Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Thigmotaxie“

Significant differences were observed in thigmotaxis, ambulation, and latency to move (time to start ambulating) between highly aggressive (TA) and low aggressive (TNA) male mice. The former displayed more thigmotaxis, ambulated more, and had a shorter latency to move than the TNA animals. Also they voided a greater number of urinary spots and defecated less than TNA. Further they were superior to the TNA mice in maze-learning capacity. The tendency to enter inner partitions of the field as well as total ambulation increased after learning by TA mice. The training toward nonaggressiveness of TA mice suppressed aggressive responses, thigmotaxis, and the number of urinary spots but enhanced defecation All measures returned to their initial levels after one month of rest. The attacking behaviour of TA animals increased both thigmotaxis and ambulation.

Thigmotaxis is an innate predator avoidance behaviour of rodents. To gain insight into how injury and disease models, and analgesic drug treatments affect thigmotaxis, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that assessed thigmotaxis in the open field test. Systematic searches were conducted of 3 databases in October 2020, March and August 2022. Study design characteristics and experimental data were extracted and analysed using a random-effects meta-analysis. We also assessed the correlation between thigmotaxis and stimulus-evoked limb withdrawal. This review included the meta-analysis of 165 studies We report thigmotaxis was increased in injury and disease models associated with persistent pain and this increase was attenuated by analgesic drug treatments in both rat and mouse experiments. Its usefulness, however, may be limited in certain injury and disease models because our analysis suggested that thigmotaxis may be associated with the locomotor function. We also conducted subgroup analyses and meta-regression, but our findings on sources of heterogeneity are inconclusive because analyses were limited by insufficient available data. It was difficult to assess internal validity because reporting of methodological quality measures was poor, therefore, the studies have an unclear risk of bias. The correlation between time in the centre (type of a thigmotactic metric) and types of stimulus-evoked limb withdrawal was inconsistent. Therefore, stimulus-evoked and ethologically relevant behavioural paradigms should be viewed as two separate entities as they are conceptually and methodologically different from each other.

The time course of acid stress was followed in Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) exposed to pH 4.5 (HCl) for 2 wk and then returned to control conditions (pH 7.8). Behavioral parameters (activity, thigmotaxis, appetite, and attraction to a food extract) and blood parameters (hematocrit and plasma Cl−, Na+, osmolality, protein, cortisol, and glucose) were monitored. Reaction to the acid was evident in all parameters. Fish were initially hyperactive but became hypoactive with continued exposure. Thigmotaxis was generally greater in the acid-stressed fish than the controls. Feeding intensity and attraction to food extract were depressed throughout the exposure, but periods of partial recovery occurred. Hematocrit, protein, cortisol, and glucose increased, while osmolality, Cl−, and Na+ decreased in acid-exposed fish. Partial recovery occurred in some blood parameters during the latter part of the exposure. After return to control conditions, behavioral and blood parameters except cortisol recovered within 2 wk but might have recovered earlier if fish had not contracted a Saprolegnia infection. Extract attraction was negatively correlated with hematocrit, protein, cortisol, and glucose and positively correlated with plasma Cl. Activity was negatively correlated with plasma protein and glucose. Thigmotaxis was not correlated with any blood parameter.

Modafinil (2-((diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl)acetamide), a selective dopamine and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor, is most commonly prescribed for narcolepsy but has gained recent interest for treating a variety of disorders. Zebrafish (Danio rerio)are becoming a model of choice for pharmacological and behavioural research. To investigate the behavioural effects of modafinil on anxiety, we administered doses of 0, 2, 20, and 200 mg/L for 30 minutes then tested zebrafish in the novel approach test. In this test, the fish was placed into a circular arena with a novel object in the center and motion-tracking software was used to quantify the time the fish spent in the outer area of the arena (thigmotaxis zone), middle third of the arena (transition zone) and center of the arena, as well as total distance traveled, immobility and meandering. Modafinil caused a decrease in time spent in the thigmotaxis zone and increased time spent in the transition zone across all doses. Modafinil did not significantly alter the time spent in the center zone (near the novel object), the distance moved, meandering, or the duration of time spent immobile. We also validated this test as a measure of anxiety with the administration of ethanol (1%) which decreased time spent in the thigmotaxis zone and increased time spent in the transition zone. These results suggest that modafinil decreases anxiety-like behaviour in zebrafish.

