Dissertationen: „The European medicinal leech“

1

Zhao, Bailey. „Cloning and expression of protein tyrosine kinases in the medicinal leech“. Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p1464872.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of California, San Diego, 2009.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed July 7, 2009). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references (p. 50-53).

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Garcia, Paul Anthony. „Modeling the Intersegmental Coordination of Heart Motor Neurons in the Medicinal Leech“. Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/5064.

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We constructed a model of the coordination of segmental heart motor neurons driving blood circulation in leeches. The heart motor neuron models were conductance-based; conductances of voltage-gated and synaptic currents were adjusted to match the firing pattern of heart motor neurons from the living system. Each motor neuron receives a specific pattern of inhibitory input from rhythmic premotor heart interneurons and translates this spatiotemporal pattern into the fictive heartbeat motor pattern. The temporal pattern of synaptic input to the model was derived from extracellularly recorded spikes of the premotor heart interneurons. We focused on determining the components necessary to produce side-to-side asymmetry in the motor pattern: motor neurons on one side fire nearly in synchrony (synchronous coordination), while on the other they fire in a rear-to-front progression (peristaltic coordination). The model reproduces the general trends in phasing and was used to investigate the effective contribution of several synaptic and cellular properties of the motor neurons. The spatial and temporal pattern of premotor synaptic input, the electrical coupling between the segmental motor neurons, intra-burst, short-term synaptic plasticity of the synaptic inputs, and the axonal conduction delays all were integrated with the intrinsic membrane properties to influence intersegmental phasing.

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Gaudry, Quentin. „Mechanisms of behavioral choice in the nervous system of the medicinal leech“. Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3307002.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2008.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed June 25, 2008). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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Ries, David Christopher. „The effects of alpha-conotoxin Im1 on the intact, swimming medicinal leech“. Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p1459285.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of California, San Diego, 2008.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed November 5, 2008). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references (p. 41-42).

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5

Todd, Krista L. „Formation of appropriate synapses in the nervous system of the medicinal leech“. Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3369589.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2009.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed September 15, 2009). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 120-134).

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6

Wilkin, Philip John. „A study of the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis (L), with a strategy for its conservation“. Thesis, Imperial College London, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7885.

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7

Slučkaitė, Asta. „Medicininės dėlės (Hirudo verbana) jauniklių elgesio tyrimai“. Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20140627_171729-47680.

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Šio darbo tikslas buvo įvertinti medicininės dėlės (Hirudo verbana) jauniklių elgesį sudarant sankaupas, nustatyti sankaupų pokyčius laiko bėgyje bei veikiant terminiam ir šviesos dirgikliui. Vykdant uždavinį, ištirti jauniklių elgesį nuo jų išsiritimo iš kokonų momento iki pirmojo maitinimosi, buvo stebima, kad tik išsiritus jaunikliams iš kokonų, dar neperkėlus į vandenį, būdingos ryškios sankaupos 100% grupių. Perkėlus jauniklius į vandenį, labai trumpam dėl mechaninio poveikio, sankaupos iširsta, tačiau jau po 31,25±0.752 min. Išaiškinta, kad tiek mažo, tiek didelio tankio grupėms būdinga tendencija pirmąją savaitę sudaryti labai ryškias sankaupas, o su laiku jos pradeda irti. Lyginant šias grupes nustatyta, kad po 1 paros nuo išsiritimo negautas patikimas skirtumas tarp šių grupių, tačiau jau po 3 parų gautas patikimas skirtumas. Taip pat stebėti grupių sankaupų ryškumo skirtumai prieš maitinimąsi ir po. Gauta, kad statistiniai skirtumai yra labai patikimi nesvarbu kokio tankumo grupėse. Tyrimai parodė, kad sankaupų ryškumas grupėse, susidedančiose iš viename kokone buvusių jauniklių, nuo grupių, sudarytų iš įvairių kokonų jauniklių statistiškai nepatikimas. 640-670 lx apšvietimas stipriai paveikė dėles ir jos sudarė labai ryškias sankaupas. Rezultatai tarp eksperimentinių ir kontrolinių grupių yra labai patikimi. Tai dar kartą patvirtina neigiamą poveikį dėlėms, kurios pademonstravo ryškią apsauginę reakciją. Tiriant terminį poveikį jaunikliams, nustatyta vidutinė... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The aim of the study is to evaluate behaviour of medicinal juvenile leeches (Hirudo verbana) by composing aggregation, establishing changes in aggregation during effect of time also applying thermic and light stimulus. During investigation of juvenile leeches behaviour from leaving the cocoon to first feeding, first aim was to observe juvenile leeches which has just left the cocoon bearing in mind that leeches cannot be moved into water. Characteristics of this observation were 100% groups’ aggregation. Moving juvenile into the water for a short period of time due to mechanical effect, aggregations separate fast after 31,25±0.752 min. Observation concludes, that both large and small density groups have a tendency to show intense aggregations and with time aggregations starts to separate. Comparing these groups it was determined that after 1 day since hatching, significant effect was not achieved between these groups, but after 3 days significant effect have been achieved. In addition, group aggregation difference was observed before and after feeding. Achievement was that statistical difference was accurate disputing density groups. Experiments showed that aggregation intensity in groups were composed out of juvenile leeches that were in the cocoon and groups that were composed out of different cocoons were statistically unreliable. 640-670lx illumination strongly affected leeches and they composed intense aggregations. Results showed that results between experimental and... [to full text]

