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1
Butz, Martin V., und Esther F. Kutter. Multisensory Interactions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739692.003.0010.
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This chapter shows that multiple sensory information sources can generally be integrated in a similar fashion. However, seeing that different modalities are grounded in different frames of reference, integrations will focus on space or on identities. Body-relative spaces integrate information about the body and the surrounding space in body-relative frames of reference, integrating the available information across modalities in an approximately optimal manner. Simple topological neural population encodings are well-suited to generate estimates about stimulus locations and to map several frames of reference onto each other. Self-organizing neural networks are introduced as the basic computation mechanism that enables the learning of such mappings. Multisensory object recognition, on the other hand, is realized most effectively in an object-specific frame of reference – essentially abstracting away from body-relative frames of reference. Cognitive maps, that is, maps of the environment are learned by connecting locations over space and time. The hippocampus strongly supports the learning of cognitive maps, as it supports the generation of new episodic memories, suggesting a strong relation between these two computational tasks. In conclusion, multisensory integration yields internal predictive structures about spaces and object identities, which are well-suited to plan, decide on, and control environmental interactions.
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Crespo Miguel, Mario. Automatic corpus-based translation of a spanish framenet medical glossary. 2020. Aufl. Editorial Universidad de Sevilla, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/9788447230051.
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Computational linguistics is the scientific study of language from a computational perspective. It aims is to provide computational models of natural language processing (NLP) and incorporate them into practical applications such as speech synthesis, speech recognition, automatic translation and many others where automatic processing of language is required. The use of good linguistic resources is crucial for the development of computational linguistics systems. Real world applications need resources which systematize the way linguistic information is structured in a certain language. There is a continuous effort to increase the number of linguistic resources available for the linguistic and NLP Community. Most of the existing linguistic resources have been created for English, mainly because most modern approaches to computational lexical semantics emerged in the United States. This situation is changing over time and some of these projects have been subsequently extended to other languages; however, in all cases, much time and effort need to be invested in creating such resources. Because of this, one of the main purposes of this work is to investigate the possibility of extending these resources to other languages such as Spanish. In this work, we introduce some of the most important resources devoted to lexical semantics, such as WordNet or FrameNet, and those focusing on Spanish such as 3LB-LEX or Adesse. Of these, this project focuses on FrameNet. The project aims to document the range of semantic and syntactic combinatory possibilities of words in English. Words are grouped according to the different frames or situations evoked by their meaning. If we focus on a particular topic domain like medicine and we try to describe it in terms of FrameNet, we probably would obtain frames representing it like CURE, formed by words like cure.v, heal.v or palliative.a or MEDICAL CONDITIONS with lexical units such as arthritis.n, asphyxia.n or asthma.n. The purpose of this work is to develop an automatic means of selecting frames from a particular domain and to translate them into Spanish. As we have stated, we will focus on medicine. The selection of the medical frames will be corpus-based, that is, we will extract all the frames that are statistically significant from a representative corpus. We will discuss why using a corpus-based approach is a reliable and unbiased way of dealing with this task. We will present an automatic method for the selection of FrameNet frames and, in order to make sure that the results obtained are coherent, we will contrast them with a previous manual selection or benchmark. Outcomes will be analysed by using the F-score, a measure widely used in this type of applications. We obtained a 0.87 F-score according to our benchmark, which demonstrates the applicability of this type of automatic approaches. The second part of the book is devoted to the translation of this selection into Spanish. The translation will be made using EuroWordNet, a extension of the Princeton WordNet for some European languages. We will explore different ways to link the different units of our medical FrameNet selection to a certain WordNet synset or set of words that have similar meanings. Matching the frame units to a specific synset in EuroWordNet allows us both to translate them into Spanish and to add new terms provided by WordNet into FrameNet. The results show how translation can be done quite accurately (95.6%). We hope this work can add new insight into the field of natural language processing.
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Brown, Andrew, Christopher T. Flinton, Josh Gibson, Brian Grant, Barrie Greiff, Duane Hagen, Stephen Heidel et al. A Relationship Primer for the Workplace. Herausgegeben von Andrew Brown, Christopher T. Flinton, Josh Gibson, Brian Grant, Barrie Greiff, Duane Hagen, Stephen Heidel et al. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190697068.003.0002.
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Psychiatrists must understand the conceptual frames used for within business as these frames interfere with the support of people at work. In seeking to find a common ground, the case is made in this chapter of how these frames undermine seeing the human being and in particular critical relationships at work The credibility cross is explained as a conceptual model for understanding these relationships for the typical manager. Relationships that tie to performance including financial performance and the viability of the organization. The psychological contract is explored as it relates to understanding how the average worker approaches important relationships. The chapter emphasizes how the manager must appreciate and support the workplace relationships to defend against threat of rupture from stresses. These stresses include change and devaluation of people. Ruptures which harm performance. Discussion of the needs of human beings with specific references to the brain demonstrate the costs of disrupted relationships in order to focus both the general manager and the consulting psychiatrist to the challenges.
