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Zobnina, Tat’yana V., und Lyubov’ P. Kislyakova. „STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE LEVEL OF SUBJECTIVE CONTROL AND WILLPOWER IN STUDENTS - FUTURE TEACHERS“. Vestnik Kostroma State University. Series: Pedagogy. Psychology. Sociokinetics, Nr. 1 (2020): 92–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216//2073-1426-2020-26-1-92-95.
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Responsible human behaviour in life involves overcoming diffi culties, taking on additional responsibilities, which is accompanied by considerable willpower. However, to date, the relationship between the locus of control and the ability to volitional effort has not been fully studied. This article presents the results of the authors‘ correlation and regression analysis of the relationship between the locus of control and willpower in students – future teachers. The empirical study was attended by university students studying in pedagogic areas of training. As a result of the study, a positive statistically signifi cant relationship was established between the level of general internality of students and the generalised indicator of willpower. Statistically signifi cant correlations between the level of willpower and the level of subjective control in the fi eld of achievements, failures, and family relationships are revealed. It is determined that willpower is a predictor of the general level of internality of students-teachers, as well as their internality in the fi eld of achievements, failures, and family relationships. It is shown that students with a high level of subjective control statistically signifi cantly outperform students with a low level of subjective control in the generalised indicator of willpower.
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Ambartsumyan, Natalia Alexandrovna, Olga Sergeevna Tolstykh, Elena Gennadyevna Kostenko, Alexander Petrovich Kostenko und Elena Sergeevna Kozyr. „THE INFLUENCE OF BASKETBALL ON THE LEVEL OF PHYSICAL FITNESS OF 8TH GRADE STUDENTS“. Chronos 6, Nr. 8(58) (13.08.2021): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.52013/2658-7556-58-8-10.
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The paper presents a technique aimed at improving the level of physical fitness of students of the 8th grades, using basketball tools. The results of the study confirmed that the use of relay races with elements of basketball effectively affect the development of physical qualities necessary for students of the 8th grades to form willpower and character, a sense of responsibility and teamwork
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Kong, YuSheng, Rabnawaz Khan und Mohammad Imran. „Willpower of Retentive Factors in Job Level and Recital Human Resource Management in Project“. International Journal of Learning and Development 8, Nr. 1 (04.03.2018): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijld.v8i1.12173.
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This research will focus on the “Willpower Of Retentive Factors In Job Level And Recital Human Resource Management In Project”, it’s based differences in project human resource management as an application of the John Bauknecht (2008) study “Embattled Worker Retention: Performance-Based and Job-R elated Differences in Reported Reasons for Staying” in the various production and engineering industrial projects of southern Punjab considering Project Human Resource Management as a fundamental basic function of project administration.This study has its importance in life of a student from different aspects. As for as this study is part of students degree award. It helps students to gain a practical knowledge of the organization and compare it with the theoretical knowledge gained during the four years course of study. Personally this study helped me recognize my abilities and suitability to work in industrial sector of Punjab.
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Beeken, Rebecca J., und Jane Wardle. „Public beliefs about the causes of obesity and attitudes towards policy initiatives in Great Britain“. Public Health Nutrition 16, Nr. 12 (18.07.2013): 2132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980013001821.
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AbstractObjectiveTo assess attributions for overweight and the level of support for policy initiatives in Great Britain.DesignCross-sectional. Respondents indicated their agreement (5-point scales: strongly disagree to strongly agree) to three potential causes of overweight (environment, genes, willpower) and five policies (free weight-loss treatment, taxing unhealthy foods, healthy lifestyle campaigns, food labelling, advertising restrictions).SettingData were collected as part of a computer-assisted, face-to-face Omnibus survey of adults (aged >15 years) from across Great Britain in April 2012 carried out by a market research company.SubjectsA population-representative sample of British adults (n 1986).ResultsMore people attributed overweight to the food environment (61 %) and lack of willpower (57 %) than to genes (45 %). Policy support was highest for healthy lifestyle campaigns (71 %) and food labelling (66 %), and lowest for taxing unhealthy foods (32 %). Food environment attributions were associated with higher support for all policies (P < 0·001). Genetic attributions were associated with higher support for free weight-loss treatments and healthy lifestyle campaigns (P < 0·001), but not other policies. Attributions to lack of willpower were not associated differentially with support for any policies (P > 0·01).ConclusionsBelief that overweight is caused by the food environment or genes – both seen as outside individual control – was associated with greater support for government policies to prevent and treat obesity. Improving awareness of the multiple causes of obesity could facilitate acceptance of policy action to reduce obesity prevalence.
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Shah, Rakhee, und Ann Hagell. „Public health for paediatricians:How can behavioural economics help to make paediatric practice more effective?“ Archives of disease in childhood - Education & practice edition 104, Nr. 3 (15.09.2018): 146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2018-315229.
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Understanding the principles of behavioural economics is important for paediatricians because behavioural economics offers ideas to help improve the quality of paediatric care. It can also be used to inform health interventions/policy at a population level. This paper summarises key behavioural economic concepts such as bounded rationality, bounded willpower and social influence, explaining how they can be used to shape healthy behaviours in children and adolescents. Case studies of interventions that have used behavioural economics principles (sometimes called ‘nudge theory’) are provided.
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Wojciechowska, Mariola, Wiesława Sotwin und Monika Szpringer. „The influence of willpower and implementation of intention on subjective evaluation of the level of achieving personal goals“. Medical Studies 35, Nr. 4 (2019): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/ms.2019.91241.
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Bernecker, Katharina, und Jule Kramer. „Implicit theories about willpower are associated with exercise levels during the academic examination period.“ Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology 9, Nr. 2 (Mai 2020): 216–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/spy0000182.