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Miller, Chandra Nikole. „IMPLEMENTATION OF MEDICINAL LEECH PREPARATION TO INVESTIGATE THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE MOTOR NEURON AND MUSCLE FIBER VIA SHARP ELECTRODE ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY“. DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2011. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/645.

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There are forty registered organophosphates in the United States and they range from pesticides and insecticides to nerve agents or neurotoxins such as sarin. Organophosphates (OP’s) have been used in chemical warfare for years and tend to lead to death due to an attack on the nervous system. Chemical assays and mass microscopy have been used to assess the concentration of OP’s in the environment, but both methods require the body to metabolize the OP first, which can be detrimental to the victim. It is crucial to come up with a method to investigate and detect these neurotoxins without causing harm first. There have been several studies presented in the literature that use medicinal leeches and sharp electrode electrophysiology to study the function of the motor end plate. Kuffler, Potter and Stuart have all conducted studies using the medicinal leeches to do so. They mapped out the cells within the leech ganglion as well as created an atlas of the entire leech anatomy, and demonstrated the electrical connection between the motor neuron and longitudinal muscle fibers. Using the knowledge they have provided, a medicinal leech and sharp electrode electrophysiology can be used to investigate the effects of organophosphates on the nervous system. Before this can be achieved a dissection preparation must be implemented that can be utilized in electrophysiological experiments and that demonstrates the electrical connection between the motor neuron and muscle fibers. This thesis outlines the implementation of the medicinal leech dissection preparation described above. The preparation removes one ganglion from the leech, leaving the roots attached to the portion of the muscle wall it innervates. To demonstrate the preparations validity, sharp electrode electrophysiology is performed using a current clamp and discontinuous single electrode voltage clamp (dSEVC). A current pulse stimulates the motor neuron and a voltage recording is obtained from the ganglion as well a current recording from the muscle wall. The electrical connection is therefore demonstrated. This dissection preparation and electrophysiology experiment are written up in a procedural manner so that another individual could repeat the experiment. The next logical step would be to use these procedures to perform OP nerve agent experiments to investigate the effect of OP’s on the neuromuscular junction.

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Baca, Serapio Michael. „Inhibitory motor neurons are essential for the production of local bending in the medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis) /“. Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3167858.

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Pirschel, Friederice [Verfasser], Jutta [Akademischer Betreuer] Kretzberg, Christine [Akademischer Betreuer] Köppl und William B. [Akademischer Betreuer] Kristan. „Coding of touch in neurons of the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis / Friederice Pirschel. Betreuer: Jutta Kretzberg ; Christine Köppl ; William B. Kristan“. Oldenburg : BIS der Universität Oldenburg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1079000291/34.

