Um die anderen Arten von Veröffentlichungen zu diesem Thema anzuzeigen, folgen Sie diesem Link: The principle of distinction and the principle proportionality.
Dissertationen zum Thema „The principle of distinction and the principle proportionality“
Geben Sie eine Quelle nach APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard und anderen Zitierweisen an
Machen Sie sich mit Top-50 Dissertationen für die Forschung zum Thema "The principle of distinction and the principle proportionality" bekannt.
Neben jedem Werk im Literaturverzeichnis ist die Option "Zur Bibliographie hinzufügen" verfügbar. Nutzen Sie sie, wird Ihre bibliographische Angabe des gewählten Werkes nach der nötigen Zitierweise (APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver usw.) automatisch gestaltet.
Sie können auch den vollen Text der wissenschaftlichen Publikation im PDF-Format herunterladen und eine Online-Annotation der Arbeit lesen, wenn die relevanten Parameter in den Metadaten verfügbar sind.
Sehen Sie die Dissertationen für verschiedene Spezialgebieten durch und erstellen Sie Ihre Bibliographie auf korrekte Weise.
1
Kjerrman, Asta Marie. „Civilians as a direct target of violence : How modern warfare challenges International Humanitarian Law“. Thesis, Malmö universitet, Institutionen för globala politiska studier (GPS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-44106.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
This study aims to examine how the emergence of modern warfare are challenging International Humanitarian Law when it comes to the protection of civilians in armed conflict. Thereby gaining a better understanding of how modern warfare is putting civilians at risk and how International Humanitarian Law is being challenged by the development of warfare. This study is a multidisciplinary study of Peace and Conflict Studies and International Law, which gives a rare perspective on civilian’s position in modern warfare. Thereby this study is not only showing the legal challenges in armed conflict but also bringing in the perspective of civilian’s position in modern warfare. This study will make use of three case studies: urban warfare, non-state actors and the use of drones in armed conflict. This study concludes that the challenges which International Humanitarian Law meets in modern warfare, is related to the need of clarifications but also a need for a greater enforcement and respect of the law by all parties of the conflict, both state and non-state actors. Lastly, there is a need for strengthening the inclusion of non-state actors in international law and strengthen International Humanitarian Law to meet the challenges of modern warfare to protect the civilians.
2
Pino, Giorgio. „Fundamental rights and the proportionality principle“. Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118697.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The paper assesses the widespread use of the test of proportionality in fundamental rights adjudication. While constitutional and human rights courts all over the world appear to be consistently engaged in deploying the test of proportionality in order to assess the permissibility of a given rights limitation, this approach is under severe criticism insofar as it is considered an attack to the very idea of fundamental rights. The paper will discuss this criticism of the use of proportionality, and will provide a defense of its use by courts in light of some basic features of the contemporary discourse of fundamental rights.El artículo evalúa el uso generalizado de la prueba de proporcionalidad en la adjudicación de derechos fundamentales. Mientras que los tribunales constitucionales y de derechos humanos de todo el mundo parecen estar constantemente involucrados en el despliegue de la prueba de proporcionalidad para evaluar la permisibilidad de una determinada limitación de derechos, este enfoque está sometido a severas críticas en tanto que se considera un ataque a la idea misma de Derechos fundamentales. El artículo discutirá esta crítica al uso del principio de proporcionalidad y ofrecerá una defensa de su uso por los tribunales a la luz de algunas características básicas del discurso contemporáneo de los derechos fundamentales.
3
Emiliou, Nicholas. „The principle of proportionality in European law : a comparative study“. The Hague : Kluwer law international, 1996. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37739803k.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
4
Acaralp, Linnéa. „U.S. Drone Attacks and the Proportionality Principle : Growing ignorance or Consciousness?“ Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-157224.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
This thesis focuses on the usage of military drones, a type of semi-autonomous weapon, which has shifted the premises of conventional warfare, particularly relating to the ethics and legality of warfare. This paper examines the conditions that affect the civilian casualties in United States (U.S.) drone attacks. Drawing on Graham Allison’s work on the factors that influence U.S. foreign policy decision making, I theorize that civilian collateral casualties are more likely under certain conditions. These conditions changes depending on the type of administration in office, level of organization pressure, and the value and level of risk a target directs towards the U.S. In light of the discussion and the effect of drones on civilian casualties a debate upon the proportionality principle will be assessed. In the assessment a cost and benefit analysis is made between the military goal and civilian casualties (Gardam,1993). The proportionality principle refers to the balancing act of the excessive use of force on civilians in relation to the military goal. This paper is using a quantitative method. This study investigate data on US drone attacks, sourced from Bureau of Investigative Journalism, covering 733 attacks in four countries (Afghanistan, Yemen, Somalia and Pakistan) during the time period from 2002 to 2016. Based on Allison’s model three hypotheses are formulated and evaluated against the data using descriptive statistic and t-tests. The empirical result suggests that there was a statistical significance in all three hypotheses, indicating that it was possible to detect that under certain circumstances drone attacks are more likely to lead to more civilian casualties. However, when one observed the total casualties in proportion to the civilian casualties the result was not as grand as anticipated. However, the findings of this paper illustrates a pattern that during certain premises and cost and benefit analyses, the usage of drones are causing a greater risk towards civilians. Thus, these discussions further develop an already existing debate on today’s focus on military autonomous weapons and the results of using such weapons. Hence, this type of study can be applied to other military autonomous weapons as well. In light of the discussion of the proportionality principle, this paper suggest that the development of autonomous military weapons should not be taken lightly and an improvement of international regulations should perhaps be made.
5
Stern, Orly. „The principle of distinction and women in conflicts in Africa“. Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3291/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The ‘principle of distinction’ is core to international humanitarian law, regulating who can and cannot be targeted in armed conflict. It states that combatants and those civilians ‘directly participating’ in hostilities may be targeted in attack, while non-combatants may not be. The law defines what it means to be a combatant and a civilian, and sets out what behaviour constitutes direct participation. The principle of distinction purports to be gender-neutral. However, closer examination reveals that international humanitarian law was based on a gendered view of conflict that envisaged men and women playing particular roles; men as fighters and women as victims of war. Problematically, this view often does not accord with the reality in ‘new wars’ today. Across the African continent women participate in armed groups. While sometimes women fight on the front lines, frequently, women contribute to armed movements in gender specific ways. Serving as fighters, cooks, porters and armed group ‘wives’, women often form the backbone of fighting groups, performing functions on which armed groups are highly reliant. The narrow framing of the principle of distinction means that many of the roles that women typically play in conflict are not recognised as ‘combatancy’ or ‘direct participation’ – even where women are actively engaged in armed movements. While this does provide more women with legal protection from attack, there are indirect negative consequences that flow from this. Using women’s participation in new wars in Africa as a study, this thesis critically examines the principle of distinction through a gendered lens, questioning the extent to which the principle serves to protect women in modern conflicts and how it fails them. By so doing, the thesis questions whether the principle of distinction is suitable to effectively regulate the conduct of hostilities in new wars.
6
Cooper, Margaret Alice. „The principle of proportionality and precision weapons in the law of armed conflict“. Thesis, University of Surrey, 2018. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/848696/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Examines how the traditional values of proportionality are being eroded by the advent of modern precision high-speed weapons. Concludes that Proportionality is no longer a viable concept in battlefield situations of the new warfare.
7
Leonaitė, Erika. „Principle of Proportionality in the Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights“. Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130925_093005-25212.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The dissertation explores the principle of proportionality as an instrument deriving from the notion of "democratic society" and applied by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in order to establish whether national institutions succeeded in striking a fair balance between the conflicting Convention rights or between competing individual and public interests. In the first chapter, after presenting the origins of the principle, the development of a three-tiered proportionality test and its dissemination, the main parameters relevant for the analysis of this principle are identified and the main issues of academic discussion concerning the application of proportionality by the ECtHR are revealed. The second chapter explores the evolution of the application of the proportionality principle in the case law of ECtHR and reveals the main features of proportionality test as applied in the early practice of Convention institutions. The third chapter deals with the interaction of the principles of proportionality and subsidiarity, in particular examining the impact of margin of appreciation doctrine upon the proportionality assessment conducted by the ECtHR and analysing the contents and interplay of the factors determining the width of the margin of appreciation. The forth chapter explores both commonalities and peculiarities of the application of proportionality principle in the context of different Convention rights and exposes the main criteria relevant to the balancing... [to full text]Disertacijoje nagrinėjama proporcingumo principo, kaip iš demokratinės visuomenės idėjos kylančio instrumento, Europos Žmogaus Teisių Teismo (EŽTT) pasitelkiamo siekiant nustatyti, ar nacionalinės institucijos išlaikė teisingą pusiausvyrą tarp konkuruojančių Žmogaus teisių ir pagrindinių laisvių apsaugos konvencijos (Konvencijos) ginamų teisių ar tarp Konvencijos teisių ir viešų interesų, sampratos ir taikymo praktikos problematika. Pirmoje disertacijos dalyje, aptarus proporcingumo principo kilmę, trinario proporcingumo tyrimo modelio susiformavimą ir sklaidą, apsibrėžiami svarbiausi proporcingumo tyrimui reikšmingi parametrai ir atskleidžiama EŽTT taikomo proporcingumo principo sampratos problematika mokslinėje literatūroje. Antroje dalyje nagrinėjama proporcingumo principo taikymo EŽTT praktikoje raida ir plėtra, identifikuojami pagrindiniai ankstyvojoje Komisijos ir Teismo praktikoje taikyto proporcingumo testo bruožai. Trečioje dalyje tiriama proporcingumo principo sąveika su subsidiarumo principu, atskleidžiamas vertinimo laisvės doktrinos poveikis EŽTT atliekamam proporcingumo vertinimui, tiriami vertinimo laisvės apimtį lemiantys kriterijai ir jų sąveika. Ketvirtoje dalyje analizuojama proporcingumo principo taikymo praktika skirtingų Konvencijos ginamų teisių kontekste, atskleidžiant tiek bendruosius principo taikymo bruožus, tiek ir Teismo taikomos priežiūros intensyvumo nulemtus proporcingumo testo ypatumus. Paskutinėje dalyje EŽTT taikomas balansavimu grindžiamas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
8
MARTINS, ALISSON SILVA. „THE PROHIBITION OF ILLEGAL EVIDENCES IN THE PROCESS AND THE INAPPLICABILITY OF THE PRINCIPLE OF PROPORTIONALITY“. PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2010. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=18695@1.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
A Constituição da República de 1988 vedou expressamente a possibilidade
de utilização de provas ilícitas no processo (art. 5º, LVI). Trata-se de direito
fundamental positivado com estrutura de regra que não poderá ser flexibilizado
pela incidência do princípio da proporcionalidade. O objetivo da dissertação é
demonstrar que a aplicação do princípio da proporcionalidade, em matéria de
vedação de utilização de provas ilícitas, destrói a força normativa da
Constituição, convertendo a garantia fundamental em promessa vazia e
inoperante. O trabalho também tem como meta demonstrar que a realização da
justiça penal depende da verificação da ocorrência dos fatos que servem de
suporte fático do preceito penal incriminador, mas essa atividade de verificação é
sempre limitada, com vista à preservação de outros valores constitucionalmente
tutelados. Trata-se de pesquisa bibliográfica que indica as várias vertentes sobre
o tema, que resulta na conclusão de que o princípio da proporcionalidade é
inaplicável em matéria de provas ilícitas.The Republic Constitution of 1988 expressly forbade the possible use of illegal evidences in all proceedings (art. 5, LVI). This is a fundamental right – which has been positivised through a rule of structure - which cannot be loosened by the impact of the principle of proportionality. The goal of this dissertation is to demonstrate that the principle of proportionality, on the fence of use of illegal evidences, overthrows the normative power of the Constitution, it converts the fundamental guarantee into an empty promise and unable to be fulfilled. The work also aims to demonstrate that the implementation of criminal justice depends on the inspection of the occurrence of facts which really support and make possible to apply the penal incriminating precept, but such verification activity is usually restricted in order to spare other values which are also protected by the constitution. This is a literature research which aims to show the main strands the above theme, which brings as a conclusion that the principle of proportionality is inapplicable when illegal evidences are found in any proceedings.
9
Langfeldt, Lasse. „Proportionality in Investment Treaty Arbitration and the Necessity for Tribunals to Adopt a Clear Methodology“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-384506.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Whenever states’ rights to regulate and investor’s interests conflict with each other it is an unsolved question in investment treaty arbitration how one should balance those two positions. In particular, it is indefinite where to draw the line at what point states can actually exercise their rights without unlawfully violating the investor’s interests. A solution for this issue might be the proportionality test or analysis. Over the years, several tribunals approached proportionality, but took very different paths to understand and apply this legal concept. Especially, if one considers proportionality from its root in European and German law, some applications in investment treaty arbitration create confusion. Originating from a fixed methodological approach in the background of justifications of state measures, tribunals use proportionality in the process of defining and determining in contrast to the justification, as one would expect. Thus, it remains questionable which of those approaches is correct or if there is rather one correct application of proportionality in the context of investment treaty arbitration. This work argues in favour of proportionality being a legal concept which originates from German and European jurisprudence and migrated to international law. In international law it was established as a legal principle and subsequently adopted, inter alia, in investment treaty arbitration. Nevertheless, tribunals should be more careful when using proportionality. Especially, when naming and transferring a particular legal construct, it should not be used out of context. This endangers an award’s persuasiveness and furthers the fragmentation in international investment law. Tribunals should only refer to the ‘principle of proportionality’ or a ‘proportionality test/analysis’ when they actually apply it. And this application requires the concept to be used in the background of justification and not determination. Furthermore, the three/four significant steps must be followed in order to obtain the aimed proportional result.
10
Hedenström, Eva. „Offentlig upphandling av textila produkter – faktorer som kan inverka på en kommun när det gäller att ställa krav på miljö- och social hänsyn : En fallstudie av Örebro kommun“. Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för livsvetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-13285.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The public sector is a major purchaser of goods and services. By setting requirements for environmental and social considerations in public procurement, an authority has the possibility to use consumer power to influence the actors in a market. The purpose of this paper is to investigate public procurement of textile products in a municipality, in order to gain knowledge about factors that may be important for the use of environmental and social criteria. Håkan Hydén´s (professor in sociology of law) norm model was used as the basis of the analysis, where the conduct was investigated along three dimensions of the norm – willingness, knowledge and system conditions – in order to identify underlying factors that can influence the process. The results – analyzed by using interviews and documents – show that the procurer's willingness, motivation and knowledge are important factors in this context, as well as the political priority of the municipality. Procurers gain knowledge in this area to a large extent through networking with other actors. The possibilities to be able to verify the criteria are important. Verification of requirements is problematic because the municipality, as a public actor, is far from the production in the textile production chain. Lack of knowledge, in the form of mapping the textile production, prevents the development of criteria for best available technique. However, demands on manufacturing can be set indirectly by asking for some eco-labels (or equivalent) as verification. Furthermore, system conditions in terms of rules in the public procurement legislation set the framework for the procurement process.Chemicals in textiles: Managing environmental and health risks from products with complex product chains
11
De, Souza Pereira Rolim João Dácio. „The role of the rule of reason, the standard of reasonableness and the principle of proportionality in assessing fair taxation“. Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2013. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/8454.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The central question in this thesis asks how the rule of reason, the standard of reasonableness and the principle of proportionality may function in assessing fair individual taxation and efficient and fair tax systems. This question is answered by investigating the case law of selected jurisdictions on the standard of reasonableness and the principle of proportionality particularly regarding human rights and international trade in their interaction with taxation. This work also discusses how the international canons of taxation, (equity, certainty, and economy) may be balanced via proportionality coupled with reasonableness. Would there be an optimal solution to combine those canons and other fundamental tax principles? How would be possible and desirable in terms of efficiency and fairness to apply an international standard of reasonableness in tandem with the principle of proportionality to tax issues that have reciprocal consequences in different jurisdictions, such as cross-border situations addressing tax avoidance, fiscal supervision, non-discrimination, and other tax issues that may go to the foundations of many tax systems? The hypothesis that is also tested is whether they may be regarded as overarching principles of law. The above fundamental questions are also posed in the light of international human rights that may be the ground and the foundation for fair taxation. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that the subject of this thesis is proportionality and reasonableness in the interaction of fundamental freedoms, fundamental rights - with some regard to trade and taxation. The focus is not on any specific issues that are analysed as an illustration of how those principles may work and whether or not they achieve fairness.
