Zeitschriftenartikel: „The Antarctica of Love“

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Rodehacke, Christian B., Madlene Pfeiffer, Tido Semmler, Özgür Gurses und Thomas Kleiner. „Future sea level contribution from Antarctica inferred from CMIP5 model forcing and its dependence on precipitation ansatz“. Earth System Dynamics 11, Nr. 4 (16.12.2020): 1153–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-1153-2020.

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Abstract. Various observational estimates indicate growing mass loss at Antarctica's margins as well as heavier precipitation across the continent. Simulated future projections reveal that heavier precipitation, falling on Antarctica, may counteract amplified iceberg discharge and increased basal melting of floating ice shelves driven by a warming ocean. Here, we test how the ansatz (implementation in a mathematical framework) of the precipitation boundary condition shapes Antarctica's sea level contribution in an ensemble of ice sheet simulations. We test two precipitation conditions: we either apply the precipitation anomalies from CMIP5 models directly or scale the precipitation by the air temperature anomalies from the CMIP5 models. In the scaling approach, it is common to use a relative precipitation increment per degree warming as an invariant scaling constant. We use future climate projections from nine CMIP5 models, ranging from strong mitigation efforts to business-as-usual scenarios, to perform simulations from 1850 to 5000. We take advantage of individual climate projections by exploiting their full temporal and spatial structure. The CMIP5 projections beyond 2100 are prolonged with reiterated forcing that includes decadal variability; hence, our study may underestimate ice loss after 2100. In contrast to various former studies that apply an evolving temporal forcing that is spatially averaged across the entire Antarctic Ice Sheet, our simulations consider the spatial structure in the forcing stemming from various climate patterns. This fundamental difference reproduces regions of decreasing precipitation despite general warming. Regardless of the boundary and forcing conditions applied, our ensemble study suggests that some areas, such as the glaciers from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet draining into the Amundsen Sea, will lose ice in the future. In general, the simulated ice sheet thickness grows along the coast, where incoming storms deliver topographically controlled precipitation. In this region, the ice thickness differences are largest between the applied precipitation methods. On average, Antarctica shrinks for all future scenarios if the air temperature anomalies scale the precipitation. In contrast, Antarctica gains mass in our simulations if we apply the simulated precipitation anomalies directly. The analysis reveals that the mean scaling inferred from climate models is larger than the commonly used values deduced from ice cores; moreover, it varies spatially: the highest scaling is across the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, and the lowest scaling is around the Siple Coast, east of the Ross Ice Shelf. The discrepancies in response to both precipitation ansatzes illustrate the principal uncertainty in projections of Antarctica's sea level contribution.

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BELLAN-SANTINI, DENISE, und JEAN-CLAUDE DAUVIN. „Haploops antarctica n. sp. (Crustacea: Gammaridea: Ampeliscidae): the first species of the genus Haploops from the Southern Antarctic Ocean“. Zootaxa 1961, Nr. 1 (10.12.2008): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1961.1.3.

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Haploops antarctica n. sp. is described based on an female adult collected in the Antarctic peninsula (Bellingshausen Sea). This is the first species in the genus Haploops, which is a genus of generally deep boreal amphipods, to be found in the Southern Antarctic Ocean. Morphological characteristics that distinguish this new species from its congeners are the antenna formula A1>pedA2, the A1 and A2 < body length, the lobe of pereopod 7 expanded and densely setose, and the presence of one apical spine and one seta on the telson. In this paper, the new species is fully described and compared with related species; the relationship between H. antarctica and the geographical distribution of the genus is discussed; and a complete key of the 18 valid species in the genus Haploops is given.

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Davis, Pamela B. „Understanding visitor use in Antarctica: the need for site criteria“. Polar Record 34, Nr. 188 (Januar 1998): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400014972.

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AbstractThe landing of visitors in Antarctica presents wilderness managers with several challenges. Foremost among these is ensuring that visitors do not ‘love the wilderness to death.’ This article presents research gathered on Hannah Point, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands during the austral summer of 1993/94. First, an estimation of duration and type of use was conducted to identify where visitors spent the majority of their time, and second, what conditions, such as weather, physical layout, or on-site supervision, influenced this decision. The implications of these results are discussed vis-à-vis the current system of visitor landings, and suggestions are offered to help devise criteria for landing procedures. This paper stresses how the pattern of visitor landings can be altered, as a preventative strategy, to ensure low impact on visitor sites.

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de la Cámara, Alvaro, Ana M. Mancho, Kayo Ide, Encarna Serrano und Carlos R. Mechoso. „Routes of Transport across the Antarctic Polar Vortex in the Southern Spring“. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 69, Nr. 2 (01.02.2012): 741–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-11-0142.1.

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Abstract Transport in the lower stratosphere over Antarctica has been studied in the past by means of several approaches, such as contour dynamics or Lyapunov exponents. This paper examines the problem by means of a new Lagrangian descriptor, which is referred to as the function M. The focus is on the southern spring of 2005, which allows for a comparison with previous analyses based on Lyapunov exponents. With the methodology based on the function M, a much sharper depiction of key Lagrangian features is achieved and routes of large-scale horizontal transport across the vortex edge are captured. These results highlight the importance of lobe dynamics as a transport mechanism across the Antarctic polar vortex.

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PECK, L. S. „Prospects for survival in the Southern Ocean: vulnerability of benthic species to temperature change“. Antarctic Science 17, Nr. 4 (18.11.2005): 497–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102005002920.