Individual differences in cognitive ability are predicted to covary with other behavioural traits such as exploration and boldness. Selection within different habitats may act to either enhance or break down covariance among traits; alternatively, changing the environmental context in which traits are assessed may result in plasticity that alters trait covariance. Pond snails, Lymnaea stagnalis , from two laboratory strains (more than 20 generations in captivity) and F1 laboratory reared from six wild populations were tested for long-term memory and exploration traits (speed and thigmotaxis) following maintenance in grouped and isolated conditions to determine if isolation: (i) alters memory and exploration; and (ii) alters covariance between memory and exploration. Populations that demonstrated strong memory formation (longer duration) under grouped conditions demonstrated weaker memory formation and reduced both speed and thigmotaxis following isolation. In wild populations, snails showed no relationship between memory and exploration in grouped conditions; however, following isolation, exploration behaviour was negatively correlated with memory, i.e. slow-explorers showing low levels of thigmotaxis formed stronger memories. Laboratory strains demonstrated no covariance among exploration traits and memory independent of context. Together these data demonstrate that the relationship between cognition and exploration traits can depend on both habitat and context-specific trait plasticity. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Causes and consequences of individual differences in cognitive abilities’.

MSG-obese mice treated with myricetin (50 mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹, 45-day) improved serum glucolipid profile, restored insulin sensitivity, reverted steatosis, recuperated low thigmotaxis and exploratory behavior, but did not improve the cognitive deficit.