12
Aguilar, Valdez Oscar Rafael. „¿Regulation or competition? The case of the Argentine Law of Audiovisual Communications Services and the Proportionality Principle as a delimiting criterion“. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115722.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The purpose of this article is to highlight the importance of the Proportionality Principle as a valid legal criterion to determine when a given industry must be ex ante regulated by the Government through a specific sectorial regulatory framework or whether the application of the general antitrust and competition laws to such industry must be considered as a valid alternative. To this ends, this article analyzes the case of the Argentinean Law of Audiovisual Communications Services as it was treated by the Supreme Court of Argentina in the Grupo Clarín case.En este trabajo se pretende señalar la importancia del principio de proporcionalidad como un criterio jurídico válido para determinar cuándo una determinada industria debe ser regulada de modo sectorial y ex ante o cuando resulta preferible hacerlo mediante modalidades menos intrusivas como, por ejemplo, el régimen de defensa de la competencia. A estos efectos, se utilizará como ejemplo lo ocurrido en la República Argentina con la Ley de Servicios de Comunicación Audiovisual y su tratamiento por la Corte Suprema de Justicia en el caso del Grupo Clarín.
13
Chigowe, Lloyd Tonderai. „The principle of distinction and modern armed conflicts: a critical analysis of the protection regime based on the distinction between civilians and combatants under international humanitarian law“. Thesis, Rhodes University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/4668.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
This thesis interrogates the applicability of the principle of distinction in modern armed conflicts. The distinction between combatants and civilians and between civilian objects and military objectives has become blurred as a result of the changes that have taken place in modern armed conflicts. While the principle of distinction was tailor made to regulate traditional, conventional armed conflicts, an evolution in the nature, means and methods of warfare has made the application of the principle of distinction challenging. One of the challenges that arise as a result of the changes that have taken place in modern armed conflicts include the difficulty of distinguishing civilians and civilian objects, which are entitled to protection under international humanitarian law from combatants and military objectives which are legitimate targets. This has compromised the protection that the law seeks to offer during armed conflicts since civilians and civilian objects have become constant targets. Another challenge is that the involvement of civilian persons in armed conflicts has made it difficult to determine the responsibility of these individuals as well as the states that hire them for violations of international law during armed conflicts. Furthermore, the emergence of new methods of warfare has resulted in many objects and facilities that are traditionally regarded as civilian objects becoming military objectives, thus losing their protection under international humanitarian law. This thesis will use the examples of the involvement of private military and security companies in armed conflicts as well as the emergence of drone and cyber warfare to illustrate these challenges. The study will examine the application of the principle of distinction to the growing practice of outsourcing of military services to Private Military and Security Companies. Firstly, the study will examine the status of PMSC personnel under the principle of distinction, that is whether they qualify as combatants or civilians. The study will then examine the consequences of PMSC personnel’s participation in armed conflicts. Importantly, the study will explore responsibilities of states that hire private military and security personnel, PMSC companies as well as superiors in charge of PMSC personnel for any violation of international law committed by contractors during armed conflicts. The study will also examine the application of the principle of distinction to drone and cyber warfare. The study will examine the status of drone and cyber operators under the principle of distinction as well as the applicability of the principle of distinction between civilian objects and military objectives in drone and cyber warfare. The study will discuss some of the problems that arise as result of the introduction of these new methods of warfare, which makes the application of the principle of distinction to modern armed conflicts challenging. The thesis concludes by arguing that while the principle of distinction remains an indispensable concept of international humanitarian law, it needs to be adapted for it to be applicable to modern armed conflicts. Therefore, suggestions shall be made on how the principle can be adapted to ensure that it remains relevant to modern armed conflicts.
14
Menezes, Antonia. „Developing states' long walk to freedom: an examination of the principle of non-discrimination, substantive equality and proportionality in investor-state disputes“. Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40845.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The principle of non-discrimination is widely subscribed to in both Bilateral Investment Treaties and Investor-State arbitration awards. However, when this principle is deconstructed, it appears to be less evident what it entails and accordingly, how it should be applied in practice. This thesis examines how discriminatory treatment is defined under international investment law and seeks to articulate a more coherent test based upon the substantive standard of equality and the proportionality principle. By examining a current Investor-State dispute against the Government of South Africa, it illustrates why it is important to understand the notion of equality, and that investment arbitrations are increasingly raising questions of the conflict between domestic public policy and investment protection for arbitrators to resolve. Underlying this issue are wider questions relating to the fundamental power balances between the parties to Bilateral Investment Treaties. In order to encourage international investment as a whole, these questions should not be ignored but rather addressed by arbitral tribunals.Le principe de non-discrimination est très présent tant dans les traités bilatéraux d’investissement que dans les sentences arbitrales. Pourtant, l’analyse approfondie de ce principe révèle que sa signification réelle et, par voie de conséquence, son application pratique sont moins évidentes qu’il n’y paraît. Cette thèse étudie la manière selon laquelle le traitement discriminatoire est défini en droit des investissements internationaux et cherche à élaborer un test plus cohérent fondé sur les principes d’égalité substantive et de proportionnalité. En examinant un litige opposant actuellement un investisseur à un Etat, en l’occurrence le gouvernement d’Afrique du Sud, cette thèse souligne l’importance de la notion d’égalité. En outre, elle démontre que les arbitrages en matière d’investissement présentent un risque accru de conflits entre les politiques publiques des Etats et la protection des investisseurs, conflits qu’il revient aux arbitres de trancher. Cette question est peut-être révélatrice de problématique plus large concernant l’équilibre des pouvoirs entre les parties à un traité d’investissement bilatéral.
15
Dobrianskyj, Virgínia de Oliveira Rosa. „O princípio da proporcionalidade como critério de aplicação da pena“. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2009. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/8635.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:29:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Virginia de Oliveira Rosa Dobrianskyj.pdf: 699494 bytes, checksum: 9f8b0892d93f69f7619f589e5d208b56 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2009-06-09The Brazilian Penal Law has suffered lots of alterations in its structure, mainly concerning the criterion of prediction and the model of application of the penalties for the committed crimes. The great difficulty, which is the object of this study, is exactly materializing a penal system which comprises the application of the penal law and the protection of the individual guarantees. This would meet the objectives of a Democratic State of Right that regards the proportionality principle as the criterion to predict and apply the penalty by the legislators and judges, as laws are being published to meet the needs of the society more often at present. The penal law is aimed to solve the conflicts between individuals and society, in search of juridical safety and tranquility through the minimal intervention of the public authorities in the citzens freedom. In this way, it should be used only as ultima ratio, when all the other juridical areas are not enough to solve the conflicts arisen in society.So, only the categories of properties that have constitutional importance will be subject to the penal law. Due to the successive alterations of the penal laws in the past years, it is clear that the Brazilian legislator lacks minimal parameters to arrange his legislative activity at the time of the elaboration of the incriminating penal rule, which most of times is disproportionate to the system of laws. The judge will not be able to alter the legislative structure, and will be limitted to apply the penalty according to the parameters indicated by the law. So, the problem of the penal law does not concern its intervention, but how it has to be done. Nevertheless, the principle of proportionality, although it is not expressed in the constitutional text, will serve as parameter to the legislator and judge at the time of elaborating and applying the incriminating penal rule, in search of the realization of justice, giving to each one what they deserve
O Direito Penal brasileiro tem sofrido uma série de alterações em sua estrutura, principalmente no que diz respeito ao critério de previsão e modelo de aplicação das penas pelos crimes cometidos. A grande dificuldade, objeto do presente estudo, é justamente a materialização de um sistema penal que compreenda a aplicação da lei penal e a proteção às garantias individuais, através dos objetivos de um Estado Democrático de Direito que vislumbre no princípio da proporcionalidade o critério de previsão e aplicação da pena pelos legisladores e juízes, pois o que se vê a cada dia são leis publicadas atendendo aos clamores da sociedade. O direito penal tem a finalidade de resolver os conflitos surgidos, entre os indivíduos e a sociedade, na busca da tranqüilidade e segurança jurídica, através da mínima intervenção dos poderes públicos sobre a liberdade dos cidadãos. Sendo assim, deverá ser utilizado apenas como ultima ratio, quando outros ramos do ordenamento jurídico não forem suficientes para a solução dos conflitos surgidos na sociedade. Para tanto, deverão ser considerados bens jurídicos merecedores de tutela penal apenas e tão somente aquela categoria de bens de relevo constitucional dotados de dignidade penal. Diante da inflação legislativa penal dos últimos anos, fica claro que falta ao legislador brasileiro parâmetros mínimos para ordenar a sua atividade legislativa no momento de elaboração da norma penal incriminadora, que muitas vezes demonstra-se desproporcional ao próprio ordenamento jurídico. E o juiz nada poderá fazer para alterar a estrutura legislativa ficando apenas limitado em aplicar a pena diante dos parâmetros indicados no texto da lei. Assim, o problema do direito penal não está ligado a sua intervenção propriamente dita, mas à maneira como deve ser feita, ou seja, na forma como será realizada essa intervenção na esfera de liberdade dos indivíduos, não discricionariamente, mas proporcional à violação do bem jurídico protegido. O princípio da proporcionalidade, portanto, apesar de não previsto expressamente no texto constitucional, deverá servir de parâmetro para o legislador e o juiz no momento de elaboração e aplicação da norma penal incriminadora, na busca da concretização da justiça, dando a cada um o que lhe é devido
16
Andersson, Daniel. „The Legality of Transfer Windows in European Football : A study in the light of Article 39 and 81 EC“. Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-7590.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The transfer system was created in order to control player movement between football clubs and has existed since the late nineteenth century. During the negotiation of today’s transfer rules FIFA, UEFA and the Commission found that a breach of contract during the season could upset the balance of competition and therefore should be restricted. It was considered necessary to strengthen the contractual stability and to apply a special rule to preserve the regularity and proper functioning of competition. This was done by the means of a provision stipulating that a football player only can be registered to play with a national association during one of the two registration periods per year, generally known as the transfer windows.
Sport has never been included in the formal structures of the European Union and the regulation of sport has instead materialized through verdicts from the European Court of Justice. One of the most influential statements emerging from the Court is that sport is subject to Community law in so far it constitutes an economic activity. Consequently, if the activity is economic there is a risk that it infringes EU law. The purpose of this master thesis is to examine the FIFA transfer window system and to determine whether it violates Article 39 and/or Article 81 EC.
The transfer windows, a regulation strengthened by the ECJ in the case of Lehtonen, restrict the ability of players to seek alternative employment and could therefore be regarded as a violation of the free movement of workers. In order to trigger the Treaty provisions guarding the right of freedom of movement the person in question must be a national of a Member State of the European Union and the activity must have a territorial dimension beyond the borders of a single Member State of the European Union. The person in question must also be engaged in some kind of economic activity. It is, however, clear that football players who are members of the European Union and are applying for a job in another Member State, and are performing at a certain level, fulfil these requirements. Footballers should therefore be considered as workers within the meaning of Article 39 EC and the prohibition of discrimination contained in that article which catches non-discriminatory private collective measures, such as the transfer system, invented by regulatory bodies like FIFA and UEFA.
When considering the FIFA “windows system” it is clear that it is liable of restricting the ability of players to seek alternative employment in another Member State and should therefore be regarded as a violation of Article 39 EC. Nevertheless, restricted transfer periods have been found by the ECJ to be objectively justified as having sporting benefits in the Belgian Basketball league. It is, however, likely that the “window system”, as it operates in European football, goes beyond what is necessary to achieve team and player contract stability since it is too restrictive and somewhat redundant. Consequently, the FIFA transfer windows do not comply with the requirements of the principle of proportionality and should therefore, if challenged, be regarded as a violation of Article 39 EC.
The use of transfer windows in European football can also be considered to be an issue for competition law and in particular Article 81 EC. The article prohibits all agreements between undertakings that restrict competition and affect trade between Member States and has the objective to protect consumers, enhance their welfare and to facilitate the creation of a single European market. The ECJ has, however, acknowledged a certain type of sporting rule that, even though it restricts competition, will be granted immunity from Article 81 EC. The FIFA “windows system” should not be regarded as such a rule since it does not fulfil the required conditions.
The transfer windows do little for the competitive balance within the European football. It may be argued that it preserves the appeal and the unpredictability of the finishing stages of a championship. However, they also prevent clubs from developing their economic activity and restrict the free play of the market forces of supply and demand. Furthermore, the “windows system” hinders certain clubs from raising the quality of their sporting performance since clubs in minor leagues with a closed window are losing their best players to clubs in a better league with an open window, without being able to replace them. All of this affects the small and economically weak clubs and strengthens the position of the financially strong clubs. As a result a few strong clubs will, contrary to the best interest of consumers, continue to dominate European football. The FIFA regulation of transfer windows is therefore likely to fall under Article 81(1) EC.
It is unlikely that the pro-competitive benefits of the FIFA transfer windows outweigh its restrictive effects since it is improbable that they would be considered the least restrictive means of creating these benefits. Subsequently, the FIFA “windows system” would not qualify for an exemption under Article 81(3) EC and should, if challenged, be void under Article 81(2) EC.