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Ludwig, Vera U., Kirk Warren Brown und Judson A. Brewer. „Self-Regulation Without Force: Can Awareness Leverage Reward to Drive Behavior Change?“ Perspectives on Psychological Science 15, Nr. 6 (28.08.2020): 1382–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691620931460.
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To reach longer-term goals and live aligned with their values, people typically must regulate their behavior. Effortful self-control is one way to achieve this and is usually framed as a forceful struggle between lower-level impulses and higher-level cognitive control processes. For example, people may restrain themselves from eating cake in order to lose weight. An alternative avenue of self-regulation draws on autonomous motivation: Individuals eat healthfully because it is values-congruent or intrinsically satisfying. Recent advances in the understanding of reward valuation on a neural level (e.g., ventromedial prefrontal cortex/orbitofrontal cortex) and emerging treatments on a clinical level (e.g., mindfulness training) suggest a possible mechanistic convergence between brain and behavior that is consistent with a shift from forced to unforced behavior change. Here we propose how an overlooked aspect of reinforcement learning can be leveraged using a simple yet critical feature of experience that is not reliant on willpower: Bringing awareness to one’s subjective experience and behavior can produce a change in valuation of learned but unhealthy behaviors, leading to self-regulatory shifts that result in sustainable behavior change without force.
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Daniel, D. A., und M. C. Sama. „Regional Integration and Infrastructure Development: Challenges and Opportunities for Côte d’Ivoire“. Journal of Infrastructure Development 12, Nr. 2 (Dezember 2020): 139–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974930620961478.
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This study used both purposive and stratified sampling techniques, the contribution of regional integration on financing infrastructural project, and regional policy on infrastructural management and technical skills in Côte d’Ivoire was assessed. The study found that over 80 per cent of respondents agreed that regional integration would increase infrastructural project financing evidenced by the country-specific plan for 2020–2022 under the African Development Bank. Moreover, 69 per cent of respondents agreed that the impacts of regional policy on infrastructural management and technical skill have positive effect on the economic development in Côte d’Ivoire. However, there was a significant difference (chi-square value = 0.042, p < 0.05) between the level of education and perception on policy, while the relationship between infrastructure financing and education level was insignificant. Despite the number of challenges limiting regional integration, there are more opportunities through continental and regional programmes and political willpower of Côte d’Ivoire for a successful integration. The study recommends that awareness of regional integration be increased to enhance the knowledge of citizens for easy adoption of regional policy into national activities for infrastructural development.
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Pleshakova, E. A., N. V. Ivashchuk und A. P. Makurina. „Psychological risk factors of social maladjustment and protective factors in alcohol-dependent women“. Psychology and Law 10, Nr. 2 (2015): 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/psylaw.2015100206.
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The paper analyzes the psychological characteristics of alcohol-dependent women, including the particularities of subjective psychological symptomatic status, psychological well-being, motivation, social desirability and self-esteem. We tested the hypothesis that: 1) alcohol-dependent women expressed less motivation of social desirability and expressed more subjectively perceived symptoms in comparison with normal; 2) alcohol-dependent women have lower levels of well-being, self-esteem and level of aspiration in comparison with the conventional norm. The experimental group consisted of 46 women (mean age 45 years) who are dependent on alcohol. The comparison group included 33 women with normal behavior who are not dependent on alcohol (the average age 33 years). We have found that a statistically significant contribution to the classification of women in a group of alcohol-dependent is made by low self-esteem, high levels of anxiety, low real self-evaluation of their success in business, willpower and mental health, low ideal self-evaluation in terms of the happiness and mind, achievable self-evaluation in terms of the happiness and visual attractiveness, the average level of the personal growth as basic component of well-being.
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Magauova, Akmaral, Gulmira Kassen, Aigul Iskakova, Zhadyra Yermekova und Perizat Seiitkazy. „The problem of research and prevention of bullying in the school environment: analytical and practical aspects“. E3S Web of Conferences 210 (2020): 16023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021016023.
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The article considers the problem of studying and preventing, and also presents the results of the authors' practical experience - an express study to identify bullying in schools in Almaty. An analysis of the experience of foreign countries in preventing bullying shows that many of their programs are aimed at attracting all members of the teaching staff. The authors substantiate the fact that most programs do not take into account the potential "internal" resources of potential victims of bullying. The purpose of this study is an analytical study and practical justification of the problem of bullying in the school environment based on rapid research in teenage high schools. Some general characteristics typical of children at risk of bullying were noted on the basis of the results of Diagnostic methods: high level of anxiety, emotional lability, emotional volitional instability, timidity, low self-esteem, inadequate level of claims, low concentration of attention, avoidance - as the main strategy to overcome conflict situations. A “risk group” was identified based on the results of diagnostics and emotional development programs “World of Emotions” and trainings to develop skills to combat bullying, and “potential victims of bullying” were conducted with this risk group. The results showed positive dynamics, which confirmed the assumption that students need to develop skills to combat bullying - skills to combat bullying, such as: emotional stability, stability, poise, willpower, mental strength and so on.
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Filipović, Aleksa. „The impact of right-wing populist parties upon national policy with regards to the Russian Federation: the case of the Progress Party (Norway) and the Danish People's Party“. Международные отношения, Nr. 3 (März 2020): 18–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0641.2020.3.32336.
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The goal of this research consists in determination of impact of the Progress Party (Norway) and the Danish People's Party upon the policy of their national governments with regards to Russia. The Progress Party used to be member of the Norwegian government coalition from 2013 to 2020, while the Danish People's Party supported the Danish coalition governments from 2015 to 2019. The analysis of the origin, ideologies, political agenda, and policy of the parties give a more accurate explanation on their position towards Russia, as well as defines the level of their political willpower in influencing the government policy thereof. Research methodology is comprised of content analysis used in examination of the official documents of the Progress Party and the Danish People's Party, comparative analysis used in considering political programs of both parties, as well as various election results and other corresponding data. The conclusion is made that both parties have considerable impact upon the state policy of their countries with regards to the Russian Federation. Moreover, both of them demonstrated no political interest in making Russia the key vector in their foreign policy programs. Being neither of Russophile nor Russophobic nature, their presence in the government did not become the reason for deterioration or improvement of relations with Russia.