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Pirschel, Friederice [Verfasser], Jutta Akademischer Betreuer] Kretzberg, Christine [Akademischer Betreuer] [Köppl und William B. [Akademischer Betreuer] Kristan. „Coding of touch in neurons of the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis / Friederice Pirschel. Betreuer: Jutta Kretzberg ; Christine Köppl ; William B. Kristan“. Oldenburg : BIS der Universität Oldenburg, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:715-oops-26288.

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Zbierska, Katarzyna [Verfasser]. „Application and Importance of Supplementary Protection Certificates for Medicinal Products in the European Union / Katarzyna Zbierska“. Aachen : Shaker, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1069050253/34.

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13

Callis, Kristine Lee. „The History of Plant Use in Laos: Analysis of European Accounts of Plant Use for Primarily Religious and Medicinal Purposes“. NCSU, 2005. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07012005-111631/.

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A Review of manuscripts written by European explorers and colonists affords the opportunity to develop a clearer understanding both of types of plants employed and their significance in religion and medicine during the 16th to 19th centuries. This paper is a distillation of accounts by thirteen European explorers, written between 1545 until 1861, about Laos and the Lao people in Siam. All of the references to plants and plant use have been extracted for an analysis of which plants European explorers viewed being used traditionally in Laos during this time period and information on how these plants were used and collected. Many of the plants described in the texts were medicinal in nature and some have been examined for modern pharmaceutical use. These pharmaceutical studies have substantiated the effectiveness of historical medicinal plant use. The texts also describe plants that were used in religious ceremonies and that continue to play an important role in Lao culture. Future comparative analysis of these early records with modern day observations of plant use should prove productive in formulating assessments of Traditional Environmental Knowledge loss and the impact of this loss on daily life. Understanding the plants that are important to native Lao in the past can lead to better methods of conservation in the future.

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Liebman, Katherine May. „New 4-Aminoquinoline Compounds to Reverse Drug Resistance in P. falciparum Malaria, and a Survey of Early European Antimalarial Treatments“. PDXScholar, 2014. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2114.

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Intermittent fevers caused by Plasmodium parasites have been known for millennia, and have caused untold human suffering. Today, millions of people are afflicted by malaria each year, and hundreds of thousands die. Historically, the most successful synthetic antimalarial drug was chloroquine, as it was safe, inexpensive, and highly efficacious. However, plasmodial resistance to chloroquine now greatly limits its utility. Previously in our laboratories it has been shown that attachment of a "reversal agent moiety" to the side chain of chloroquine can result in the restoration of activity against chloroquine-resistant strains of P. falciparum malaria. In the first part of the work presented here, a study has been made of the importance of the quinoline ring substitution pattern to the activity of such reversed chloroquines. The compounds presented here include those bearing a substituent in the 2-, 5, 6-, 7-, and/or 8- position, and include those with chloro, bromo, iodo, fluoro, nitro, trifluoromethyl, methyl, and methoxy substituents. For reversed chloroquines, 2-, 5-, and 8- substituents have been found to decrease in vitro antiplasmodial activity against P. falciparum relative to 7-chloro substitution, whereas 6- and 7- substituted compounds with various substituents have in many cases similar activity to that of 7-chloro substituted compounds. Little difference has been observed between 6- and 7- substitution, or between chlorine and a methyl group in position 6. In most cases these effects on activity are directionally similar to those observed for chloroquine analogs without an attached reversal agent, but the magnitude of the effect is generally smaller, suggesting that the activities of reversed chloroquines are less affected by modifications to the quinoline ring system than is true for chloroquine analogs without an attached reversal agent. The second portion of this work presents an asymmetrical bis-quinoline (PL241) that is highly active against P. falciparum malaria, with an IC50 of less than 0.1 nM for all strains tested. Mechanistic studies have been performed in which the substitution patterns of the two quinoline rings of PL241 are modified in ways that indicate that either ring system is equally capable of participating in the antimalarial activity of these compounds. The excellent in vitro antiplasmodial activity of PL241 makes this a compound of great interest for further development as a potential antimalarial drug. In the third part of this work, a survey has been made of antimalarial treatments recommended in the European medical literature from the time of Pliny the Elder (active in the first century A.D.) through the advent of modern malaria chemotherapy in the early twentieth century. In the fifteen primary sources utilized in this study, 251 distinct substances - primarily plants - were identified as having likely been used in the treatment of malaria. Of the 38 substances that were described in three or more sources, at least fifteen have been examined by other workers for antiplasmodial activity; in many cases, they were found to have antiplasmodial activity in vitro or in vivo. However, the majority of the phytotherapies for malaria identified in this project have not yet been tested against Plasmodium species, and may provide valuable leads in the search for new compounds active against drug-resistant malaria.