17
Linne, Andrea. „Le principe de proportionnalité dans les relations spécifiques d'autorité : une étude comparative des ordres juridiques allemand, français, européens (Convention européenne des droits de l'Homme et communautaire) et secondairement anglais“. Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010277.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Certaines catégories de personnes (militaires, fonctionnaires, élèves d’écoles publiques …) se trouvent dans une relation spécifique d’autorité qui limite « par nature » l’exercice de certains droits fondamentaux. En cela, la restriction « naturelle » fondée sur la condition statutaire particulière de ces catégories entre en conflit avec les droits fondamentaux qui consacrent des libertés « par nature ». Le principe de proportionnalité propose au juge un outil correctif puissant pour résoudre ce conflit de normes. Or, le principe de proportionnalité pose un certain nombre de problèmes : de création prétorienne, ses conditions floues et indéterminées opèrent un transfert de compétence vers le juge. Élargissant sa propre compétence, le principe de proportionnalité permet au juge par le développement d’une vaste argumentation de solutionner ce conflit sans pour autant chercher une conciliation entre des positions antinomiquesCertain people categories (military, civil servants, students …) are in a special authority relationship which limits « naturally » the exercice of certain fundamental rights. This natural « limitation » is based on their special status condition and conflicts directly with the fundamental rights guaranteeing liberties « naturally ». The principle of proportionality offers the judge a powerful corrective tool to resolve this conflict. Yet the principle of proportionality itself raises un certain number of problems : created by the judge, its conditions are vague and undetermined shifting the competence to the judiciary. Extending his own competence, the principle of proporionality enables the judge to solve this conflict by developping a vast argumentation without necessarily searching a conciliation between antinomic positions
18
Guimaraes, Ricardo Pereira de Freitas. „A possibilidade de aplicação no Direito do Trabalho do princípio constitucional da proporcionalidade para efetivação dos direitos fundamentais“. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6547.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Ricardo Pereira de Freitas Guimaraes.pdf: 1179917 bytes, checksum: 6a0048dca1084bcb3bb9c594a2d9bce7 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2014-08-29The present study aims to elucidate some extent about the principle of proportionality inserted in a contributory process of solving social conflicts in the procedural context. To attempt an approximation of its use safely we move first seeking their historical origin, which was mainly in Germany, starting with discussions occurred between the leading scholars of the subject, especially philosophers and students of law like Robert Alexy and Ronald Dworkin. Advance our purpose in trying to demonstrate that the advancement of social relations - both in its today's globalized texture as the birth of new social relations every day, especially in labor law - does not allow more in aall circumstances the application of the simply positivism, the society cries out for an immediate response, which can occur in certain circumstances by applying the principle of proportionality, in particular when dealing with fundamental rights, now entering in a post-positivist view. We try to exemplify through national and international decisions with individual cases the correct application of the principle, not with a critical tone, but in order to present an overview of its applicability within the contours developed at the Work. We point to situations that are already present on the day of the Labour Court regarding collisions of fundamental rights, showing the position of national and International scholars. We present a historical development of constitutional rights related to labor law, still trying to show that some questions on a simple subsumption of the fact in the norm does not present enough to solve the current social relationships in the field of labor law, especially when involved fundamental constitutional rights. 10 We venture to some extent, to question the applicability of certain principles relaciones between employee X employer relationship, to its current incompleteness for any situation. We also Question in a pontual and exemplary manner some decisions of the Superior Labor Court, which in our experience, do not reflects in a rigjt wau the principle of proportionality because the movement said constitutionalization of rights. The result of the work leads us to thinking that there is clearly a need for a breakthrough, especially in how to interpret the collision of fundamental rights for accurate delivery of relief sought by society in conflict zones of such rights
O Presente estudo tem como objetivo elucidar em certa medida a aplicação do princípio da proporcionalidade inserido num processo contributivo de solução de conflitos sociais no contexto processual. Para tentar uma aproximação de sua utilização com segurança, avançamos primeiramente buscando sua origem histórica, que se deu principalmente na Alemanha, partindo posteriormente para os debates ocorridos entre os principais estudiosos do tema, sobretudo filósofos e estudiosos do direito, como Robert Alexy e Ronald Dworkin. Avançamos no nosso propósito tentando demonstrar que o avanço das relações sociais - tanto pela sua textura hoje globalizada como pelo nascimento de novas relações sociais a cada dia especialmente no direito do trabalho não permite para toda e qualquer circunstância a aplicação do dito positivismo simplesmente, ou seja, clama a sociedade por uma resposta imediata, o que pode se dar em determinadas circunstâncias pela aplicação do princípio da proporcionalidade, em especial, quando tratamos de direitos fundamentais, já inserindo uma visão pós-positivista. Tentamos exemplificar através de decisões nacionais e internacionais de casos concretos a correta aplicação do princípio, não com tom de crítica, e sim, no intuito de apresentar uma visão de sua aplicabilidade dentro dos contornos desenvolvidos no Trabalho. Pontuamos algumas situações que já se apresentam no dia a dia da Justiça do Trabalho quanto às colisões de direitos fundamentais, apresentando o posicionamento de doutrinadores nacionais e internacionais. Apresentamos uma evolução histórica dos direitos constitucionais vinculados à seara trabalhista, tentando demonstrar ainda, que em algumas questões uma simples subsunção de fato à norma não se apresenta suficiente para solucionar os atuais relacionamentos sociais no campo do 8 direito do trabalho, especialmente quando envolvidos direitos constitucionais fundamentais. Atrevemo-nos em certa medida, a questionar a aplicabilidade de alguns princípios propalados no relacionamento empregado X empregador, no sentido de sua atual incompletude para toda e qualquer situação. Questionamos de forma pontual e exemplificativa alguns verbetes do Tribunal Superior do Trabalho, que no nosso sentir, não atendem em tempo e modo a aplicação do princípio da proporcionalidade em razão do movimento dito constitucionalização dos direitos. O resultado do trabalho nos leva ao raciocínio que há evidente necessidade de um avanço, especialmente na forma de interpretar a colisão dos direitos fundamentais para a correta entrega da tutela buscada pela sociedade nas zonas de colisão desses direitos
19
Škodová, Ivana. „Návrh kritérií posuzování neúměrnosti nákladů v souvislosti s implementací a cíli Rámcové směrnice EU pro vodní politiku 2000/60/ES“. Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-192180.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
This paper tries to answer the question related to the implementation of one of Europe's most influential EU-directives, the Water Framework Directive. The Directive requires Member States to achieve good ecological potential and good surface water chemical status for bodies of water until year 2015. If the states cannot achieve those objectives within this period, then there may be grounds for exemptions from the requirement to prevent further deterioration of to achieve good status under specific conditions. One of those conditions could be that, the completing the improvements within the timescale would be disproportionately expensive. Question which is examined in this paper is, what criteria would be most appropriate for determining the disproportionate costs. Based on the review of most WFD-related studies and EU legislation are selected criteria, which should be used for the assessment of the disproportionate costs.
20
Rocha, Paulo Victor Vieira da. „A proporcionalidade na tributação por fato gerador presumido (Artigo 150, §7º, da Constituição Federal)“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2133/tde-06072011-164915/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
A partir da decisão do Supremo Tribunal Federal proferida no julgamento da Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade 1851-4/AL, os entes políticos, especialmente, estados-membros, passaram a fazer uso pleno e generalizado do regime autorizado excepcionalmente pelo art. 150, § 7.º, da Constituição de 1988, dispositivo inserido no texto constitucional por meio da Emenda n.º 3/93. Trata-se do regime de tributação chamado de substituição tributária para frente, por fato gerador presumido, que abre exceção ao princípio da capacidade contributiva em nome da praticabilidade da tributação. E o objeto do presente trabalho é o estudo dos limites à instituição deste tipo de tributação. Diante da possibilidade de restrição ao princípio da capacidade contributiva, essa norma será o primeiro objeto de análise. Parte-se da teoria dos princípios, por meio da qual se distinguem princípios e regras por critérios estruturais para que se defina o direito fundamental à tributação conforme a capacidade contributiva. Distinguem-se dois direitos fundamentais relativos a dita capacidade, uma regra e um princípio, para, em seguida, focarem-se vários aspectos do conteúdo e aplicação desse princípio. Chegando-se à conclusão da aplicação conjunta do princípio da capacidade contributiva com o interesse coletivo na praticabilidade da tributação, passa-se à análise do instrumento de tal aplicação, que é o modelo da proporcionalidade, conseqüente da distinção entre princípios e regras e definição dos princípios de direito fundamental, como normas com limites definidos por circunstâncias externas ao seu próprio conteúdo. Ao final passa-se à análise de algumas possibilidades de aplicação da proporcionalidade na definição dos limites impostos aos legisladores ao instituírem regimes de tributação por fato gerador presumido.Since the decision of the Federal Supreme Court on the judgement of the Direct Action ADI 1851-4/AL, the political entities, specially state-members, started to make plain and general use of the regime authorized exceptionally by the article 150, § 7.º, of the Constitution of 1988, clause inserted in the constitutional text by the third Emend (1993). It is a tax regime called forward tax substitution for constructed taxable event, that makes an exception to on the ability to pay principle based on the taxation practicability. The object of this essay are the limits of the use of this regime. Noticed the possibility of restriction to the ability to pay principle, this norm is the first object of analysis. It is started by the principles theory, by which principles and rules are distinguished on terms of structure, to then define the constitutional right to be taxed on the proportion of the ability to pay. Two different constitutional rights related to this ability are distinguished, a rule and a principle. Then, various aspects of the content and application of this principle are focused. After noticing the joined application of the ability t pay principle and the public interest on the practicability of the tax system, it passes to the analysis of the instrument of this application, the proportionality model, which is a consequence of the distinction between principles and rules and the definition of principles of constitutional rights, as norms with limits determined by circumstances out of their own content. Then, the work passed to some analysis of some possibilities of application of the proportionality model on the definition of the limits to the legislators to make use of regimes of taxation of constructed events.
21
Andrade, Olavo Hamilton Ayres Freire de. „Guerra contra as drogas: uma an?lise sob a perspectiva do princ?pio da proporcionalidade“. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/13976.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:27:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
OlavoHAFA_DISSERT.pdf: 5540509 bytes, checksum: de7ce1cde3b42e9a71ac66c35803de27 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2013-08-30As subst?ncias entorpecentes acompanham a humanidade desde o in?cio da civiliza??o. No entanto, v?rias delas foram consideradas proscritas ao longo do tempo. Seu combate foi inaugurado na comunidade internacional a partir do come?o do s?culo XX. No in?cio, tinha o cond?o eminentemente moral, porquanto a proibi??o encerrava, por princ?pio, a prote??o da ?tica amea?ada pelo padr?o desviado do consumo de estupefacientes. Na d?cada de 1970, a guerra contra as drogas, express?o cunhada nesse per?odo, evoluiu para se tornar o meio pelo qual o consumo seria mitigado. Dez anos mais tarde, ante ? impossibilidade de sucumbir o narcotr?fico, passou a ser um fim em si mesma o novo argumento para os esfor?os militares dos Estados Unidos da Am?rica. A criminaliza??o das subst?ncias entorpecentes consideradas il?citas ? fundamento jur?dico da guerra contra as drogas. Esse modelo proibicionista encontra argumento no direito penal do inimigo, segundo o qual o Estado pode, em situa??es que exponham a coletividade a grave perigo, negar ? determinada categoria de criminosos (os inimigos) as garantias inerentes ao direito penal, cabendo-lhes apenas a coa??o estatal. Mesmo tendo consumido trilh?es de d?lares, encarcerado aos milh?es e custado a vida de milhares de pessoas, pode-se dizer que a guerra contra as drogas n?o reduziu a oferta e o consumo de subst?ncias entorpecentes consideradas il?citas, nem mitigou os danos delas decorrentes pelo contr?rio, tornou-se um problema de seguran?a p?blica. Assim, imp?e-se a verifica??o da constitucionalidade da norma penal que fundamenta a guerra contra as drogas, sob pondera??o do princ?pio da proporcionalidade. Referido postulado cobra que a norma seja adequada, cumprindo a finalidade pretendida, necess?ria, n?o havendo meio menos gravoso ? obten??o do mesmo fim, e proporcional, estrito senso, que a san??o imposta ao indiv?duo seja equivalente ao dano que se quis prevenir. Em mat?ria penal h? de se incluir um outro elemento, a ponderar se as consequ?ncias da proibi??o em mat?ria penal, por si s?, s?o mais graves que os consect?rios dos fatos que se pretendem proibir - exige-se que a lei seja socialmente menos ofensiva. A norma penal que fundamenta a guerra contra as drogas n?o se mostrou h?bil a mitigar os danos sociais delas decorrentes sendo, por isso, inadequada. Existem meios alternativos ? criminaliza??o mais eficientes ? esse objetivo, pelo que se faz desnecess?ria. Na medida em que estupefacientes mais nocivos ? coletividade s?o considerados l?citos, a criminaliza??o de drogas menos danosas se mostra desproporcional. E, uma vez que dela resultam graves danos ? sociedade, n?o atende ao crit?rio da menor ofensividade social. ?, portanto, inconstitucional
22
Bezerra, Pedro Ivo Soares. „Controle jurisdicional de políticas públicas: aplicação do princípio da proporcionalidade como critério definidor de limites“. Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2012. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/4405.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:27:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
arquivototal.pdf: 735704 bytes, checksum: 1f16a90d45263921474a2c36ada0c311 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2012-03-12Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The fundamental rights require effective, especially in the era of normative principles of hierarchy and the supremacy of constitutional provisions. In the democratic state of law, are defined in the constitution and other legislative documents infra, guidelines to be implemented from the adoption of public policies, which serve as instruments to achieve the state goals, which, in brief summary should be directed for the common good. The proposal is to analyze the jurisdictional control over public policy, observing the clash between the need for realization of fundamental rights, especially those who serve to ensure the implementation of the existential minimum, and the obligation to uphold the principles of harmonic division of state functions, the legitimacy democratic as well as the limitations resulting from the reserve for microview of the judiciary. To resolve this conflict between the constitutional principles, it is imperative that the principle of proportionality as a way of enabling the exercise of jurisdictional control over public policies, to promote a heightened role of the judiciary nor that fail to enforce constitutional rights due to the inertia of the State in carrying out public policy.
Os direitos fundamentais necessitam de efetivação, em especial na era da normatividade dos princípios e da supremacia hierárquica dos dispositivos constitucionais. No Estado democrático de direito, são definidas, na constituição e demais documentos legislativos infraconstitucionais, diretrizes a serem concretizadas a partir da adoção de políticas públicas, as quais servem como instrumentos para a realização dos objetivos estatais que devem ser direcionados para o bem comum. A proposta é analisar o controle jurisdicional sobre políticas públicas, observando o confronto entre a necessidade de concretização de direitos fundamentais, especialmente aqueles que servem para assegurar a implementação do mínimo existencial, e a obrigatoriedade de observância dos princípios da divisão harmônica das funções estatais, da legitimidade democrática, bem como as limitações decorrentes da reserva do possível e da microvisão do Poder Judiciário. Para solucionar esse embate entre princípios de hierarquia constitucional, será imperiosa a aplicação do princípio da proporcionalidade, como forma de possibilitar o exercício do controle jurisdicional sobre políticas públicas, sem que se promova uma atuação exacerbada dos magistrados nem tampouco que se deixem de efetivar direitos constitucionais em razão da inércia do Estado na realização de políticas públicas.
