Zeitschriftenartikel: „Testing of exhaust clamps“

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Yoon, Sung Ho, und Young Eun Hwang. „Sealing performance test for V-insert clamp applicable to automobile exhaust pipes“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 227, Nr. 10 (08.01.2013): 2228–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406212473410.

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The sealing performance of V-insert clamp used in automobile exhaust pipes was examined for various applied torques by a specially designed pneumatic testing system. Axial clamping forces of V-insert clamp were evaluated through a clamping performance test. In the clamping performance test, increase in the torque showed gradual increase in the axial clamping force for all gaps between exhaust pipes that were considered. Slight increase in the torque resulted in relatively high axial clamping force. In the sealing performance test, when applied pressure was 50 kPa, the leak was not present in all applied torques due to no pressure change as a function of time. For 100 kPa, the leak was observed for applied torques of 3 N-m and lower. When V-insert clamp was used to join the pipes together, at least the applied torque of 4 N-m was needed in order for V-insert clamp to effectively function in the exhaustion system. Therefore, it can be concluded that V-insert clamp showed sufficient sealing performance to support the applied pressure of up to 100 kPa within the exhaustion system when relatively high torque was applied.

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Kumar, V. Ram, und M. L. Munjal. „Plane wave frequency domain analysis of resonance free pipes with moving medium“. Noise Control Engineering Journal 67, Nr. 6 (01.11.2019): 467–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/1/376743.

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Mufflers are inevitably a significant part of the exhaust systems of automobiles for bringing down the tail-pipe noise levels. Nevertheless, howsoever well-optimized a reasonably large muffler volume be (with respect to insertion loss, back pressure, breakout noise, flow noise, etc.), there are inevitably acoustic modes present, which lead to peaks in the noise levels and corresponding troughs in the insertion loss (IL) of an exhaust baseline. These acoustic modes are: (i) muffler internal modes, (ii) axial pipe modes and (iii) system modes. Of these, the axial pipe mode is the most detrimental one. Usage of microperforated (MPA) patches along long pipes at locations of sound pressure anti-nodality to dampen their resonances has proved to be an efficient acoustic solution. All the works reported so far on these resonance free pipes with such patches have been using 3D FEM or vehicle testing. This article discusses their acoustic performance employing linear plane wave theory. The predicted acoustic behavior comes in-line with those of published resources. Also, the flow leakage through the open patches and the corresponding attenuation impact have been demonstrated. It has been shown that the seemingly inconsequential leakage deteriorates the patch acoustics considerably. This result is verified with the published claims, thereby further validating the 1D analysis presented here. Also, the 1D approach has a scope for valuable benchmarking of resonance free pipes (RFPâ,,¢) in industry since it does not suffer any intrinsic modeling deficiency unlike some commercial simulation solvers. The article, thus, presents, validates and illustrates the potential of linear acoustic analysis toward the acoustic assessment and optimization of RFPs.

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Gierman, Hinco J., Nikhil Pai, Casey Catasus, Alvin Tam, Monica Labrador, Joseph Donaldson, Mallika Singaraju et al. „A retrospective three-year analysis using real-world data on uptake of broad-based NextGen sequencing panels in community oncology practices.“ Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, Nr. 15_suppl (20.05.2020): e13668-e13668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e13668.