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Barnett, William Halbert. „Duty Cycle Maintenance in an Artificial Neuron“. Digital Archive @ GSU, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/phy_astr_theses/7.

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Neuroprosthetics is at the intersection of neuroscience, biomedical engineering, and physics. A biocompatible neuroprosthesis contains artificial neurons exhibiting biophysically plausible dynamics. Hybrid systems analysis could be used to prototype such artificial neurons. Biohybrid systems are composed of artificial and living neurons coupled via real-time computing and dynamic clamp. Model neurons must be thoroughly tested before coupled with a living cell. We use bifurcation theory to identify hazardous regimes of activity that may compromise biocompatibility and to identify control strategies for regimes of activity desirable for functional behavior. We construct real-time artificial neurons for the analysis of hybrid systems and demonstrate a mechanism through which an artificial neuron could maintain duty cycle independent of variations in period.

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Staedelin, Marie. „Methodological approaches for the benefit-risk assessment of medicinal products in European regulatory decision-making : a special emphasis on the MultiCriteria Decision Analysis "MCDA” Method a quantitative approach“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ013.

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L'évaluation des bénéfices et des risques des médicaments joue un rôle central dans la protection de la santé publique. Cependant, et de l’avis général, il apparaît que cette évaluation nécessite d’être revisitée. En 2010, aucun examen n’avait encore été effectué pour déterminer si les méthodes disponibles pouvaient être appliquées à l’évaluation de la balance bénéfice-risque des médicaments dans le cadre réglementaire, et si oui à quel point elles seraient applicable. L’objectif de cette thèse a donc été d’identifier la ou les méthodes pouvant être théoriquement utilisées pour ce type d’évaluation, puis de les confronter à des cas concrets afin d’en déterminer leur applicabilité. Les résultats de l’évaluation des méthodes ont montrés que les méthodes les plus appropriées sont la méthode d’aide à la décision multicritère (MCDA) ainsi que ses variantes. Les résultats de l'application pratique de la méthode MCDA ont indiqué que cette méthode peut être utilisé dans les scénarios communs d'enregistrement en Europe. Cependant il convient de noter que cette méthode ne fournit ni une recette « prête à l'emploi » pour exécuter cette évaluation ni une réponse directe
The benefit-risk evaluation of new medicines plays a central role in safeguarding public health. Nevertheless, it seems that the benefit-risk evaluation calls for further improvement. In 2010, no review had been performed of how available benefit-risk assessment methods could be applied for a regulatory benefit-risk assessment and how feasible that would be when facing real-life cases. The objective of this thesis has thus been to identify method(s) that could be theoretically used for such an assessment, and then to confront it/them to real-life cases, in order to determine their applicability. The results of the methods evaluation showed that the most suitable methods for a regulatory benefit-risk assessment of medicinal products are the MCDA method and the MCDA based methods. The results of the practical application of the MCDA indicated that the method could be used for medicinal products registered through a common registration scenario in Europe. However it should be noted that this method provides neither a “ready-made” recipe to perform an assessment nor a direct answer

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祁悅. „歐盟植物藥標準及其對中國植物藥出口的影響“. Thesis, University of Macau, 2008. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2162232.

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Soldatenko, Alexandra. „Les implications juridiques des nanotechnologies“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAA033.