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Supples, Michael W., Madison K. Rivard, Rebecca E. Cash, Kirsten Chrzan, Ashish R. Panchal und Henderson D. McGinnis. „Barriers to Physical Activity Among Emergency Medical Services Professionals“. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 18, Nr. 3 (01.03.2021): 304–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2020-0305.
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Background: Emergency medical services (EMS) professionals demonstrate low adherence to physical activity guidelines and experience a high prevalence of obesity and incidence of injury. The authors investigate the barriers to participating in physical activity among EMS professionals. Methods: The EMS professionals employed by 15 North Carolina EMS agencies were surveyed with validated items. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval) of not meeting physical activity guidelines for each barrier to being active, controlling for age, sex, body mass index category, race/ethnicity, certification and education level, and work hours. Results: A total of 1367 EMS professionals were invited to participate, and 359 complete responses were recorded. Half of the respondents (48.2%) met Centers for Disease Control and Prevention physical activity guidelines. According to standard body mass index categories, 55.9% were obese. There were increased odds of not meeting physical activity guidelines for the following barriers: lack of energy (5.32, 3.12–9.09), lack of willpower (4.31, 2.57–7.22), lack of time (3.55, 2.12–5.94), social influence (3.02, 1.66–5.48), and lack of resources (2.14, 1.12–4.11). The barriers of fear of injury and lack of skill were not associated with meeting physical activity guidelines. Conclusion: Half of EMS professionals did not meet physical activity guidelines, and the majority were obese. Significant associations exist between several modifiable barriers and not meeting physical activity guidelines.
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De Leon, Angela, James Roemmich und Shanon Casperson. „Barriers to Adherence to a Weight Loss Diet Using the Nominal Group Technique“. Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (29.05.2020): 1297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa059_014.
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Abstract Objectives At any given time, a large percentage of the female population, especially those of childbearing age, is engaged in some form of weight loss behavior. Although numerous weight loss plans and diets have been shown to achieve weight loss in the short term, the long-term maintenance of weight loss is modest at best. The identification of factors associated with difficulty adhering to a weight loss diet and sustaining weight loss maintenance is paramount to improving the long-term success of weight loss interventions. Methods As part of a study investigating the effects of dietary protein distribution on weight loss in women (N = 33; age = 33 ± 8; BMI = 36 ± 4), we conducted a series of nominal group technique (NGT) sessions aimed at identifying perceived barriers to adherence to a weight-loss diet. NGT generates a large number of unique responses to a specific research question, in this case, factors that make it hard to stick to a weight-loss diet. Responses from all NGT sessions were then aggregated and grouped into major themes to create an overall thematic framework of highest ranking responses. Results The major themes to emerge were individual- and environmental-level barriers. Individual-level themes rated the most highly by the groups were knowledge, cravings, emotions, habits, impatience, and willpower—specifically, knowing when to stop eating, being able to control cravings and emotional eating, and sustaining dietary lifestyle changes. The highest ranking environmental-level themes included family/social, time constraints, eating out, food being present, and cost. Events that bring people together, especially those centered around food and drink, and busy schedules were particularly challenging for women's efforts to stay “on track” with their weight control goals. Conclusions Our findings provide a rich depiction of the barriers that women find most salient in adhering to a weight-loss diet. These results highlight the importance of understanding the intricate interplay between individual- and environmental-level factors that make achieving and maintaining a healthy body weight difficult. This information can be used to inform the planning and implementation of behavioral weight-loss interventions in women. Funding Sources The United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service and the North Dakota Beef Commission.
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Santas, Aristotelis. „Willpower“. International Journal of Applied Philosophy 4, Nr. 2 (1988): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ijap1988422.
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Kugelmann, Robert. „Willpower“. Theory & Psychology 23, Nr. 4 (19.06.2013): 479–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959354313490244.
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Ahmed, Rezhna, und Ronak Hussain. „Physical Activity and Perceived Barriers among Type2 Diabetic Patients in Erbil City“. Erbil Journal of Nursing and Midwifery 3, Nr. 2 (30.11.2020): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.15218/ejnm.2020.12.
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Background and objectives: Physical activity is necessary for providing a healthy lifestyle, improving quality of life, controlling diabetes mellitus and promoting glycemic control. The aim of the study was to assess physical activity and to determine barriers to physical activity among type 2 diabetic patients in Erbil city. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 type 2 diabetic patients, attending Layla Qasim Center in Erbil City during May 27 to 30 August 2019. Data was col-lected using an interview based questionnaire to obtain socio-demographic data, clinical characteristics, Physical activity assessed using Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) and standardized questionnaire developed by the Centers of Diseases Control and Prevention for determining barriers of physical activity. Data were analyzed using descrip-tive statistical approach. Results: Participant were 400 patients with mean age of 57.0 + 9.4 years, 64.3% of the sample were females. (72.3%) of the sample were illiterate, 77.5% were either unem-ployed or housewives. 83.8% of the sample were married, 80.25% of samples had first degree relative positive family of diabetes. 56.5% of samples take oral hypoglycemic me-diactons.39.2% of samples were overweight and 83.7% of samples had poor glycemic con-trol.57.8% of participants didn’t meet recommendations (< 600 minutes per week) of physical activity. The main barriers that keeps patients from being active were lack of en-ergy (54.8%), lack of willpower (53%), and lack of skill (49.3%). Conclusions: According to the finding of the study type 2 diabetic patients had insuffi-cient physical activity to meet the recommended level necessary to achieve optimal gly-caemic control, prevent or decrease diabetic complications. Interventions should include guiding individuals to evolving recreational physical activity and overwhelming barriers to physical activity.