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Adams, Peter J. Reflecting on the Inevitable. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190945008.001.0001.
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Death studies have, over the past twenty years, witnessed a flourishing of research and scholarship particularly in areas such as dying and bereavement, cultural practices and fear of dying. But, despite its importance, a specific focus on the nature of personal mortality has attracted surprisingly little attention. Reflecting on the Inevitable: Mortality at the Crossroads of Psychology, Philosophy, and Health breaks new ground by bringing together available ideas and research on the meaning of one’s own death. Its content is organized around the question of how an ongoing relationship might be possible when the threat of consciousness coming to an end points to an unthinkable and unspeakable nothingness. The book then argues that, despite this threat, an ongoing relationship with one’s own death is still possible by means of conceptual devices that help shape personal mortality into a relatable object. Four of these devices, or “enabling frames,” are examined: essential structures, passionate suffusion, point-of-transition, and self-generative process. While each frame conceptualizes mortality differently, they share a capacity to move it from unintelligibility to something we can think and speak about, thereby enabling us to maintain an ongoing engagement. The final chapters explore ways in which pursuing a relationship with our own deaths could become a normal and acceptable activity throughout our lives.
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Moon, Jeremy. 3. National and international developments. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199671816.003.0004.
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‘National and international developments’ compares national approaches to corporate social responsibility (CSR), particularly between the USA and Europe, but also within Asia and Africa, and in so doing also identifies factors in the international development of CSR among these and other countries. CSR was first established in the USA, where the concept of specific company level responsibilities emerged both as a management and an academic concept, reflecting related cultural, economic, and political themes. The concept has not been simply exported; rather it has been adapted to different national ethical and regulatory frameworks in which assumptions and systems of responsibility are framed.
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Pinfari, Marco. Terrorists as Monsters. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190927875.001.0001.
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This book explores the use of archetypal metaphors of monstrosity in relation to terrorism. It presents two main original arguments, which are influenced by recent studies by leading philosophers and anthropologists on the social and political functions of monstrosity and monster metaphors. The first argument, developed in Part 1, explores the reasons why “terrorists” are sometimes framed as monsters by their audiences. Although this imagery serves the immediate purpose of depicting the “terrorist” as a non- or sub-human “other,” the book examines the recurrence of specific monster types across time and space (from the French Revolution through anarchist and ethnonational terrorism, until the current wave of jihadist terrorism), and concludes that the terrorist-monster is primarily an unmanageable creature and that this characterization is functional to the pursuit of rational political agendas and to securing popular backing for specific types of rule-breaking behavior in counterterrorism. The second, developed in Part 2, is about why “terrorists” might want to portray and present themselves as monsters. In this regard, it argues that the impersonation of the monster prototype (in its entirety or in some of its components) is a tactic that has been rationally pursued by several groups throughout the history of terrorism, as part of the modus operandi of so-called revolutionary terrorism, primarily for increasing their scare power. Part 3 applies these analytical frameworks to other areas of terrorism studies, including the use of monster metaphors by the “terrorists” themselves to frame their enemies and recent trends in counterterrorism.
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Wexler, Mark. High Phi and Ghost Phi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0083.
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When a moving stimulus is followed by certain transient events, an illusion of very fast motion is perceived, in which a random texture undergoes a slow rotation, but every second most observers perceive a very fast jump in the direction opposite to the preceding or “inducing” rotation. These jumps are illusory: during the perceived jump, every frame is a new, random texture, uncorrelated with the previous textures; the last of these random textures is set to turning once again, and the sequence repeats. Thus there is there is no specific correspondence between the textures before, during, and after the jumps and no motion energy corresponding to the jumps. These illusory jumps are called “high phi.” If the transient is immediately “undone,” a different kind of illusory motion is perceived, called “ghost phi.” This example shows a study of the effects of motion adaptation.
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Ivakhiv, Adrian. Nature. Herausgegeben von Michael Stausberg und Steven Engler. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198729570.013.29.
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Beginning with focused definitions of medicine and religion, this chapter then turns to three themes at the center of the intersection of religion and medicine. It discusses the authority of biomedicine as a dominant frame for medicine (Western scientific medicine, which has drawn on the organizational effectiveness of religious groups in Europe and North America), as well as challenges to this frame from other healing traditions. The author also considers the significance of commodification for both biomedical and spiritual approaches to healing, and examines the significance of colonialism for contests between systems of healing. With the use of specific examples, the chapter focuses on issues of gender, racialization, and embodiment in the politics of the interchange between religion and medicine.
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Whittier, Nancy. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190235994.003.0005.