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Alors qu’un nombre non négligeable de produits contenant des nanomatériaux est déjà présent sur les marchés, nous manquons de recul tant en ce qui concerne les risques pour la santé et l’environnement que les bénéfices qu’ils peuvent apporter à la société sur le long terme. La présente thèse aborde la question suivante : quel régime règlementaire est en mesure de procurer le plus haut niveau de protection contre les risques avérés ou suspectés des nanotechnologies tout en soutenant simultanément la compétitivité et l'innovation ? Bien que l’Union européenne et les Etats-Unis se soient efforcés de trouver des solutions nuancées en fonction des besoins, des capacités, des enjeux inhérents à chaque secteur concerné et de leurs traditions juridiques respectives, l’on ne peut que constater l’émergence d’une réglementation des nanotechnologies à géométrie variable
While a significant number of products containing nanomaterials is already in widespread use, we have little understanding of risks and benefits they can bring to the society in the long term. The objective of this PhD thesis is to answer the following question: which regulatory framework can ensure a high level of protection against real or suspected risks of nanotechnologies while promoting competitiveness and innovation ? Although the European Union and the United States have attempted to find nuanced solutions according to the needs, capacities and challenges, which are proper to each sector concerned and their respective legal traditions, the emerging regulatory framework for nanotechnologies is characterised by a high degree of fragmentation

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Rigal, Loïc. „Le droit des médicaments orphelins en Europe“. Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB179.

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La recherche dans le domaine des maladies sans traitement existant obéit à plusieurs impératifs définis par le législateur européen dans le règlement (CE) n° 141/2000 du 16 décembre 1999 concernant les médicaments orphelins. Les patients atteints de maladies rares et négligées ont le droit à « la même qualité de traitement que les autres » ce qui suppose de prendre les mesures d'incitation nécessaires pour « promouvoir la recherche, le développement et la commercialisation de traitements adéquats ». C'est un « domaine prioritaire ». Après avoir désigné les médicaments concernés, l'Union européenne veut « éviter la dispersion de ressources limitées » notamment par la promotion d'une « coopération transnationale ». Dans une démarche téléologique, cette recherche décrit les effets de la législation européenne sans ignorer la réception de ce droit par les États membres. Des fondements théoriques à même d'assurer une meilleure performativité du droit et des propositions concrètes en vue de conformer le droit positif à l'intention du législateur et aux attentes des parties prenantes sont proposés. En se focalisant sur le seul levier de la propriété intellectuelle, ce droit spécial et incitatif ne semble pas en mesure d'apporter aux patients la plupart des traitements attendus. La régulation de la concurrence et la compétence nationale sur le prix des médicaments perpétuent un seuil de rentabilité éloignant de nombreuses recherches de la phase du développement. L'accès aux médicaments orphelins demeure très restreint. Un changement de paradigme dans la construction de ce droit apparaît nécessaire afin qu'un modèle économique favorable se mette en place. Il convient que le profit des pharmaciens de l'industrie ne dépende plus de la conquête de parts de marché, mais de l'intérêt de leurs inventions pour les besoins de santé non satisfaits
Research in the field of diseases without an existing treatment is governed by several requirements defined by the European legislator in Regulation (CE) No 141/2000 of 16 December 1999 on orphan medicinal products. Patients with rare and neglected diseases have the right to "the same quality of treatment as other patients" which means taking the necessary incentives to stimulate research, development and bringing to the market of appropriate medications". It is a "priority area". After designating the drugs concerned, the European Union wants to "avoid the dispersion of limited resources", in particular by promoting "cross national co-operation". In a teleological approach, this research analyses the positive law endeavouring to implement the objectives of Orphan Drug Law. It describes the effects of European legislation without ignoring the receipt of this law by the Member States. Theoretical foundations that can ensure a better performativity of the law, as well as concrete proposals to conform the positive law to the intention of the legislator and to the stakeholders' wills are proposed. By focusing solely on the leverage of intellectual property rights, this special and incentive law does not seem to be able to provide patients with many of the expected treatments. Competition regulation and setting of the price which is a national competency perpetuate a high profitability threshold, often withholding research projects from reaching the development phase. Access to orphan drugs remains very limited. A paradigm shift in the construction of this law appears necessary in order for a favorable economic model to emerge. The profit of the industry's pharmacists should no longer depend on the conquest of market shares, but on the value of their inventions for unmet health needs

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Richey-Abbey, Laurel Rhea. „Bush Medicine in the Family Islands: The Medical Ethnobotany of Cat Island and Long Island, Bahamas“. Miami University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1335445242.