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Carpenter, Siri. „Waning Willpower“. Scientific American Mind 20, Nr. 4 (Juli 2009): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamericanmind0709-12b.
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Chappell, Richard Yetter. „Willpower Satisficing“. Noûs 53, Nr. 2 (27.07.2017): 251–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nous.12213.
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Griffith, Derek M., Emily K. Cornish, Sydika A. McKissic und Donnatesa A. L. Dean. „Differences in Perceptions of the Food Environment Between African American Men Who Did and Did Not Consume Recommended Levels of Fruits and Vegetables“. Health Education & Behavior 43, Nr. 6 (09.07.2016): 648–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198115626923.
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African American men have high rates of chronic disease morbidity and mortality associated with their low rates of fruit and vegetable consumption. In an effort to inform tailored behavioral interventions for this demographic, we sought to assess if men with healthier eating practices viewed their environment differently than those who ate less healthy. We segmented participants into high/low healthy eating categories based on the daily fruit and vegetable serving recommendations from the U.S. Department of Agriculture to determine if differences among environmental and social barriers were associated with different healthy eating patterns. We found key differences between men who consumed the recommended amount of fruits and vegetables (five or more servings/day, high healthy eating) and men who did not (low healthy eating). Men who consumed recommended levels of fruits and vegetables found eating healthy to be easy, and they described how they were able to overcome barriers such as the cost of healthy food, their limited knowledge of nutrition guidelines, and their lack of willpower to make healthier food choices. Men with healthier eating practices also identified individuals, plans, and resources they used or could use to help them have healthier eating practices. Conversely, men who were not eating recommended levels of fruits and vegetables also found eating healthy to be easy; however, they identified barriers limiting their access and did not articulate strategies to overcome these perceived barriers. Many of these men also indicated that they did not have social support to help them engage in healthier eating practices. These findings highlight the need to understand how African American men’s conceptualization of environmental resources and social supports relate to their eating practices.
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Dub, Vira. „FEATURES OF STUDENTS’ PROCRASTINATION“. Problems of the humanitarian sciences. Psychology Series, Nr. 47 (26.04.2021): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24919/2312-8437.47.229345.
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Abstract. The article carries out a theoretical and methodological analysis of the phenomenon of procrastination. In psychology, procrastination is understood as a constant postponement and non-fulfillment of planned tasks. It is different from a simple correction of plans or laziness. A person is well aware that non-fulfillment of certain cases can have negative consequences (non-fulfillment at all, late execution, excessive extra effort for deadlines, condemnation of relatives, lack of sleep), however. Again and again a person postpones it. That is why procrastination is often accompanied by various negative emotional states: guilt, anxiety, discomfort, a sense of inability to control the situation. Procrastination is usually manifested in activities, the result of which is very important for the individual. Students have all kinds of procrastination, but academic procrastination is the most common. Most often studentsʼs procrastination occurs in situations that involve intellectual stress, require self-organization and activity planning, with deferred remuneration, not sufficiently motivated. The classic of academic procrastination is to prepare for the exam on the last day, to write a term paper the day before the defense, or even to write it at night. Chronic procrastination is characteristic of students who have chosen the wrong specialty and the wrong educational institution, so they study without interest and try to complete educational tasks on the last day. In addition, such students show an inability to organize their activities, forgetfulness, general behavioral rigidity. There are the factors that cause procrastination in the studentʼs environment. They are psychological, socio-psychological, pedagogical and psychophysiological factors. An empirical study has shown that procrastination is common to all students, but manifests in varies degrees. There are some causes of procrastination that the students indicated. They are inability to plan, lack of time, lack of motivation, fatigue, health, too many tasks, uninteresting tasks, lack of willpower, the presence of other important tasks. It should be said that both groups with a low level of procrastination and with a high level of procrastination there are students who have a positive attitude to procrastination. They see the benefit of procrastination, explaining that they have time to have a rest, time to find more effective way to achieve a desired result, thus considering procrastination a natural state of reduced activity. In the group of students with a low level of procrastination the success rate is higher than in the groups of students with medium and high levels of procrastination. In the group of students with a low level of procrastination there is a high overall ability to self-regulate. High self-regulation of laziness is a characteristic of students with low levels of procrastination.
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Alcoba, Jesús, und Laura López. „On finding the source of human energy: The influence of famous quotations on willpower“. Europe’s Journal of Psychology 13, Nr. 4 (30.11.2017): 708–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v13i4.1372.
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Positive psychology focuses on aspects that human beings can improve, thereby enhancing their growth and happiness. One of these aspects is willpower, a quality that has been demonstrated to have various benefits on people, as widely shown in the literature. As a result, a growing body of research is attempting to establish the conditions under which an individual’s willpower can be increased. This work attempts to confirm whether the famous quotations that people often use to inspire or motivate themselves can have a real effect on willpower. Two experiments were conducted assigning randomly subjects to a group and priming them with famous quotations, and afterwards comparing their performance in a willpower task with a control group. The second experiment added a willpower depletion task before priming. As a result, primed subjects endured the willpower task significantly more time than control group, demonstrating that famous quotations related to willpower help to increase this capacity and to counteract the effect of willpower depletion.