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e13668 Background: There are over 100 FDA approved targeted therapies across 15 cancer types, offering improved outcomes over existing therapies. However, many of these require genetic testing, for example, advanced non-small cell lung cancer (aNSCLC) patients have over 15 targeted therapies requiring a DNA-based test. Doing multiple tests can exhaust sample, while increasing cost and turn-around time. NGS panels, often with hundreds of genes, can address some of these issues. Here we asked across aNSCLC patients if the use of NGS panels has increased over the last 3 years in community oncology practices. Methods: The Integra Connect database, which includes electronic medical record (EMR) and claims data on over 1,000,000 US cancer patients, was queried across five community oncology practices to identify aNSCLC patients (stage IIIB or IV) treated between January 2017 and January 2020. Manual chart review abstracted tumor type, stage, treatment, and testing. Patients tested for all 7 NCCN recommended genes (EGFR, ALK, ROS1, BRAF, MET, RET, ERBB2) were grouped as “NGS Panel”, patients with less genes as “Single Gene/Small Panel”, and patients with no evidence of testing as “No Test”. A Chi-Square test was used to compare actionable results between patients with NGS panels versus small panels. Results: 1,007 aNSCLC patients were analyzed and showed a doubling of the use of broad-based NGS testing from 13% in 2017 to 26% in 2019 across over 100 oncologists (table). 23% of patients had actionable results when tested on broad-based panels versus 17% using single gene or small panels (p = .048). Targeted therapies were used in 17% of broad-based tested patients, versus 15% in patients tested for single genes or small panels. Conclusions: We see an uptake of broad-based NGS testing in community oncology, which can lead to more actionable results and better utilization of targeted therapies for those patients. However, this seems to be caused by providers shifting from small panels to large panels, rather than an overall increase in testing, as we do not see the percentage of untested patients decrease. [Table: see text]

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MERKISZ, Jerzy. „On-road exhaust emission testing“. Combustion Engines 146, Nr. 3 (01.11.2011): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117086.

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The paper presents the reasons behind on-road vehicle exhaust emission testing. The latest legislation has been presented in the paper applicable in the EU as well as the research potential of the Institute of Combustion Engines and Transport of Poznan University of Technology. The presentation of the results of the on-road tests pertains to passenger vehicles, buses and non-road machinery (construction machinery, tractors) and aircraft. The comparison of the exhaust emissions from different means of transport under real traffic conditions constitutes an important trend included in the normative legislation related to exhaust emissions

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Barrans, Simon, Goodarz Khodabakhshi und Qiang Xu. „Contact Pressure Distribution in Joints Formed by V-Band Clamps“. Advanced Materials Research 1016 (August 2014): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1016.34.

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V-band clamps offer an efficient clamping solution in diverse applications including process equipment, exhaust systems and air handling. This paper studies the distribution of interface contact pressure between the V-band and flange when the coupling is established. The determination of the contact area and pressure distribution in a joint is essential information, as it determines the integrity of the coupling. A three dimensional finite element model has been developed for this purpose. Contrary to the previous assumption in developing axisymmetric models, the 3D results showed that the contact pressure is non-uniform around the circumference of V-band with maximum contact pressure near the T-bolt area. This is in agreement with the theory in the literature. The presence and magnitude of friction has a noticeable influence on the form of the interface pressure distribution curve. It is also shown that the diameter of the band interacts with the effect of friction.

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Cornaz, Frédéric, Marie-Rosa Fasser, José Miguel Spirig, Jess G. Snedeker, Mazda Farshad und Jonas Widmer. „3D printed clamps improve spine specimen fixation in biomechanical testing“. Journal of Biomechanics 98 (Januar 2020): 109467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109467.

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Grgić, Ivan, Vjekoslav Wertheimer, Mirko Karakašić und Željko Ivandić. „3D Printed Clamps for In Vitro Tensile Tests of Human Gracilis and the Superficial Third of Quadriceps Tendons“. Applied Sciences 11, Nr. 6 (12.03.2021): 2563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062563.

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Recent soft tissue studies have reported issues that occur during experimentation, such as the tissue slipping and rupturing during tensile loads, the lack of standard testing procedure and equipment, the necessity for existing laboratory equipment adaptation, etc. To overcome such issues and fulfil the need for the determination of the biomechanical properties of the human gracilis and the superficial third of the quadriceps tendons, 3D printed clamps with metric thread profile-based geometry were developed. The clamps’ geometry consists of a truncated pyramid pattern, which prevents the tendons from slipping and rupturing. The use of the thread application in the design of the clamp could be used in standard clamping development procedures, unlike in previously custom-made clamps. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) was used as a 3D printing technique, together with polylactic acid (PLA), which was used as a material for clamp printing. The design was confirmed and the experiments were conducted by using porcine and human tendons. The findings justify the usage of 3D printing technology for parts manufacturing in the case of tissue testing and establish independence from the existing machine clamp system, since it was possible to print clamps for each prepared specimen and thus reduce the time for experiment setup.