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Lehmann, Hélène. „Le médicament à base de plantes en Europe : statut, enregistrement, contrôles“. Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00936734.

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La phytothérapie consiste en l'utilisation thérapeutique de plantes ou de médicaments à base de plantes, sous forme de spécialités pharmaceutiques, de préparations (magistrales ou officinales) ou de produits officinaux divisés. On entend par médicament à base de plantes (MABP) " tout médicament dont les substances actives sont exclusivement une ou plusieurs substances végétales ou préparations à base de plantes ou une association d'une ou de plusieurs substances végétales ou préparations à base de plantes ". Il s'agit donc de médicaments à part entière qui sont ainsi soumis aux mêmes exigences de qualité que celles requises pour tout autre médicament. La directive 2004/24/CE, permet toutefois quelques assouplissements autorisant à fournir des données toxicologiques et cliniques purement bibliographiques, lorsque les conditions requises pour pouvoir bénéficier d'un tel "enregistrement de l'usage traditionnel" sont remplies. Quant aux médicaments dont l'usage médical est "bien établi", ils peuvent également faire l'objet d'une dispense d'essais cliniques, mais les données toxicologiques les concernant doivent néanmoins être fournies. Cette législation européenne vise à garantir au patient la qualité, la sécurité et l'efficacité des remèdes qu'il consomme, à permettre le libre choix thérapeutique, la libre circulation des médicaments au sein de l'Union Européenne ainsi que la préservation des ressources naturelles végétales et le respect de la propriété intellectuelle et pourrait inspirer d'autres pays du monde qui ne disposent pas à ce jour des outils législatifs nécessaires à la réglementation de leurs remèdes traditionnels, en particulier les pays africains.

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Koldová, Anna. „Pijavice (Hirudinea) a jejich využití ve výuce“. Master's thesis, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-446667.

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TITLE: Leeches (Hirudinea) and Their Usage in Teaching AUTHOR: Bc. Anna Koldová DEPARTMENT: Biology and Environmental Studies, Faculty od Education Charles University SUPERVISOR: Mgr. Dagmar Říhová, Ph.D. ANNOTATION This diploma thesis is focused on leeches (Annelida: Hirudinea) in the Czech Republic. It provides a description of all species occurring in the Czech Republic, as well as the key to their classification into families. A detailed guideline about the organization of field trip and implementation of extracurricular teaching is part of this thesis. The field trip is focused on sampling, observation and determination of leeches in an excursion to a site with a traditional occurrence of the European medical leech Hirudo medicinalis - national nature reservation Hrabanovská černava. In addition, the work defines the advantages, disadvantages and other possibilities of application of the proposed program, and the inclusion of extracurricular education. KEYWORDS the European medicinal leech, Annelida, field trip, extracurricular lessons, Hrabanovská černava

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Lin, Yi-Tsung, und 林毅璁. „The Study on the Free Movement of Medicinal Products in the European Union“. Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/24618812087320510662.

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碩士
淡江大學
歐洲研究所碩士班
100
The establishment of the European Internal Market contributes to the free movement of goods within the European Union, whose member states can import and export without tariff and quantitative restriction. Due to the distinction between medicinal products and normal products, it must be provided for medicinal products and complied with EU’s law and national laws. Since 1965, the EU has provided regulations and directives in order to harmonize the legal divergences, and eliminate obstacles for the medicinal products’transaction among the member states. The goal of the harmonization is to complete the internal market for the medicinal products in the EU. The thesis works on the development of the rules of free movement of goods, which are legal basis for the trade of the medicinal products in the EU. The Court of Justice of the European Union has established the unique rules for the application of the free movement of medicinal products in the EU. The case law of the ECJ plays an important role for the trade of medicinal products in the EU so that this thesis also focuses on the case law of the ECJ in order to learn the function of the free movement of medicinal products in the European Internal Market.

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Parrish, Sean David. „Marketing Nature: Apothecaries, Medicinal Retailing, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Venice, 1565-1730“. Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/11326.

