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Dilmon, Rakefet. „The thought processes of criminals“. Pragmatics and Society 11, Nr. 3 (31.07.2020): 415–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ps.17014.dil.
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Abstract This study examines what may be learned from a semantic analysis of the discourse of criminal groups about elements of the cognitive map of the group’s members. The primary group examined comprised sex offenders who victimized children. The findings were compared with another criminal group – murderers. To examine their shared linguistic characteristics, a study was made of passages from 40 transcribed subject interviews, in which they tell their life stories. The function words from the passages were classified according to semantic fields, in order to identify what psychological and sociological insights can be gained from their use, a similar study was made of normative men’s stories. The semantic fields unique to the sex offenders are presented in this paper, and are compared with the fields used by the other two groups, together with a discussion of the significance of the words included therein.
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C Storey, Michelle, und DB Melrose. „Collisions in Strong Magnetic Fields“. Australian Journal of Physics 40, Nr. 1 (1987): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph870089.
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Exact cross sections for electron-electron collisions and electron-proton collisions in a superstrong magnetic field are derived using the QED formalism developed by Melrose and Parle. The results are compared with those of Langer who used a different QED formalism. The intended application is to collision processes in the accretion columns above neutron stars where magnetic fields of order 109 T are thought to be present. The particular case of electrons initially in their ground states, with one final electron in an excited state is described in detail; this process is thought to be the primary source of photons in X-ray pulsars, through subsequent cyclotron emission.
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Azeez, Ranjdar Azad, und Soran Kakarash Omer. „Administrative Thought in Kurdish Folk Proverbs“. Journal of University of Raparin 8, Nr. 3 (29.09.2021): 362–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.26750/vol(8).no(3).paper18.
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This research aims to understand and find the relationship between administrative thoughts and theory and Kurdish popular traditional proverbs. This is a theoretical and applied research by comparing (32) Kurdish folk or saying examples with some classic (traditional) and modern theories of managerial thought. This includes two different sciences and fields of management and folk literature. The research is divided into three similar sections according to the title of the research, and its first chapter is devoted to administrative thought, schools and administrative theories, the second chapter: is devoted to the concept, specificity and attempts to collect Kurdish proverbs, and the third chapter is devoted to presenting administrative thought in terms of the fundamentals in the folkloric folk proverb in the Kurdish language. The research reached were reflected in the thought of the Kurds' older generations such grandfathers and grandmothers even though it was not applied in reality, because the Kurds, like other people, have an administrative thought that is perfect and mature, especially in the field of specialization, time, planning, leadership and supervision. Finally the study recommended to writers and researchers, one of the most important of which is that this field should be developed and further researched between administrative thought in all its divisions and branches, with all Kurdish proverbs on the one hand, and with all other topics of Kurdish literature such as poetry, prose, novel ... etc. on the other side.
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Diaz, Pablo, Saurya Das und Mark Walton. „Bilocal fields and gravity“. International Journal of Modern Physics D 27, Nr. 08 (30.05.2018): 1850090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271818500906.
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We study a classical bilocal field theory perturbatively up to second-order. The chosen theory is the simplest which incorporates action-at-a-distance, while keeping nonlocal effects short-ranged. We show that the new degrees of freedom introduced by bilocality can be interpreted as gravitational degrees of freedom in the following sense: solutions of the bilocal system at linear and second-orders contain as a subset, gravitational perturbations (spacetime fluctuations) also to that order. In other words, gravity can be thought to originate in a bilocal field theory. We examine potential implications.
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Safranchuk, I. A. „Schools of Strategic Thoughts on Russia in the Us Expert Community“. MGIMO Review of International Relations, Nr. 6(45) (28.12.2015): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-6-45-93-105.
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This article is devoted to the schools of strategic thought on Russia in the US expert community. The author suggests and underpins the system to classify US schools of strategic thoughts on Russia. Based o this classification the author extracts intellectuals fields, within which schools of strategic thought emerge and exist. The suggested methodology is retrospectively applied to describe the evolution of US schools of strategic thoughts on Russia in the period after the collapse of the Soviet Union and until the present. The article also dwells on the major contemporary US schools of strategic thought on Russia. Their origins are traced and basic characteristics summarized. Four such schools of thought are suggested, namely - skepticism, alarmism, realism and unconditional cooperation. The author not only describes the schools of thought as such, but also analyses the dynamics of their interactions. The schemes, summarizing the major thesis of the article, must facilitate the reading process. The suggested methodology can be applied by other authors for further analysis of US debates on Russia and US-Russian relations.
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Kissiya, Efilina. „History of Chinese Communities in the District Aru Islands“. Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Terapan 3, Nr. 1 (30.06.2019): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/jbkt.v3i1.898.
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Ethnicity Chinese is group society nomads who almost occupy all over Indonesian territory arrived in remote areas even though even ethnicity this is almost too occupy all countries in the world. Existence of ethnicity Chinese in Aru has a long history and very interesting for examined. The Problem in research this is: how history society Chinese in the District The Aru Islands with use Method historical research. Historian England, Robin George Collingwood (1889-1943), gave three understanding about history, namely: (1) all history is history thinking, (2) knowledge history is enforcement back thought in mind historians whose history is being studied , and (3) knowledge history is a business inviting back thoughts of the past are wrapped up in context thoughts today are with contradict it, limit it from different fields from field them (Collingwood 2004: 134-139). It seems Collinwood is more emphasis on history thoughts and how the historian uses his mind to understand various things that are in event history. Way of thinking this is also dominant in thought the history of Michel Foucault (1926-1984) who tended to the history of ideas or thought (Foucault 2002). He admitted that history Indeed is ' cheap ' fields to anyone who wants to learn it, but on him also there space astray for those who aren't able to dive in room knowledge history in a manner deep particularly related with network knowledge unvisible. Research results showing that: Arrival ethnicity Chinese in Aru are caused because of reason economy because the difficulty life economy in China are urging the community to do migrant Exit from China. Aru with various results earth especially results in the sea that is pearls, Lola, sea cucumbers, and fish and bird paradise make Pull the power itself alone for migrants including ethnicity Chinese. Social adaptation conducted by ethnicity Chinese to the Aru community is very binding life social The Aru community own because ethnicity Chinese in life daily not create differently or distance between they are.