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Chapter 5, the book’s conclusion, draws comparative theoretical lessons from all three cases. It discusses six features of relationships between frenemies: risks to participants’ reputation; reliance on hybrid or compromise frames or goals; focus on single-issue or specific goals; the importance of emotional and personal narratives; lack of more extensive collaboration or institutionalization of the relationships; and outcomes that depend on the relative power of participants. The chapter discusses implications for ongoing policy regarding sex offenders, sex trafficking, and government surveillance. The paths of activism around the case studies have influenced recent issues of sexual assault, including in the military, in colleges and universities. Feminists have influenced these developments, but not alone. Frenemies, including both feminists and conservatives, continue to be engaged in these issues and to shape their paths.
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Campos, Liliane. ‘Wheels have been set in motion’: Geocentrism and Relativity in Tom Stoppard’s Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474427814.003.0012.
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By decentring our reading of Hamlet, Stoppard’s tragicomedy questions the legitimacy of centres and of stable frames of reference. So Liliane Campos examines how Stoppard plays with the physical and cosmological models he finds in Hamlet, particularly those of the wheel and the compass, and gives a new scientific depth to the fear that time is ‘out of joint’. In both his play and his own film adaptation, Stoppard’s rewriting gives a 20th-century twist to these metaphors, through references to relativity, indeterminacy, and the role of the observer. When they refer to the uncontrollable wheels of their fate, his characters no longer describe the destruction of order, but uncertainty about which order is at work, whether heliocentric or geocentric, random or tragic. When they express their loss of bearings, they do so through the thought experiments of modern physics, from Galilean relativity to quantum uncertainty, drawing our attention to shifting frames of reference. Much like Schrödinger’s cat, Stoppard’s Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are both dead and alive. As we observe their predicament, Campos argues, we are placed in the paradoxical position of the observer in 20th-century physics, and constantly reminded that our time-specific relation to the canon inevitably determines our interpretation.
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Stausberg, Michael, und Steven Engler. Theories of Religion. Herausgegeben von Michael Stausberg und Steven Engler. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198729570.013.4.
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This chapter operates with a notion of ‘theory’ as an interconnected set of ideas or statements expressed in language that frames cognitive claims about some phenomenon. The distinction between data and theory is best conceived of in a relative sense: there is no qualitative abyss separating data and theory. The focus of this chapter is one segment of theory in the study of religion, namely theories of religion, i.e. theories that seek to account for religion by addressing the following set of questions: What kind of subject matter does religion constitute? What is the structure of religion? What is distinctive/specific about religion? What are the origins of religion? What are the effects, functions, or products of religion? There is unlikely to ever be a completely satisfying theory of religion. But ‘theory of religion’ can remain a regulative idea for the study of religion as a discipline.
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Boudreau, J. Donald, Eric J. Cassell und Abraham Fuks. Educational Blueprint. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199370818.003.0014.
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We provide the overall framework for the Physicianship Curriculum. It is based on common clinical presentations, as described in the medical literature. We develop the fundamental questions and issues that are likely to be in the minds of a patient and physician during a medical encounter. These issues frame clinical thinking with respect to assessment and treatment and inform the content of the educational program. The primary objectives of each curricular phase are outlined. We articulate the specific roles of teachers and mentors and propose a set of teaching methods, adopted, in part, from the broader literature in educational research.
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Bohlman, Philip V. Afterward. Herausgegeben von Jonathan Dueck und Suzel Ana Reily. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859993.013.21.
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This chapter frames world Christianities as a continuous dialogue within, across, and between worlds: the human world of the everyday and the divine (utopian) world of God. To mediate this contradiction inherent to Christianity—and perhaps to the human experience more generally—Christian soteriological and eschatological doctrines takes the shape of continuous journeys aimed at transcending the boundaries of both the sacred and the secular, producing an (altered) return that re-creates the everyday world, where difference is ever-present. Christian musics come into being at specific sites of origin—in early church history, at colonial encounter in the Americas, along the boundaries crossed by 21st-century immigrants in Chicago—forming sacred journeys articulated through worship and song. Connecting these sites is the path of return, realized musically through the centrality of revival. The intertextuality of music maps the trajectories of these journeys, embodying the multiple encounters generating the continuous re-creation.
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Porta, Donatella della, Massimiliano Andretta, Tiago Fernandes, Eduardo Romanos und Markos Vogiatzoglou. Legacies, Memories, and Social Movements. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190860936.003.0006.
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The concluding chapter summarizes the empirical results along the main analytic dimensions presented in the introduction. It discusses in particular the main theoretical insights in considering protest as a critical juncture and choice point. It also points to the role played by memories as resources and constraints and the strategic choices of movements as mnemonic agents. Memories are part of movements’ inheritance, working as anchors for contentious politics; they either offer cues and legitimacy or deny them. New generations learn from older ones, but they also often contest, or at least try to overcome, the mistakes of their seniors, following specific generational tastes for frames and action as well as technological opportunities. Opening to further research, the chapter stresses the importance of considering the effects of time and history on contentious politics especially in times of change.