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Karp, Tom. „Leaders need to develop their willpower“. Journal of Management Development 33, Nr. 3 (08.04.2014): 150–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmd-04-2012-0051.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the importance of willpower in acts of leadership and, if significant, how a leader should develop his or her willpower in order to take a greater leadership role. Design/methodology/approach – The objectives are achieved by a conceptually grounded discussion of the topic, while the arguments are also built upon both a recent survey of leadership acts and on related theoretical material. Findings – Willpower governs acts of leadership. Willpower is a capability that has been found to be genetic, but which also is possible to develop by raised awareness, disciplined practice, and extending one's comfort zones by exposing oneself to challenges. Willpower is a mental capability, and if leaders develop their ability to focus their time and energy management, and become more aware of their feelings, they may improve their willpower. Additionally, their energy balance matters: taking care of basics including paying attention to nutrition and to resting, as well as taking up some form of physical/mental practice may have a positive impact on a leader's willpower. Research limitations/implications – Research on willpower and its impact on leadership are scarce, and more studies are obviously needed. Since this discussion is conceptual, added empirical research is required. Practical implications – Leadership must be exercised in organisations, and willpower is an important vehicle in this respect. The implication for practicing leaders is that they need to develop their willpower. This is a capability that most people can develop by raised awareness and disciplined practice, as well as by exposing themselves to challenging tasks aimed at extending their comfort zones. Originality/value – Some argue that willpower is a quality whose exercise suggests positive outcomes in many areas of life. In leadership research, however, willpower is a capacity that is less studied. Conclusions in the paper support the argument that willpower is important for leadership, and that this is a capacity leaders should pay more attention to and develop. The paper is of value to practicing leaders who want to further extend their leadership capabilities.
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Monterosso, John, und Shan Luo. „Willpower is not synonymous with “executive function”“. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 36, Nr. 6 (Dezember 2013): 700–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x1300112x.
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AbstractKurzban et al. make a convincing case against the idea that willpower is a depleting resource. However, they do not advance a positive account of willpower. Rather than treating “willpower” as a synonym of “executive function,” we argue that the term willpower should be designated for mechanisms individuals deploy to reduce dynamic inconsistency in their behavior.
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Herbert, Wray. „The Willpower Paradox“. Scientific American Mind 21, Nr. 3 (Juli 2010): 66–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamericanmind0710-66.
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Pennesi, Daniele. „Perfectionism and willpower“. Economic Theory Bulletin 6, Nr. 1 (05.09.2017): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40505-017-0126-3.
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Orellano Colon, Elsa M., Luna S. Lugo, Ivelisse Rivera Rodríguez, Natalia Valentín Carro und Nelson Almodovar Arbelo. „3107 Understanding barriers to and facilitators of a healthy lifestyle of Hispanic adults with end stage renal disease in hemodialysis: Intensive Development and Experiences in Advancement of Research and Increased Opportunities (IDEARIO)“. Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 3, s1 (März 2019): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2019.360.
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Physical inactivity and mineral imbalances greatly contribute to morbidity and mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Barriers for engaging in physical activity and adhering to the hemodialysis diet have been reported predominantly with white participants from countries other than Puerto Rico. Therefore, this study’s aims were to explore the barriers and facilitators that Hispanic adults with end-stage renal disease encountered for engaging in physical activity and adhering to the hemodialysis diet. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Three focus groups were conducted among 19 adults living with ESRD who received services from a renal center in Puerto Rico. Sessions were recorded, transcribed, and coded first using inductive methods. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The presence of fatigue, lack of acceptance of the renal condition, and lack of knowledge of appropriate exercises for patients in hemodialysis were the most frequently reported barriers to engage in physical activities. Cost of the renal diet, limited availability of the renal diet products, the restrictive nature and the lack of Puerto Rican taste of the renal diet, and inadequate educational materials were the most frequent barriers to adhere to the hemodialysis diet reported by the sample. The most commonly reported facilitators to engaging in physical activities were having a positive attitude, opportunities for group exercises, and listening to Hispanic music while exercising. Health benefits, family support, having financial resources, availability of community resources, and having willpower were the most commonly reported facilitators to adhere to the hemodialysis diet. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: We identified a number of culturally relevant individual, interpersonal, institutional, and community-related barriers and facilitators to physical activity and adherence to the hemodialysis diet in patients with ESRD living in Puerto Rico. Evidence-based solutions to overcome these barriers and strategies for enhancing these facilitators should be addressed in future studies aimed at increasing the level of physical activity and increasing adherence to the hemodialysis diet in patients with ESRD living in Puerto Rico.
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Albelbeisi, Ahmed H., und Ameer K. Shehada. „The prevalence of physical activity and perceived barriers among health care professionals in Gaza Strip/Palestine“. International Journal of Scientific Reports 7, Nr. 5 (22.04.2021): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20211456.
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<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Physical inactivity is public health problem in the world, it has been estimated that physical inactivity one of the main risk factors for worldwide mortality, and related to more than five million deaths annually. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of physical activity (PA) among Palestinian healthcare professionals and the main perceived barriers toward the practice of PA.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> A cross-sectional, snowball sampling technique, an online questionnaire was employed among healthcare professionals. The main perceived barriers to adherence to PA were assessed by the CDC questionnaire, adherence level assessed based on the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations. Statistical analysis was performed using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 22.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> There were 400 healthcare professionals included in the study, 17% were physicians, 43% were nurses, around 19% were lab-technicians, around 12% were X-ray-technicians, and around 9% were physiotherapists. Their mean (SD) age 32.6 (±8.4)<strong> </strong>years. Only 13.5% of the study participants reported that they were adherence to the practice of physical activity, the prevalence of regular physical activity among different healthcare professionals’ disciplines were reported as 6.5% for X-ray-technicians, 10.7% for lab-technicians,11.8% for physicians, 16.1% for nurses, and 18.9% for physiotherapist. The main reasons for being inactive were lack of energy, lack of willpower, lack of time, and lack of resources.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The healthcare professional’s adherence to physical activity is suboptimal. Varied implementation strategies targeting the barriers are extremely required, public authorities should enhance the access to physical activity infrastructure, and reinforce the change toward healthy behaviors.</p>
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Hoffer, Adam, und Lisa Giddings. „EXERCISING WILLPOWER: DIFFERENCES IN WILLPOWER DEPLETION AMONG ATHLETES AND NONATHLETES“. Contemporary Economic Policy 34, Nr. 3 (16.10.2015): 463–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/coep.12150.