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Cherlin, Paul Benjamin. „John Dewey’s Emergent Naturalism: Conditions and Transfigurations“. Contemporary Pragmatism 12, Nr. 2 (22.12.2015): 199–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18758185-01202002.
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The essay that follows discusses an ordered series of situated environmental “fields” that comprise John Dewey’s “emergent naturalism.” These fields include nature, experience, mind, subconscious, consciousness, and cognitive thought. I propose an order to these fields, and provide an overview of the ways in which fields that are larger in scope stand as the conditions for those that are more limited. I also suggest ways in which cognitive thought further emerges through the process of inquiry. This emergent scheme culminates in a type of inquiry where an agent actively creates conflict in order to enrich experience.
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AFIF, MOHAMAD. „PEMIKIRAN SUFISTIK NURCHOLISH MADJID“. ALQALAM 32, Nr. 2 (31.12.2015): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.32678/alqalam.v32i2.1395.
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Nurcholish Madjid (Cak Nur) is well known especially among Indonesian middle class and well-educated group in Indonesia. Between the 1970s and the 2000s, his thoughts, received great attention because his ideas about the renewal of Islamic thought were to some extent controversial. Nevertheless, there are still many people who do not know Cak Nur's thought outside the field of the renewal of Islamic thought . In fact, as a qualified and knowledgeable scholar, Cak Nur talked in many ways and in many fields of Islam , one of them is Sufism. Just like his thinking in the field of renewal which are weighty and meaningful, his thought in Mysticism was also pivotal. Therefore it is important to introduce his thinking widely to the public in order to take benefit from it.Key words: Nurchulis Madjid, Sufism, Neo -Sufism
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Márquez Sosa, Carlos Mario. „Mediational Fields and Dynamic Situated Senses“. Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philosophia 65, Nr. 3 (10.12.2020): 51–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphil.2020.3.03.
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"The purpose of this paper is to introduce the notions of mediational fields and dynamic situated senses as a way to identify the structure of experiences, thoughts and their relations. To reach this purpose I draw some lessons from the debate between Dreyfus and McDowell about the structure of experience, from Cussins’s conception of mediational contents, and from Evans’s account of singular senses. I notice firstly that McDowell’s answer to Dreyfus consists in developing a practical and demonstrative notion of the products of our conceptual capacities. A conception that entails that human experience is not entirely characterised in terms of an abstract specification of truth-conditions. McDowell and Cussins endorse Evans’s conception of singular senses. A specification that takes into account the dynamic and situated abilities involved in making reference. Whereas the first argues in favour of a conceptual conception of experience, the second one argues in favour of a nonconceptual conception. I introduce the notions of mediational fields and dynamic situated senses to argue that both converge in conceiving the contents of experience as mediational and not reducible to an abstract specification of truth-conditions. My proposal is to define a bidimensional space orthogonal to the conceptual/ nonconceptual, experience/thought, know-how/know-that dichotomies. Cognitive contents are ways to disclose the world both as mediational fields and as referential structures. The degree in which those elements are presented determine different varieties of cognition. I use the previous notions to develop the sketch of an account of singular, objective and contextual ways of cognition, and to argue that it is better to begin an enquiry about cognition with notions that do not presuppose a distinction between practical and intellectual capacities. Keywords: Mediational Contents, Nonconceptual contents, Dynamic Thoughts, Singular Reference, Context-Sensitivity."
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Pengo, Martino F., Debasree Banerjee, Amanpreet Kaur und Ghada Bourjeily. „Sleep disordered breathing in pregnancy: Food for thought“. Obstetric Medicine 9, Nr. 4 (21.06.2016): 153–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753495x16631162.
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The last few years have witnessed a number of publications linking sleep disordered breathing to adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in various populations. Associations with preeclampsia, gestational diabetes and growth restriction have been consistent across many studies. Though the manuscripts reviewed here consist mostly of preliminary data and need further confirmation, the studies have highlighted new directions in the assessment of the impact of sleep disordered breathing and pregnancy, and paved the way for new fields of research in this area.
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Muller, Richard A. „Directions in the Study of Early Modern Reformed Thought“. Perichoresis 14, Nr. 3 (01.12.2016): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/perc-2016-0013.
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Abstract Given both the advances in understanding of early modern Reformed theology made in the last thirty years, the massive multiplication of available sources, the significant literature that has appeared in collateral fields, there is a series of highly promising directions for further study. These include archival research into the life, work, and interrelationships of various thinkers, contextual examination of larger numbers of thinkers, study of academic faculties, the interrelationships between theology, philosophy, science, and law, and the interactions positive as well as negative between different confessionalities.
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Silvers, L. J. „Magnetic fields in astrophysical objects“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 366, Nr. 1884 (23.09.2008): 4453–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2008.0173.
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Magnetic fields are known to reside in many astrophysical objects and are now believed to be crucially important for the creation of phenomena on a wide variety of scales. However, the role of the magnetic field in the bodies that we observe has not always been clear. In certain situations, the importance of a magnetic field has been overlooked on the grounds that the large-scale magnetic field was believed to be too weak to play an important role in the dynamics. In this article I discuss some of the recent developments concerning magnetic fields in stars, planets and accretion discs. I choose to emphasize some of the situations where it has been suggested that weak magnetic fields may play a more significant role than previously thought. At the end of the article, I list some of the questions to be answered in the future.
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Johansen, Anders. „The role of magnetic fields for planetary formation“. Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 4, S259 (November 2008): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921309030592.