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Organisms have a limited number of responses that enhance survival in changing environments. They can: 1. Cope within existing physiological flexibility; 2. Adapt to changing conditions; or 3. Migrate to sites that allow survival. Species inhabiting coastal seabed sites around Antarctica have poorer physiological capacities to deal with change than species elsewhere. They die when temperatures are raised by only 5–10°C above the annual average, and many species lose the ability to perform essential functions, e.g. swimming in scallops or burying in infaunal bivalve molluscs when temperatures are raised only 2–3°C. The ability to adapt, or evolve new characters to changing conditions depends, at least in part, on generation time. Antarctic benthic species grow slowly and develop at rates often x5–x10 slower than similar temperate species. They also live to great age, and exhibit deferred maturity. Longer generation times reduce the opportunities to produce novel mutations, and result in poorer capacities to adapt to change. Intrinsic capacities to colonize new sites and migrate away from deteriorating conditions depend on adult abilities to locomote over large distances, or for reproductive stages to drift for extended periods. The slow development of Antarctic benthic species means their larvae do spend extended periods in the water column. However, whereas most continents have coastlines extending over a wide range of latitude, Antarctica is almost circular in outline, is isolated from other oceans by the circumpolar current, and its coastline covers few degrees of latitude. Thus in a warming environment there are fewer places to migrate to. On all three major criteria Antarctic benthic species appear less capable than species elsewhere of responding to change in ways that can enhance survival.

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Mouginot, J., E. Rignot, Y. Gim, D. Kirchner und E. Le Meur. „Low-frequency radar sounding of ice in East Antarctica and southern Greenland“. Annals of Glaciology 55, Nr. 67 (2014): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2014aog67a089.

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AbstractWe discuss a decameter-wavelength airborne radar sounder, the Warm Ice Sounding Explorer (WISE), that provides ice thickness in areas where radar signal penetration at higher frequencies is expected to be limited. Here we report results for three campaigns conducted in Greenland (2008, 2009, 2010) and two in Antarctica (2009, 2010). Comparisons with higher-frequency radar data indicate an accuracy of ±55 m for ice-thickness measurements in Greenland and ±25 m in Antarctica. We also estimate ice thickness of the Qassimiut lobe in southwest Greenland, where few ice-thickness measurements have been made, demonstrating that WISE penetrates in strongly scattering environments.

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Avery, Andrew J. „“Some Sanity and Love”: The Cold War, Antarctic Treaty, and Fids’ identity, 1957–1958“. Polar Record 55, Nr. 5 (September 2019): 334–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003224741900055x.

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AbstractIn 1942, the British government created the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) to enforce sovereignty over the Antarctic Peninsula. The small groups of men who worked for the Survey called themselves Fids. During the late 1950s when Antarctic sovereignty was being hotly debated and worked out by national governments, Fids serving at British bases criticised the British government’s use of science as a bargaining chip. Using in-house magazines written and printed at FIDS bases and oral histories, this article examines how Fids viewed Antarctic politics and how those events influenced daily life at bases on the Peninsula.

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Narayanaswamy, Bhavani E., und James A. Blake. „A new species of Orbiniella (Polychaeta: Orbiniidae) from deep basins of Antarctica“. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 85, Nr. 4 (27.06.2005): 843–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315405011793.

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During the 2002 Antarctic Deep-sea Biodiversity (ANDEEP) programme to the Drake Passage, Weddell Sea Basin and South Sandwich Slope and trench, a new deep-water species of orbiniid polychaete was collected: Orbiniella andeepia sp. nov. Orbiniella andeepia appears to be most closely related to O. marionensis but differs in capillary setal structure, the type and number of acicular spines found in each podial lobe. Orbiniella andeepia is only the third deep-water species of Orbiniella to be discovered. It exhibits both a wide depth- and geographic-range within the Antarctic slope and abyssal sediments.

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Philipp, Eva E. R., Gunnar Husmann und Doris Abele. „The impact of sediment deposition and iceberg scour on the Antarctic soft shell clam Laternula elliptica at King George Island, Antarctica“. Antarctic Science 23, Nr. 2 (26.01.2011): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102010000970.

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AbstractRecent rapid changes of air temperature on the western side of the Antarctic Peninsula results in increased sediment discharge and ice scouring frequencies in coastal regions. These changes are bound to especially affect slow growing, sessile filter feeders such as the Antarctic bivalve, Laternula elliptica, a long-lived and abundant key species with circumpolar distribution. We investigated the effect of sedimentation and ice scouring on small/young and large/old individuals at two closely located stations, distinctly influenced by both types of disturbance. Small individuals dealt better with disturbance in terms of their respiratory response to sediment exposure, reburrowing ability, and survival after injury, compared to larger animals. At the more disturbed station L. elliptica population density was lower, but larger animals reburrowed faster after iceberg disturbance and reduced their metabolic rate under strong sediment coverage, compared to larger animals of the less disturbed station, indicating that an adaptation or learning response to both types of disturbance may be possible. Smaller individuals were not influenced. Laternula elliptica seems capable of coping with the rapidly changing environmental conditions. Due to a decrease in population density and mean population lifespan, L. elliptica could however lose its key role in the bentho-pelagic carbon flux in areas of high sediment deposition.

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Wagner, Bernd, Sabrina Ortlepp, Fabien Kenig, Peter T. Doran und Martin Melles. „Palaeoenvironmental implications derived from a piston core from east lobe Bonney, Taylor Valley, Antarctica“. Antarctic Science 22, Nr. 5 (12.08.2010): 522–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102010000556.

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AbstractA 270 cm long sediment sequence was recovered with a piston corer from east lobe Bonney, Taylor Valley, Antarctica, and characterized according to its sedimentological, mineralogical, and geochemical properties. It is the first record of such length recovered from east lobe Bonney. The sediment core is mainly composed of halite crystals of different sizes, water, and a relatively low and stable proportion of clastic particles. Although the sediment surface was probably disturbed by the coring process and absence or low contents of organic material or carbonates hampers the establishment of a robust chronology by radiocarbon dating, the core probably contains at least several hundred years of information about the history of the lake and the Bonney basin. Variations in halite crystal sizes and amount as well as variations in the composition of clastic material can be related to past lake level changes and evaporation cycles.