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Winter, Stefan. Conclusion. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691167787.003.0008.
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This concluding chapter summarizes key themes and presents some final thoughts. The book has shown that the multiplicity of lived ʻAlawi experiences cannot be reduced to the sole question of religion or framed within a monolithic narrative of persecution; that the very attempt to outline a single coherent history of “the ʻAlawis” may indeed be misguided. The sources on which this study has drawn are considerably more accessible, and the social and administrative realities they reflect consistently more mundane and disjointed, than the discourse of the ʻAlawis' supposed exceptionalism would lead one to believe. Therefore, the challenge for historians of ʻAlawi society in Syria and elsewhere is not to use the specific events and structures these sources detail to merely add to the already existing metanarratives of religious oppression, Ottoman misrule, and national resistance but rather to come to a newer and more intricate understanding of that community, and its place in wider Middle Eastern society, by investigating the lives of individual ʻAlawi (and other) actors within the rich diversity of local contexts these sources reveal.
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Steinmo, Sven. Historical Institutionalism and Experimental Methods. Herausgegeben von Orfeo Fioretos, Tulia G. Falleti und Adam Sheingate. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199662814.013.6.
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Although a core insight of historical institutionalism (HI) is that history affects actors’ beliefs, values and preferences, it is difficult to test these propositions directly. This chapter argues that one way of testing HI theories is to integrate some of the methods and techniques of experimental social science. Using experimental methods, historical institutionalism can better explain how specific institutional structures, decision-making processes, and historical contexts frame individual choices and shape the broader ecology of political decisions. A combination of diverse research traditions and methodologies can illuminate the dynamic relationships between ideas, interests and institutions that yield variation in policies and preferences across cultures and over time.
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Heuer, Jennifer. Did Everything Change? Rethinking Revolutionary Legacies. Herausgegeben von David Andress. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199639748.013.036.
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Considering the legacies of the Revolution raises basic methodological questions about how we understand historical change and the long-term relevance of the past. These include how we frame narratives and choose endpoints and whether we focus on conscious appropriation and rejection of revolutionary experiences, or on more structural changes. Broad conceptual legacies include possible transformations not only in social and political arenas, but also in how individuals understood themselves and their world. More specific changes affect gender relations and family; tensions between universalism and rights for different groups; the emergence of the modern nation-state; and ideas about the legitimacy and purpose of violence.
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Campbell, John L. Ideas and Ideology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190872434.003.0005.
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Chapter 5 describes how economic decline led to an ideological shift in America. Trump was good at promising things that resonated with the public’s discontent. This chapter shows how he did this, particularly insofar as his economic plan is concerned. This is a story about the rise of neoliberalism as the cure for what ailed Americans and the American economy. Neoliberal ideology is a conservative approach to policymaking that touts the virtues of small government, low taxes, less regulation, and reduced welfare spending. It involves a taken-for-granted paradigm—a set of assumptions—about how the economy works, as well as specific policy recommendations derived from it. It also involves a variety of public sentiments or values deeply rooted in American culture about the virtues of small government. These sentiments and others provided raw materials with which Trump effectively fabricated catchy frames to garner public support for his policy ideas.
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Dobson, Charles. Wandering and Direction in Creative Production. Herausgegeben von Kalina Christoff und Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.31.
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The broad field of creative production offers many anecdotal books devoted to various methods for generating ideas. Most of these pay scant attention to such difficulties as figuring out an initial direction; sorting out which ideas are worth pursuing, and preventing a critical frame of mind nurtured by years of schooling from stymying the flow of ideas. With the literature missing much of what would be useful in everyday practice, and lacking the research that would answer basic questions, some productive professionals have developed unusual habits through years of trial and error. Many of these seem to involve shifting back and forth between a focus on wandering or going somewhere new, and a focus on direction or arriving at a specific place.
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Marcus, Smith, und Leslie Nico. Part IV Intangible Property that is Incapable of Transfer, 25 Prohibitions On Assignment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198748434.003.0025.
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This chapter studies the prohibitions on assignment. Depending on how it is framed, a prohibition on assignment can have a number of different effects. This will always be a question of construction. For example, a clause that appears to be directed towards prohibiting assignment may in fact prohibit only novation, or sub-contracting, or only outright assignments and not assignments that are executed by way of security. Likewise, a prohibition on assignment has been held to extend even to the grant of a charge, notwithstanding the fact that a charge is distinct from an assignment. In the specific context of prohibitions on assignment, at least four different types of term were identified. The chapter looks at these various possible terms, and their validity and enforceability.
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Murphy, Kevin R. Models and Methods for Evaluating Reliability and Validity. Herausgegeben von Susan Cartwright und Cary L. Cooper. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199234738.003.0012.