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AbstractThe role of magnetic fields for the formation of planets is reviewed. Protoplanetary disc turbulence driven by the magnetorotational instability has a huge influence on the early stages of planet formation. Small dust grains are transported both vertically and radially in the disc by turbulent diffusion, counteracting sedimentation to the mid-plane and transporting crystalline material from the hot inner disc to the outer parts. The conclusion from recent efforts to measure the turbulent diffusion coefficient of magnetorotational turbulence is that turbulent diffusion of small particles is much stronger than naively thought. Larger particles – pebbles, rocks and boulders – get trapped in long-lived high pressure regions that arise spontaneously at large scales in the turbulent flow. These gas high pressures, in geostrophic balance with a sub-Keplerian/super-Keplerian zonal flow envelope, are excited by radial fluctuations in the Maxwell stress. The coherence time of the Maxwell stress is only a few orbits, where as the correlation time of the pressure bumps is comparable to the turbulent mixing time-scale, many tens or orbits on scales much greater than one scale height. The particle overdensities contract under the combined gravity of all the particles and condense into gravitationally bound clusters of rocks and boulders. These planetesimals have masses comparable to the dwarf planet Ceres. I conclude with thoughts on future priorities in the field of planet formation in turbulent discs.
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Erlich, Victor M. „Cognition without a Neural Code: How a Folded Cortex Might Think by Harmonizing Its Own Electromagnetic Fields“. Einstein Journal of Biology and Medicine 27, Nr. 1 (02.03.2016): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.23861/ejbm20112716.
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Extensive investigation of the brain’s synaptic connectivity, the presumed material basis of cognition, has failed toexplain how the brain thinks. Further, the neural code that purportedly allows the brain to coordinate synapticmodulation over wide areas of cortex has yet to be found and may not exist. An alternative approach, focusing onthe possibility that the brain’s internally generated electromagnetic fields might be biologically effective, leads to amodel that solves this “binding problem.” The model of cognition proposed here permits mind and consciousness toarise naturally from the brain as trains of signifying states, or stationarities. Neuronal circuits in suitably constructedhierarchies produce thought by reconciling themselves with each other through the forward- and back-broadcast ofspecific electromagnetic fields, executing a natural algorithm as a harmonized set is selected. Beyond the postulationthat information is encoded in specifically organized electromagnetic fields, the only other “code” necessary is topographic,one that is already known. That the brain might use its own fields to think is supported by the literature onthe widespread sensitivity of biological organisms to small, windowed fields. This model may help explain the coherenceof the brain’s fields, the conservation of the folded cortex, and, in its emphasis on a self-harmonizing process,the universality of the esthetic impulse as a projection of the brain’s basic mechanism of thought.
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Patton, Cindy. „Finding “Fields” in the Field“. International Review of Qualitative Research 1, Nr. 2 (August 2008): 255–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/irqr.2008.1.2.255.
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The author revisits the work of a research team on which she served in the early 1990s to show why researchers have difficulty recognizing that social identities are not only heterologo U.S. (referring to different objects), but also heteromorphic (formed in different ways). While activists have eventually convinced researchers that sexuality has many different contexts and meanings, most health educators apply this insight by simply increasing the number of contents possible in an identity still thought in ego-psychology terms, that is, as the integration of self-esteem, values, and a realistic assessment of behavior. The team on which the author served recognized “identity” as a combination of identification with and disidentification from various possible labels, and viewed identity as conflicted and as discursively inter-relating the “self” and institutional structures. Nevertheless, this insight could not get analytic purchase in the context of a large, positivistic contract research team. The author identifies three cases in which the dominant research conceptualizations of identity and behavior misread the situations the team was uncovering.
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Phillips, G. J. „Fragmentation in Collapsing Magnetic Gas Clouds–Non-Uniform Initial Fields“. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 6, Nr. 2 (1985): 205–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323358000018105.
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It is widely believed that stars form from collapsing interstellar clouds. However, molecular clouds typically contain of the order of 103 solar masses. Thus a mechanism is required that allows a collapsing cloud to fragment into a number of collapsing stellar sized sub-condensations. The early work was based on a virial theorem approach—defining a critical mass a cloud must exceed in order for its gravitational force to overcome the resistive thermal, rotational and magnetic forces, thus allowing the cloud to collapse. This critical mass is analogous to the Jeans mass for non-rotating, non-magnetic clouds. It is thought that a cloud containing several critical masses may collapse into several sub-condensations. Further, it is thought that the galactic magnetic field will cause the critical mass to decrease as the cloud collapses, allowing the cloud to fragment into a number of sub-condensations. The critical mass decreases as the cloud flattens down the field lines (since Mcrit ∝ B3/ϱ2 and B ∝ ϱk, K < ⅔ for non-isotropic collapse).
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Mader, Mary Beth. „Philosophical and Scientific Intensity in the Thought of Gilles Deleuze“. Deleuze Studies 11, Nr. 2 (Mai 2017): 259–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/dls.2017.0265.
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The physical sciences include highly developed fields that investigate intensities in the form of intensive quantities like speeds, temperatures, pressures and altitudes. Some contemporary readers of Deleuze interested in the physical sciences at times attribute to Deleuze a common, contemporary scientific concept of intensive magnitude. These readings identify Deleuze's philosophical conception of intensity with an existing scientific conception of intensity. The essay argues that Deleuze does not in fact lift a conception of intensity from the physical sciences to embed it as the fundamental term in his differential ontology.
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Visher, Glenn. „A History of Geological Thought“. Earth Sciences History 5, Nr. 2 (01.01.1986): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.5.2.t377471g583486mp.
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The history of the geological sciences has gone through substantive changes in perception, methodology, and changing methods of scientific synthesis. This progression has led to changes in the philosophy of scientific endeavor in the geological sciences. In addition, geological scientists have contributed to the other sciences in changing the methods of demonstrating and validating scientific hypotheses. Scientific approaches useful in one field may not be applicable in all fields of inquiry, and proofs must be demonstrated by differing types of synthesis. Inductive, deductive, teleological, analogous, causal, experimental, developmental, empirical, or conceptual methods have been used in the geological sciences.Geological thought can be placed in an historical framework from 18th Century Naturalism, to Rationalism of the 19th Century, deductive inferences from causality and experiment, and of special importance, historical syntheses based upon analogous comparison. Actualistic comparisons and quantification were the goals between 1945 and 1965.The inability to validate geologicl hypotheses in terms of mathematics was a real crisis in geological thought. This inability also was found to exist in physics and mathematics by Heisenberg and Gödel. The introduction of the conceptual model by Rosenblueth and Wiener, 1944-5, provided a new approach to validating hypotheses. Observation could be synthesized by the use of an "idea" or "schema". The model was a useful tool or device that provided the bases for the interrelation of observations, for directed observation, and for prediction of new patterns of observation. Models are now applied to all types of geological observation, and have placed geological thought on a par with other sciences utilizing mathematical theorems. The model approach is a multivariant analysis of independent types of observation. Geologic thought is in transition to new methods and approaches. The new approach is beyond inference, "look alike" comparisons, and statistical statements of association; it is now truly a creative synthesis verifiable by experience, experiment, and new observations.