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Keage, Peter. „Huskies in Harness: A Love Story in Antarctica. Shelagh Robinson (Editor). 1995. Kenthurst, NSW: Kangaroo Press. 144 p, illustrated, soft cover. ISBN 0-86417-726-7. $Aus29.95.“ Polar Record 32, Nr. 182 (Juli 1996): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400025250.

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Lawrence, Jade P., Peter T. Doran, Luke A. Winslow und John C. Priscu. „Subglacial brine flow and wind-induced internal waves in Lake Bonney, Antarctica“. Antarctic Science 32, Nr. 3 (13.02.2020): 223–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102020000036.

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AbstractBrine beneath Taylor Glacier has been proposed to enter the proglacial west lobe of Lake Bonney (WLB) as well as from Blood Falls, a surface discharge point at the Taylor Glacier terminus. The brine strongly influences the geochemistry of the water column of WLB. Year-round measurements from this study are the first to definitively identify brine intrusions from a subglacial entry point into WLB. Furthermore, we excluded input from Blood Falls by focusing on winter dynamics when the absence of an open water moat prevents surface brine entry. Due to the extremely high salinities below the chemocline in WLB, density stratification is dominated by salinity, and temperature can be used as a passive tracer. Cold brine intrusions enter WLB at the glacier face and intrude into the water column at the depth of neutral buoyancy, where they can be identified by anomalously cold temperatures at that depth. High-resolution measurements also reveal under-ice internal waves associated with katabatic wind events, a novel finding that challenges long-held assumptions about the stability of the WLB water column.

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Gerhardt, Lisa, Juan Carlos Diaz Velez und Spencer R. Klein. „Adventures in Antarctic Computing, or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Neutrino“. Computer 47, Nr. 9 (September 2014): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mc.2014.234.

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Hulbe, Christina L., Eric Rignot und Douglas R. Macayeal. „Comparison of ice-shelf creep flow simulations with ice-front motion of Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica, detected by SAR interferometry“. Annals of Glaciology 27 (1998): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/1998aog27-1-182-186.

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Comparison between numerical model ice-shelf flow simulations and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferograms is used to study ice-flow dynamics at the Hemmen Ice Rise (HIR) and Lassiter Coast (LC) corners of the iceberg-calving front of the Filchnei—Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica. The interferograms are constructed from SAR images provided by the European Space Agency's remote-sensing satellites (ERS-1/2). Narrow bands of large shear strain rate are observed along the boundaries between fast-flowing ice-shelf ice and no-flow boundaries. Large rifts, opened where the ice shelf separates from the coast, appear to be filled with a melange of sea ice, ice-shelf fragments, and snow. Trial and error is used to find the best match between artificial interferograms, constructed from modelled ice flow, and the observed interferograms. We find that at both HIR and LC, ice with in the coastal boundary layers must be significantly softer than adjacent ice. At HIR the rift-filling ice melange transmits stress from one ice-shelf fragment to another; thus it must have mechanical competence and must moderate both separation of the ice shelf from the coast and the release of icebergs. However, the ice melange along the LC does not. The difference may be related to melange thickness, which could vary in the two locations due to differences in sub-ice-shelf oceanography or perhaps to regional atmospheric warming, currently under way along the Antarctic Peninsula. Future warming could weaken the melange ice around HIR as well, causing the ice shelf to lose contact with that shelf-front anchor.

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OBRYK, M. K., P. T. DORAN, J. A. HICKS, C. P. McKAY und J. C. PRISCU. „Modeling the thickness of perennial ice covers on stratified lakes of the Taylor Valley, Antarctica“. Journal of Glaciology 62, Nr. 235 (07.06.2016): 825–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jog.2016.69.

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ABSTRACTA 1-D ice cover model was developed to predict and constrain drivers of long-term ice thickness trends in chemically stratified lakes of Taylor Valley, Antarctica. The model is driven by surface radiative heat fluxes and heat fluxes from the underlying water column. The model successfully reproduced 16 a (between 1996 and 2012) of ice thickness changes for the west lobe of Lake Bonney (average ice thickness = 3.53 m) and Lake Fryxell (average ice thickness = 4.22 m). Long-term ice thickness trends require coupling with the thermal structure of the water column. The heat stored within the temperature maximum of lakes exceeding a liquid water column depth of 20 m can either impede or facilitate ice thickness change depending on the predominant climatic trend (cooling or warming). As such, shallow (<20 m deep water columns) perennially ice-covered lakes without deep temperature maxima are more sensitive indicators of climate change. The long-term ice thickness trends are a result of surface energy flux and heat flux from the deep temperature maximum in the water column, the latter of which results from absorbed solar radiation.

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DA, WA, MIN WANG und YAN-QING HU. „Description of a new species and a new record of the genus Nola Leach, 1815 (Lepidoptera, Nolidae, Nolinae) from Tibet, China“. Zootaxa 4926, Nr. 2 (05.02.2021): 293–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4926.2.9.

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The genus Nola was established with the western Palaearctic species Noctua cucullatella (Linnaeus, 1758) described from Austria as its type species. Nola occurs in all continents except the Antarctica and contains more than 200 valid Eurasian and North African taxa (László et al., 2014). The genus Nola can be easily distinguished from other genera of Nolinae with the distinctive features as the degenerate uncus, the divided valva with the ventral valval lobe bearing the harpe and a curved carina process in male genitalia. In our recent survey, we report a new species Nola senmuzhaensis sp. nov. and a new record of Nola sikkima (Moore, 1888) from Tibet, China. Adults and genitalia are illustrated. The type specimens are deposited in Southwest University of Science and Technology (SWUST).