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A. J. Heber, S. E. Cole und J. P. Murphy. „Facility for Testing Exhaust Ventilation Fans“. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 7, Nr. 5 (1991): 599–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.26276.

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Miąskowski, Wojciech, Krzysztof Nalepa, Przemysław Kowalczyk und Kamil Adamowicz. „Stand for exhaust-driven turbogenerators testing“. Mechanik 91, Nr. 7 (09.07.2018): 588–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/mechanik.2018.7.92.

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Presented is the designing procedure of the research and teaching stand for testing of exhaust-driven turbogenerators. The SolidWorks environment was used in the design process. The necessary engineering analyses were carried out, such as: conceptual consideration, calculations of the turbogenerator thermodynamic circuit, energy balance, device efficiency calculations, strength calculations of the structure frame, etc. The strength calculations were carried out using SolidWorks software with Simulation package.

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Koehlen, Christoph, und Norbert Komoschinski. „Automated testing on exhaust emission dynamometers“. ATZ worldwide 111, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2009): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03225098.

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Zhou, Yu Tong, Zheng Qiang Zhou, Jiong Geng Wang, Hong Jian Luo, Jie Zhang und Jia Yuan Hu. „Study on Cracking of Aluminum Alloy Strain Clamps for 500kV Transmission Line“. Solid State Phenomena 279 (August 2018): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.279.10.

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It was found that a large number of aluminum alloy strain clamps cracked. Cracking mainly occurred in the drainage plate of strain clamps. Nondestructive testing technologies and physicochemical analysis devices such as optical microscope, spectrograph, SEM and EDS were adopted to analyze the reasons of cracking. The results tell that there are numerous shrinkage cavities and cracks inside the drainage plate of strain clamps. The maximum area fraction of shrinkage cavities is 10.7%, and the maximum size is over 1mm2. A lot of shrinkage cavities and cracks gather together to form big flaws, which seriously reduce the mechanical properties of the drainage plates. After a long period of vibration, cracks gradually develop to the surrounding cavities and connect adjacent cavities. Eventually, cracks develop to the surface of drainage plates.

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Gibson, N. R., R. A. Read, R. Day, I. D. Robertson und K. L. Staudte. „Evaluation of a metal acrylic repair product as a clamp for an external fixator“. Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 17, Nr. 02 (2004): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1636481.

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SummaryMechanical testing was performed to evaluate an acrylic steel repair paste when used in the construction of external fixators. Individual pin-bar-acrylic constructs were compared with those made from Kirschner-Ehmer (KE) clamps or polymethylmethacrylate. The constructs were subjected to cantilever bending forces, pin-pullout tests and cantilever bending after undergoing cyclical fatigue. Forty mm segments of acrylic were significantly stronger than medium ESF clamps. Twenty-five mm segments of acrylic were of equivalent strength to clamps. Ten mm segments failed under physiological loads expected from dogs greater than 20 kg and were less likely to provide adequate pin coverage to protect against pin pull-put. The placement of a wire loop to secure the pin-bar intersects made application of the acrylic easier but did not alter stiffness. There was not any significant variation between different operators in the strength of their constructs nor tolerance of their constructs to pin pullout. Cyclical loading forces were applied to acrylic-pinbar units without significant loss of strength, and acrylic and polymethylmethacrylate units did not show any difference in stiffness after being subjected to cyclical fatigue. The acrylic steel repair paste is a handkneadable, fast setting, inexpensive and readily available acrylic for use in the construction of external fixators. It allows more flexibility in frame design than a clamp and on the basis of mechanical testing offers a very stiff and secure substitute for KE clamps or polymethylmethacrylate.

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Cornaz, Frédéric, Marco Burkhard, Marie-Rosa Fasser, José Miguel Spirig, Jess Gerrit Snedeker, Mazda Farshad und Jonas Widmer. „3D printed clamps for fixation of spinal segments in biomechanical testing“. Journal of Biomechanics 125 (August 2021): 110577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110577.