23
Cornuot, François-Xavier. „L'encadrement juridique de l'emploi de la contrainte exercée par la force publique en France et dans le monde“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAA002/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
« La garantie des droits de l’homme et du citoyen nécessite une force publique : cette force est donc instituée pour l’avantage de tous, et non pour l’utilité particulière de ceux auxquels elle est confiée. » Telle est la lettre de l’article 12 de la Déclaration des droits de l’Homme et du citoyen du 26 août 1789. La relation qui s’opère entre la force publique et les droits de l’homme présente un caractère amphibologique. En effet, la force publique est à la fois la garante des droits de l’homme, mais elle constitue en même temps un danger potentiel d’atteinte aux libertés publiques. Notre étude a donc pour objet de s’interroger sur la manière dont la force publique peut être la garante des droits et libertés. L’état de paix sociale est généré par la force publique qui se pose comme étant la garante des droits et libertés par l'exercice du monopole de la violence physique légitime (Max WEBER). L’exercice du monopole de la contrainte physique légitime doit viser à garantir les droits et libertés de chaque être humain vivant au sein de la société. Pour atteindre ce but fondamental, il est nécessaire que la contrainte exercée soit encadrée. Il conviendra d’étudier les éventuelles atteintes à ces droits et libertés selon une gradation examinée par rapport à l’action de la force publique. À cet égard, il convient d’étudier l’encadrement juridique de l’emploi de la contrainte opérée par la force publique au regard des libertés individuelles, lesquelles concernent la liberté d’aller et de venir et le droit de propriété. Puis, l’on examinera les atteintes potentielles de la force publique à l’égard de l’intégrité de la personne"The guarantee of the rights of man and citizen requires a public force: this force is thus instituted for the advantage of all and not for the personal benefit of those to whom it is entrusted." This is the letter of Article 12 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 26 August 1789. The relationship that occurs between law enforcement and human rights presents an amphibological character. Indeed, the police is both the guarantor of human rights, but it is also a potential danger of infringement of civil liberties. Our study aims to question the way in which the police may be the guarantor of rights and freedoms.The state of social peace is generated by the public force that arises as the guarantor of rights and freedoms by exercising the monopoly of legitimate physical violence (Max WEBER). The exercise of the monopoly of legitimate physical coercion must seek to ensure the rights and freedoms of every human being living in society. To achieve this fundamental goal, it is necessary that the coercion is framed. It will be necessary to investigate possible violations of these rights and freedoms in a gradation examined in relation to the action of the police. In this regard, it is necessary to study the legal framework for the use of coercion made by the police in respect of individual freedoms, which concerns freedom of coming and going and the right to property. Then, we examine the potential damage of the police with regard to the person's integrity
24
Vogel, Fredrik. „Minskning av långa häktningstider : En kritisk analys av utformning och tillämpning av det svenska häktningsinstitutet som orsak till långa häktningstider och huruvida regeringens förslag kan minska dessa häktningstider“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-446385.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Häktning är ett av de mest ingripande tvångsmedel som staten kan vidta gentemot enenskild person. I kombination med restriktionsanvändning riskerar det att kränka ett flertalav den enskildes grundlagsskyddade rättigheter. Att reglera en häktningslagstiftninginnebär att göra en noggrann avvägning mellan de brottsutredande myndigheternas möjlighetertill en effektiv utredning samt lagföring och den enskildes skydd för grundläggande fri- och rättigheter. Med en så ingripande åtgärd mot en ännu ej dömd person är det av största vikt att ställa höga krav på reglering och tillämpning av tvångsmedlet och dess överensstämmande med grundläggande principer och rättigheter. Senaste årens ökningav häktningstider är således oroande och kräver förändring. Sverige har under flera decennier fått återkommande och omfattande kritik för sin regleringkring häktning. Kritiken har riktat sig mot att det inte finns någon övre tidsgränsför hur länge en person kan sitta häktad, en omfattande restriktionsanvändning samt avsaknaden av effektiva alternativa tvångsmedel till häktning. Till följd av kritiken presenterade regeringen år 2020 ett flertal förslag som syftade till en effektivare häktningsreglering. I min framställning kommer jag ta sikte på möjligheterna att minska de långa häktningstiderna.Flertalet av förslagen har indirekt betydelse för möjligheterna att minska delånga häktningstiderna och det mest omdebatterade förslaget är det om införandet av enövre tidsgräns för hur länge man får sitta häktad.I min slutsats argumenterar jag för att nuvarande utformning och tillämpning av häktningsregleringenkan antas strida mot överordnad rätt och i viss mån vara anledningen tillde långa häktningstiderna. Jag ställer mig positiv till de förslag regeringen presenterar isyfte att förändra nuvarande häktningslagstiftning. Jag tror det finns en stor sannolikhet för att förslagen kommer kunna leda till minskade häktningstider. Samtidigt ställer jag mig tveksam till i vilken utsträckning den maxtidsgräns som presenteras kommer lösasamma problem. Visserligen anser jag att den gräns som presenteras är viktig ur legalitetssynpunkt, men att den inte i tillräcklig utsträckning avhjälper den proportionalitetsproblematik som förekommer. Jag är inte heller övertygad om att häktningstiderna faktiskt kommer minska till följd av införandet av denna gräns. Konsekvenserna av förslagen innebär på det stora hela en minskad användning av häktning, en mindre godtycklig häktningsprocess och minskade häktningstider. Förhoppningen är att förslagen i viss mån kommer underlätta för åklagare och domstol vid beslut om häktning och särskilt bedömningen av huruvida häktningen är proportionerlig eller ej. Jag menar emellertid att mer kan göras för att komma tillrätta med nuvarande häktningsregleringoch långa häktningstider varför ytterligare förslag på förändring kommer presenterasi denna framställning.Pre-trial detention is one of the most intervening means of coercion that the state authorities can use against an individual. In combination with the use of restrictions there is risk that it will infringe a numerous of the constitutional rights of the individual. To regulatet he law of detention means to balance the interests of the possibilities of the stateauthorities to an efficient investigation and prosecution and the individuals protection oftheir constitutional rights. With such an intervening action against a not yet condemnedperson it is of paramount importance to ensure high demands on the regulation and applicationof the means of coercion and its compatibility with constitutional principles andrights. The increasing times of pre trial detention the last couple of years are therefore agitating and requires a change. Sweden has during several decades received recurrent and extensive criticism regardingits regultation on detention. The critic has been adressed against that there is no upperlimit for how long a person can undergo pre-trial detention, a comprehensive use of restrictions and the lack of efficient alternative means of coercion to pre trial detention.Following the criticism the government 2020 presented a numerous proposals on how to change the legislation in purpose of a more efficient regulation of detention. In my thesis I focus on the possibilities to decrease the long times of detention. Most of the proposalsare of relevance for the possibilities to decrease the long times of detention and the most debated proposal is the one regarding the imposition of an upper limit of how long aperson can remain in continual detention.In my conclusion I argue for that the present regulation and application of detention canbe assumed to infringe superior constitutional law and to a certain extent be the cause of the long times of detention. I remain positive towards the proposals the government present in order to change the current regulation of detention. I think it´s highly likely thatthe proposals can lead to shorter times of detention. At the same time I remain doubtfultowards in what extent the upper time limit that is presented can solve the same problem. Indeed I believe that the presented limit is important in an aspect of legality, but that it´s not enough to remedy the complex problem of proportionality that exists. I´m neitherconvinced that the long times of detention actually are going to decrease as a consequence of the imposition of this limit.The consequences of the proposals can overall lead to reduced use of detention, a less arbitrary detention process and shorter times of detention. Hopefully the proposals canfacilitate for public prosecutors and courts regarding decisions of detention and especiallythe assessment of whether the detention is proportional or not. However, I mean that morecan be done to settle current regulation and long times of detention why further proposals will be presented in this paper.
25
Yetiz, Nergiz. „Asylsökande, brott och utvisningar : En analys om verkighetens statistik och processer i ett vilset medieklimat“. Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-66795.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
26
Vieira, Gustavo Silveira. „A Democratização da Prova no Processo Civil: a ilicitude como ponto cego“. Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2017. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/6893.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-02-21T12:23:16Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
Gustavo Silveira Vieira_.pdf: 1583812 bytes, checksum: adad685ca888109a7ad5ab68719fd33c (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-21T12:23:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo Silveira Vieira_.pdf: 1583812 bytes, checksum: adad685ca888109a7ad5ab68719fd33c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-11
Nenhuma
Pensar o Direito probatório de forma autônoma, para além de uma perspectiva meramente procedimental, é de suma importância para que esse direito fundamental possa ser devidamente utilizado por todos os operadores do Direito, em sua forma mais ampla e a partir de toda sua complexidade, visando a máxima eficiência dos meios de prova para a tutela dos direitos. Efetividade, segurança jurídica e instrumentalidade são exigências que norteiam o Processo Civil contemporâneo, sendo necessário, portanto, que tais valores sejam conjugados de forma dialética e equilibrada, para que, somente então, seja possível uma correta distribuição de funções entre todos aqueles que de alguma forma participam do processo. Necessariamente, essas funções somente poderão ser bem exercidas se os participantes do processo compreenderem a forma correta de se percorrer a fase instrutória com a devida utilização de todos os meios probatórios disponíveis. A prolação de uma decisão justa para a tutela adequada e efetiva dos direitos surge como o objetivo principal do processo, deixando-se de lado o que por muito tempo foi tido como sua finalidade precípua: a eliminação de litígios. Sendo o Direito – e o próprio Processo Civil – um fenômeno cultural, fruto de uma evolução histórica, obviamente que traz em seu contexto orientações lógicas, princípios éticos e hábitos sociais que se propagam no tempo através das mais diversas mentalidades de cada época. É diante desse contexto que o Direito probatório deve ser analisado e, somente a partir de então, os problemas correlatos que envolvem as provas ilícitas. Como intuitivo, é necessário combater toda e qualquer pretensão que busque relativizar normas constitucionais, como é o caso da regra da proibição da prova ilícita. No entanto, deve-se admitir que há casos tão complexos, que não é possível encontrar uma resposta pronta no ordenamento jurídico, e é exatamente nesses casos excepcionais, que o princípio da proporcionalidade, se corretamente utilizado, pode servir como um eficaz instrumento para coibir excessos.
To think of probative law autonomously, beyond a purely procedural perspective, it is of the utmost importance for this fundamental right to be properly used by all the operators of the Law, in its broadest form and in all its complexity, aiming at the maximum efficiency of the means of proof for the protection of rights. Effectiveness, legal certainty and instrumentality are requirements that guide the contemporary Civil Process, so it is necessary that such values be conjugated in a dialectical and balanced way, so that only then be possible a correct distribution of functions between all those who participate in the process. Necessarily, these functions can only be well exercised if the participants in the process understand the correct way to go through the instructional phase with the proper use of all available evidence. The delivery of a fair decision for the proper and effective protection of rights emerges as the main objective of the process, leaving aside what has long been regarded as its primary purpose: the elimination of litigation. Being the Law - and the Civil Process itself - a cultural phenomenon, the fruit of a historical evolution, obviously that brings in its context logical guidelines, ethical principles and social habits that propagate in time through the most diverse mentalities of each epoch. It is facing this background that the evidentiary law must be analyzed and, only then, the related problems that involve the illicit evidence. As intuitive one, it is necessary to combat any pretension that seeks to relativize constitutional norms, as is the case of the rule prohibiting unlawful evidence. However, it must be admitted that there are cases so complex that it is not possible to find a ready response in the legal order, and it is precisely in these exceptional cases, that the principle of proportionality, if correctly used, can serve as an effective instrument to curb excesses.
27
Vicentini, Fernando Luiz. „As provas ilícitas no Direito Processual Civil Brasileiro“. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6389.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Fernando Luiz Vicentini.pdf: 825757 bytes, checksum: ebaa3a9451f8a6e21bdf8f337d520228 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2014-03-14The present study aims to investigate illegal evidence and its admissibility in any civil proceedings under the principle of proportionality. The investigation begins with general aspects of evidence up to its prohibition in court , under Article 5, paragraph LVI, of the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 , as a main rule of the normative system . This rule, that is, the prohibition of the use of illegal evidence in court is directly related to the observance of individual rights , especially privacy, intimacy , the inviolability of the secrecy of correspondence, telegraph and data communications , telephone communications , the household and also with respect to the protection of the physical and moral safety and welfare of citizens. In this context, the distinction between illegal and illegitimate evidence is examined, the procedural consequences of each one, the morally legitimate proofs required under Article 332 of the Civil Code, the distinction between wiretapping and eavesdropping , the related institutes of illegal evidence, the absolute guarantee of the inviolability of correspondence, telegraph and data communications , and the theory of the fruit of the poisoned tree. It is given a picture of how illegal evidence is handled in proceedings under the constitutional directive that the probative prospecting may not be developed at any price , without regard to individual rights or without regard to the procedural rules. Then we discussed the analysis of the admissibility of illegal evidence when there is a conflict with fundamental rights, notably between intimacy and privacy and the right to reparation for injury or threat of injury confirmed by only one possible evidence brought before the Court. This controversy surrounding the possible admissibility of illegal evidence in the process , there are two trends one for and one against admissibility, methods of interpreting the Constitution as a unit , and especially the principle of proportionality, in line with legal certainty
O estudo em apreço tem por objetivo a investigação das provas ilícitas e a eventual admissibilidade destas no processo civil brasileiro sob a aplicação do princípio da proporcionalidade. A investigação inicia-se com aspectos gerais da prova até situar a vedação das provas ilícitas em juízo, prevista no artigo 5º, inciso LVI, da Constituição brasileira de 1988, como a regra matriz do sistema normativo. A proibição da utilização das provas ilícitas judicialmente, enquanto regra matriz, está diretamente relacionada com a observância dos direitos individuais, especialmente com a privacidade, a intimidade, a inviolabilidade do sigilo de correspondência, das comunicações telegráficas e de dados, das comunicações telefônicas, do domicilio e, ainda, com a observância da proteção à incolumidade física e moral do cidadão. Neste contexto, analisa-se, principalmente, a distinção entre provas ilícitas e ilegítimas, as consequências processuais de cada uma, as provas moralmente legítimas previstas no artigo 332 do CPC, a distinção entre interceptações telefônicas e escutas telefônicas, os institutos afins das provas ilícitas, a garantia absoluta da inviolabilidade de correspondência, das comunicações telegráficas e dados e a teoria dos frutos da árvore envenenada. Traçado o panorama do tratamento dado às provas ilícitas no processo sob a diretriz constitucional de que a prospecção probatória não pode ser desenvolvida a qualquer preço, sem respeito aos direitos individuais ou sem respeito às regras processuais, incursiona-se, então, para a análise da eventual admissibilidade das provas ilícitas quando houver o confronto entre os direitos fundamentais, notadamente entre a intimidade e a privacidade e o direito de reparação à lesão ou ameaça de lesão corroborada apenas por única prova possível trazida aos autos. Nesta polêmica em torno da possível admissibilidade das provas ilícitas no processo, concentram-se as correntes favoráveis e contrárias à admissibilidade, os métodos de interpretação da Constituição enquanto unidade e, principalmente, o princípio da proporcionalidade, em consonância com a segurança jurídica
28
Pereira, Joaquim Eduardo. „Paradoxos das noções jurídicas de pessoa e liberdade: o princípio da proporcionalidade e a época das imagens dos Direitos Humanos“. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2015. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6782.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Joaquim Eduardo Pereira.pdf: 1366111 bytes, checksum: 743498aff4c995ba7f18607448e56611 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2015-04-27The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is the result of a joint effort, at least with regard to the West, to give a response to the atrocities committed in the Second World War and to the trivialization of violence there reached its peak. We intend to show how the need for such response may not correspond necessarily to concern for others, with the lives of others. And also like the notions of personality and freedom, while the subjectivity structures, is insufficient not only to correct the law and give it a foundation, as it is not suitable as a means to achieve a true understanding of what is properly the humanity of man. It is not, however, simply reject the Human Rights Declaration, but understand his fictional character and as a real possibility to deal with the law and violence should not stand in the dignity of the human person, but on the principle of proportionality
A Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos é resultado de um esforço comum, pelo menos no que diz respeito ao Ocidente, para dar uma resposta às atrocidades cometidas na segunda Guerra Mundial e à banalização da violência que aí alcançou seu ápice. Pretendemos mostrar como que a necessidade desta resposta pode não corresponder, necessariamente, à preocupação com os outros, com a vida das outras pessoas. E, também, como que as noções de pessoa e liberdade, enquanto estruturas da subjetividade, é insuficiente não só para corrigir o Direito e servir-lhe de fundamento, mas não é adequado como meio para se atingir uma compreensão autêntica do que é, propriamente, a humanidade do ser humano. Não se trata, porém, de rechaçar simplesmente as Declarações de Direitos Humanos, mas compreender seu caráter ficcional e como que uma possibilidade autêntica para lidar com o Direito e a violência deve repousar não na dignidade da pessoa humana, mas no princípio da proporcionalidade
29