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Lange, M. A., und D. R. MacAyeal. „Numerical Models of Steady-State Thickness and Basal Ice Configurations of the Central Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica“. Annals of Glaciology 11 (1988): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500006340.

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Radar ice-thickness surveys and bore-hole measurements suggest that the central part of Ronne Ice Shelf possesses a lobe-shaped basal layer of undetermined nature (probably saline ice). This layer is characterized by high radio-wave absorbtivity and by thicknesses up to approximately 300 m. We reconstruct this basal layer and the associated ice-shelf thickness and flow distributions, using a time-dependent ice-shelf model forced with prescribed basal freezing rates. Characteristics of the basal layer are controlled by two factors: (i) long ice-column residence times in the unventilated pocket between Henry and Korff ice rises and Doake Ice Rumples, and (ii) basal freezing rates in this pocket that exceed the snow-accumulation rate (currently averaging 0.35 m/a ice equivalent across the ice shelf).

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Lange, M. A., und D. R. MacAyeal. „Numerical Models of Steady-State Thickness and Basal Ice Configurations of the Central Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica“. Annals of Glaciology 11 (1988): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500006340.

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Radar ice-thickness surveys and bore-hole measurements suggest that the central part of Ronne Ice Shelf possesses a lobe-shaped basal layer of undetermined nature (probably saline ice). This layer is characterized by high radio-wave absorbtivity and by thicknesses up to approximately 300 m. We reconstruct this basal layer and the associated ice-shelf thickness and flow distributions, using a time-dependent ice-shelf model forced with prescribed basal freezing rates. Characteristics of the basal layer are controlled by two factors: (i) long ice-column residence times in the unventilated pocket between Henry and Korff ice rises and Doake Ice Rumples, and (ii) basal freezing rates in this pocket that exceed the snow-accumulation rate (currently averaging 0.35 m/a ice equivalent across the ice shelf).

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Dangy, Isabelle. „Matière physique et matière mentale dans White de Marie Darrieussecq“. Précisions sur les sciences dans l'oeuvre de Marie Darrieussecq, Nr. 115 (03.03.2020): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1067888ar.

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White, by Marie Darrieussecq, a novel set in the Antarctic continent, constitutes an exploration of physical matter and biological matter as they are determined by the Pole’s extreme climatic conditions. The characters are scientists or technicians, on a mission in a research base, faced with a modified perception of space and time which complicates further the presence of an enigmatic spectral matter diffused between objects and beings. The aim of this article is to observe how resorting to data taken from science contributes to the concrete rendering of bodies as well as streams of consciousness, to the point of constituting the frame for a love story likely to free the characters from the constraints and anguish that have restrained them, and to assert the intrusion of life in the world of permanent freeze.

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Bekaert, David, Nicolas Gebert, Chung-Chi Lin, Florence Hélière, Jørgen Dall, Anders Kusk und Steen Savstrup Kristensen. „Multichannel surface clutter suppression: East Antarctica P-band SAR ice sounding in the presence of grating lobes“. Annals of Glaciology 55, Nr. 67 (2014): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2014aog67a100.

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AbstractIce sounding with radar is a well-established technique for the retrieval of ice depth, and provides information on ice structures and layering. Airborne radar ice sounders suffer from off-nadir surface clutter that masks the signal from bedrock and ice layers with unwanted but simultaneously received surface reflections. This is of importance for future satellite ice-sounding missions, as the spaceborne geometry leads to strong surface clutter even for deep subsurface returns. This paper presents analysis and comparison of different clutter-suppression techniques applied to data acquired with the European Space Agency's P-band POLarimetric Airborne Radar Ice Sounder (POLARIS). The 4 m long antenna of POLARIS enables simultaneous reception of up to four across-track channels. It was operated in 2011 over Antarctica at a high flight altitude of 3200 m. Different coherent weighting techniques of the receive channels were used to suppress the surface ‘clutter’. However, with a channel spacing of 1.4 times the wavelength, the grating lobe imposes a limitation to the off-nadir angular range in which clutter can be effectively attenuated. Results of ice sounding over Jutulstraumen glacier are described, where we demonstrate a clutter suppression of up to 10 dB.

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Vanitharani, Juliet. „The Emerging Trends in the Bio-Diversity of Bats in Tamil Nadu“. Mapana - Journal of Sciences 2, Nr. 2 (22.04.2004): 14–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12723/mjs.4.3.

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The news media, legends, 101k lore, television, movies and storybooks perpetuate myths. 'Fears about bots' a surprising number of people believe. Bots are instantly recognised yet poorly known. The hours Of twilight {Oltowed by darkness is the best feeding tirnö for these animals. The night is really alive with such nocturnal creatures. They inhabit Olmos' every comer Offhe globe. They ore not from Antarctica, Arctic tundra remote oceanic islands. Bots are unique elegant and fascinating, They ore the only mammals who mastered true, sustained flight much before man's own lineage began. More than Of all mammal species are bats. They 'See' With their ears, hang upside to sleep by day ond can catch insects while flying even in the darkest 0/ nights. Wing' forms 0 basis for Classifying os separote order Of Mammals. The order Chiroptera (Greek Pteros•wing), Which includes 1242 species.

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Dieser, Markus, Andreas Nocker, John C. Priscu und Christine M. Foreman. „Viable microbes in ice: application of molecular assays to McMurdo Dry Valley lake ice communities“. Antarctic Science 22, Nr. 5 (23.06.2010): 470–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102010000404.