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Basson, Ilsa. „Physics and mathematics as interrelated fields of thought development using acceleration as an example“. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology 33, Nr. 5 (September 2002): 679–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207390210146023.
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Shih, Jerry J. „Combining Electrical and Magnetic Fields for Source Analysis: A(n) Attractive or Repelling Thought“. Epilepsy Currents 19, Nr. 5 (16.08.2019): 291–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535759719868692.
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Carnochan, Peter. „Fields of Thought and Action in Psychoanalysis: Commentary on Paper by Donnel B. Stern“. Psychoanalytic Dialogues 23, Nr. 6 (November 2013): 654–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10481885.2013.851551.
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Yuslih, Muhammad. „Political Philosophy: A Comparative Analysis of Al-Farabi and Aristotely's Thought“. Kawanua International Journal of Multicultural Studies 3, Nr. 2 (19.12.2022): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30984/kijms.v3i2.240.
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Political philosophy is one of the interesting discourses in philosophy. In simple terms, political philosophy is defined as knowledge of various matters relating to politics that are systematic, logical, free, in-depth, and comprehensive. In Western (Greek) philosophers represented by Aristotle, it was because of his success in making concepts in various fields of science, especially about politics. Among Eastern (Islamic) philosophers, Al-Farabi is one of the figures who talks a lot about politics, almost half of the works he writes talk about politics. This paper aims to find common ground and differences in political philosophy thought between Aristotle and Al-Farabi. This research is included in the type of library research. To get the data needed, the authors refer to various sources such as books, journals, articles, and the internet that discuss the thoughts of the two figures. Furthermore, the authors conducted an analysis using the historical-analytical method. The results of this study show that Al-Farabi's political thoughts were inspired and more or less influenced by Aristotle's political thoughts. In addition, it appears that Al-Farabi's political thought is not only oriented to worldly pleasures, but also hereafter. This is influenced by Al-Farabi's belief about the existence of life after death.
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He, Lu. „On Kumarajiva’ s Thought of Buddhist Scripture Translation and His Influence“. Journal of Education and Educational Research 1, Nr. 2 (24.11.2022): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/jeer.v1i2.3051.
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Kumarajiva is one of the "four translators" in the history of Buddhist scripture translation. He has translated many classics in his entire life. His translation has a far-reaching impact on Buddhist Scripture Translation in China and even the whole world, as well as in the fields of philosophy and literature. Therefore, the study of his theory and thoughts are of great benefit to us in learning translation theory and engaging in translation work. This paper will analyze Kumarajiva's Buddhist Scripture Translation Thought from many aspects and summarize his influence on Buddhism and future translators, with the aim to make more translation learners deepen their understanding and understanding of Kumarajiva' s translation theory.
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Winterberg, F. „Substratum Interpretation of the Sagnac-and the Aharonov-Bohm Effect“. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 44, Nr. 12 (01.12.1989): 1145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1989-1202.
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Abstract It is shown that a substratum interpretation reveals a close relationship between the Sagnac- and the Aharonov-Bohm-effect. The characteristic peculiarity of the Aharonov-Bohm-effect, to produce a phase shift of the electron wave function even in the absence of any electromagnetic force fields, can be duplicated by a thought experiment for light waves in the gravitational field of a massive rotating cylinder, which demonstrates that the somewhat similar Sagnac-effect is not caused by centrifugal and Corioli’s forces, as it is sometimes claimed. In the substratum interpretation, both the Sagnac and Aharonov-Bohm effect find their explanation in a rotational motion of the substratum. If the substratum flow is irrotational, having the form of a potential vortex, these effects persist even though there are no force fields present.
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Stewart, Devin J. „Consensus, Authority, and the Interpretive Community in the Thought of Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-Ṭabarī“. Journal of Qur'anic Studies 18, Nr. 2 (Juni 2016): 130–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jqs.2016.0241.
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Examination of al-Ṭabarī’s oeuvre as a whole reveals certain patterns that cut across fields. The following article addresses the concept of ḥujja, which is related to his understanding of consensus. It has been pointed out that al-Ṭabarī uses the term ḥujja (‘proof’) with two quite different meanings in his Qur'anic commentary, Jāmiʿ al-bayān. In one sense, ḥujja designates a proof such as a Qur'anic verse, a ḥadīth report, or an instance of consensus. In the second sense, ḥujja refers to particular people, scholars of the past whom al-Ṭabarī considers the most prominent authorities in a particular field. Al-Ṭabarī uses the term in a similar fashion in the extant sections of his legal work Ikhtilāf al-fuqahāʾ, and examination of the two works in combination reveals regularities in al-Ṭabarī’s understanding of hermeneutics across fields, including law, Qur'anic variants (qirāʾāt), and Qur'anic exegesis (tafsīr). His use of the term ḥujja implies that he conceived of the interpretive community in tafsīr and other fields as comprised of two tiers, a lower tier of all competent scholars and an upper tier—the ḥujja—of those scholars whose opinions were instrumental in shaping discourse in the field in question.
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عبد الكريم, م. د. جاسم محمد, und م. د. ناهدة محمد زبون. „Concept of moderation in the Islamic political thought“. مجلة العلوم السياسية, Nr. 56 (01.12.2018): 265–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.30907/jj.v0i56.137.