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This dissertation examines the contributions of apothecary craftsmen and their medicinal retailing practices to emerging cultures of scientific investigation and experimental practice in the Italian port city of Venice between 1565 and 1730. During this important period in Europe’s history, efforts to ground traditional philosophical investigations of nature in a new material culture of empirical and experimental practice elicited significant debate in scholarly communities. Leading the way in advancing the authority of “experience” were Europe’s medical practitioners divided between university-trained physicians and guild-regulated apothecaries and surgeons. In Italy, humanist praise for the practical arts and new techniques of analyzing inherited texts influenced sixteenth-century university physicians to redefine the medical discipline in terms of its practical aims to intervene in nature and achieve useful effects. This led to an important revival in northern Italian universities at Ferrara and Padua of the classical Greek writings on the empirical disciplines of anatomy and pharmacy. In the sixteenth century the university at Padua, under the patronage of the Republic of Venice, was the site of Europe’s first public botanical garden, anatomical theater and clinical demonstrations. The university also hosted important experimental practitioners such as Andreas Vesalius, Galileo Galilei and William Harvey, and remained a leading center of medical investigation attracting an international faculty of students and professors until the eighteenth century. At the same time, the study of Aristotelian natural philosophy in original Greek texts was largely emancipated from the faculty of theology at Padua, nurturing innovative discourses on experimental method by figures such as Giacomo Zabarella and the anatomist Fabricius Aquapendente.

The unique intellectual climate at Padua has thus attracted significant scholarly attention in the history and philosophy of early modern science. However, the university’s important relationships with the thriving world of artisan guilds and their commercial practices in the nearby city of Venice have not received due attention in historical scholarship. To address this issue, this dissertation focuses upon a unique group of guild-trained medical practitioners in Venice – apothecaries – to trace the circulations of materials, skills, and expertise between Padua and the Venetian marketplace. Drawing on the methods of urban history, medical anthropology, literary studies and intellectual history, I conceptualize Venice as an important “contact zone,” or space of dialogue between scholarly and artisanal modes of investigating and representing nature between the latter sixteenth and early eighteenth centuries. In particular, I focus upon emerging apothecary strategies for retailing nature to public audiences through their medicinal creations, printed books, licensing petitions, and their pharmacy shops. Through these practices, apothecaries not only marketed commercial remedies during a period of growing interest in pharmaceutical matters, but also fashioned their own expertise as learned medical practitioners linking both theory and practice; head and hand; natural philosophy and practiced skill. In 1565 Venice’s apothecaries made their first effort to define their trade as a liberal profession in establishing a College of Apothecaries that lasted until 1804. Already by the turn of the eighteenth century, however, Venice’s apothecaries had adopted the moniker as “Public Professors” and engaged in dialogue with leading professors at Padua for plans to institute a new school of “experimental medical chemistry” with the prior of the apothecary college proposed as its first public demonstrator. Looking to a wide variety of statements on the urban pharmacy in Venice in published medical books, pharmacopeias, trade manuals, literary works, civic rituals and archival licensing and regulatory decrees, I trace the evolution of the public apothecary trade in Venice, paying particular attention to the pharmacy’s early modern materialization as a site of cultural and intellectual exchanges between the artisan workshop and the university world inhabited by scholars.

My readings of these sources lead to three important conclusions regarding the significance of apothecary retailing to the scientific culture of early modern Italy. First, the urban terrain of artisan practice in a merchant republic must be placed alongside the traditionally studied princely courts and universities as a fertile ground for dialogue between artisans and scholars in the study of nature. Second, apothecary investments in processing and retailing nature during this period made significant contributions to the material culture of early modern science in both mediating a growing pharmacopeia of exotic materials imported from around the globe, and in fashioning workshop models for the first university chemical laboratories instituted at Padua in the eighteenth century. And third, apothecary marketing strategies expressing their own medical expertise over nature’s materials articulated a fusion of textual learning and manual skill that offered some of the earliest profiles of the experimental practitioner that was eventually adopted in the public discourse of the experimental New Sciences by the latter seventeenth century.

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Callis, Kristine L. „The history of plant use in Laos analysis of european accounts of plant use for primarily religious and medicinal purposes /“. 2005. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07012005-111631/unrestricted/etd.pdf.

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