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AbstractThe permanent ice covers of the McMurdo Dry Valley lakes, Antarctica, are colonized by a diverse microbial assemblage. We collected ice cores from Lakes Fryxell, Hoare and Bonney. Propidium monoazide (PMA) was used in combination with quantitative PCR (qPCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) to examine membrane integrity of prokaryotes in these extreme environments. PMA selectively penetrates cells with compromised membranes and modifies their DNA resulting in the suppression of PCR amplification. Our results based on analysis of 16S rRNA genes demonstrate that despite the hostile conditions of the Dry Valleys, the permanent ice covers of the lakes support a ‘potentially viable’ microbial community. The level of membrane integrity, as well as diversity, was higher in samples where sediment was entrapped in the ice cover. Pronounced differences in the fraction of cells with intact and compromised cell membranes were found for Lake Fryxell and east lobe of Lake Bonney, both expressed in differences in DGGE banding patterns and qPCR signal reductions. Limitations in the ability to distinguish between intact or compromised cells occurred in samples from Lake Hoare and west lobe of Lake Bonney due to low DNA template concentrations recovered from the samples.

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Previdi, M., B. G. Liepert, D. T. Peteet, J. Hansen, D. J. Beerling, A. J. Broccoli, S. Frolking et al. „Climate sensitivity in the Anthropocene“. Earth System Dynamics Discussions 2, Nr. 2 (15.09.2011): 531–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esdd-2-531-2011.

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Abstract. Understanding the sensitivity of Earth's climate to an imposed external forcing is one of the great challenges in science and a critical component of efforts to avoid dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Climate sensitivity (or equilibrium global surface warming) to a doubling of atmospheric CO2 has long been estimated to be about 3 °C, considering only fast climate feedbacks associated with increases in water vapor, decreases in sea ice, and changes in clouds. However, evidence from Earth's history suggests that slower surface albedo feedbacks due to vegetation change and melting of Greenland and Antarctica can come into play on the timescales of interest to humans, which could increase the sensitivity to significantly higher values, as much as 6 °C. Even higher sensitivity may result as present-day land and ocean carbon sinks begin to lose their ability to sequester anthropogenic CO2 in the coming decades. The evolving view of climate sensitivity in the Anthropocene is therefore one in which a wider array of Earth system feedbacks are recognized as important. Since these feedbacks are overwhelmingly positive, the sensitivity is likely to be higher than has traditionally been assumed.

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Kim, Young-Hwan G., Jusun Woo, Tae-Yoon S. Park, Ji-Hoon Kihm, Jong Ik Lee und Moon Young Choe. „Sedimentary breccia and diamictite of the Cambrian Spurs Formation in northern Victoria Land, Antarctica: two kinds of debris flows in a submarine channel system“. Antarctic Science 30, Nr. 4 (30.04.2018): 245–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102018000123.

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AbstractThe submarine channel-fill system of the Cambrian Spurs Formation exhibits unique metre-scale cycles of breccia and diamictite. The studied sections, Eureka Spurs, are located at the Mariner Glacier in the central-eastern part of northern Victoria Land, Antarctica. A facies analysis of the channel-fill deposit has led to the recognition of four main lithofacies: breccia, diamictite, thin-bedded sandstone and mudstone. The channel-fill deposit consists of two architectural elements: hollow-fill (HF) and sheet-like (SL) elements. The SL has wide convex-up geometry and consists solely of a very thick bed of diamictite, and is interpreted as a submarine channel lobe. The HF has a concave-up erosional base and flat upper surface. The HF consists of nine cyclic alternations of underlying breccia (cohesionless debris flow) and overlying diamictite (cohesive debris flow). The deposition of breccia is interpreted to have been controlled by repeated allogenic processes such as earthquakes. In contrast, the abrupt vertical transition from breccia to diamictite in each cycle is interpreted to have resulted from an autogenic, slope instability-related process. The interaction of the allogenic and autogenic factors recorded in the metre-scale unique cyclic deposits provides new criteria to interpret cycles of submarine debris flow.

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Szelwicka, Anna, Agnieszka Siewniak, Anna Kolanowska, Sławomir Boncel und Anna Chrobok. „PTFE-Carbon Nanotubes and Lipase B from Candida antarctica—Long-Lasting Marriage for Ultra-Fast and Fully Selective Synthesis of Levulinate Esters“. Materials 14, Nr. 6 (19.03.2021): 1518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14061518.

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An effective method for levulinic acid esters synthesis by the enzymatic Fischer esterification of levulinic acid using a lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB) immobilized on the advanced material consisting of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and a hydrophobic polymer—polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon, PTFE)—as a heterogeneous biocatalyst, was developed. An active phase of the biocatalyst was obtained by immobilization via interfacial activation on the surface of the hybrid material MWCNTs/PTFE (immobilization yield: 6%, activity of CALB: 5000 U∙L∙kg−1, enzyme loading: 22.5 wt.%). The catalytic activity of the obtained biocatalyst and the effects of the selected reaction parameters, including the agitation speed, the amount of PTFE in the CALB/MWCNT-PTFE biocatalyst, the amount of CALB/MWCNT-PTFE, the type of organic solvent, n-butanol excess, were tested in the esterification of levulinic acid by n-butanol. The results showed that the use of a two-fold excess of levulinic acid to n-butanol, 22.5 wt.% of CALB on MWCNT-PTFE (0.10 wt.%) and cyclohexane as a solvent at 20 °C allowed one to obtain n-butyl levulinate with a high yield (99%) and selectivity (>99%) after 45 min. The catalyst retained its activity and stability after three cycles, and then started to lose activity until dropping to a 69% yield of ester in the sixth reaction run. The presented method has opened the new possibilities for environmentally friendly synthesis of levulinate esters.