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Abstract : The concept of moderation is one of the important concepts that have been discussed in political thought in general and in Islamic political thought in particular. It concerns the status of moderation and balance and the need of Islamic societies to apply them in contemporary times. The Islamic societies faced challenges facing Islamic advancement. And the right, which is the middle between the excessive and the excessive -and the exaggeration and cost-, and between negligence and default, moderation and integritybetween both two sides are: excessive and negligent". In addition, the concept of moderation and its intellectual roots have been sought in the Holy Quran and the noble prophetic, and the search for its characteristics which are characterized by Islamic thought, namely: ideological, moral, middle and balanced, also faced challenges and obstacles that hindered its advancement and progress, most notably terrorism or politicized violence, sectarianism, intolerance and tyranny, ways and means to address these challenges to build a secure, stable and prosperous society in various fields.
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Husain, Hisham Alaa, und Ghada Musa Al-Silk. „Innovation Diffusion Elaboration into Architectural Movement“. Journal of Engineering 27, Nr. 4 (01.04.2021): 62–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2021.04.05.
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The research investigates the term innovation and its role in elaborating architectural practice based on diffusion. The complexity of the architectural field compared with other fields shows a problem in explaining how innovations in architecture diffuse as a thought and act in a certain context of practice. Therefore, the research aims to build an intellectual model that explains the way personal thoughts resembled by unique models introduced by creative and innovator designers diffuse in a certain pattern elaborate these models into a state of prevailing thought resembled by the movement in architecture. The research will apply its model to the more comprehensive movement in architecture, which is the modern movement, for model verification and enhancement.
The research concluded that innovation in architecture is about the continuity of events defining the innovator's roles in a time pattern. With this continuity, the innovative models developed into styles and currents within a major thought elaborates, if communication tools and external factors were provided, into a "movement" leading the architectural practice framing its aesthetical and spatial preferences.
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Bonafede, Annalisa, Chiara Stuardi, Federica Savini, Franco Vazza und Marcus Brüggen. „Constraining magnetic fields in galaxy clusters“. Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 14, A30 (August 2018): 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921319004459.
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AbstractMagnetic fields originate small-scale instabilities in the plasma of the intra-cluster medium, and may have a key role to understand particle acceleration mechanisms. Recent observations at low radio frequencies have revealed that synchrotron emission from galaxy clusters is more various and complicated than previously thought, and new types of radio sources have been observed. In the last decade, big steps forward have been done to constrain the magnetic field properties in clusters thanks to a combined approach of polarisation observations and numerical simulations that aim to reproduce Faraday Rotation measures of sources observed through the intra-cluster medium. In this contribution, I will review the results on magnetic fields reached in the last years, and I will discuss the assumptions that have been done so far in light of new results obtained from cosmological simulations. I will also discuss how the next generation of radio instruments, as the SKA, will help improving our knowledge of the magnetic field in the intra-cluster medium.
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Greenwood, Nell, und Robyn Gibson. „Creativity and the unconscious in the screenwriting classroom: A review of the literature“. Journal of Screenwriting 11, Nr. 2 (01.06.2020): 139–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/josc_00022_1.
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Screenwriting pedagogy is a small but growing field of scholarly enquiry grappling with the challenges of a writing mode that demands a high level of creativity in order to render complex human experiences in a visual form bound by industrialized structures. Prominent screenwriters argue that engagement with unconscious thought is critical to achieving the high level of creativity required for this kind of writing. However, the unconscious remains a neglected area of enquiry in the fields of creativity and screenwriting research. This review of literature corrals existing research in both fields to synthesize insights for screenwriting and creative writing teachers on the engagement of unconscious thought as a means to enhance students’ creativity.
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BARAK, OREN. „ALON PELED, A Question of Loyalty: Military Manpower in Multiethnic States (Ithaca, N.Y., and London: Cornell University Press, 1998). Pp. 230.“ International Journal of Middle East Studies 33, Nr. 1 (Februar 2001): 163–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743801451063.
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Kouznetsova, T. „The Return of Scientific Heritage: Socio-Economic Thought of Russian Emigration“. Voprosy Ekonomiki, Nr. 6 (20.06.2008): 128–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2008-6-128-140.
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The article presents the analysis of works by three prominent representatives of Russian social thought, who had to leave the country in the beginning of the Soviet era and kept working abroad - A. D. Bilimovich, S. S. Maslov and N. S. Timasheff. The author shows that despite the lack of information they managed to work fruitfully in such fields as economic theory, applied economic analysis (especially in agricultural issues) and sociology. The ideas of these scientists concerning ways of Russia’s historical development, Soviet economic policy etc. are of vital importance till nowadays.
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Masyhud, Masyhud. „PLURALISME: STUDI ATAS PEMIKIRAN, SIKAP DAN TINDAKAN GUS DUR DALAM BUKU “ISLAMKU, ISLAM ANDA, ISLAM KITA”“. Jurnal Penelitian Agama 17, Nr. 2 (29.12.2016): 272–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24090/jpa.v17i2.2016.pp272-289.
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Abstract: Gus Dur is son of a great kiai, grandson of K.H. Hasyim Ashari, caretaker of Pondok Pesantren Tebuireng and son of former Minister of Religious Affairs in the cabinet of Sukarno. He is a controversial and eccentric figure. Gus Dur asralism figure capable of flapping wings in five fields at once; religion, democracy, ideology, culture, and politics. Frequently his attitudes and actions confuse great kiais. Moreover, his students as a large part of the community based nahdliyyin stress, unable to understand his flow of thought and action. When Gus Dur became president, he appearing on the front line to teach the people of Indonesia for practicing "true democracy". When criticized by those who are opposed, he was ready to accept it, to not retaliate in any way (al-though to be president). His thoughts, attitudes and actions are always consistent, in order to straighten out the way ideology, culture and politics.
Keywords: Gus Dur, religion, democracy, ideology, culture and politics.
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Fitria Ulva. „Isti’arah Tamthiliyah Dalam Tafsir Kitab Ruh Al-Bayan Karya Isma’il Haqqi“. Ta’wiluna: Jurnal Ilmu Al-Qur'an, Tafsir dan Pemikiran Islam 3, Nr. 2 (31.10.2022): 215–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.58401/takwiluna.v3i2.756.
