is that men and women will never be the same. There is variety between males and females which should be recognised as an advantage and not as a weakness. Failing to include the spectrum of gender, the wholeness cannot be reached; the inclusion of both male and female perspective on the same issue leads to integrity by bringing together the diversity. Due to changing security environment, we all are faced with new challenges, requiring even stronger networking of organisations both at the national and international levels in order to ensure comprehensive and effective solutions. Meteorological changes causing large-scale destruction call more often for the engagement of the armed forces in search and rescue tasks. Last year, mass migration from conflict zones, the Middle East and Africa to Europe required the involvement of the armed forces into tasks at home. Similarly as in fulfilling the tasks in international operations and missions, the armed forces and other government and non-government organisations dealing with refugees and migrants were faced with different cultures, where socially determined roles of men and women have great significance. Such circumstances promote further knowledge about the integration of gender perspective in new directions. The fundamental fact that the society is made up of women and men, girls and boys, remains, just as the diversity which, in its integrity, should bring us all towards ensuring security and peace. I wish you a pleasant reading of papers hoping they will help broaden new horizons and encourage new thoughts.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO und andere Zitierweisen

Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Threats and violence were made aware“

Geben Sie eine Quelle nach APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard und anderen Zitierweisen an