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Swanger, Kate M. „Buried ice in Kennar Valley: a late Pleistocene remnant of Taylor Glacier“. Antarctic Science 29, Nr. 3 (31.01.2017): 239–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102016000687.

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AbstractBuried glacier ice is common in the McMurdo Dry Valleys and under ideal climatic and geomorphological conditions may be preserved for multimillion-year timescales. This study focuses on the analysis of ~300 m2 of buried glacier ice in lower Kennar Valley, Quartermain Range. The mapped ice is clean,<10 m thick and covered by a~25 cm sandy drift. The mouth of Kennar Valley is occupied by a lobe of Taylor Glacier, an outlet glacier from Taylor Dome. Based on ice–sediment characteristics, air bubble concentrations and stable isotopic analyses from three ice cores, the lower Kennar Valley ice is glacial in origin. These data coupled with a previously reported exposure age chronology indicate that the buried ice was deposited by a late Pleistocene advance of Taylor Glacier, probably during an interglacial interval. The surface of the buried glacier ice exhibits a patterned ground morphology characterized by small, dome-shaped polygons with deep troughs. This shape possibly reflects the final stages of ice loss, as stagnant, isolated ice pinnacles sublimate in place. This study highlights how polygon morphology can be used to infer the thickness of clean buried ice and its geomorphological stability throughout Antarctica, as well as other in cold, arid landscapes.

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Kenneally, J. P., und T. Hughes. „Calving giant icebergs: old principles, new applications“. Antarctic Science 18, Nr. 3 (24.08.2006): 409–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102006000459.

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Earth-orbiting satellites can now monitor calving of large icebergs from ice shelves bordering the marine West Antarctic Ice Sheet, and recent calving events have stimulated interest in calving mechanisms. To advance this interest pioneering work in brittle and ductile fracture mechanics is reviewed, leading to a new application to calving of giant icebergs from Antarctic ice shelves. The aim is to view iceberg calving as more than terminal events for Antarctic ice when glaciologists lose interest. Instead calving launches Antarctic ice into the larger dynamic system of Earth's climate machine. This encourages a holistic approach to glaciology.

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STOKES, CHRIS R., MARTIN MARGOLD und TIMOTHY T. CREYTS. „Ribbed bedforms on palaeo-ice stream beds resemble regular patterns of basal shear stress (‘traction ribs’) inferred from modern ice streams“. Journal of Glaciology 62, Nr. 234 (10.05.2016): 696–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jog.2016.63.

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Rapidly-flowing ice streams are an important mechanism through which ice sheets lose mass, and much work has been focussed on elucidating the processes that increase or decrease their velocity. Recent work using standard inverse methods has inferred previously-unrecognised regular patterns of high basal shear stress (‘sticky spots’ >200 kPa) beneath a number of ice streams in Antarctica and Greenland, termed ‘traction ribs’. They appear at a scale intermediate between smaller ribbed moraines and much larger mega-ribs observed on palaeo-ice sheet beds, but it is unclear whether they have a topographic expression at the bed. Here, we report observations of rib-like bedforms from DEMs along palaeo-ice stream beds in western Canada that resemble both the pattern and dimensions of traction ribs. Their identification suggests that traction ribs may have a topographic expression that lies between, and partly overlaps with, ribbed moraines and much larger mega-ribs. These intermediate-sized bedforms support the notion of a ribbed bedform continuum. Their formation remains conjectural, but our observations from palaeo-ice streams, coupled with those from modern ice masses, suggest they are related to wave-like instabilities occurring in the coupled flow of ice and till and modulated by subglacial meltwater drainage. Their form and pattern may also involve glaciotectonism of subglacial sediments.

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Hibbins, R. E., und M. J. Jarvis. „A long-term comparison of wind and tide measurements in the upper mesosphere recorded with an imaging Doppler interferometer and SuperDARN radar at Halley, Antarctica“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, Nr. 5 (07.03.2008): 1367–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-1367-2008.

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Abstract. Data from a near co-located imaging Doppler interferometer (IDI) and SuperDARN radar recorded since 1996 have been analysed in a consistent manner to compare the derived mean winds and tides in the upper mesosphere. By comparing only days when both techniques were recording good quality meridional wind data it is shown that the SuperDARN radar winds and tides correlate best with the IDI height bin 90–95 km. On timescales of one hour the winds derived from the IDI have a much greater associated variance and correlate poorly with the SuperDARN winds. Regression analysis reveals that the observed SuperDARN daily mean meridional wind strength is approximately 65% that recorded by the IDI, in good quantitative agreement with previous studies which have shown contamination to SuperDARN derived winds due to the significant back lobe of the radar radiation pattern. Climatologically the two techniques observe similar monthly mean winds with the SuperDARN meridional winds suppressed compared to the IDI which tends to record winds more poleward than those derived by the SuperDARN radar during the summer months, and to be slightly more equatorward during the winter. The 12-h tidal amplitude and phase derived from both techniques are in good agreement, whereas the 24-h tides are seen much more strongly in the SuperDARN radar, especially in wintertime, with poor phase agreement. Long term comparison of the two techniques reveals a tendency for the IDI meridional winds to be more poleward during solar maximum especially during summer time; an effect which is not reproduced in the meridional winds derived from the SuperDARN radar. These results are discussed in the context of previous studies to independently determine the veracity of each technique, and to highlight the circumstances where data derived from these two techniques can be used to draw reliable conclusions from comparative studies based on geographically distributed pairs of instruments.

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Hibbins, R. E., und M. J. Jarvis. „A long-term comparison of wind and tide measurements in the upper mesosphere recorded with an imaging Doppler interferometer and SuperDARN radar at Halley, Antarctica“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, Nr. 3 (16.05.2007): 6573–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-6573-2007.