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This research is a research library research, with a historical-factual approach related to the thoughts of the characters. Researchers used descriptive, holistic, and interpretation methods. So that the researcher examines the book of ruh al-bayn which specifically discusses isti'arah tamthiliyah, books and books that discuss isti'arah and articles that support this discussion.Based on the results of research conducted by the author, the views of commentators on literature, especially about isti'arah tamthiliyah have good attention, even though the book of ruh al-bayn has a deep Sufistic style, this is motivated by mufassir thought who is also an expert in several scientific fields, especially balaghah which makes the book ruh al-bayn have a fairly complete interpretation, and avoids liberal and undirected thinking so that people know the meaning of the Qur'an and not fixated on the original meaning of lafaz which causes a contradiction to the meaning contained in the Qur'an.
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Thonthowi, Thonthowi. „Linguistic Thoughts as The Basis of Arabic Learning Innovation“. Jurnal Al Bayan: Jurnal Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Arab 10, Nr. 2 (20.12.2018): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/albayan.v10i2.2757.
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AbstractThis study aims to discuss linguistic thoughts and Arabic learning in Indonesia, along with both innovation opportunities and their actualization in the development of Arabic learning. This study is literary with an intertextual approach to the literature associated with two fields. The meaning of the text is done by content analysis. This study concludes that the innovation of linguistic thoughts and Arabic learning can be done on three levels, namely Arabic linguistic study and development, contextualization of Arabic research methodology, and standardization of ICT-based Arabic language learning and research. Various problems surrounding learning Arabic language can be solved through research and study of Arabic linguistics in depth, comprehensive and cross-disciplinary of science. Opportunities to innovate linguistic thoughts and language learning are wide open. Various scientific forums and journals as well as research in Arabic-based learning development of linguistic thought can lead to tajdîd (reform, innovation) and ijtihâdat lughawiyyah (linguistics innovation). The future of linguistic studies and Arabic learning in Indonesia is believed to be very bright and enlightening if reinforced by the development of linguistic research meth- ods and Arabic learning.Keywords:Innovation, linguistic thought, Arabic learning, linguistic research, scientific and academic forums
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Johns–Krull, Christopher M. „Measuring T Tauri star magnetic fields“. Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 4, S259 (November 2008): 345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921309030713.
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AbstractStellar magnetic fields including a strong dipole component are believed to play a critical role in the early evolution of newly formed stars and their circumstellar accretion disks. It is currently believed that the stellar magnetic field truncates the accretion disk several stellar radii above the star. This action forces accreting material to flow along the field lines and accrete onto the star preferentially at high stellar latitudes. It is also thought that the stellar rotation rate becomes locked to the Keplerian velocity near the radius where the disk is truncated. This paper reviews recent efforts to measure the magnetic field properties of low mass pre-main sequence stars, focussing on how the observations compare with the theoretical expectations. A picture is emerging indicating that quite strong fields do indeed cover the majority of the surface on these stars; however, the dipole component of the field appears to be alarmingly small. The current measurements also suggest that given their strong magnetic fields, T Tauri stars are somewhat faint in X-rays relative to what is expected from simple main sequence star scaling laws.
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Pascaru, Ana. „Some thought concerning society between pandemic and post pandemic“. Review of Philosophy, Sociology and Political Sciences, Nr. 1(185) (November 2021): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.53783/18572294.21.185.13.
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The issue of this paper is concern on the society’s pandemic and post pandemic. It’s represented a hermeneutics approach of society in improper conditions dictated by the pandemic. In this sense, the author undertakes a monitoring of the concepts that are interfering with the fields of philosophy, trying to argue the need to rethink them in the conditions of the pandemic and which capitalized can contribute to minimizing the post-pandemic effects. It also highlights the causes that fuel the state of affairs in society, including the developing one as is the case of the Republic of Moldova. It is a contextualization on defficiencies some of them preceded the pandemic escalated, burdening the search opportunities that would facilitate the identififi cation of necessary solutions. The study is a continuation of previous research that will later be supplemented by qualitative data from ongoing online methods.
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Jun, Sung-In. „National Security or Privacy: A Second Thought on the DNC Hack“. AJIL Unbound 110 (2016): 352–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2017.4.
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The recent U.S. Democratic National Committee (DNC) hack raises several difficult questions in the fields of cybersecurity and privacy. Obviously, this was first and foremost a matter of security in that the hack likely involved a foreign government attempting to intervene in a presidential election process with the possible motive of influencing its outcome. From another perspective, however, the incident was also a matter of privacy, in that the fundamental motive of the DNC hack was to reveal “information that the victim wants to keep private” and to influence its future decision through the compromise of privacy.
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Crocker, Stephen. „Citizen Kant: Flatness and Depth in the Image of Thought“. Deleuze Studies 1, Nr. 2 (Dezember 2007): 126–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e1750224108000044.
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In the final pages of his Cinema books, Deleuze explains that his aim is not to understand films, but to extract from them concepts that the cinema has itself given rise to ‘which are themselves related to other concepts corresponding to other practices’ ( Deleuze 1989 : 272). Cinema does not resemble concepts, it creates them. The Cinema books are not a guide to reading films. Instead, we are invited to see how concepts such as ‘image’, ‘plane’ or ‘orelations of thought’ correspond to and interfere in creative ways with other practices outside the cinema. So, a cinematic concept such as ‘image of thought’ can help us think in new ways about developments in widely differing fields, such as the history of painting and philosophy.
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Wilent, W. Bryan, und Douglas A. Nitz. „Discrete Place Fields of Hippocampal Formation Interneurons“. Journal of Neurophysiology 97, Nr. 6 (Juni 2007): 4152–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01200.2006.
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The spike discharge of hippocampal excitatory principal cells, also called “place cells,” is highly location specific, but the discharge of local inhibitory interneurons is thought to display relatively low spatial specificity. Whereas in other brain regions, such as sensory neocortex, the activity of interneurons is often exquisitely stimulus selective and directly determines the responses of neighboring excitatory neurons, the activity of hippocampal interneurons typically lacks the requisite specificity needed to shape the defined structure of principal cell fields. Here we show that hippocampal formation interneurons have “on” fields (abrupt increases in activity) and “off” fields (abrupt decreases in activity) that are associated with the same location-specific informational content, spatial resolution, and dependency on context as the “place fields” of CA1 principal cells. This establishes that interneurons have well-defined place fields, thus having important implications for understanding how the hippocampus represents spatial information.