Cavicchioli, Claudia. „Le traitement juridictionnel des stratégies procédurales touchant au choix de for dans le contentieux commercial international“. Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01D046.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Confrontés à un phénomène d’effacement des frontières, les demandeurs à un contentieux commercial international sont appelés à choisir le tribunal devant lequel introduire leur action. Un tel choix de for entraînera des conséquences tant sur le plan des règles procédurales et substantielles applicables au litige que quant à la facilité avec laquelle la partie adverse pourra assurer sa défense. L’étude de la pratique du contentieux commercial international révèle que le choix de for devient ainsi l’objet de stratégies procédurales mises en œuvre par les plaideurs. Les mécanismes de réaction des juges français se montrent toutefois insuffisants pour appréhender et pour répondre convenablement au phénomène grandissant des stratégies procédurales touchant au choix de for qui sont élaborées par les plaideurs. Il est partant proposé de créer une nouvelle catégorie juridique, le forum shopping malus, fondée sur une analyse de l’atteinte causée par la stratégie procédurale en cause aux droits fondamentaux de la partie adverse. En faisant application du principe de proportionnalité privatisée, une série de critères sont élaborés visant à ouvrir un corridor de solutions à l’intérieur duquel le juge national pourra se placer pour vérifier l’existence d’un cas de forum shopping malus. La création du forum shopping malus nécessite une modification de l’office du juge, afin de lui accorder le pouvoir de se dessaisir en faveur d’un autre juge, ainsi que le pouvoir de prononcer des injonctions à l’encontre de l’auteur d’une stratégie procédurale considérée comme étant constitutive d’un cas de forum shopping malusFaced with a blurring of national boundaries, claimants in international commercial litigations are called upon to decide before which tribunal to lodge their case. Such a choice of forum will entail consequences, as much with respect to the procedural and substantive rules applicable to the case as with respect to the ease with which the opposing party will be able to conduct its own defense. The study of international commercial litigation practice reveals that choice of forum has become the focus of procedural strategies implemented by the litigants. The reaction mechanisms available to French judges have however proved insufficient to properly address and answer the procedural strategies developed by litigants regarding the choice of forum. It is therefore proposed to create a new legal category, forum shopping malus, based on an analysis of the infringement, by a given procedural strategy, of the opposing party’s fundamental rights. By applying the principle of private proportionality (proportionnalité privatisée), a series of criteria are developed in order to establish a panel of solutions against which a judge may lean to assess the existence of a case of forum shopping malus. The creation of forum shopping malus requires a modification of the judge’s function, so that he may be granted the power to relinquish jurisdiction in favour of another judge, as well as the power to issue an injunction against the author of a procedural strategy which is deemed to constitute forum shopping malus
30
Ximenes, Rachel Leticia Curcio. „O princípio da proporcionalidade e o Direito Constitucional“. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6528.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Rachel Leticia Curcio Ximenes.pdf: 1148855 bytes, checksum: 2c3d9315073556cf66d5fbf8578f9856 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2014-08-25This dissertation in inserted in a controversy around rationality in frames developed to deal with the application of legal principals proportionality. As a first approach, proportionality is a possible manner by which the applicant interpreter in legal rights solves conflicts among legal principals by deciding which one of them will have precedence upon one another regarding phatic circumstances e legal ones in a concrete case. Proportionality is not unanimity as it has its own thought, being either controversy. Differences involves since its ideal thinking in legal principals all the way to duty rules up to the form of solving conflicts among them. In these analyses, it is necessary to take into account the need of a relationship between proportionality and fundamental Law. In the development of this research it has been used compared Law aiming in demonstrating proportionality not assumed in the same examination in all nations, either when it comes to its origin and structure. It has been also used the analysis in the Supreme Court in Brazil aiming in identifying differences and the act of questioning the use of proportionality by its ministers. Thus, it has been analyzed proportionality on Legislative Parliament. Finally, such study aims in showing authors who sustain proportionality, how do they bring its contents and how it can be brought up on legal decisioning. In other words, its argumentation consists of demonstrating what the critics are all about in a subjective way and not being controlled upon fails in Law as it is possible to deconstruct legal decisions and doctrinaire opinions in a way to identify reasons why differences may enable rational control in making use of proportionality
Esta dissertação insere-se na polêmica acerca da racionalidade de uma das formas desenvolvidas para lidar com a aplicação de princípios jurídicos a proporcionalidade. Como primeira aproximação, a proporcionalidade é uma possível maneira pela qual o intérpreteaplicador do direito resolve conflitos entre princípios jurídicos, decidindo qual deles terá precedência sobre o outro diante das circunstâncias fáticas e jurídicas do caso concreto. Ocorre que a proporcionalidade não é uma unanimidade, eis que possui sua própria racionalidade, racionalidade esta controversa. As divergências envolvem desde a própria conceituação de princípios jurídicos como normas de dever-ser até a forma de resolver conflitos entre eles. Nessa análise, há que se levar em conta ainda a necessária relação entre proporcionalidade e direitos fundamentais. No desenvolvimento da pesquisa foi utilizado o direito comparado, com o objetivo de demonstrar que a proporcionalidade não assume a mesma feição em todas as nações, seja no tocante à sua origem, seja no tocante à sua estrutura. Por conseguinte foi também utilizada a análise de julgados do Supremo Tribunal Federal brasileiro, a fim de identificar as divergências e questionar o uso da proporcionalidade pelos ministros. E por fim analisou-se a proporcionalidade sob a perspectiva do Poder Legislativo. Desse modo, a dissertação busca mostrar onde os autores que criticam e sustentam a proporcionalidade divergem, e como isso pode ser trazido também para a seara da decisão judicial. Em outras palavras, seu argumento consiste na demonstração de que a crítica à proporcionalidade como forma subjetiva e não controlável de aplicação do direito falha, porque é possível desconstruir as decisões judiciais e as posições doutrinárias, de maneira a identificar as razões para as divergências e possibilitar o controle racional do uso da proporcionalidade
31
Briancini, Valkiria. „Colisão de direitos fundamentais e aplicação do princípio da proporcionalidade nas relações de trabalho“. reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2007. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/271.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
As relações de trabalho são formadas por dois sujeitos, de um lado o empregador, que através do poder diretivo tem o poder de dirigir, organizar, fiscalizar a prestação do serviço do empregado; de outro, o empregado, subordinado juridicamente ao empregador. No entanto, o poder diretivo do empregador não é absoluto, mas sim é limitado pela presença dos direitos fundamentais do empregado (e.g. direito fundamental à intimidade, a vida privada, à não-discriminação), que possuem eficácia na esfera das relações de trabalho. Assim, o estudo tem por objeto a colisão de direitos fundamentais nas relações de trabalho entre o poder diretivo do empregador e os direitos fundamentais do empregado. Nos casos de colisão desses direitos as soluções apresentadas nos casos concretos devem sempre procurar harmonizar as espaços de tensão entre as normas constitucionais a concretizar, procurando manter a unidade da Constituição. Para tanto, nestas situações o intérprete/aplicador do direito emprega o método da ponderação de bens e o princípio da proporcionalidade e de seus subprincípios, como meio de interpretação, aplicação e como forma de sopesamento nas situações de tensão e conflito entre bens constitucionalmente protegidos, que por se tratarem de normas constitucionais não se cogita de hierarquia entre ambas, conforme se constata no estudo tópico realizado em algumas decisões do Tribunal Superior do Trabalho sobre colisão de direitos fundamentais e poder diretivo.Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-19T17:28:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Valkiria Briancini.pdf: 1182843 bytes, checksum: 6f1d716010c2148a5bda177c43937839 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-19T17:28:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Valkiria Briancini.pdf: 1182843 bytes, checksum: 6f1d716010c2148a5bda177c43937839 (MD5)
The employment relationships are formed by two subjects, on the one hand the employer, which through the directive power has the right to direct, organize, supervise the installment of the service of the employee; of another, the employee, legally subordinate to the employer. However, the directive power of the employer is not absolute, but it is limited by the presence of the fundamental rights of the employee (eg fundamental right to privacy, non-discrimination), which have effectively in the sphere of labour relations. Thus, the study has as its object the collision of fundamental rights in the employment relations between the directive power of the employer and the fundamental rights of the employee. In the case of collision of these rights the solutions presented in individual cases must always seek to harmonise the areas of tension between the constitutional requirements to achieve, trying to maintain the unity of the Constitution. This way, in these situations the interpreter / applicator of the right uses the method of the balance of goods and the principle of proportionality and its subprinciples, as a means of interpretation, application and as a way of balance in situations of tension and conflict between constitutionally protected rights, which by constitutional rules that they do not have hierarchy between them, as noted in the study topic held in some decisions of the Superior Labour Court on collision of fundamental rights and directive power.
32
Oliveira, Neto Celio Pereira. „Cláusula de não concorrência no contrato de emprego: efeitos do princípio da proporcionalidade“. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2013. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6146.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
celio Pereira Oliveira Neto.pdf: 1507882 bytes, checksum: 7103e8b0600844203d81f93da63c2f69 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2013-06-14Although there isn‟t a specific rule in the native law, the application of the non concurrence clause profits from the constitutional protection, which is based on the free initiative, private property, free concurrence, property law, consumer defense and general freedom law. Due to constitutional propagation, it enjoys equally of protection in the general clauses of the objective good faith and social function, besides the lawfulness presumption of the contract. On the other hand, there are some directives that can‟t be disregarded when having to limit the freedom right of the work. Indeed, the economical order must be based on the importance of the human work, as well as the reduction of the social inequalities and in the search of the perfect job. Moreover, the private property is established on the basis of the free exercise of any work, occupation or profession, that is to say, it must be observed the social right of the worker in choosing the developed activity, this means that any act that disrespect the importance of the work can be understood as unconstitutional. There is a clear confront between the non concurrence clause and the freedom work both under the constitutional protection in the articles 5° and 170 of the CF. The solution of this conflict is coped with the principles of proportionality, which it justifies and limits the application of the non concurrence clause. However, to reach such point, it‟s necessary the constitutional passage about the traditional methods of constitutional interpretation getting to the pos-positivist moment, taking care of the constitutional‟s principles of interpretation reading as a leading of the whole arrangement, differing from the rules relating them with the principle of proportionality use and its sub-principles of adequacy, necessity and proportionality in the strict way
Although there isn‟t a specific rule in the native law, the application of the non concurrence clause profits from the constitutional protection, which is based on the free initiative, private property, free concurrence, property law, consumer defense and general freedom law. Due to constitutional propagation, it enjoys equally of protection in the general clauses of the objective good faith and social function, besides the lawfulness presumption of the contract. On the other hand, there are some directives that can‟t be disregarded when having to limit the freedom right of the work. Indeed, the economical order must be based on the importance of the human work, as well as the reduction of the social inequalities and in the search of the perfect job. Moreover, the private property is established on the basis of the free exercise of any work, occupation or profession, that is to say, it must be observed the social right of the worker in choosing the developed activity, this means that any act that disrespect the importance of the work can be understood as unconstitutional. There is a clear confront between the non concurrence clause and the freedom work both under the constitutional protection in the articles 5° and 170 of the CF. The solution of this conflict is coped with the principles of proportionality, which it justifies and limits the application of the non concurrence clause. However, to reach such point, it‟s necessary the constitutional passage about the traditional methods of constitutional interpretation getting to the pos-positivist moment, taking care of the constitutional‟s principles of interpretation reading as a leading of the whole arrangement, differing from the rules relating them with the principle of proportionality use and its sub-principles of adequacy, necessity and proportionality in the strict way
Embora inexista regra específica no direito pátrio, a aplicação da cláusula de não concorrência goza de amparo constitucional, fundado na livre iniciativa, propriedade privada, livre concorrência, direito de propriedade, defesa do consumidor e direito geral de liberdade. Por irradiação constitucional, usufrui igualmente de amparo nas cláusulas gerais da boa-fé objetiva e função social do contrato, além da presunção de licitude do contrato. Por outro lado, há diretrizes que não podem ser desconsideradas quando se trata de limitar o direito de liberdade ao trabalho. Com efeito, a ordem econômica deve ser fundada na valorização do trabalho humano, bem como na redução das desigualdades sociais, e na busca do pleno emprego. Ademais, a propriedade privada é estabelecida com base no livre exercício de qualquer trabalho, ofício ou profissão ou seja, deve ser observado o direito social do trabalhador de escolher a atividade desenvolvida, o que significa que qualquer ato que desrespeite a valorização do trabalho poderá ser entendida como inconstitucional. Há nítido confronto, pois, entre a cláusula de não concorrência e a liberdade ao trabalho ambas com amparo constitucional nos arts. 5º e 170 da CF. A resolução desse conflito é enfrentada à luz do princípio da proporcionalidade, que justifica e limita a aplicação da cláusula de não concorrência. Porém, para se chegar a tal ponto, antes se faz necessária passagem constitucional, acerca dos tradicionais métodos de interpretação constitucional chegando ao momento pós-positivista, cuidando-se da leitura dos princípios de interpretação constitucional como vetores de todo o ordenamento, diferenciando-os das regras, e relacionando-os com o uso do princípio da proporcionalidade e seus subprincípios da adequação, necessidade e proporcionalidade em sentido estrito. Daí se observa que a Constituição Federal preserva ambos os bens, e a interpretação constitucional deve ser levada a efeito de modo a harmonizar o conflito, de sorte que um direito ceda ao outro no caso concreto, sem que isso represente a completa exclusão do direito preterido, conservando-se a unidade do sistema e promovendo-se a concordância prática através da ponderação de bens. O princípio da proporcionalidade passa a ser conceituado e aferido em todas as suas nuances, demonstrando-se os prós e contras de seu uso como critério para resolução de conflitos na sociedade contemporânea. Passa-se à análise do direito contratual contemporâneo, em que a autonomia da vontade é mitigada frente à defesa dos direitos sociais, e a responsabilidade pós-contratual é inserida com fulcro nas cláusulas gerais. Com o uso de todos os fundamentos apontados, torna-se ao debate original, justificando e limitando a cláusula de não concorrência, apresentando as possibilidades de uso da cláusula de não concorrência pós pactum finitum em uma relação de desigualdade como é o caso da relação de emprego, valendo-se do princípio da proporcionalidade e seus subprincípios, indicando-se as posições da doutrina e jurisprudência, sem olvidar do direito estrangeiro
Embora inexista regra específica no direito pátrio, a aplicação da cláusula de não concorrência goza de amparo constitucional, fundado na livre iniciativa, propriedade privada, livre concorrência, direito de propriedade, defesa do consumidor e direito geral de liberdade. Por irradiação constitucional, usufrui igualmente de amparo nas cláusulas gerais da boa-fé objetiva e função social do contrato, além da presunção de licitude do contrato. Por outro lado, há diretrizes que não podem ser desconsideradas quando se trata de limitar o direito de liberdade ao trabalho. Com efeito, a ordem econômica deve ser fundada na valorização do trabalho humano, bem como na redução das desigualdades sociais, e na busca do pleno emprego. Ademais, a propriedade privada é estabelecida com base no livre exercício de qualquer trabalho, ofício ou profissão ou seja, deve ser observado o direito social do trabalhador de escolher a atividade desenvolvida, o que significa que qualquer ato que desrespeite a valorização do trabalho poderá ser entendida como inconstitucional. Há nítido confronto, pois, entre a cláusula de não concorrência e a liberdade ao trabalho ambas com amparo constitucional nos arts. 5º e 170 da CF. A resolução desse conflito é enfrentada à luz do princípio da proporcionalidade, que justifica e limita a aplicação da cláusula de não concorrência. Porém, para se chegar a tal ponto, antes se faz necessária passagem constitucional, acerca dos tradicionais métodos de interpretação constitucional chegando ao momento pós-positivista, cuidando-se da leitura dos princípios de interpretação constitucional como vetores de todo o ordenamento, diferenciando-os das regras, e relacionando-os com o uso do princípio da proporcionalidade e seus subprincípios da adequação, necessidade e proporcionalidade em sentido estrito. Daí se observa que a Constituição Federal preserva ambos os bens, e a interpretação constitucional deve ser levada a efeito de modo a harmonizar o conflito, de sorte que um direito ceda ao outro no caso concreto, sem que isso represente a completa exclusão do direito preterido, conservando-se a unidade do sistema e promovendo-se a concordância prática através da ponderação de bens. O princípio da proporcionalidade passa a ser conceituado e aferido em todas as suas nuances, demonstrando-se os prós e contras de seu uso como critério para resolução de conflitos na sociedade contemporânea. Passa-se à análise do direito contratual contemporâneo, em que a autonomia da vontade é mitigada frente à defesa dos direitos sociais, e a responsabilidade pós-contratual é inserida com fulcro nas cláusulas gerais. Com o uso de todos os fundamentos apontados, torna-se ao debate original, justificando e limitando a cláusula de não concorrência, apresentando as possibilidades de uso da cláusula de não concorrência pós pactum finitum em uma relação de desigualdade como é o caso da relação de emprego, valendo-se do princípio da proporcionalidade e seus subprincípios, indicando-se as posições da doutrina e jurisprudência, sem olvidar do direito estrangeiro
33
Ferreira, Rosana Miranda. „O Processo penal e a busca pela verdade“. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2006. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6892.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Dissertacao Rosana Miranda Ferreira.pdf: 675636 bytes, checksum: 5495752d2e8bd4722a38bc7a635c12b7 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2006-03-29Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