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Abstract. Data from a co-located imaging Doppler interferometer and SuperDARN radar recorded since 1996 have been analysed in a consistent manner to determine daily mean winds and tides in the upper mesosphere. By comparing only days when both techniques were recording good quality data it is shown that the SuperDARN radar winds and tides correlate best with the IDI height bin 90–95 km. On timescales of one hour the winds derived from each technique correlate poorly, whereas the daily mean winds are in much better agreement suggesting that the two radars are sensitive to different parts of the gravity wave spectrum. Regression analysis reveals that the observed SuperDARN daily mean meridional wind strength is approximately 65% that recorded by the IDI while the zonal winds are of similar magnitude, in good quantitative agreement with previous studies which have shown contamination to SuperDARN-derived winds due to the significant back lobe of the radar radiation pattern. Climatologically the two techniques observe similar monthly mean winds with the SuperDARN meridional winds suppressed compared to the IDI which tends to record winds more poleward and eastward than those derived by the SuperDARN radar during the summer months, and to be slightly more equatorward during the winter. The 12-h tidal amplitude and phase in both the zonal and meridional components derived from both techniques are in excellent agreement, whereas the 24-h tides are seen much more strongly in the SuperDARN radar, especially in wintertime, with poor phase agreement. Long term comparison of the two techniques reveals a tendency for the IDI meridional winds to be more poleward during solar maximum especially during summer time; an effect which is not reproduced in the meridional winds derived from the SuperDARN radar. These results are discussed in the context of previous studies to independently determine the veracity of each technique.

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Kong, Weidong, David C. Ream, John C. Priscu und Rachael M. Morgan-Kiss. „Diversity and Expression of RubisCO Genes in a Perennially Ice-Covered Antarctic Lake during the Polar Night Transition“. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, Nr. 12 (06.04.2012): 4358–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00029-12.

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ABSTRACTThe autotrophic communities in the lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, have generated interest since the early 1960s owing to low light transmission through the permanent ice covers, a strongly bimodal seasonal light cycle, constant cold water temperatures, and geographical isolation. Previous work has shown that autotrophic carbon fixation in these lakes provides an important source of organic matter to this polar desert. Lake Bonney has two lobes separated by a shallow sill and is one of several chemically stratified lakes in the dry valleys that support year-round biological activity. As part of an International Polar Year initiative, we monitored the diversity and abundance of major isoforms of RubisCO in Lake Bonney by using a combined sequencing and quantitative PCR approach during the transition from summer to polar winter. Form ID RubisCO genes related to a stramenopile, a haptophyte, and a cryptophyte were identified, while primers specific for form IA/B RubisCO detected a diverse autotrophic community of chlorophytes, cyanobacteria, and chemoautotrophic proteobacteria. Form ID RubisCO dominated phytoplankton communities in both lobes of the lake and closely matched depth profiles for photosynthesis and chlorophyll. Our results indicate a coupling between light availability, photosynthesis, andrbcLmRNA levels in deep phytoplankton populations. Regulatory control ofrbcLin phytoplankton living in nutrient-deprived shallow depths does not appear to be solely light dependent. The distinct water chemistries of the east and west lobes have resulted in depth- and lobe-dependent variability in RubisCO diversity, which plays a role in transcriptional activity of the key gene responsible for carbon fixation.

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Amakasu, Kazuo, und Masahiko Furusawa. „The target strength of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) measured by the split-beam method in a small tank at 70 kHz“. ICES Journal of Marine Science 63, Nr. 1 (01.01.2006): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.07.012.

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Abstract The target strengths (TS) of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) were measured at 70 kHz aboard the research and training vessel “Umitaka-maru” of Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology in February 2003 during a Southern Ocean survey. The systematic variations of TS vs. the incident angle of the ensonified wave, henceforth called TS-patterns, were successfully measured for 12 live Antarctic krill. These measurements were compared with the theoretical TS-patterns predicted by the Distorted-Wave Born Approximation-based deformed-cylinder model (DWBA model). While there was good agreement near the main lobe, the measurements were higher than the model predictions in the side-lobe regions; this is consistent with the observations of others. Several possible causes of this discrepancy such as the bending of abdomen and scattering from pleopods were examined, but no single factor was identified as the cause. Rather, it is likely that the discrepancy is a result of a combination of several factors.

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Nicol, Stephen, William K. De La Mare und Martin Stolp. „The energetic cost of egg production in Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana)“. Antarctic Science 7, Nr. 1 (März 1995): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102095000058.

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A female Antarctic krill loses 34% of its body mass when it lays a batch of eggs. This represents a considerable input of energy which was estimated using a combination of measured mass and energy differences in female krill and from the measured energetic content of ovarian tissue. Large (c. 50 mm) female krill lose 2.9–3.8 kJ each time a batch of eggs is laid. Calculations using this figure indicate that multiple spawning by Antarctic krill in a season would require above average phytoplankton concentrations (> 0.5 μg chl a 1−1) and filtration rates which are close to the maximum reported (> 10 l h−1).

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SarÃ, Antonio, Carlo Cerrano und Michele SarÃ. „Viviparous development in the Antarctic sponge Stylocordyla borealis Loven, 1868“. Polar Biology 25, Nr. 6 (Juni 2002): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-002-0360-4.

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35

Meyer, Dixie, Joanne Salas und Myria Boyer. „Love, love, love cortisol you need“. Psychoneuroendocrinology 71 (September 2016): 32–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.07.089.

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36

Marzeion, B., A. H. Jarosch und M. Hofer. „Past and future sea-level change from the surface mass balance of glaciers“. Cryosphere 6, Nr. 6 (12.11.2012): 1295–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-1295-2012.