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Seitakhmetova, Natalya L., Ayazhan Sagikyzy und Zhanara Zh Turganbayeva. „Islamic Scientific Tradition and European Thought“. Voprosy Filosofii, Nr. 7 (2021): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2021-7-72-82.
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The article is devoted to the consideration of the Islamic intellectual tradition from the point of view of the possibility of correlating it with the social and humanitarian aspects of science, formed in the traditions of European culture. The reason for this study was postmodernist interpretations of the processes of the Islamization of knowledge as ways to overcome the dichotomy of science and religion. These interpretations are based on the social, in fact, idea of the civilizational identity of Muslims living and working today in European countries (including those working in the field of science) and Muslims of the traditional Islamic East. The authors, however, associate the prospects of a renewed interpretation of the Islamic scientific tradition with the possibility of its rethinking in the context of the post-nonclassical concept of scientific rationality. This concept makes it possible to overcome the interpretation of “western” and “eastern” knowledge, which reaches the point of opposition. Such a rethinking is unfolding today, in particular, in the course of the reinterpretation of historically established Islamized intellectual trends. The authors come to the conclusion: the Islamization of education in the East, begun by 9th century intellectuals (primarily from among the Muslim Ummah) on the didactic foundations laid down in the Qur’an and Sunnah, implied a rethinking of the cultural status of various fields of knowledge from the standpoint of the corresponding value orientations, which, in principle does not contradict the modern understanding of science as an axiologically oriented system. The very possibility of this kind of correlation of the value aspects of knowledge opposes the “scientific marginalization” of Islam and presupposes the delineation of the semantic content of Islam as a cultural regulator that also orientates science and Islam as a system of rigid religious ideas.
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Arifin, Syamsul. „THE CONCEPT OF IDEAL LEADER IN AL-GHAZALI’S THOUGHT“. Indonesian Journal of Interdisciplinary Islamic Studies 4, Nr. 1 (24.09.2020): 84–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/ijiis.vol4.iss1.art5.
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Imam Al-Ghazali (1058-111M) was a great Muslim scholar, thinker, scientist and prolific writer has written a lot of thoughts and ideas in various fields of science, including in the field of Islamic law. In light of the scientific credibility of Imam Al-Ghazali in the Muslim world, this article seeks to discuss the concept of the ideal leader in Islamic law according to Imam Al-Ghazali as he offered in his various works: Al-Iqtiṣād fī al-I'tiqād, At-Tibr al-Masbūk fi Nashīhat al-Mulūk, Iḥyā 'Ulumi ad-Dīn, and Fadh'iḥ al-Bātiniyyah wa Fadhā'il al-Mustaẓhiriyyah. While al-Ghazali seemed to offer a different set of criteria across these works, the essential criteria of the ideal leader in his view include: (1) having knowledge and competence, (2) having good religion and morals, (3) physically and mentally healthy, (4) trustworthy (amanah), (5) fair, (6) willing to listen to advice from scholars, and (7) live simply and close to the people.
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Mouw, Richard J. „VIRTUE ETHICS AND THE PUBLIC CALLING OF REFORMATIONAL THOUGHT“. Philosophia Reformata 71, Nr. 1 (02.12.2006): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116117-90000372.
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In 2001 the leading American newsweekly, Time magazine, ran a series featuring the people who (according to the magazine’s researchers) were considered to be the most influential in their fields of leadership. The religious thinker who was given the title “America’s Best Theologian” was Stanley Hauerwas, who teaches ethics at Duke University. There is an element of irony in the fact that one of the leading arbiters of cultural popularity would choose to honor Hauerwas in this manner. While Hauerwas is officially a Methodist, he identifies closely with the Anabaptist tradition of ethical thought, often citing the late Mennonite theological ethicist John Howard Yoder as the primary influence on the development of his ethical thought. The Anabaptists, as we all know, make much of the need to form communities of radical disciples of Jesus who stand over against the dominant cultural patterns, and Hauerwas, like his mentor Yoder, is not shy about calling for this over-against-ness.
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Fan, Xiaoyan. „The Application of Graduation in Political Speech“. Theory and Practice in Language Studies 9, Nr. 7 (01.07.2019): 796. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0907.07.
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In this paper, the graduation system in appraisal theory is combed, and the development and theoretical origin of the graduation system are discussed. The development of graduation system can be divided into three stages: embryonic stage, develop stage and mature stage. The graduation system embodies three important thoughts: the thought of grading, the thought of strengthening, the thought of vagueness. They are interrelated and have a broad theoretical basis. Tracing the development of the graduation system and its theoretical sources will help us to further to understand and improve the graduation system, and better apply the evaluation theory to discourse analysis, language teaching and other research fields. Political speech is a written oral speech that reflects the value of the discourse information conveyed by the speaker by means of explicit or implicit evaluation. These value judgments and their evaluation resources also reflect the speaker's position, views and attitudes. In the appraisal theory, the speaker uses the graduation system to increase the intensity of discourse. This paper proves that the graduation to analyse the special political speech is useful, it enriches the research on political speech and provides valuable inspiration for Chinese and foreign scholars in the relevant academic writing.
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Van Oss, R. F., G. H. J. Van Den Oord und M. Kuperus. „Accretion Disk Flares in Energetic Radiation Fields“. Symposium - International Astronomical Union 157 (1993): 217–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900174157.
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We consider the physics of magnetic flares in the energetic radiation field of an accretion disk corona (ADC). The X-ray emission from these flares is thought to be responsable for the observed hard powerlaw component in the X-ray spectra of galactic black hole candidates in their ‘high’ spectral state. During the flare event (inverse Compton) scattering of soft photons from the underlying disk into hard photons occurs on accelerated electrons in current sheets. The electrons are decelerated by the radiation drag force that results from the up-scattering. This friction-like effect of the intense background radiation field on the motion of the electrons in the sheet can be considered as a form of resistivity in the magnetohydrodynamical picture of the current sheet: Compton resistivity. A spectrum is derived for the up-scattered radiation from current sheets in the ADC and it is found that this spectrum mimics a powerlaw above a critical photon energy.