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Jayarathne, Thilina, Chelsea E. Stockwell, Prakash V. Bhave, Puppala S. Praveen, Chathurika M. Rathnayake, Md Robiul Islam, Arnico K. Panday et al. „Nepal Ambient Monitoring and Source Testing Experiment (NAMaSTE): emissions of particulate matter from wood- and dung-fueled cooking fires, garbage and crop residue burning, brick kilns, and other sources“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, Nr. 3 (15.02.2018): 2259–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2259-2018.

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Abstract. The Nepal Ambient Monitoring and Source Testing Experiment (NAMaSTE) characterized widespread and under-sampled combustion sources common to South Asia, including brick kilns, garbage burning, diesel and gasoline generators, diesel groundwater pumps, idling motorcycles, traditional and modern cooking stoves and fires, crop residue burning, and heating fire. Fuel-based emission factors (EFs; with units of pollutant mass emitted per kilogram of fuel combusted) were determined for fine particulate matter (PM2.5), organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), inorganic ions, trace metals, and organic species. For the forced-draft zigzag brick kiln, EFPM2.5 ranged from 12 to 19 g kg−1 with major contributions from OC (7 %), sulfate expected to be in the form of sulfuric acid (31.9 %), and other chemicals not measured (e.g., particle-bound water). For the clamp kiln, EFPM2.5 ranged from 8 to 13 g kg−1, with major contributions from OC (63.2 %), sulfate (23.4 %), and ammonium (16 %). Our brick kiln EFPM2.5 values may exceed those previously reported, partly because we sampled emissions at ambient temperature after emission from the stack or kiln allowing some particle-phase OC and sulfate to form from gaseous precursors. The combustion of mixed household garbage under dry conditions had an EFPM2.5 of 7.4 ± 1.2 g kg−1, whereas damp conditions generated the highest EFPM2.5 of all combustion sources in this study, reaching up to 125 ± 23 g kg−1. Garbage burning emissions contained triphenylbenzene and relatively high concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Sb), making these useful markers of this source. A variety of cooking stoves and fires fueled with dung, hardwood, twigs, and/or other biofuels were studied. The use of dung for cooking and heating produced higher EFPM2.5 than other biofuel sources and consistently emitted more PM2.5 and OC than burning hardwood and/or twigs; this trend was consistent across traditional mud stoves, chimney stoves, and three-stone cooking fires. The comparisons of different cooking stoves and cooking fires revealed the highest PM emissions from three-stone cooking fires (7.6–73 g kg−1), followed by traditional mud stoves (5.3–19.7 g kg−1), mud stoves with a chimney for exhaust (3.0–6.8 g kg−1), rocket stoves (1.5–7.2 g kg−1), induced-draft stoves (1.2–5.7 g kg−1), and the bhuse chulo stove (3.2 g kg−1), while biogas had no detectable PM emissions. Idling motorcycle emissions were evaluated before and after routine servicing at a local shop, which decreased EFPM2.5 from 8.8 ± 1.3 to 0.71 ± 0.45 g kg−1 when averaged across five motorcycles. Organic species analysis indicated that this reduction in PM2.5 was largely due to a decrease in emission of motor oil, probably from the crankcase. The EF and chemical emissions profiles developed in this study may be used for source apportionment and to update regional emission inventories.

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Bowser, J. E., S. H. Elder, A. M. Rashmir-Raven und C. E. Swiderski. „A cryogenic clamping technique that facilitates ultimate tensile strength determinations in tendons and ligaments“. Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 24, Nr. 05 (2011): 370–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-10-09-0128.