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Indutnyy, A. V., D. G. Novikov, N. L. Samuseva und K. S. Tagakov. „Questionnaire and biomarker-based risk assessment of alcohol abuse among persons receiving various levels of medical professional education“. Kazan medical journal 100, Nr. 6 (09.12.2019): 910–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2019-910.
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Aim. To compare the results of the questionnaire and biomarker-based risk assessment of alcohol abuse among persons receiving higher and mid-level medical professional education.
Methods. Among students of mid-level and higher medical education age 18 to 27 years (77 and 124 subjects, respectively), activity of indicator enzymes was measured in blood serum, and with the help of questionnaires the risk of alcohol abuse (CRAFFT, CAGE, AUDIT) and psychological features of the person were determined [A.G. Zverkovs and E.V. Eidmans questionnaires of willpower and self-control, R. Baumeisters self-control questionnaire, hardiness survey (Maddi S.R.) adapted by D.A. Leontyev, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale Test, test for revealing risk groups of psychoactive drug abuse in the educational institution]. Statistical significance was assessed with the use of nonparametric statistics.
Results. The activity of enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase) in the blood of the subjects did not have significant intergroup differences. Additionally (beyond this study), we characterized the database of laboratory tests of the students aged 18 to 27 years seeking medical care in the academic center of laboratory diagnosis of Omsk State Medical University. Among 646 subjects, 52 (8.1%) had laboratory analyses exceeding the reference so the differences were expected. Absence of results exceeding reference values of the activity of the studied enzymes was necessary in our study to confirm the absence of pathology associated with cytolysis as well as the signs of chronic alcohol abuse with harmful consequences, which is equivalent to meeting the inclusion criteria (absence of pathology according to medical professional consultation report 086/u and to the results of periodic health examination). Among all surveyed, the CRAFFT questionnaire showed a 2.7-fold higher number of groups at risk of alcohol abuse than CAGE and 1.4 times more than AUDIT. The results of CAGE and CRAFFT test questionnaires showed a greater prevalence of the risk of alcohol abuse among students of higher medical education programs compared to those receiving mid-level medical education (CAGE by 2.7 times; CRAFFT by 1.68 times) . The AUDIT test revealed no statistically significant differences between the groups (p=0.093). Analysis of the results of psychological testing to identify the propensity for addictive behavior, showed a weak correlation with self-control (r=0,406, p=0,014 and r=0,313, p=0,016 for CRAFFT and AUDIT, respectively). Correlation between the self-control violation and risk of alcohol abuse was quite weak according to the results, hence, the students with disordered self-control are not alwaysa characterized by alcohol motivation. In the context of our received data, psychological survey for monitoring the risk of abuse cannot substitute CRAFFT and AUDIT tests.
Conclusion. The CRAFFT questionnaire is most effective in assessing the risk of alcohol abuse in a population of young people; the results of the questionnaires used weakly correlated with tests that reflect the psychological characteristics of the person; the activity of the studied enzymes in the blood serum of did not correlate with the results of surveys and is within the population reference interval.
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Bernecker, Katharina, und Veronika Job. „Implicit Theories About Willpower in Resisting Temptations and Emotion Control“. Zeitschrift für Psychologie 225, Nr. 2 (April 2017): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000292.
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Abstract. Previous research suggests that people’s implicit theories about willpower affect continuous self-control performance in the domain of strenuous mental activities. The present research expands these findings to two further domains of self-control: resisting temptations and emotion control. In Study 1, participants were either led to resist a temptation or not. Participants who believed that willpower gets depleted by resistance to temptations (limited-resource theory) performed significantly worse in a subsequent Stroop task compared to participants who believed that resisting temptations activates their willpower (nonlimited-resource theory). In Study 2, participants controlled their emotions during a funny video or were allowed to express them. Participants who believed that controlling emotions depletes willpower performed worse in a subsequent persistence task than those who believed that controlling emotions activates willpower. Results suggest that implicit theories about willpower are domain specific and sensitive to the domain of the initial self-control task rather than that of the subsequent self-control task.
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Jędrzejczyk, Jan, und Marcin Zajenkowski. „Who Believes in Nonlimited Willpower? In Search of Correlates of Implicit Theories of Self-Control“. Psychological Reports 123, Nr. 2 (06.11.2018): 281–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033294118809936.
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Recently, the most prominent model of self-control, the strength model, was criticized, and other explanations of self-control have been proposed. One of them is a concept of lay, implicit, willpower theories, that is, believing either that willpower is limited (as in the strength model) or nonlimited. Research shows that holding a nonlimited-resource belief prevents individuals from suffering ego depletion and is related to successful self-regulation. The current study explored how personality, time perspective, and intelligence predict willpower theories. Additionally, two aspects of willpower theories, strenuous mental activity and resistance to temptations, were measured separately. The results indicated that the two aspects of willpower theories were not correlated with each other. This supports hypothesis that willpower theories may be domain specific and also suggests that these two aspects should not be aggregated into one, homogenous scale as was done in some previous research. Both aspects of holding a nonlimited-resource theory were related positively to emotional stability and negatively to past negative time perspective. Strenuous mental activity was positively associated with intellect and negatively with present fatalism, whereas resistance to temptations was correlated positively with conscientiousness and future time perspective. There were no relations between willpower theories and intelligence, which posits that similar life outcomes related with these two attributes are based on distinct mechanisms. Regression analyses revealed that only personality traits (emotional stability and conscientiousness) remained significant predictors of willpower beliefs.
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Fennell, Lee Anne. „Willpower and Legal Policy“. Annual Review of Law and Social Science 5, Nr. 1 (Dezember 2009): 91–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.lawsocsci.093008.131535.
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Francis, Zoë, und Veronika Job. „Lay theories of willpower“. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 12, Nr. 4 (26.03.2018): e12381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12381.