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Travis, Charles. „At Work in the Fields of the True“. Grazer Philosophische Studien 98, Nr. 4 (19.11.2021): 561–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756735-00000149.
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Abstract This essay outlines a certain 20th century Oxonian tradition in epistemology, contrasting it with another line of thought set out by Michael Ayers. The tradition begins with Cook Wilson and the idea that knowing is never having evidence, no matter how strong. It takes a turn in J.L. Austin, introducing two ideas into philosophy: disjunctivism and occasion-sensitivity. The last section considers whether either can really live without the other. The first part of the essay is a general consideration of the relation between two forms of awareness: perceptual, and ‘propositional’ (awareness-that), and of how the first may furnish proof of the second. The second part considers Ayers’ view of the relation, particularly as expressed in his idea of primary and secondary knowledge, and its relation to disjunctivism about knowledge.
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Najar, Mudasir Rahman. „Transitions in Postcoloniality as a Revolutionary Thought across the Subject Societies“. American International Journal of Social Science Research 4, Nr. 2 (10.08.2019): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/aijssr.v4i2.374.
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There has to be the necessary change across the pages of history amongst the various fields of knowledge in our social structure. In this context, there has been emergence of a thought that went contrary to the established thought of colonial propaganda. This counters colonial discourse no doubt too many years to have its roots strong in the soil of social, cultural, and psychological phenomena of our society. Though, literary theory, in general, is a way of understanding the nature and function of literary creation. It seeks the relation of a text to the author and to the society by presenting a thesis or the antithesis in literary field that in turn speaks for social forces. This means to evaluate, to elucidate and to interpret the literary processes for the social discourses have always been very effective for the social change. This directly or indirectly leads the effected society to get changed in terms of thinking process. Hence, leads to the intellectually rich and psychologically mature civilization.
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Joyo, Puspo Renan. „DIALEKTIKA MORAL DALAM TEKS SARASAMUCCAYA“. Dharma Duta 18, Nr. 2 (09.03.2021): 59–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33363/dd.v18i2.539.
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Moral values have a sense of urgency in human culture and civilization. As a value, moral is the means to organize life together. Especially in an era of globalization, the world becomes open and bond moral values began to weaken. Society in crisis in all fields and the most severe crisis is moral. Sarasamuccaya as one source of value in Hinduism has a spirit and synergy of the moral, and cultural dialectic. Through the hermeneutics theoretical framework, this paper seeks to interpret and display the ideas of morality in the Text Sarasamuccaya. This discussion will focus on the moral aspect of thought, speech, and behavior. Why? Because in this area the movement of moral values occurs. Thus, Sarasamuccaya, very straightforward, and technical reminds us to always consider every activity of thought, speech, and behavior in order not to deviate from the guidelines of morality. The results of this study indicate that Sarasamuccaya explains morality in three, important areas, namely thoughts, speeches, and behaviors.
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Betti, Daniel. „The Search for the Political Thought of the Historical Thrasymachus“. Polis: The Journal for Ancient Greek Political Thought 28, Nr. 1 (2011): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/20512996-90000177.
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Thrasymachus of Chalcedon, as a famous rhetor and an infamous interlocutor in the Republic, has experienced a rebirth in the disciplines of political science, history and rhetoric. A major question concerning work in these fields is the extent to which the historical Thrasymachus can be separated from the character of the Republic. In the historical record, Thrasymachus is an opaque figure. Only a single fragment of a speech survives for posterity. From this fragment, research has tried to distil a system of political thought.What did Thrasymachus think of politics? In which political camp did he reside? Attempts to answer these questions run into a formidable wall: the abject paucity of evidence. Given few definitive clues, research into the political thought of the historical Thrasymachus has reached no tenable conclusions. Thrasymachus remains a fairly obscure rhetor most famous for a fictional confrontation with Socrates.
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Nash, Carol. „A Framework for European Thought on Psychology, Education, and Health Based on Foucault’s The Order of Things“. Histories 2, Nr. 3 (12.07.2022): 222–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/histories2030018.
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In European thought, the relationship among the fields of psychology, education, and health is both complex and obscured. Foucault’s acclaimed work, The Order of Things, offers a framework to evaluate their interconnection by identifying three distinct periods of European thought since the 16th century, with respect to the ordering of phenomena—Renaissance, Classical, and Modern. Theoretically dense and often difficult to decipher, the book’s categorization of language, value, and being has been understandably underused, yet it provides deep insights into what have come to be known as psychology, education, and health, and remains invaluable in understanding the origin, limits, and consequences of these fields. Investigated is how Foucault’s analysis can be interpreted, concerning the development of these areas in each of the three periods of European thought. An approach based on narrative research appraises the analysis offered in the book. The results, presented for the first time in table form, compare these three periods, demonstrating a continuing practical value to Foucault’s insights. With the aid of the framework presented by these tables, the boundaries and relationship of psychology, education, and health become clear, and their limitations—plus potential solutions to them—can be identified to mitigate anticipated negative consequences.
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Boos, Tobias, und Simon Runkel. „Einführung: Die ungeheuerliche Raumphilosophie von Peter Sloterdijk“. Geographica Helvetica 73, Nr. 4 (16.10.2018): 261–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-73-261-2018.
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Abstract. This article serves as introduction for a themed issue on Peter Sloterdijk's enormous philosophy of space. It invites scholars from various disciplines to critically engage with Sloterdijk's thought and discusses briefly the contributions made in this special issue. The paper gives some orientation on the anthropological and social philosophy Sloterdijk deploys within his oeuvre, and illuminates the various fields of social and cultural research his ideas have informed so far. The editorial identifies four possible fields of interest within human geography that could gain by engaging with Sloterdijk's thought, namely urban and architectural theory, new technologies, political geographies and critical social geography. The article also discusses the necessity of a critical distance to the philosophical premises on which Sloterdijk grounds his philosophy as well as his role as notorious commentator on political issues in Germany.