In this paper we present the performance of the criminal proceeding as an instrument of search for the truth. To base our knowledge on the truth we search the philosophical approach, starting in Greece with Socrates, and finishing on native grounds with Miguel Reale, and in synthesis we describe as each one formulates the knowledge of the truth. For this, we present the truth in the process. We detach real truth as unattainable and impossible to reach, as well as to the president of criminal prosecution, rank that the gauging situation and circumstances, such and which had occurred, never will be obtained to reproduce. We appraise the truths: formal, material, procedural, by approximation and the probability pointing out the most modern trend of the search for certainty close to the judicial truth, this last one happened not of evidence but of a judgment being demarcated by justice primarily. We stress, however, the conquest of the truth, improbable for the criminal proceeding; the persistence in the search of the true reconstitution of the facts is a value that legitimizes the proper criminal persecution. From the presented historical synthesis we search to survey the way of the verification of the truth, ever since the most violent ways of the Inquisition until our days, where a civilian has to wait years for the federal reply. To illustrate the idea we present Franz Kafka, portraying in his workmanship somebody "Before the Law . When disserting the basic right of the access to justice we point out the supremacy of the principle of dignity of the human being, who also must be reflected in the process before the duty of the State "administer justice". We describe some notions of proof, the allegations, the responsibilities, and some of the obstacles inside of the proceeding that interpose as barriers for the search of the truth. We discuss the question of the determined judge to be able or have to evaluate all raised found evidences and even other ones he believes important to include. The decision, finally, emanated from free conviction through arguments and transparency in the briefings, represents the longed for and pursued truth, that exercises, likewise, a social function in the sense of accomplishing the right, applying ethics, to reconcile the society, and to look for the common good
Nessa dissertação apresentamos a atuação do processo penal como um instrumento de busca pela verdade. Para alicerçar nosso conhecimento sobre a verdade, buscamos o enfoque filosófico, começando pela Grécia, em Sócrates e finalizando em solo pátrio com Miguel Reale, e em síntese descrevemos como cada um formula o conhecimento da verdade. A partir disso, apresentamos a verdade no processo. Destacamos a verdade real como inatingível e de impossível alcance, outrossim, ao presidente da persecução penal, posto que a aferição de uma situação fática e suas circunstâncias, tal e qual ocorreram, jamais se conseguirão reproduzir. Conceituamos as verdades: formal, material, processual, a aproximativa e a verossimilhança apontando a tendência mais moderna da busca da certeza próxima da verdade judicial, essa última advinda não da prova mas de um juízo, sendo demarcada pela justiça como fundamento. Ressaltamos que apesar da conquista da verdade ser improvável, o empenho na busca da verdadeira reconstituição dos fatos é um valor que legitima a própria persecução penal. Da síntese histórica apresentada buscamos aferir a maneira de apuração da verdade, desde os modos mais violentos da Inquisição até os nossos dias, onde o cidadão, chega a esperar por anos, pela resposta estatal. Para ilustrar a idéia apresentamos Franz Kafka, retratando em sua obra alguém Diante da Lei . Ao discorrer do direito fundamental do acesso à justiça, apontamos a supremacia do princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana, que também deve estar refletido no processo, ante o dever do Estado de dizer o direito . Descrevemos algumas noções de prova, as alegações, os ônus e alguns dos óbices dentro do próprio processo que se interpõem como entraves à busca da verdade. Aventamos do papel do julgador investido do poder- dever de valorar todas as provas levantadas, e até de outras, que no seu entender, ache necessário que se produza. A decisão, por fim, emanada do livre convencimento com aportes argumentativos e transparência nas elucidações, representa a verdade almejada e perseguida, que presta, outrossim, uma função social, no sentido de efetivar o direito, exercitar a ética, apaziguar a sociedade e buscar o bem comum
34
Jatene, Karina Kassis dos Reis. „O politicamente correto e a Constituição de 1988: liberdade de expressão e minorias“. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/7085.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Karina Kassis dos Reis Jatene.pdf: 1917172 bytes, checksum: 43567ec0fed75afbc41ceaa70138eb2b (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2016-03-18Pontificia Universidade de São Paulo
The theme to be developed is related to the fundamental right to freedom of expression against the right to non-discrimination of minorities, from the perspective of "political correctness". It is intended to highlight the restrictions on freedom of expression resulting from it, minority protection movement. From another angle, freedom of expression does not allow hate speech or incitement to violence. The promotion of tolerance in a multicultural society is the scenario that is aimed. Freedom as an institute, from which stems the freedom of expression in all its aspects (freedom of expression of thought, freedom of conscience, belief and religious worship, freedom of communication and information) as well as the restrictions imposed on this fundamental right, will be analyzed in the first chapter. The second chapter is dedicated to the minority race and ethnicity; woman; people with disability and sexual orientation. The reasons that characterize these groups as minority and vulnerable, as well as the scope of national and international protection will be expounded. The "political correctness" is the theme of the third chapter. It is a protective movement of minorities that develops primarily in the behavioral quadrant and freedom of expression. In the fourth chapter multiculturalism is studied, an outstanding feature of contemporary Western society. The diversity and coexistence - voluntary or involuntary - of different social groups is the main reason to intolerance. The fifth and final chapter is devoted to the highlight of the right of opinion and dissent, and its essential nature to democracy. It is also developed an explanation about the principle of proportionality as a method to weigh the fundamental rights at stake, to illuminate the tortuous path in the search for coexistence of divergences
A temática a ser desenvolvida está relacionada ao direito fundamental à liberdade de expressão frente ao direito de não discriminação das minorias, sob a ótica do politicamente correto . Pretende-se destacar as restrições impostas à liberdade de expressão oriundas desse movimento de proteção das minorias. Por outro ângulo, a liberdade de expressão não autoriza o discurso do ódio ou a incitação à violência. Almeja-se a promoção da tolerância no cenário multicultural. A liberdade como instituto gênero, do qual decorre a liberdade de expressão, em todas as suas vertentes (liberdade de manifestação do pensamento; liberdade de consciência, de crença e de culto religioso; liberdade de comunicação e informação), assim como as restrições impostas a esse direito fundamental, serão analisadas no primeiro capítulo. O segundo capítulo dedica-se às minorias: raça e etnia; mulher; pessoa com deficiência e orientação sexual. Serão expostas as razões que caracterizam esses grupos como minoritários e vulneráveis, bem como o âmbito de proteção nacional e internacional. O politicamente correto é o tema do terceiro capítulo. Trata-se de um movimento de proteção das minorias que se desenvolve, basicamente, no quadrante comportamental e da liberdade de expressão. Mais adiante, no quarto capítulo, passa-se ao estudo do multiculturalismo, traço marcante da sociedade contemporânea ocidental. Em razão dessa diversidade e da convivência voluntária ou involuntária de diferentes grupos sociais, emerge a intolerância. O quinto e último capítulo dedica-se a destacar o direito de opinião e dissidência, essenciais para a democracia, bem como se apresenta o princípio da proporcionalidade como método a ponderar os direitos fundamentais em jogo, a iluminar o caminho tortuoso na busca pela convivência das divergências
35
Molén, Eskhult Emelie. „Folkrättsliga problem vid användandet av adaptivt kamouflage“. Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-4061.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Adaptivt kamouflage är en signaturanpassningsteknik som ger stridsfordon förmågan att anpassa sin värmesignatur utefter omgivningen eller imitera andra objekts signatur, i syfte att undgå upptäckt eller identifiering.I denna studie genomförs en analys om vilka folkrättsliga problem som kan uppstå vid användandet av adaptivt kamouflage.Studiens resultat visar att de folkrättsliga problem som kan uppstå vid användningen av adaptivt kamouflage är distinktionsproblem, då tekniken möjliggör för stridsfordon att imitera signaturen av civila personbilar. Denna användning av adaptivt kamouflage kan anses som brott mot distinktionsprincipen.Adaptiv camouflage is a camouflage system which gives combat vehicles the ability to mimic the heat signature of its surroundings or copy the signature of other objects, to avoid detection or identification.This study conducts an analysis concerning the international legal problems that may arise from the use of adaptive camouflage.The result of the study show that the international legal problems that may arise from the use of adaptive camouflage are; distinction problems, when a combat vehicle can copy the heat signature of a civilian car. This use of adaptive camouflage can be seen as a violation against the principle of distinction.
36
Rosenberg, Jennifer. „The penalty fee in the Electricity Certificates Act : in relation to article 6 in the European Convention on Human Rights“. Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Rättsvetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-14192.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The government of Sweden encourage the development of electricity produced from renewable sources by maintaining an electricity certificates system in which producers that use renewable sources in their production are given certificates. The system is regulated in the Swedish Electricity Certificates Act (lag (2003:113) om elcertifikat). To prevent fraudulent behaviour a penalty fee is charged upon producers that have recieved certificates due to incorrect or misleading information. The penalty fee can be appealed to a court but under the Electricity Certificates Act it is not allowed to reduce or adjust. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse if the penalty fee in the Electricity Certificates Act meets the requirements of legal certainty in article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights (the Convention) including right to a fair trial and to be seen as innocence until proven guilty. The method used is analysing applicable sources in accordance with the Swedish legal hierarchy in which laws have the highest value. The Convention is incorporated into Swedish law and has the same legal value as such. Judgments from the European Court of Human Rights on the Swedish tax surcharge are used for guidance on how to interpret article 6 in the Convention. Two cases from Swedish courts concerning the penalty fee are used to find what problems the penalty fee encounters in a legal process. The rules on the penalty fee does not allow adjustments of it and circumstances in each case cannot be taken into consideration, therefore the penalty fee can be charged even when it would be unreasonable and there is a conflict with legal certainty in article 6 of the Convention. For that matter rules on evidentiary issues also has to be implemented. Courts can refuse to use rules which are in conflict with the Convention, but it is concluded that a change in regulation is needed.
37
Birello, Guilherme Tadeu Pontes. „Devido processo legal substancial e a função administrativa“. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6644.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Guilherme Tadeu Pontes Birello.pdf: 675120 bytes, checksum: b484a013694adb12dc781cd4a15202b8 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2014-10-23The present study had as its scope, the delimitation of the legal concept of the Due Process of Law clause, in its substantial sense and its implication in the exercise of the administrative function. The mentioned clause is one of the oldest and intrinsic institutes of the Rule of Law. In its incipient form, the Due Process of Law clause represented one of the first methods to control the despotic power. Thenceforth, it was the skeleton for the rise of many others institutes that limits the State Power. From the formal procedural aspect procedural instruments (full defense and the right to appeal, motivation of the State decisions duty, among others), up to reaching the merits of the decision control (originally accepted as reasonableness judgment), this last one known as Substantial Due Process of Law. Occurs that this range of principles typically assigned to the Substantial Due Process of Law clause (reasonableness, proportionality, motivation) has express and specific legal provision in the normative text, demonstrating an emptying of its content in the Brazilian legal order. Nevertheless, it‟s a duty for the legal scholar to apply sense and unity to the judicial system. Within the national legal system, the mentioned principle reveals itself as a command to the law enforcer to seek the best ruling. The best ruling is the one, firstly, that promotes the public interest duty (therefore, preceded by a direct judgment of the will of the normative command and not by an arbitrary subjective judgment) and, in front of the actual reality, has been shown as the most effective. As issued by a competent authority, the decision will be considered, a priori, as the best decision, except if proved that other decision is sufficiently more favorable. It was noted that this assertion has harmony with the administrative role and the legal administrative regime. The exercise of the administrative role is, before anything, the common good promotion, the public interest. This implies in the assertion that the exercise of the prerogatives (Power) given to the administration are instrumentals and, therefore, may only be exercised for the achievement of the public interest set forth in its own judicial order (full submission to the principle of legality). Thereby, it is not granted to the legal scholar any freedom of action, as a public agent, in seek for another purpose but the public interest. Thus, the administration role is to always seek for the best solution for the concrete cases that are presented. Throughout the General Theory of Law elements description, it was sought to present means and procedures in order to seek the best decision (worth mentioning, hermeneutical notions of principles that provide an unitary and systemic comprehension of the judicial order, ratio of principles and rules, weighing judgment and enforcement of the proportionality and reasonableness principles
O presente trabalho teve como escopo a delimitação do conceito jurídico da cláusula do Devido Processo Legal em seu sentido substancial e sua implicação no âmbito do exercício da função administrativa. Referida cláusula é um dos institutos mais antigos e afetos ao Estado de Direito. Em sua forma embrionária, a cláusula do Devido Processo Legal representou uma das primeiras maneiras de controle do poder despótico. A partir daí, foi o arcabouço para o surgimento de tantos outros institutos limitadores do Poder Estatal. Seja pelo aspecto processual formal - ferramentas procedimentais (ampla defesa e contraditório, dever de motivação das decisões estatais, entre outros), até chegar ao controle de mérito da decisão (embrionariamente tido como juízo de razoabilidade), este ultimo, conhecido como Devido Processo Legal Substancial. Ocorre que, esta gama de princípios e postulados tipicamente atribuídos à cláusula do Devido Processo Legal substancial (razoabilidade, proporcionalidade, motivação) possui previsão legal expressa e específica no texto normativo, relevando um esvaziamento de seu conteúdo no âmbito do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Ainda assim, é obrigação do cientista do direito atribuir sentido e unicidade ao sistema jurídico. A cláusula do Devido Processo Legal é axiologicamente ligada ao controle do mérito das decisões estatais. No âmbito do ordenamento jurídico pátrio, tal princípio revela-se como um comando ao aplicador da norma para que este busque a prolação da melhor decisão. Melhor decisão é aquela que, em primeiro lugar, observa o dever de promoção do interesse público (portanto, precedida de um juízo objetivo da vontade do comando normativo, e não um juízo arbitrário subjetivo) e, diante da realidade fática, tenha se mostrado como a mais eficaz. Enquanto proferida por uma autoridade competente, a decisão será considerada, aprioristicamente, como a melhor decisão, salvo comprovado que outra solução seja suficientemente mais vantajosa. Constatou-se que esta afirmação tem plena harmonia com a função administrativa e regime jurídico-administrativo. O exercício da função administrativa é, antes de mais nada, a promoção do bem comum, do interesse público. Isto implica em afirmar que o exercício das prerrogativas (Poder) conferidas à administração são instrumentais e, portanto, só podem ser exercidos para prossecução do interesse público estabelecido no próprio ordenamento jurídico (submissão plena ao princípio da legalidade). Neste sentido, não é conferido ao operador do direito qualquer margem de ação, na qualidade de agente público, em busca de outra finalidade que não o interesse público. Sendo assim, é função da administração a busca plena sempre da melhor solução para os casos concretos que lhe são apresentadas. Por meio de descrição de elementos de Teoria Geral do Direito, buscou-se apresentar formas e procedimentos capa de que se busque a melhor decisão (vale destacar, noções hermenêuticas de postulados que conferem uma compreensão unitária e sistêmica do ordenamento jurídico, relação de princípios e regras, juízo de ponderação e aplicação dos postulados da proporcionalidade e razoabilidade)
38
Guiot, François-Vivien. „La distinction du fait et du droit par la Cour de justice de l'Union européenne : recherche sur le pouvoir juridictionnel“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0396.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
La distinction du fait et du droit est une problématique centrale dansl’organisation des voies de droit. Elle exerce en effet, au-delà d’une variété de formes et designifications, une influence décisive sur l’office du juge ainsi que sur la fonction desautorités soumises à son contrôle. Pour appréhender pleinement la portée qu’elle revêt dansl’équilibre des pouvoirs établi par la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne, il est nécessairede se défaire de toute préconception de la distinction du fait et du droit (notamment auregard des pratiques observées en droit interne), afin de comprendre comment le juge del’Union européenne exerce un pouvoir de détermination à son égard, que ce soit dans lecontrôle de validité des actes juridiques ou dans les voies de recours dirigées contre desactes juridictionnels. Dans cette opération, elle reste toutefois soucieuse d’assurerl’acceptabilité de ses décisions, et prend donc en considération certaines contraintesjuridiques qui se présentent à elle dans son office. Autorité normatrice et ordonnatrice, laCour de justice en tant qu’interprète authentique utilise en réalité la distinction du fait et dudroit comme un instrument de répartition des compétences entre les différents acteursconcernés par la réalisation du droit de l’Union européenne. Elle définit ainsi, à travers ladétermination de la distinction du fait et du droit dans chacune de ses manifestations,l’habilitation que leur confère le système juridique. En ce sens, elle apparaît comme lajuridiction suprême de cet espace normatifThe distinction between fact and law is central to the organization of remedies.It exerts, through its variety of forms and meanings, a decisive influence on the Court and onthe function of the authorities that the former reviews. In order to fully grasp its significance inthe balance of power that the European Court of Justice has established, one has to discardany preconception related to the distinction between fact and law (especially those present inmunicipal law). This in turn leads to the understanding of the manner in which the EuropeanCourt specifies the distinction, should it concern the review against legal acts or the ways ofchallenging case law. Whilst doing this, the European Court remains wary of the acceptabilityof its decisions, thus taking into account several legal constraints. As a normative authorityand as the authentic interpreter, the European Court of Justice uses the distinction betweenfact and law as a way to divide the competences of the actors concerned with theimplementation of EU law. By performing this specification, it defines the way the legalsystem entitles these actors. In this way, the European Court of Justice emerges as theSupreme Court of this normative space
39
Reyes, Sarmiento Lina Marcela. „El principio de proporcionalidad en el derecho international económico“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671625.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
El principi de proporcionalitat ha tingut un recent reconeixement exprés, en els tractats i acords sobre comerç i inversions internacionals amb l’Estat. No obstant això, són pocs els estudis que es concentren en la naturalesa jurídica, contingut, abast i funcions d’aquest principi, en el dret internacional econòmic. La present tesi planteja una anàlisi detallada i actualitzat sobre el tema.El principio de proporcionalidad ha tenido un reciente reconocimiento expreso, en los tratados y acuerdos sobre comercio e inversiones internacionales con el Estado. Sin embargo, son pocos los estudios que se concentran en la naturaleza jurídica, contenido, alcance y funciones de este principio, en el derecho internacional económico. La presente tesis plantea un análisis detallado y actualizado sobre el tema.