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Masatlioglu, Yusufcan, Daisuke Nakajima und Emre Ozdenoren. „Willpower and compromise effect“. Theoretical Economics 15, Nr. 1 (2020): 279–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/te3086.
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This paper provides a behavioral foundation for modeling willpower as a limited cognitive resource that bridges the standard utility maximization and Strotz models. Using the agent's ex ante preferences and ex post choices, we derive a representation that captures key behavioral traits of willpower‐constrained decision making. We use the model to study the pricing problem of a profit‐maximizing monopolist who faces consumers with limited willpower. We show that the optimal contract often consists of three alternatives and that the consumer's choices reflect a form of the “compromise effect,” which is induced endogenously.
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Kilwein, J. H. „HEALTH, ILLNESS AND WILLPOWER“. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 15, Nr. 3 (Juni 1990): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2710.1990.tb00372.x.
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Bénabou, Roland, und Jean Tirole. „Willpower and Personal Rules“. Journal of Political Economy 112, Nr. 4 (August 2004): 848–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/421167.
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Sieber, Vanda, Lavinia Flückiger, Jutta Mata, Katharina Bernecker und Veronika Job. „Autonomous Goal Striving Promotes a Nonlimited Theory About Willpower“. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 45, Nr. 8 (17.01.2019): 1295–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167218820921.
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People who believe that willpower is not limited exhibit higher self-regulation and well-being than people who believe that willpower is a limited resource. So far, only little is known about the antecedents of people’s beliefs about willpower. Three studies examine whether autonomous goal striving promotes the endorsement of a nonlimited belief and whether this relationship is mediated by vitality, the feeling of being awake and energetic. Study 1 ( n = 208) showed that autonomous goal striving predicts a change in willpower beliefs over 4 months and that this change is mediated by vitality. Study 2 ( n = 92) replicated this finding using experience sampling assessments of vitality. Experimental Study 3 ( n = 243) showed that inducing an autonomous mind-set enhances people’s endorsement of a nonlimited belief by fostering vitality. The studies support the idea that what people believe about willpower depends, at least in part, on recent experiences with tasks as being energizing or draining.
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Francis, Zoë, Vanda Sieber und Veronika Job. „You seem tired, but so am I: Willpower theories and intention to provide support in romantic relationships“. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 37, Nr. 3 (26.09.2019): 738–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407519877238.
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Although providing support in romantic relationships is important for the well-being of both partners, providing support can be effortful. People have varying implicit theories about the exertion of effort; limited willpower theorists believe that mental resources become exhausted with use, while nonlimited willpower theorists believe that exerting effort can even prepare you for future exertion. While limited willpower theorists are more likely to experience depletion and limitations themselves, they may also be more likely to perceive and empathize with the depletion and limitations of their romantic partners. We conducted a daily diary study ( N = 363; 1,429 observations) to examine how willpower theories relate to participants’ intentions to support their romantic partners in the evenings. We find that limited theorists report their partners as more tired (predicting more intention to support)—however, limited theorists also report more fatigue and lower mood themselves (predicting less intention to support). Overall, limited willpower beliefs were associated with less, not more, intent to support one’s partner for the rest of the evening. Even if limited willpower theories improve people’s abilities to perceive their partner’s fatigue, at the end of the day, they may not feel they have the mental resources to support their romantic partners.
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Jenkins, Adrianna C., und Ming Hsu. „Dissociable Contributions of Imagination and Willpower to the Malleability of Human Patience“. Psychological Science 28, Nr. 7 (15.05.2017): 894–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797617698133.
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The ability to exercise patience is important for human functioning. Although it is known that patience can be promoted by using top-down control, or willpower, to override impatient impulses, patience is also malleable—in particular, susceptible to framing effects—in ways that are difficult to explain using willpower alone. So far, the mechanisms underlying framing effects on patience have been elusive. We investigated the role of imagination in these effects. In a behavioral experiment (Experiment 1), a classic framing manipulation (sequence framing) increased self-reported and independently coded imagination during intertemporal choice. In an investigation of neural responses during decision making (Experiment 2), sequence framing increased the extent to which patience was related to activation in brain regions associated with imagination, relative to activation in regions associated with willpower, and increased functional connectivity of brain regions associated with imagination, but not willpower, relative to regions associated with valuation. Our results suggest that sequence framing can increase the role of imagination in decision making without increasing the exertion of willpower.
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Loewenstein, George. „Willpower: A Decision-Theorist's Perspective“. Law and Philosophy 19, Nr. 1 (Januar 2000): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3505174.
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Olivetti, Katherine. „Ideas about Mindfulness and Willpower“. Jung Journal 8, Nr. 1 (Februar 2014): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19342039.2014.866825.
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Baumeister, Roy F. „Where has your willpower gone?“ New Scientist 213, Nr. 2849 (Januar 2012): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(12)60232-2.
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de Haan, Thomas, und Roel van Veldhuizen. „Willpower depletion and framing effects“. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 117 (September 2015): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2015.06.002.
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Fitch, Judy L., und Elizabeth C. Ravlin. „WILLPOWER AND PERCEIVED BEHAVIORAL CONTROL: INFLUENCES ON THE INTENTION-BEHAVIOR RELATIONSHIP AND POSTBEHAVIOR ATTRIBUTIONS“. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 33, Nr. 2 (01.01.2005): 105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2005.33.2.105.
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Individual differences in willpower (a subdimension of conscientiousness) and perceived behavioral control (PBC: cognition regarding extent of control over an action; Ajzen, 1985) in the intention-behavior relationship were explored to better understand when intention will be completed to action. The impact of these constructs in postbehavior attributions also was explored. Subjects were traditional and nontraditional students (N=325) preparing for examinations at two time periods. Rather than confirming main effects proposed by prior research (e.g., Ajzen), moderation effects characterized these data. At Time 1, individuals higher in willpower behaved more consistently with their intentions. At Time 2, individuals higher in PBC showed a similar effect. Lower willpower also led subjects to make less attribution to effort when expectations were exceeded.