Les organismes intertidaux vivent dans un environnement variable et complexe et sont soumis à de nombreux stimulus et stress. Récemment, de nouvelles études sur les capacités sensorielles de ces gastéropodes et sur leur capacité à se déplacer dans leur environnement, ont démontrées que leur répertoire comportemental était plus large que prévu. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse a pour but d’améliorer nos connaissances sur le comportement de thigmotaxie chez Littorina littorea. La thigmotaxie a donc été testée dans des dispositifs expérimentaux de différentes tailles et de différentes formes. Cette approche permet aux individus de rencontrer des discontinuités en 2-dimension ou en 3-dimension et a pour but d’aider à comprendre comment la complexité topographique de leur environnement peut modifier le comportement thigmotactique chez les gastéropodes. La thigmotaxie a aussi été testée sous différentes conditions de salinité pour comprendre comment ces variations de salinité peuvent altérer leur comportement. En effet, les organismes intertidaux sont soumis à de larges variations de salinité pendant les périodes d’émersion. Pendant ces périodes d’émersion, ils sont aussi soumis à de grandes variations de température (jusqu’à 20°C). Ce travail s’intéresse aussi au comportement thermique des gastéropodes intertidaux via l’étude de la température du corps de L. littorea et de Patella vulgata et celle de leur microhabitat. Ces températures sont étudiées durant 4 jours ensoleillés, de Juin à Décembre, afin de tester le choix d’un microhabitat par ces 2 espèces de gastéropodes sous des conditions de températures auxquelles ils peuvent être soumis au cours d’un cycle saisonnier sur la Côte d’Opale. Le comportement d’agrégation chez L. littorea et les bénéfices thermiques associés précédemment étudiés dans la littérature sont aussi examinés, (i) in situ sous des conditions de vague de chaleur modérée et (ii) ex situ sous des conditions extrêmes de vague de chaleur simulée au laboratoire. En particulier, la température du corps des individus à l’intérieur et de ceux à l’extérieur des agrégats est étudiée pour comprendre l’importance de la position des individus au sein des agrégats.Ces résultats suggèrent que la thigmotaxie semble être l’une des taxies majeures impliquée dans l’orientation des gastéropodes. En effet, même sous des conditions défavorables (i.e. salinité basse), le comportement thigmotactique est observé chez L. littorea. Ce travail souligne également une préférence pour les macrohabitats biogéniques chez L. littorea et P. vulgata, qui permettent de réduire les stress thermique et de dessiccation. Au sein d’un macrohabitat, les organismes intertidaux sont capables de tirer avantage de la mosaïque thermique rencontrée dans leurs environnements et de sélectionner un microhabitat. Chez les gastéropodes, cette sélection de microhabitat est espèce-, température- et habitat-dépendante et leur permet de se maintenir dans leur optimum de températures. Pour finir, ce travail souligne l’absence de bénéfice thermique à être agrégé chez L. littorea sous des conditions de stress thermique. En particulier, sous des conditions de vague de chaleur extrême, la température du corps des individus à l’intérieur de l’agrégat est supérieure à celle des individus à l’extérieur de l’agrégat. Ce résultat pose la question, encore irrésolue, des mécanismes qui entrainent le comportement d’agrégation chez L. littorea.Ces résultats contribuent néanmoins à la preuve croissante qu’étudier le comportement chez les gastéropodes intertidaux est crucial pour comprendre comment ils se déplacent, perçoivent leur environnement et peuvent réagir à l’augmentation des températures dans le cadre du réchauffement global. Ce travail souligne également l’importance d’une meilleure compréhension de la thermorégulation chez les organismes intertidaux, pour permettre une meilleure estimation de l’impact du réchauffement global sur leur écologie
Intertidal organisms inhabit highly variable and complex environments and are submitted to a large range of stimuli and stresses. Recently, new insights into the sensory abilities of intertidal gastropods and their subsequent ability to navigate through topographically complex landscapes demonstrated that the behavioural repertoire of intertidal gastropods is much wider than previously thought. In this context, the present thesis first aimed to ameliorate our knowledge in the thigmotactic behaviour of Littorina littorea. Specifically, thigmotactic behaviour was tested in experimental containers of different sizes and shapes. This approach allowed individuals to encounter two-dimensional and three-dimensional discontinuities in order to understand how the topographical complexity of their environment can modify this behaviour. Thigmotaxis was further tested under decreasing salinity concentrations to understand how salinity can modify gastropods behaviour, since they are typically submitted to large salinity variations during emersion periods. During emersion, intertidal organisms are also submitted to large temperature variations (up to 20°C). Thus, this work also investigated the thermal behaviour of intertidal gastropods by studying body temperature of L. littorea and Patella vulgata and their microhabitat temperature on a rocky platform on the French coasts of the eastern English Channel. Temperatures were investigated on four sunny days from June to December to test the microhabitat choice of these two intertidal gastropods species under temperature conditions typically experienced through a seasonal cycle on the Opal Coast. Aggregation behaviour in L. littorea and the associated thermal benefits previously found in gastropods literature were also investigated, (i) in situ under a moderate heat wave and (ii) ex situ under an extreme heat wave simulated under laboratory-controlled conditions. Specifically, the body temperature of individuals inside and at the edge of aggregates were investigated to assess the importance of the position within aggregates.Taken together, the results of this thesis suggest that the thigmotactic behaviour can be one of the major taxes involved in intertidal gastropods orientation. Indeed, even under unfavourable conditions (e.g. low salinity conditions), the thigmotactic behaviour is still observed in L. littorea. This work also highlighted macrohabitat preference in L. littorea and P. vulgata for biogenic structures which allow to reduce both desiccation and thermal stresses. Within a macrohabitat, intertidal organisms are able to take advantage of the thermal mosaic encountered in intertidal environment and select microhabitat. This microhabitat selection in gastropods, is species- temperature- and habitat-dependent and allows individuals to maintain their body into their optimal range of temperatures. Finally, this work stressed the absence of thermal benefits of being aggregated in L. littorea under heat stress conditions. Specifically, under extreme heat wave, body temperature of individuals inside the aggregate is higher than for individuals at the edge of the aggregate. This result raised the rather unexpected and still unresolved question to understand the mechanisms driving aggregation behaviour in L. littorea. These results nevertheless contribute to the growing evidence that studying behaviour in intertidal gastropods is critical to understand how they move, how they perceive their environment and how they cope with raising temperature under global warming. This work also highlighted the importance of a better understanding of the thermoregulatory behaviour in intertidal organisms, for a better estimation of the impact of global warming in their ecology