The principle of proportionality has had a recent express recognition in international trade and investment treaties and agreements with the State. However, few studies focus on the legal nature, content, scope and functions of this principle in international economic law. This thesis presents a detailed and updated analysis on the subject.
40
Piedade, Antonio Sergio Cordeiro. „Criminalidade organizada e a dupla face do princípio da proporcionalidade“. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2013. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6194.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Antonio Sergio Cordeiro Piedade.pdf: 864222 bytes, checksum: d3582818ffd5715d01a1141977d6da40 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2013-06-19This paper aims to make a critical analysis of the punitive system, with a focus on criminal organizations. Nowadays we break free from the paradigm of rude crimes which makes us draw a new perspective to the Criminal Law, in the conception of a democratic state, where the criminal response must be considered for the organized crime, faceless, transnational, which often presents tentacles within the apparatus of the state itself and is an affront to democracy. Within this context, we will analyze the evolution of different forms of state and the dimensions of fundamental guarantees, with discussions about the importance of the constitutional principles of criminal law not only related to limiting, but also in the basis and in the legitimating of a current criminal justice system, in which threats do not come only from the state, like in the past, but from a diffuse criminality. The State must act within this perspective to ensure the fundamental guarantees not only of the agent who violated the criminal standard, but also of society. The double sided proportionality principle, especially in the aspect of the prohibition of poor protection emerges as an instrument of materialization of human dignity , so that it is not allowed for them to violate the fundamental rights in their collective bias, with a failure protection of the highest values of a society in order to ensure a harmonious coexistence in society, through an efficient crime policy that preserves the democratic healthiness and credibility of republican institutions
O presente trabalho tem por objetivo fazer uma análise crítica do sistema punitivo, com foco nas organizações criminosas. Hodiernamente rompemos com o paradigma do crime artesanal o que impõe traçarmos uma nova perspectiva para o Direito Penal, dentro da concepção de um Estado Democrático de Direito, onde a resposta penal precisa ser pensada para uma criminalidade organizada, sem rosto, transnacional, que, muitas vezes, encontra-se com tentáculos dentro do aparato do próprio Estado e representa uma afronta à democracia. Dentro desse contexto, será analisada a evolução das diferentes formas de Estado e as dimensões das garantias fundamentais, com a discussão acerca da importância dos princípios constitucionais do Direito Penal não somente na limitação, mas também na fundamentação e na legitimação de um sistema penal atual, no qual as ameaças não partem, como no passado, exclusivamente do Estado, mas de uma criminalidade difusa. O Estado, dentro desta perspectiva, deve agir para assegurar as garantias fundamentais do agente que violou a norma penal, mas também da sociedade. A dupla face do princípio da proporcionalidade, notadamente na vertente da proibição da proteção deficiente, surge como um instrumento de materialização da dignidade da pessoa humana de índole social, de modo a não permitir que se vulnerem os direitos fundamentais em seu viés coletivo, com uma insuficiência de proteção aos valores mais caros de uma sociedade, visando assegurar uma convivência harmônica em sociedade, mediante uma política criminal eficiente que preserve a higidez democrática e a credibilidade das instituições republicanas
41
Delegove, Nicolas. „Le droit commun et le droit spécial“. Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020020.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Distinguer entre le droit commun et le droit spécial est une habitude fortement ancrée chez les juristes, dans le domaine de la théorie comme de la pratique. Les rôles attribués à cette distinction sont d’une grande diversité ; mais ils sont aussi sous la menace de deux phénomènes : la multiplication des degrés de spécialité et le développement de rapports -horizontaux - entre droits communs d'une part, et entre droits spéciaux d'autre part. Véritable "summa divisio", elle disposerait cependant toujours d’une vertu ordonnatrice très importante,tant pour le législateur que pour le juge, et tant à l’université que dans la pratique.Il y a pourtant un singulier paradoxe. Le droit commun et le droit spécial sont indéfinissables ; leur relativité est telle qu’ils ne se conçoivent pas abstraction faite l’un de l’autre. Et, toutefois, la relation qu’ils entretiennent est généralement décrite en termes d’opposition. Or, la relativité appelle bien plutôt la collaboration que l’opposition.C’est ainsi que, s’agissant de l’élaboration du droit, des influences positives sont à l’oeuvre. Le droit commun et le droit spécial se servent mutuellement de modèle. Leur évolution se déroule en contemplation l'un de l'autre. Cela permet surtout, concernant l’application du droit, de réfuter l’idée suivant laquelle le droit commun et le droit spécial s’excluraient mécaniquement. En dehors des hypothèses prévues par le droit écrit, aucun fondement ne justifie l’exclusivisme. Ce dernier ne dispose en outre que d’un régime juridique plein d’incertitude. La valeur de la solution préconisée par l’adage "Specialia generalibus derogant" n’est que celle d’une présomption, simple. « Sur-mesure », le droit spécial est supposé mieux adapté à la situation litigieuse, mais il peut concrètement se révéler moins approprié que le droit communDistinguishing between general and specific rules of law is a deeply rooted habit among civilist lawyers, concerning the field of theory as the practice one. The roles of this distinction are very different, but they are threatened by two kinds of phenomenas as well : the increasing degreesof specialization and the development of -horizontal- relationship between general rules of lawon the one hand, and specific rules of law in the other hand. As a genuine, it would work,however, always as a good way to order the priority of different rules of law for both legislature and judges, both in academia and in practice.There is however a singular paradox. The general and specific rules of law can't be defined,their relativity is such an obvious one that they inconceivable if the other doesn't exist. According to this idea, their relationship is usually described in terms of opposition. Yet, the meaning of "relativity" is closer to collaboration rather than opposition.Thus, as regards to the development of the law, positive influences are at work. General and specific rule of law are a model to each other. Their evolution takes place in contemplation ofeach part. This especially helps the application of law to refute the idea that the general andspecific rules of law are mechanically mutually exclusive. A part from the possibilities provided by statute law, no basis justifies exclusiveness. Furthermore, specific rules of law sometimes contain a lot of less-defined rules. The value of the solution advocated by the adage "specialia generalibus derogant " is just a presumption, a simple one. A specific rule of law is supposes to be perfectly adapted to a situation, but it may pragmatically, about some case, be less appropriate than the general rule of law
42
Queirolo, Paola Cantarini. „Direito comercial à luz da doutrina do capitalismo humanista e do princípio constitucional da proporcionalidade“. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2013. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6095.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Paola Cantarini Queirolo.pdf: 871953 bytes, checksum: cf8c726ccc2cf1c8e47ccdb081b2cbac (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2013-03-26This dissertation was developed with a focus on fundamental rights, the principle of proportionality, philosophy and philosophy of law, to obtain a perspective of humanization of commercial law, allowing for debate and reflection on the design of the new Brazilian Commercial Code through an analysis Legal of socio-economic, developed within the framework of capitalism humanist doctrine. First dealt with the search for a new interpretation of the law, considering its fictional nature, while a product before they will desire, as well as his character autopoietic, postulating a necessary and indissoluble link him with the philosophy and the arts, highlighting what would be the most political among them, since its birth, namely the theater. Thus, we sought a new look in this new interpretation, more sensitive and reflective, launched on commercial law, which would be more closely coupled with humanism and human dignity, right to human rights of otherness, via principle proportionality. This is making the attempt, however difficult that presents itself, for it considers absolutely necessary to reconcile the individualistic and self-centered capitalism with a new humanism, still in gestation, "antropophiliac" to initiate it with him, Also, a new capitalism, humanistic, based on brotherhood, solidarity and human dignity. For the last, it is the analysis of the relationship between the principle of proportionality and human dignity in order to better cope with further questions, crucial, resulting from collisions between fundamental rights and / or fundamental principles, so as to preserve the essence fundamental right of all and the very democratic state, precisely, human dignity, which looms as what's more important to be preserved, preserving us. In a second step, we analyze the issue of flexibility of labor law (working conditions), indicating, in this aspect, the unconstitutionality of the current Bankruptcy and Corporate Restructuring (Law No. 11.101/05) and also Project Brazilian Commercial Code (PL No. 1572/2011), via the principle of proportionality, as understood through unremovable realization of human dignity and democratic state
A presente dissertação de mestrado foi desenvolvida com foco nos direitos fundamentais, princípio da proporcionalidade, filosofia e filosofia do direito, visando alcançar uma perspectiva de humanização do direito comercial, ensejando o debate e a reflexão acerca do Projeto do novo Código Comercial Brasileiro através de uma análise jurídica de cunho sócioeconômico, desenvolvida no marco da doutrina do capitalismo humanista. Primeiramente tratou-se da busca por nova interpretação do direito, considerando sua natureza ficcional, enquanto um produto antes do desejo que da vontade, assim como o seu caráter autopoiético, postulando uma necessária e indissolúvel vinculação dele com a filosofia e com as artes, destacando-se aquela que seria a mais política dentre elas, desde seu nascedouro, a saber, o teatro. Destarte, buscou-se um novo olhar nessa nova interpretação, mais sensível e reflexiva, lançado sobre o direito comercial, o qual passaria a ser conjugado mais estreitamente com o humanismo e com a dignidade humana, logo com os direitos humanos da alteridade, via princípio da proporcionalidade. Trata-se de fazer a tentativa, por mais difícil que se apresente, por considera-la absolutamente necessária, de se conciliar o capitalismo individualista e egocêntrico com um novo humanismo, ainda em gestação, antropofilíaco , para que se instaure com ele, também, um novo capitalismo, humanista, com fundamento na fraternidade, na solidariedade e na dignidade humana. Por derradeiro, faz-se a análise da relação entre o princípio da proporcionalidade e a dignidade humana, visando posteriormente o melhor enfrentamento das questões, cruciais, resultantes de colisões entre direitos fundamentais e/ou princípios fundamentais, a fim de que se preserve o conteúdo essencial de todo direito fundamental e do próprio Estado Democrático de Direito, precisamente, a dignidade humana, que avulta como o que há de mais importante a ser preservado, preservando-nos. Em um segundo momento, é analisada a questão da flexibilização do direito do trabalho (das condições de trabalho), apontando, neste aspecto, as inconstitucionalidades da atual Lei de Falências e Recuperação de Empresas (Lei nº 11.101/05) e também do Projeto de Código Comercial Brasileiro (PL nº 1572/2011), via princípio da proporcionalidade, entendido como meio inafastável de realização da dignidade humana e do Estado Democrático de Direito
43
Šimkūnaitė, Lina. „Atskyrimo principas ginkluotuose konfliktuose“. Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20120124_142338-49814.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Atskyrimo principas ginkluotuose konfliktuose yra tarptautinės humanitarinės teisės
pagrindas, reikalaujantis, kad konflikto šalys visuomet skirtų civilius gyventojus ir kombatantus,
civilinius ir karinius objektus. Tačiau dėl visuotinės privatizacijos padidėjus civilių ir privačių
kompanijų, dalyvaujančių ginkluotuose konfliktuose, skaičiui bei nuolat tobulėjant karinėms
technologijoms, riba tarp civilių ir kombatantų ėmė nykti. Norėdami pritaikyti atskyrimo principą
šiuolaikiniams ginkluotiems konfliktams, šiame darbe, visų pirma, analizavome tiesioginio
dalyvavimo karo veiksmuose įtaką šio principo taikymui ir nustatėm, kad asmeniui, tiesiogiai
dalyvaujančiam karo veiksmuose, atskyrimo principas nebetaikomas, jis tampa teisėtu kariniu
taikiniu ir praranda apsaugą nuo karo veiksmų keliamų pavojų. Tiesioginiu dalyvavimu karo
veiksmuose siūlėme laikyti veiksmus, atitinkančius žalos masto, tiesioginio priežastinio ryšio tarp
atliekamo veiksmo ir kilusios ar kilsiančios žalos ir ryšio su ginkluotu konfliktu bei viena iš
konflikto šalių reikalavimus. Visų antra, nagrinėjome atskyrimo principo ginkluotuose konfliktuose
taikymą PKSK personalo atžvilgiu. Nustatėme, kad dalis PKSK darbuotojų galėtų būti laikomi
kombatantais ir dėl to taptų teisėtais kariniais taikiniai, jiems atskyrimo principas taikomas nebūtų,
tačiau kita dalis PKSK turėtų būti laikomi civiliais ir tol, kol jie tiesiogiai nedalyvauja karo
veiksmuose, jiems būtų taikoma apsauga nuo karo veiksmų keliamų pavojų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]The principle of distinction in armed conflicts is the corner stone of international humanitarian law, requiring that the Parties to the conflict would at all times distinguish between the civilian population and combatants and between civilian objects and military objectives. But because of the increased number of civilians and private companies participating in armed conflicts due to the global privatisation and permanent technological improvement of military equipment, the line between civilians and combatants begin to blur. In order to apply the principle of distinction to modern armed conflicts, firstly, we analysed an influence of direct participation in hostilities to the application of the principle of distinction and determined that for person who directly participates in armed conflicts the principle of distinction is no longer applicable and this person becomes a legal military target with no general protection against dangers arising from military operations. An act which is considered to be direct participation in hostilities should meet the requirements of threshold of harm, direct causation and belligerent nexus. Secondly, we studied the application of the principle of distinction to the personnel of private military and security companies in armed conflicts and determined that part of this personnel might be considered combatants and because of that become lawful military targets to whom the principle of distinction in no longer applicable. The other part of... [to full text]
44
Torres, Zuñiga Natalia. „Justiciability of regressive measures of social rights. Some reflections about their judicial protection in Latin America“. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115938.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
This article has as aim to reflect about the protection of economic, social and cultural rights before the regressive measures adopted by governments in Latin America, as well as of the different levels of jurisdictional tutelage that those receive. The document develops the concept of a regressive measure and the scope of the non-regression principle, furthermore, it shows the experience of the Constitutional Courts from Peru and Colombia and the organs of the Interamerican System of Human Rights regarding the protection of social rights.El presente artículo tiene por propósito plantear una reflexión sobre la protección jurisdiccional que reciben los derechos sociales frente a la adopción de medidas regresivas en Latinoamérica por parte de los Estados, así como de los diversos grados de tutela jurisdiccional que aquellos reciben. El artículo desarrolla la noción de regresividad y los alcances del principio de prohibición de regresividad, así como la experiencia de las Cortes Constitucionales de Perú y Colombia y de los órganos el Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos en torno a la protección de los derechos sociales.