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Tests and structured assessments are used to make inferences and decisions about individuals and groups. In personnel selection, these can range from assessments of the knowledge, skills, and abilities thought to be necessary for successful job performance to evaluations of current and past job performance. This article discusses assessments that range from paper-and-pencil tests of work-related abilities and skills to the measures based on the judgments of an interviewer or a supervisor. Many of the principles of psychometrics were first developed in the context of multi-item written tests of abilities or other enduring characteristics of individuals. In this article, the descriptions of the main models and methods of psychometrics are often framed in terms of specific characteristics of these tests (e.g., the use of multiple test items, in which all items are designed to measure the same characteristic of individuals).
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Macaskill, Grant. Virtue, Selfhood, and Intellectual Humility. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799856.003.0002.
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This chapter examines the recent turn to virtue in moral philosophy and theology, with a view to establishing some of the key principles that have driven this, here considered in relation to the specific topic of intellectual humility. The chapter highlights the need for an appropriately developed account of personhood and agency, which rightly acknowledges the social or relational elements of these. Theologically, the chapter’s account of these relations must be framed properly in terms of God’s economical dealings with the world, now understood through the incarnational reality. From this, the need for a genuinely Trinitarian and christologically sensitive account of virtue to be developed is highlighted. As part of the discussion, the author reflects on the rejection of certain accounts of virtue by the Reformers, ensuring that their Scripture-based concerns are not overlooked as the author’s own account of the particular virtue of intellectual humility is developed.
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Rasmussen, Amy Cabrera. The Discursive Context of Reproductive Ethics. Herausgegeben von Leslie Francis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199981878.013.2.
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Examining how issues are framed in policy discourse illuminates the structure of ethical arguments and the social and political context within which these arguments are made. In the United States, reproductive discourse and policymaking display four contours. First, deemed a legitimate topic for government intervention, reproduction policy has most often been gendered and group-specific. Second, the issue category into which reproduction is placed is a critical factor in policy intervention: Is reproduction a matter of health, gender equality, or religious liberty? Third, in reproductive policymaking, abortion has taken on the role of master subissue, shaping approaches to reproductive issues and in some cases standing in for the larger range of reproductive matters. Finally, lack of understanding of the medical and technological factors related to reproduction among policymakers and the public makes policymaking difficult and augments abortion’s discursive power.
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Insole, Christopher J. Realism and Anti-realism. Herausgegeben von William J. Abraham und Frederick D. Aquino. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199662241.013.21.
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The chapter argues that the search for a single construal of the realism/anti-realism distinction is misguided. There are more or less apt versions of the distinction, each framed with a specific set of interests. The terms of art, ‘realist’ and ‘anti-realist’, are not helpfully construed as applying across whole domains (‘science’, ‘religion’, ‘ethics’), or thinkers, but at the level of particular statements. As such, the distinction has less in common with categorizations such as ‘theist/atheist’, or ‘empiricist/rationalist’, and more in common with (contestable, but still useful for many) terms of art such as ‘a priori/a posteriori’ and ‘analytic/synthetic’. The chapter explores four alternative construals of the distinction: cognitivist, ontological, epistemological, and semantic. When we get to the more subtle construals of semantic anti-realism/realism, it is unclear what precisely (if anything) is at stake in the debate.
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de Bruyn, Theodore. Scribal Features of Customary Amulets. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199687886.003.0005.
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This chapter compares incantations that are similar in purpose and formulation: incantations against snakes and scorpions; incantations against fever and illness; amatory incantations; and curses or prayers for justice. The ways in which incantations in these different groups are ‘christianized’ varies. Commonplace incantations against snakes and scorpions are resistant to change, but may be framed with Christian elements. Incantations against fever and illness may juxtapose customary and Christian elements or may be formulated in a wholly Christian idiom. On the basis of the formulation and writing of specific artefacts, it is suggested that some scribes were closer to the institutional centre of the Egyptian church, and other scribes were further away from the centre. While amatory incantations with Christian elements are rare (probably because scribes shaped by Christian norms would also have been predisposed against such incantations), curses and prayers for justice are not.
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Scharfman, Jason. Hedge Fund Due Diligence. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190607371.003.0019.
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This chapter provides an overview of hedge fund due diligence challenges facing investors with a specific focus on the operational due diligence process. Operational due diligence is the process of evaluating the operational risks in place at a hedge fund. In recent years, due to a series of hedge fund failures and frauds, operational risks have become increasingly important. Risk mitigation techniques include information technology infrastructure; evaluations by the board of directors; business continuity planning; hedge fund service provider assessment, valuation, and fund operations; and back-office procedures. Another component of the operational due diligence process involves performing background investigations on key personnel. By seeking to evaluate these types of operational risk, investors can better diagnose and avoid losses from these hedge fund operational failures and outright fraud.
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Rohman, Carrie. Nude Vibrations: Isadora Duncan’s Creatural Aesthetic. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190604400.003.0002.