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Fujita, Kentaro, Ariana Orvell und Ethan Kross. „Smarter, Not Harder: A Toolbox Approach to Enhancing Self-Control“. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7, Nr. 2 (Oktober 2020): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2372732220941242.
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According to common sense, successful self-control requires “willpower.” Psychology often models willpower as the effortful inhibition of temptation impulses—a process theorized to require sufficient motivation and resources. This article challenges the centrality of willpower in self-control. Instead, successful self-control relies on a variety of strategies beyond effortful inhibition: diminishing the influence of immediately available rewards and bolstering motivation toward more abstract, distant rewards. Furthermore, self-control is better conceived as a “toolbox” of strategies; success entails finding the tools that work best for a given individual at a given time. In other words, improving self-control is not about becoming stronger, but rather about becoming smarter. This approach has policy implications and suggests priorities for research.
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Vasenko, V. „FORMATION OF SELF-DEPENDENCE OF JUNIOR SCHOOLCHILDREN IN THE COMPREHENSIVE SPACE OF PRIMARY SCHOOL“. East European Scientific Journal 2, Nr. 6(70) (10.07.2021): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/essa.2782-1994.2021.1.70.71.
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The article highlights that provision of a person with the ability to quickly adapt and solve problems in new, unusual situations is challenge of today. Its implementation starts being provided by the school of the first degree and represents not only filling of knowledge sphere, but also formation of key competences of schoolchildren which promote their activity as participants of effective development and dynamic development of the state.
Performed analysis of the possibilities of primary education in the implementation of the competency approach, which contributes to the organization of educational activities of primary school students with a predominance of cognitive activity to achieve their independence is provided in the process of acquiring new knowledge and skills. The development of students' self-dependence, their manifestation of initiative, creativity, cognitive interest, etc., is provided by various didactic tools that allow to make learning interesting and exciting not only at the creative and exploratory level, but also in the daily study of subjects.
It is stated that achieving the required level of education and personal development is impossible without systematic independent work, the need in it lies in the school years. Therefore, the school should pay much attention to self-dependent learning activities of students, this concept means a generalized personality trait, which is manifested in initiative, critical thinking, adequate self-esteem and a sense of personal responsibility for their activities and behavior, which is manifested in thinking, willpower. In view of this, only now is a holistic theory and methodology of this process for educational activities being created.
It is established that the importance of self work in the educational process is difficult to overestimate, it forms independence, which is a quality of each person and contributes to the achievement of a truly conscious and strong mastery of information. Based on this, it is confirmed that the level of self-dependence is formed in all primary school lessons gradually. That is, this characteristic is the result of constant, persistent, long-term work of teachers, students and all interested participants in the didactic process.
It is proved that the development of self-dependence is facilitated by a gradual increase in the amount of self work in the classroom, a variety of tasks, the introduction of creative work, combining them with work of a training nature. The ratio of creative and training work in the educational activities of primary school children depends on the stage of study, its content and purpose of the lesson. An essential condition for success is a clear statement of questions, tasks to students. Awareness of their students directs mental activity. The didactic game in the classroom, which not only provides maximum satisfaction to the child is of great importance, but is a powerful means of its development, a means of forming a full-fledged personality. This form promotes the self-dependence of educational activities, promotes the level of skills and knowledge, activates the creative thinking of students and the reserves of their memory, develops interest in the subject, cultivates the ability to work.
The selection of games and game situations for activation of different types of perception and comprehension at all stages of the lesson is offered. Their use was the most timely and effective compared to other methods, the organization of which does not require, on the one hand, time for the teacher to develop them, and on the other hand, memorizing cumbersome rules by students. The results of their application in the educational process provide a higher level of self-dependence in the experimental groups than in the control and are characterized by emotionality, accessibility, cognitive information. Such work should be based on the proposals of such didactic games, the implementation of which does not allow students to act on ready-made templates, but requires the use of knowledge in new situations.
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Noël, Xavier, Antoine Bechara, Damien Brevers, Paul Verbanck und Salvatore Campanella. „Alcoholism and the Loss of Willpower“. Journal of Psychophysiology 24, Nr. 4 (Januar 2010): 240–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000037.
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Like other addictions, alcoholism reflects the continuation of alcohol use despite negative consequences (e.g., an ulcer or family problems made worse by alcohol consumption). Recent cognitive theories suggest that optimal information processing related to the capacity to make decisions under uncertainty conditions is impaired either prior to the initiation of alcohol use, or it is related to the consequence of its repeated utilization. In this paper, we suggest that alcoholism may be the product of an imbalance between two separate, but interacting, cognitive registers that contribute to decision making: a reactive/automatic attentional and memory system for signaling the presence of alcohol cues in the environment and for attributing to such cues pleasure and/or excitement; and a reflective/nonautomatic system for regulating the dominant reactive/automatic response. Hyperactivity within the reactive system can override the reflective system and brain/cognitive changes induced by ethanol could lead to the disruption of self-regulation. We finally develop the idea that different patterns of imbalance between reactive and reflective systems could lead to distinct patterns of clinical impulsivity involved in the vulnerability to, the development of, and the relapse into alcoholism.
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Miller, Eric M., Gregory M. Walton, Carol S. Dweck, Veronika Job, Kali H. Trzesniewski und Samuel M. McClure. „Theories of Willpower Affect Sustained Learning“. PLoS ONE 7, Nr. 6 (22.06.2012): e38680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0038680.
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Clarkson, Joshua J., Ashley S. Otto, Edward R. Hirt und Patrick M. Egan. „The Malleable Efficacy of Willpower Theories“. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 42, Nr. 11 (28.09.2016): 1490–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167216664059.
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