45
Guilmain, Antoine. „Le principe de proportionnalité à l'aune des technologies de l'information : pour une modernisation en modération de la procédure civile“. Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01D007.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Depuis le 1er janvier 2016, un nouveau Code de procédure civile est entré en vigueur pour faire passer la justice civile québécoise au XXIe siècle. Bien plus qu’une simple réforme, c’est une « nouvelle culture judiciaire » qui est encouragée, assurant des solutions adaptées aux besoins des justiciables. Dans cette perspective, il convient désormais, selon la lettre du Code, de «privilégier l’utilisation de tout moyen technologique approprié», c’est-à-dire satisfaisant au principe de proportionnalité. Une telle proposition, anodine de prime abord, est en réalité assez inédite : un principe relativement ancien – la proportionnalité procédurale – vient réguler un objet nouveau – les technologies de l’information. La présente thèse vise en ce sens à identifier toutes les ramifications et implications d’une telle approche, et ce, en deux temps successifs. Dans un premier temps, nous délimiterons la notion juridique de proportionnalité procédurale, qui a été relativement peu étudiée jusqu’à présent. Quant à ses origines, le principe de proportionnalité remonte à des millénaires avant notre ère, et n’a cessé de gagner de l’importance dans de nombreux domaines de droit : c’est donc l’histoire d’un «succès en puissance». Néanmoins, ce n’est qu’au milieu du XXe siècle, dans un contexte de crise de la justice civile et sous l’influence des théories utilitaristes, que la proportionnalité s’est développée en procédure civile (d’abord aux États-Unis, puis en Angleterre, pour ensuite percoler dans plusieurs autres juridictions). Ainsi, au Québec, la proportionnalité est aujourd’hui érigée en principe directeur de la procédure civile, qui porterait un véritable «effet système». Cette réussite n’est toutefois pas unanime puisque d’autres pays civilistes, dont la France au premier plan, relèguent la proportionnalité à l’état de simple concept, à la croisée de nouveaux principes managériaux (qualité, efficacité, célérité, etc.). Dans un deuxième temps, nous dégagerons l’action technologique que peut jouer le principe de proportionnalité procédurale. Selon nous, la nouvelle «procédure technologique», fondée sur la transmission technologique des actes et les technologies audiovisuelles, est insuffisante à elle seule : il s’agit d’un amas de règles techniques, sans cohérence, sans cohésion, trop mécaniques. Le principe de proportionnalité, appliquée aux moyens technologiques, apparaît alors comme une piste intéressante pour unifier et humaniser cette procédure technologique. Concrètement, le tribunal devrait autoriser, refuser ou ordonner le recours aux moyens technologiques selon une appréciation in concreto et in globo des intérêts en jeu. Par exemple, dans le cas d’un litige complexe, un témoignage à distance du témoin principal par Skype qui vivrait à côté du Palais de justice, devrait être refusé, car manifestement disproportionné. On voit alors poindre un sous-principe émergent de «proportionnalité technologique» qui aurait sa propre définition, son propre test, ses propres finalités. Plus avant, le juge devrait désormais assumer un nouvel office par rapport aux technologies de l’information, notamment en faisant des choix technologiques, en assurant une forme de Technology Assessment. Au bout du compte, une telle approche, qui se développe dans le contexte québécois, offre un discours assez inédit sur la technique en procédure civile : la proportionnalité n’est ni reniée (passé, tradition, juridico), les technologies ne sont ni rejetées (avenir, innovation, technico), l’un et l’autre doivent être indissociables. C’est donc un message en trois mots que porte la présente thèse : modernisation en modérationJanuary 1, 2016 marked the entry into force of the new Code of Civil Procedure, leading Québec’s civil justice system into the 21st century. This new Code is much more than a simple reform; rather, it encourages a wholly “new legal culture” by providing solutions adapted to the needs of its citizens. As such, to quote the Code itself, “appropriate technological means should be used whenever possible”, i.e. conforming to the principle of proportionality. This proposition may appear trivial upon first glance, but actually contains a fairly innovative reality: a well-established principle – that of procedural proportionality – now regulates a new area of activities – being information technologies. This thesis aims to identify all of the ramifications and implications of this application and will do so in two steps. First, we will begin by defining the legal concept of procedural proportionality, which has been relatively little studied until now. As to its origins, the concept of proportionality itself goes back millennia and, throughout time, has gained prominence in several fields of law: it is therefore the story of an ever-growing trend. That being said, it was only in the middle of the 20th century, against a backdrop of civil justice crises and under the influence of utilitarian theory, that proportionality was introduced as a matter of civil procedure (first in the United States, then in England, to finally percolate into other jurisdictions). In Québec, proportionality is today a guiding principle of procedure, which qualification has had a genuinely systemic effect. This gain is however not unanimous, as several other civil jurisdictions, France being the first, relegates proportionality to the rank of mere concept, theoretically located at the intersection of new managerial principles of civil procedure (such as quality, efficiency, celerity, etc.) In a second step, we will examine the practical technological effects of the principle of procedural proportionality. In our opinion, what we call “technological procedure” based on electronic transmission of documents and audiovisual technologies is insufficient in and by itself: it is only a mass of technical rules, without coherence or cohesion, much too mechanical. The principle of proportionality, applied to technologies, is therefore an interesting way to unify and humanise technological procedure. Concretely speaking, this means that a court should authorize, refuse or order the use of technologies according to an in concreto and in globo analysis of the interests at stake. For instance, in the case of a complex litigation, the use of Skype for the remote testimony of a main witness who lives next to the courthouse should be refused, since it is manifestly disproportional. In this manner, we are witnessing the emergence of a new sub-principle, what we call “technological proportionality” herein, which has its own definition, test and finalities. Furthermore, judges will henceforth have to assume a new role with respect to information technologies, notably by making technological choices and performing a form of “technology assessment”. In the end, such an approach, as it develops in Québec, offers a novel discussion on technology in civil procedure: neither proportionality (ancient, traditional, legal) nor technologies (futuristic, innovative, high-tech) are rejected; in fact, one cannot be dissociated from the other. The message of this thesis can therefore be summarised by three simple words: modernization in moderation
46
Blandin, Yannick. „Sûretés et bien circulant : contribution à la réception d'une sûreté réelle globale“. Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020045/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Les sûretés sur les biens du professionnel constituent un instrument central d'accès au crédit. Malgré de nombreuses initiatives, le dispositif permettant l'affectation en garantie des biens voués à circuler, ainsi notamment des stocks, reste inadapté. L'édifice légal, complexe et contraire aux objectifs poursuivis, s'oppose à l'utilisation de ces biens circulants comme assiette de sûreté. La présente thèse identifie les améliorations nécessaires à la modernisation du droit des sûretés réelles et, ce faisant, esquisse les contours d'une institution nouvelle de garantie de nature à faciliter les concours aux entreprises, la sûreté globaleSecurities on the professional's properties form a significant way of accessing to credit. Despite many initiatives, means that enable to hold estates as security, such as stocks of goods, are not fully satisfying. The legal edifice, complex and opposed to the aim expected, prevents from using circulating assets as the basis of guarantee.This thesis identifies how to make required improvements to modernize the real security law, and so as to outline a new guarantee tool that makes the access to credit easier for companies, the global security
47
Martinez, Neto Aldo Augusto. „Cláusula de não concorrência no contrato de trabalho: licitude e direitos fundamentais“. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2012. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/5932.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Aldo Augusto Martinez Neto.pdf: 757911 bytes, checksum: 1c69678c8e3179bcd8642b3584bfe737 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2012-09-18The overcoming of legal positivism, as well as recognition of the normative force of the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil, led the incidence of human rights in private relations, among them labor relations with emphasis on employment agreement. As employees and employers are both holders of human rights, there are situations in which it checks for collision between the opposing fundamental rights. In order to solve the contradiction of human rights it is necessary to apply the principle of proportionality (adequacy, necessity and proportionality in the strict sense). We applied the principle of proportionality to reexamine the assumptions of non-compete clause to be effective after employment agreement termination in view of the collision between employees‟ human rights of freedom of work and employer's human rights of property. Applying the principle of proportionality it is possible to conclude that non-competition clause is in compliance with Brazilian labor legislation if the agreement observes the following assumptions: (i) justification for the restriction cause, (ii) temporal and geographical limitations, (iii) description of the activities and constraint of the object and (iv) financial compensation
A superação do positivismo jurídico, bem como o reconhecimento da força normativa da Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil (CRFB), propiciaram a incidência dos direitos fundamentais nas relações privadas, dentre elas as relações trabalhistas, com ênfase no contrato individual do trabalho. Como empregados e empregadores são ambos titulares de direitos fundamentais, há situações em que se verifica a existência de colisão entre os direitos fundamentais opostos. Para solucionar esta antinomia de direitos fundamentais recorre-se ao princípio da proporcionalidade (adequação, necessidade e proporcionalidade em sentido estrito). Aplicou-se o princípio da proporcionalidade para examinar os pressupostos de licitude da cláusula de não concorrência com vigência após o encerramento do contrato individual do trabalho em vistas à colisão entre os direitos fundamentais de liberdade de trabalho do empregado e de propriedade do empregador. Através do princípio da proporcionalidade chega-se à conclusão da licitude da cláusula de não concorrência desde que observados os seguintes pressupostos: (i) motivação da restrição, (ii) limitação temporal e geográfica, (iii) descrição das atividades objeto da restrição e (iv) compensação financeira
48
Costa, Rodrigo de Campos. „Formas de enfrentamento à criminalidade organizada“. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2011. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/5647.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:20:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Rodrigo de Campos Costa.pdf: 1073563 bytes, checksum: 1b76a957a9efc81c59983f1b5391296d (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2011-08-09The purpose of this paper is to analyse Criminal Law in relation to the fight against organized crime. The evolution of Criminal Law was outlined, starting with the main penal schools and also with the dogmatic lines of thought, from Causalism to Functionalism. Considering the legal interest as Criminal Law's main objective, parameters based on constitutional values were established for its definition. The analysis of the legal interest was double folded, having been classified as being of both individual and universal nature, thus enabling the defence of the constitutionality of crimes of abstract danger. The warrants of criminalization, whose fundamentals oblige the infra-constitutional legislator to protect the legal interest elected by the Constitution, were object of analysis. As for organized crime, its evolution as a social and legal phenomenon was analysed, focusing on the history of Brazilian legislation, from the Imperial Penal Code to today's Law 9.034/95. The analysis of the concept of organized crime was based on the concept taken from the Palermo Convention, more open and permissive, so as not to restrict legislation on the account of the effects of the advance of globalization. Thus, in order to establish the concept of organized crime, its characteristics were identified insisting on the need for legal definition. The investigation tools of the Law 9.034/95 were also analysed, following legitimizing arguments. Lastly, the Enemy's Criminal Law and the Right to Safety were analysed as ways to interpret and provide justification for legislations both from penal as well as processual order in the fight against organized crime. From the research done, we conclude for the interpretation of the Right to Safety as a fundamental right, in its objective acception, based on imperatives of tutelage. The collision between constitutional principles must be solved through the application of the principle of proportionality
O objetivo do presente trabalho consiste na análise do Direito Penal, no que diz respeito ao enfrentamento da criminalidade organizada. Foi delineada evolução do Direito Penal, com início nas principais escolas penais e também através das linhas do pensamento dogmático, do causalismo ao funcionalismo. Com norte no bem jurídico, como finalidade do Direito Penal, foram estabelecidos parâmetros para sua definição, ancorado nos valores constitucionais. O bem jurídico foi cindido em sua análise, sendo classificado como de natureza individual e universal, classificação essa que permitiu defender a constitucionalidade dos crimes de perigo abstrato. Foram objeto de análise os mandados de criminalização, cuja fundamentação, obriga o legislador infraconstitucional à proteção do bem eleito pela Constituição. Quanto ao crime organizado, foi analisada sua evolução enquanto fenômeno social e jurídico. Foi objeto de análise a história da legislação brasileira, desde o Código Penal do Império até a atual Lei 9.034/95. Na análise do conceito do crime organizado, levou-se em consideração o conceito previsto pela Convenção de Palermo, mais aberto e permissivo, de modo a não engessar a legislação, devido aos efeitos do avanço da globalização, de modo que para estabelecer o conceito foram identificadas suas características, firmando ainda posicionamento pela necessidade de definição legal. Os instrumentos de investigação da Lei 9.034/95 também foram analisados, firmando-se por argumentos legitimadores. Por fim, foram analisados o Direito Penal do Inimigo e o Direito à Segurança, como formas de se interpretar e fundamentar legislações tanto de ordem penal como processual no enfrentamento à criminalidade organizada. Pela pesquisa feita, posicionamo-nos no sentido de interpretar o Direito à Segurança, como um direito fundamental, na acepção objetiva, com base nos imperativos de tutela. A colisão de princípios constitucionais deve ser sanada através da aplicação do princípio da proporcionalidade
49
Faria, Júnior César de. „O processo penal do inimigo, os direitos e garantias fundamentias e o principio da proporcionalidade“. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito da UFBA, 2010. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/10711.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-11T19:20:49Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
Faria Júnior.pdf: 1243418 bytes, checksum: c97a3d870c80517f1ea1e90781ee3766 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-09T17:23:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Faria Júnior.pdf: 1243418 bytes, checksum: c97a3d870c80517f1ea1e90781ee3766 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-09T17:23:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Faria Júnior.pdf: 1243418 bytes, checksum: c97a3d870c80517f1ea1e90781ee3766 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010
A partir da analise crítica do direito penal do inimigo tal como concebido por Jakobs, destinado aos que deliberadamente por principio e de forma reiterada violam as normas do contrato social chega-se ao processo penal do inimigo o qual nao mereceu tratamento distintivo na tese do citado autor tedesco mas pode ser identificado quando ele propoe a flexibilizaçao ou supressao de garantias processuais. A existencia do processo penal do inimigo que ficou mais nitida em nivel mundial com o recrudescimento do sistema penal após o atentado terrorista às Torres Gêmeas do World Trade Center em Nova Iorque ocorrido no dia 11 de setembro de 2001 afigura-se ainda mais deletéria do que a do "Direito Penal do Inimigo". Não se nega aqui a ocorrência de uma relação instrumental e de uma complementariedade funcional entre o Direito Penal e o Processo Penal constituindo-se o processo como um meio de se atingir os fins previstos no direito material. Todavia, com o fenômeno da "Constitucionalização do Direito" o processo penal para além da realização do direito penal há de ser compreendido como mecanismo de materialização dos direitos e garantias fundamentais reafirmando-se sua instrumentalidade mas agora sob o viés constitucional. Neste prisma à luz do principio da supremacia da Constituição não se pode admitir sob qualquer argumento um "Processo Penal do Inimigo" no qual prevalece a supressão de garantias processuais num modelo de Estado Democrático e de Direito edificado com base no principio da dignidade da pessoa humana. Dessa forma mesmo considerando que os direitos e garantias fundamentais não são absolutos e que a colisão entre eles é bastante comum em um texto constitucional repudia-se a recorrente manipulação do principio da proporcionalidade como forma de atingir a máxima restrição desses direitos. Não obstante não se tenha no Brasil um inimigo específico claramente segmentado e determinado, não se pode olvidar que a escolha dos "inimigos de ocasião" obedece não somente à lógica do linchamento, mas, sobretudo à lógica do linchamento, mas sobretudo à lógica dos detentores do poder. Apresenta-se por fim no panorama nacional, conforme analiticamente comprovado a triste realidade própria de um país de democracia tardia de um precedente uma exceção aos valores e garantias constitucionais tornando-se arbitrariamente regra geral, contaminando o Processo Penal do Cidadão. De sorte que, onquanto não se possa afirmar a existência de um Processo Penal do Inimigo no Brasil também não se pode dizer que exista o que aqui se denominou Processo Penal do Cidadão. Afinal num Estado Democrático de Direito não se pode admitir a existência de ïnimigo" ou "amigo" mas somente a de "culpado" ou "inocente" não se reconhecendo por conseguinte o Processo Penal do Inimigo como Direito. Portanto esse trabalho representa em síntese uma defesa veemente do Direito Processual Penal que só pode ser assim concebido como Constitucional e do Cidadão.
Salvador
50
Kalhor, Alireza. „La participation directe dans les conflits armés et la notion de combattant : l'externalisation des activités militaires“. Thesis, Lille 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL20001.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
La notion de participation directe aux hostilités n’a jamais été définie de manière précise au regard du droit international humanitaire. Cette ambiguïté a conduit à des interprétations divergentes du concept d’hostilités et des critères juridiques utilisés pour définir une participation directe par opposition à une participation indirecte (effort de guerre).D’ailleurs, les conflits contemporains posent de nouveaux défis quant à la définition et la mise en oeuvre de la notion de la participation directe aux hostilités. Les moyens de guerre de haute technicité (l’attaque de réseaux informatiques) et l’externalisation des forces armées (sociétés militaire privées), illustrent l’imbrication croissante des activités civiles et militaires et la difficulté à identifier précisément qui participe directement aux hostilités et quelles sont les mesures à prendre pour protéger ceux qui n’y participent pas directementThe notion of direct participation in hostilities has never been precisely defined in international humanitarian law. This ambiguity has led to differing interpretations of the concept of hostilities and legal criteria imply a distinction from direct participation in hostilities as opposed indirect participation (war effort).Indeed, contemporary conflicts have given rise to further challenges in terms of defining and implementing the notion of direct participation in hostilities. The use of high-tech warfare (computer network attack), privatization of the armed forces (private military company), among others, illustrate the increased intermingling of civilian and military activities which make it difficult to determine who is taking a direct part in hostilities and what measures should be taken to protect those who are not directly participating