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This chapter reads Duncan as a paradigmatic test-case for re-seeing the complexities of “naturalness” in the early twentieth century in relation to animality, performance, and an aesthetics that is specifically posthumanist. Rather than a naïve essentialist, Duncan should be viewed as a kind of vitalist who understood art as emerging from the vibrancy of matter itself and the drift or transfer of forces from earth to animal, from animal to human. By examining her animal and cosmic imagery and by discussing questions such as barefootedness and nudity as specific markers of animality in Duncan’s aesthetic, I frame her dance theory as exhibiting a sophisticated posthumanist artistic position. Recognizing these elements of her artistic theories helps us re-evaluate the way Duncan has been viewed because of the natural strains in her work, but also opens new lines of inquiry regarding animality and modern dance.
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Wells, Kimberly J. Work–Family Initiatives from an Organizational Change Lens. Herausgegeben von Tammy D. Allen und Lillian T. Eby. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199337538.013.25.
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Viewed from a change lens, effective work–family policies and programs (e.g., flexible work options, leave policies, dependent care benefits) function as organizational change initiatives. Review of the work–family literature from the specific perspective afforded by a processual change framework especially discloses aspects of organizing that may facilitate or limit objectives of mainstreamed and sustainable work–family initiatives. Select examples from the literature are used to illustrate how scholars have incorporated critical change perspectives regarding context, substance, and politics. The importance of a change lens to achieving effective initiatives has been advocated in the work–family literature, and research viewed from a processual change frame suggests there is much that future study should address to inform practice challenges to achieving the promise of family-friendly workplaces. The chapter premise and recommendations are particularly relevant for contexts in which work–family reconciliation is typically addressed at the individual organizational level.
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Gosin, Monika. The Racial Politics of Division. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501738234.001.0001.
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The Politics of Division deconstructs antagonistic discourses that circulated in local Miami press between African-Americans, “white” Cubans, and “black” Cubans during the 1980 Mariel Boatlift and the 1994 Balsero Crisis. In its challenge to discourses which pit these groups against one another, the book examines the nuanced ways that identities such as “black,” “white,” and “Cuban” have been constructed and negotiated in the context of Miami’s historical multi-ethnic tensions. The book argues that dominant race-making ideologies of the white establishment regarding “worthy citizenship” shape inter-minority conflict as groups negotiate their precarious positioning within the nation. The book contends that the lived experiences of the African-Americans, white Cubans, and Afro-Cubans involved disrupt binary frames of worthy citizenship narratives, illuminating the greater complexity of racialized identities. Foregrounding the oft-neglected voices of Afro-Cubans, the book highlights how their specific racial positioning offers a challenge to white Cuban-American anti-blackness and complicates narratives that placed African-American “natives” in opposition to (white) Cuban “foreigners,” while revealing also how Afro-Cubans and other Afro-Latinos negotiate racial meanings in the United States. Focusing on the intricacy of interminority tensions in Miami, the book adds dimension to modern debates about race, blackness, immigration, interethnic relations, and national belonging.
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Jones, Phil, Beth Perry und Paul Long, Hrsg. Cultural Intermediaries Connecting Communities. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447344995.001.0001.
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This book explores the policy and social frames through which citizens and wider communities are being engaged with culture as a tool to mitigate the effects of social exclusion and deprivation. The study is based on an inter-disciplinary four-year research project investigating those individuals and organisations whose mission is to use culture, instrumentally, to help deprived communities in a variety of different ways. The project sought to examine the different scales of activity involved within cultural intermediation, examining national policy and practice, but grounded within specific community-level case studies. Although a number of sites across England were examined, two field sites in particular were the subject for a deep ethnographic engagement, including active interventions. These were Birmingham, with a focus on the Balsall Heath neighbourhood and Greater Manchester, with detailed work being undertaken in the Ordsall ward of Salford. These case studies feature throughout much of the book as a lens through which to see the impacts of wider policy trends. Research was undertaken during a period of quite dramatic change in policy and governance within the UK’s cultural sector. These changes were driven by one of the biggest experiments in refiguring the role of the public sector within the UK since 1945, as post-credit crunch governments have responded to the challenges of a struggling global economy by employing the discourse of ‘austerity’. As this book shows, what has emerged is a cultural intermediation sector that has refined its practices, adopting new funding models and arenas of activity.
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Varier, M. R. Raghava. A Brief History of Āyurveda. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190121082.001.0001.
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For over two and a half millennia Āyurveda was the mainstream healthcare programme in the Indian subcontinent. However, what was once seen as indispensable, is now often officially described as ‘alternative medicine’. Moreover, there seems to be a lack of proper understanding of the specific culture from which Āyurveda emerged. This is because existing works on the subject have mostly been mere compilations of Āyurvedic practices and focused on classical texts. This book studies the stages of development in the system of Āyurveda and its practice from proto-historic times until British colonization. Using original Pāli and Sanskrit works, archaeological artefacts, as well as oft-neglected medieval epigraphic documents, M. R. Raghava Varier highlights how centuries of privileging Western knowledge has resulted in the sidelining of indigenous learning—a process that accelerated with the advent of colonialism. Further, he makes use of Jain and Buddhist sources to question the assumption that Āyurveda is a purely Hindu or Brahmanical system, thus providing a historiographical frame for conceptually establishing the notion of Āyurveda.