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Abstract. We present estimates of sea-level change caused by the global surface mass balance of glaciers, based on the reconstruction and projection of the surface mass balance of all the individual glaciers of the world, excluding the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica. The model is validated using a leave-one-glacier-out cross-validation scheme against 3997 observed surface mass balances of 255 glaciers, and against 756 geodetically observed, temporally integrated volume and surface area changes of 341 glaciers. When forced with observed monthly precipitation and temperature data, the glaciers of the world are reconstructed to have lost mass corresponding to 114 ± 5 mm sea-level equivalent (SLE) between 1902 and 2009. Using projected temperature and precipitation anomalies from 15 coupled general circulation models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) ensemble, they are projected to lose an additional 148 ± 35 mm SLE (scenario RCP26), 166 ± 42 mm SLE (scenario RCP45), 175 ± 40 mm SLE (scenario RCP60), or 217 ± 47 mm SLE (scenario RCP85) during the 21st century. Based on the extended RCP scenarios, glaciers are projected to approach a new equilibrium towards the end of the 23rd century, after having lost either 248 ± 66 mm SLE (scenario RCP26), 313 ± 50 mm SLE (scenario RCP45), or 424 ± 46 mm SLE (scenario RCP85). Up until approximately 2100, ensemble uncertainty within each scenario is the biggest source of uncertainty for the future glacier mass loss; after that, the difference between the scenarios takes over as the biggest source of uncertainty. Ice mass loss rates are projected to peak 2040 ∼ 2050 (RCP26), 2050 ∼ 2060 (RCP45), 2070 ∼ 2090 (RCP60), or 2070 ∼ 2100 (RCP85).

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Stchigel, Alberto M., Josep Guarro und Walter Mac Cormack. „Apiosordaria antarctica and Thielavia antarctica, Two New Ascomycetes from Antarctica“. Mycologia 95, Nr. 6 (November 2003): 1218. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3761922.

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38

Kerrigan, Dylan. „Love is Love“. Journal of Legal Anthropology 2, Nr. 1 (01.06.2018): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/jla.2018.020111.

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Trinidad and Tobago’s anti-gay laws can be traced back to British colonialism and European imperialism. Their existence today and their consequences for human lives in Trinidad and Tobago during the past one hundred years are a local entanglement of historic global hierarchies of power. On 12 April 2018, in the High Court of Port of Spain, capital of Trinidad and Tobago, Justice Devindra Rampersad, in a form of judicial activism, trod where local politicians have not dared and intervened in such coloniality by delivering a legal judgement upholding the challenge by Jason Jones to the nineteenth-century colonial laws in Trinidad and Tobago that criminalise homosexual relations and same-sex loving.

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Bryce, Jane. „Love After Love“. Caribbean Quarterly 66, Nr. 4 (01.10.2020): 610–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00086495.2020.1840082.

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Hooke, Maria Teresa Savio. „Love, maternal love, romantic love, depressive love: a psychoanalytic perspective“. Proceedings of the Wuhan Conference on Women 3, Nr. 2 (31.12.2020): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.33212/ppc.v3n2.2020.297.

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This article presents a history of ideas about the origins of love as a universal human experience, beginning with Freud's formulations and expanding concepts in the light of findings about the role of attachment and love in the earliest relationship between mother and baby. Conceptualisations based on the work of Klein, Winnicott, and Bion are linked to recent findings from neuroscience to arrive at a more complex conceptualisation of the origins and role of love for mothers, fathers, children and adults.

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Hattersley-Smith, G., und Charles Swithinbank. „Antarctica“. Geographical Journal 156, Nr. 1 (März 1990): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/635451.

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42

Morton, Brian. „Antarctica“. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52, Nr. 4 (April 2006): 357–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.02.003.

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43

Brzezinski, Max, und Claire Keegan. „Antarctica“. Antioch Review 60, Nr. 2 (2002): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4614330.

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44

Gifford, T. „Antarctica“. Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 13, Nr. 1 (01.01.2006): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isle/13.1.225.

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EVERETT, K. R. „Antarctica“. Soil Science 147, Nr. 2 (Februar 1989): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-198902000-00011.

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46

White, Michael. „Antarctica“. Nature 558, Nr. 7709 (Juni 2018): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-05379-4.

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47

Suedfeld, Peter, und Karine Weiss. „Antarctica“. Environment and Behavior 32, Nr. 1 (Januar 2000): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00139160021972405.

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Morris, Drew M., Robert B. Powell und June J. Pilcher. „Antarctica“. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, Nr. 1 (September 2016): 1775–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601406.

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A growing tourism industry in Antarctica raises concerns about occupational health risks. Risks associated with cold exposure were explored during three voyages of an Antarctic cruise vessel. Eight expedition leaders were monitored for skin temperature, physical activity, and subjective cold perception and comfort during 35 excursions. Results showed that those participants involved in zodiac boat sightseeing excursions with low activity and high wind chill had significantly greater body cooling than other participants involved in kayaking or snorkeling (down 2°F). However those involved in kayaking reported the greatest cold awareness and subjective cold discomfort. Prior experience with the Antarctic occupations was not indicative of cold tolerance. Findings suggest that the type of activity engaged in will vary the amount of occupational risk associated with cold exposure. This study is one of the first of its kind to provide pragmatic information for the occupational safety sector of the Antarctic tourism industry.

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Horne, S., und S. Horne. „Antarctica“. Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 148, Nr. 2 (01.06.2002): 188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jramc-148-02-16.

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M.M. „Antarctica“. Cold Regions Science and Technology 15, Nr. 3 (Oktober 1988): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-232x(88)90079-1.

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