O comportamento exploratório do rato é caraterizado pela preferência por ambientes escuros e pela tendência a permanecer na proximidade de paredes verticais (tigmotatismo). Quando permitida a exploração espontânea de um labirinto em cruz elevado o rato exibe um menor número de visitas aos braços abertos e um menor tempo de permanência nos mesmos. Contudo, essa situação pode ser revertida pela administração de fármacos ansiolíticos. Embora utilizado amplamente no estudo do medo e da ansiedade, ainda não está muito claro qual ou quais são os estímulos aversivos que induzem a esquiva dos braços abertos. O presente trabalho estudou o papel da luminosidade e do tigmotatismo(mediado pelas vibrissas mistaciais) no comportamento exploratório do rato no labirinto em cruz elevado. Para tal fim, essas vibrissas foram removidas de forma aguda (5 minutos antes dos testes) ou crônica: dias (8, 14 e 25; corte diário) antes do teste ou no dia do nascimento e os ratos foram submetidos ao teste do labirinto em cruz elevado sob condições de claridade (150 Lux) e de obscuridade (2 Lux). Os resultados mostraram que na obscuridade os ratos com remoção das vibrissas entram mais e permanecem por mais tempo nos braços abertos, quando comparados tanto com os ratos com vibrissas intactas quanto com ratos com remoções equivalentes das vibrissas mas testados na claridade. Esses resultados sugerem um possível efeito de tipo ansiolítico causado pela remoção das vibrissas somada à falta de luz. O aumento da exploração dos braços abertos poderia dever-se à ausência conjunta de informações provenientes dos dois sistemas sensoriais (visual e tátil das vibrissas). Porém, a ausência de apenas a informação tátil das vibrissas ou de apenas a visual não aumentam a exploração. Estudos posteriores devem ser realizados com o objetivo de conhecer os mecanismos neuroniais envolvidos.
Exploratory behavior in the rat is characterized by a preference for dark environments and by a trend to remain close to vertical surfaces(thigmotaxis). When allowed to freely explore an elevated plus-maze a rat will exhibit a smaller number of entries into the open arms and a smaller time spent in them. This characteristic pattern of behavior can be reverted by the administration of anxiolytic drugs. Although broadly used in the study of fear and anxiety, it still remains unclear what or which are the aversive stimuli that induce the avoidance from the open arms. The present study investigated the role of environmental illumination and thigmotaxis (mediated by mistacial vibrissae) in the exploratory behavior of rats submitted to the elevated plus-maze test. To this end, the vibrissae were removed acutely (5 min before testing) or chronically: days (8, 14 or 25; daily cutting) or in the day of birth and the rats were tested in the plus-maze under two environmental conditions, brightness (150 Lux) or darkness (2 Lux). Results showed that in the darkness rats with vibrissae removed entered more and stayed longer in the open arms than rats with intact vibrissae or rats with removed vibrissae tested under brightness. These results suggest a possible anxiolytic-like effect cause by vibrissa removal added to the absence of light. The increase in exploration of the open arms could be due to the effect of the joint absence of information from both sensorial systems (visual and tactile from the vibrissae) an effect that did not happen when information was lacking from just any one system. Further studies should be performed in order to unravel the neuronal mechanisms involved in the phenomenon.

Caracterisation des repercussions d'un stimulus mecanique sur le metabolisme phenolique et evaluation de l'impact des effets observes sur le ralentissement de croissance des entre-noeuds. Precision sur le metabolisme de l'ethylene et le mode d'intervention de ce regulateur de croissance dans la thigmomorphogenese

<em>Abstract.</em>—A review of studies examining stage-specific distribution and movement of various life stages of red snapper, <em>Lutjanus campechanus</em>, in U.S. waters of the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) was conducted to draw inference about population structure. Hydrodynamic modeling of neither egg nor larval transport has been conducted for GOM red snapper; thus, the potential for planktonic dispersal among regions is currently unknown. However, recent studies of other reef fishes have demonstrated that larval fishes may not act as passive particles. Postsettlement movement, or the lack thereof, may be just as important for describing population connectivity and structure as planktonic transport. Red snapper juveniles display thigmotaxis and have been shown to undergo an ontogentic shift in which the dimension and complexity of their habitat increases with fish size. Tagging data demonstrate that while a substantial percentage of tagged fish were recaptured near their release sites, movement on the scale of hundreds of km also has been reported. Direct estimates of movement and population mixing from ultrasonic tagging, conventional tagging, and otolith chemistry studies indicate movement of some individuals may be sufficient to promote genetic exchange among regions, but overall movement is likely insufficient to affect population demographic differences observed among regions. Therefore, GOM red snapper meet criteria for consideration as a metapopulation: subpopulations are distinct, dispersal mechanisms exist among subpopulations, and asynchrony in population demographics is apparent among subpopulations.