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Chapman, Audrey R. The Right to Health. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.346.
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The right to health and health services is generally framed as the right to the highest attainable standard of health. Like other human rights, the right to health confers to all people specific entitlements and imposes duties on governments to protect and promote them. It reflects a broadened sense of governmental responsibility for the welfare of its citizens and a more inclusive understanding of human rights. All countries, including the United States, have ratified at least one binding human rights convention that includes a provision on the right to health. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the United Nations more than six decades ago, has given rise to a series of international human rights instruments that legally obligate states to implement their provisions. The two most important of these are the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Despite substantial progress, a number of issues still need to be addressed for the realization of the right to health, such as the lack of political commitment on the part of many states with regard to implementation and the weakness of the international human rights system. Furthermore, many states which have ratified international or regional human rights instruments that recognize a right to health or have relevant constitutional provisions still do not invest the necessary resources or apply human rights standards to the framing of health policies.
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Golia, Julie. Newspaper Confessions. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197527788.001.0001.
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Newspaper Confessions chronicles the history of the newspaper advice column, a genre that has shaped Americans’ relationships with media, their experiences with popular therapy, and their virtual interactions across generations. Emerging in the 1890s, advice columns became unprecedented virtual forums where readers could debate the most resonant cultural crises of the day with strangers in an anonymous yet public forum. The columns are important—and overlooked—precursors to today’s digital culture: forums, social media groups, chat rooms, and other online communities that define how present-day American communicate with each other. This book charts the rise of the advice column and its impact on the newspaper industry. It analyzes the advice given in a diverse sample of columns across several decades, emphasizing the ways that advice columnists framed their counsel as modern, yet upheld the racial and gendered status quo of the day. It shows how advice columnists were forerunners to the modern celebrity journalist, while also serving as educators to audience of millions. This book includes in-depth case studies of specific columns, demonstrating how these forums transformed into active and participatory virtual communities of confession, advice, debate, and empathy.
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Sparti, Davide. On the Edge. Herausgegeben von George E. Lewis und Benjamin Piekut. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195370935.013.020.
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While all human agency unfolds with a certain degree of improvisation, there are specific cultural practices in which improvisation plays an even more relevant role. Among these, jazz offers a privileged site for understanding how improvisation operates, offering the opportunity to find within it a frame of reference that might be related to other genres and modes of creation. This contribution, as Wittgenstein would say, has a “grammatical” design to it. It proposes to clarify the significance of the term “improvisation” by reflecting upon theconditionsthat make the practice possible. Rather than calling forth mysterious processes that take place in the unconscious or in the minds of musicians, the focus is on the criteria that must be satisfied before one may accurately ascribe to an act the concept of improvisation. By comparing the practice of improvisation to the notion a musical “work,” five such criteria are established: inseparability, irreversibility, situationality, originality, and responsiveness. The last part of this chapter offers an insight into the improvising dynamic. Unlike a composer in the domain of classical music, who works from a plan looking ahead, improvising musicians cannot by definition look ahead. Yet they can look behind at what has already been played, and respond to it, extending the logic of the previous phrases, shaping a form retrospectively, blending the emergent with the intended. Hence any musical statement emerging during a performance is at the same time a constraint and a springboard for the following statement.
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Ballaster, Ros. The Rise and Decline of the Epistolary Novel, 1770–1832. Herausgegeben von Alan Downie. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566747.013.017.
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This essay charts the fortunes of a specific genre, the epistolary novel, which delivers plot and character exclusively through letters whether from a single correspondent, a couple, or many. In the shadow of Richardson’s dominance, there are successive attempts to innovate and experiment both of personality (presenting new kinds of voice and main protagonist) and geography (sending letter-writers to parts of the globe ‘new’ to English readers). It opens with the healthy flourishing of letter fiction from 1769 to 1780 and the twin traditions of domestic (Elizabeth Griffith, Frances Burney) and picaresque (Tobias Smollett). The epistolary mode is next experimented with in the 1790s to describe and define both revolutionary turmoil and colonial experience by authors such as Charlotte Smith, Eliza Fenwick, Phoebe Gibbes, and Charlotte Lennox. The early decades of the eighteenth century see the troubled departure from and live burial of epistolary exchange in the novels of Edgeworth, Owenson, and Scott.
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Galliott, Jai, Duncan MacIntosh und Jens David Ohlin, Hrsg. Lethal Autonomous Weapons. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197546048.001.0001.
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The question of whether new rules or regulations are required to govern, restrict, or even prohibit the use of autonomous weapons systems has been the subject of debate for the better part of a decade. Despite the claims of advocacy groups, the way ahead remains unclear since the international community has yet to agree on a specific definition of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, and the great powers have largely refused to support an effective ban. In this vacuum, the public has been presented with a heavily one-sided view of “Killer Robots.” This volume presents a more nuanced approach to autonomous weapon systems that recognizes the need to progress beyond a discourse framed by the Terminator and HAL 9000. Reshaping the discussion around this emerging military innovation requires a new line of thought and a willingness to challenge the orthodoxy. Lethal Autonomous Weapons: Re-Examining the Law and Ethics of Robotic Warfare therefore focuses on exploring the moral and legal issues associated with the design, development, and deployment of lethal autonomous weapons. In this volume, we bring together some of the most prominent academics and academic-practitioners in the lethal autonomous weapons space and seek to return some balance to the debate. As part of this effort, we recognize that society needs to invest in hard conversations that tackle the ethics, morality, and law of these new digital technologies and understand the human role in their creation and operation.
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Walsh, Bruce, und Michael Lynch. Evolution and Selection of Quantitative Traits. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.001.0001.
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Quantitative traits—be they morphological or physiological characters, aspects of behavior, or genome-level features such as the amount of RNA or protein expression for a specific gene—usually show considerable variation within and among populations. Quantitative genetics, also referred to as the genetics of complex traits, is the study of such characters and is based on mathematical models of evolution in which many genes influence the trait and in which non-genetic factors may also be important. Evolution and Selection of Quantitative Traits presents a holistic treatment of the subject, showing the interplay between theory and data with extensive discussions on statistical issues relating to the estimation of the biologically relevant parameters for these models. Quantitative genetics is viewed as the bridge between complex mathematical models of trait evolution and real-world data, and the authors have clearly framed their treatment as such. This is the second volume in a planned trilogy that summarizes the modern field of quantitative genetics, informed by empirical observations from wide-ranging fields (agriculture, evolution, ecology, and human biology) as well as population genetics, statistical theory, mathematical modeling, genetics, and genomics. Whilst volume 1 (1998) dealt with the genetics of such traits, the main focus of volume 2 is on their evolution, with a special emphasis on detecting selection (ranging from the use of genomic and historical data through to ecological field data) and examining its consequences. This extensive work of reference is suitable for graduate level students as well as professional researchers (both empiricists and theoreticians) in the fields of evolutionary biology, genetics, and genomics. It will also be of particular relevance and use to plant and animal breeders, human geneticists, and statisticians.
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Resane, Kelebogile Thomas. South African Christian Experiences: From colonialism to democracy. SunBonani Scholar, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18820/9781928424994.
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Theologically and historically sound, Resane’s South African Christian Experiences: From Colonialism to Democracy, envisions a robust Christianity that acknowledges itself as “a community of justified sinners” who are on an eschatological journey of conversion. This Christianity does not look away from its historical sins and participation in corruption and evils such as Apartheid. Resane argues that failing to adhere to Jesus’ teachings is not a reason for Christianity to recede from public life. Rather, doing so further pushes Christianity away from Jesus who emphatically called for the Church to engage in the liberation of society. By framing how the Christian must engage with his/her community as a component to belief – that saying must mean doing for belief to happen – Resane frames his theology as an eschatological clarion call for internal and social renewal, an interplay between the individual Christian, the communal churches of Christ, and society at large. Dr J. Sands – Northwest University “Drawing from our own wells” is a prophetic call for theologians to develop context specific liberation theologies drawn from their own contexts, history, experiences, and different types of knowledge. This book locates its loci in the historical and contemporary context in South Africa, as well as drawing from the rich legacy of liberation theologies including African, Kairos, Black, Circle and many other theologies to address contemporary issues facing South Africa. Resane’s book contributes towards enhancing the much needed local theologies of liberation based on contextual realities and knowledges. Dr Nontando Hadebe – Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians South African Christian Experiences: From Colonialism to Democracy captures the societal binaries that are part and parcel of Christianity, especially in the African context. The definition of God is also affected by these binaries, such as, is God Black or White? The book proposes both the non-binary approach, and the process of inculturation. The work also shows how not to have one theology, but different theologies, hence references and expansions on the Trinity, Pneumatology, Christology, etc. Furthermore, this work portrays Christ as seen from an African point of view, and what it means to attach African attributes to Christ, as opposed to the traditional Western understanding. Rev. Fr. Thabang Nkadimeng – History of Christianity, University of KwaZulu Natal Resane has dug deep into the history of the church in South Africa, and brought the experiences of Indigenous people and Christians, including theologians, to the attention of every reader. The author demonstrates an intense knowledge of the history of Christianity. He also portrays that there is still more to be done, both from the Christian historical perspective and the theological perspective for the church to be relevant to all the contexts in which it finds itself. Prof. Mokhele Madise – Department of Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology, University of South Africa