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SummaryObjective: To describe the use of a cryogenic clamp of novel design for tensile strength testing of tendinous and ligamentous tissues with inherently high tensile strength.Methods: Inexpensive, easily machined steel clamps were manufactured to facilitate rapid insertion into a standard wedge-screw grip apparatus installed on a testing system with a control system attached. The deep digital flex-or tendon (DDFT) of six horses was trimmed to a uniform dumbbell shape and secured in clamps using partial submersion in liquid nitrogen for approximately 45 seconds and immediately tested. Approximate time between removal from liquid nitrogen and failure of tendon was four minutes.Results: Failure was achieved in all tendons tested in a region approximating a midpoint between the clamps. Ultimate failure loads of up to 6745 N were achieved without slippage of the tissue from the grips. The ultimate tensile strength of the normal equine DDFT determined in this study was 111.82 ± 11.53 N/mm2, and the stress versus grip-to-grip elongation plots for our equine DDFT were representative of a standard non-linear elastic curve obtained in similar studies.Clinical significance: We present a low cost device for quantifying physical properties of specimens with high connective tissue concentrations and inherent high tensile strength. Results of this study indicate that this device provides a practical alternative to other more costly methods of adequately securing larger tendons and ligaments for tensile strength testing.

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., Akshay Tajane. „DESIGN AND TESTING OF AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST SYSTEM“. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 03, Nr. 11 (25.11.2014): 164–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2014.0311026.

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Palmiste, Ülar, Tauno Meier, Jarek Kurnitski und Hendrik Voll. „Experimental testing of exterior wall mounted mechanical ventilation exhaust air outlet devices“. E3S Web of Conferences 246 (2021): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124602001.

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The purpose of the study was to experimentally test the performance of four types of wall-mounted mechanical ventilation exhaust air outlet devices. A full-scale mock-up of a segment of an external wall with an exhaust air outlet was constructed. The tested exhaust air devices include a gravity louver, fixed-blade louver, louver plate, and exhaust nozzle. The performance assessment included two types of experiments over the exhaust airflow rate range of 25–94 l/s at isothermal conditions with no influencing wind: (i) the particle tracer method with smoke to visualize the exhaust air jets from the outlets, and (ii) the tracer gas method to measure the dilution of CO2 concentration in the exhaust air jet. Furthermore, the aerodynamic performance was comparatively evaluated in terms of pressure drop and exhaust air face velocity at the outlet. The qualitative comparison of airflow patterns by smoke visualization showed notable differences between the tested device types. Concentration decrease evaluation indicated that the exhaust air pollutants are more efficiently transported away from the building wall by exhaust outlets that discharge at 0–45 degrees downwards from the horizontal plane. Discharge angles 60–90 degrees downwards produced a wall-attached jet and the pollutant tracer concentration remained relatively high in the vicinity of the wall.

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BIELACZYC, Piotr, Dariusz KLIMKIEWICZ, Joseph WOODBURN und Andrzej SZCZOTKA. „Exhaust emission testing methods – BOSMAL’s legislative and development emission testing laboratories“. Combustion Engines 178, Nr. 3 (01.07.2019): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2019-316.

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The latest legislation regarding the reduction of harmful exhaust emissions, greenhouse gases and fuel consumption determines not only maximum permissible emissions factors, but also emissions testing methods and laboratory design and additionally leads to the development of new research methods. BOSMAL has risen to meet these challenges by investing in an updated, state-of-the-art emissions testing laboratory, housed within a climate chamber and in parallel investing in a completely new laboratory designed with incoming and future legislative requirements in mind. This paper presents BOSMAL’s improved M1/N1 vehicular emissions and fuel consumption laboratory in a climatic chamber and BOSMAL’s standard chamber for the testing of vehicles in accordance with European Union, US and Japanese standards. The specifications, capabilities and design features of the sampling, analysis and development research possi-bilities and climate simulation systems are presented and discussed in relation to the increasing drive for cleaner, light duty road vehi-cles (including hybrids and electric vehicles). The recently-renovated laboratory with extended standard temperature range and the laboratory with climatic chamber are described in the context of the newest European Union legislation on the emission in the range of Euro 6d testing requirements. The laboratories permit BOSMAL’s engineers to compete in the international automotive arena in the development of new, more ecologically friendly and increasingly fuel efficient vehicles.

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Hu, Guo You, Pin Qi Xia und Wen Feng Lu. „The Testing and Improving of Acoustic Performance on Muffler“. Advanced Materials Research 291-294 (Juli 2011): 2060–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.291-294.2060.

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The main sound source of motorcycle noise is engine exhaust noise in the paper. Installing muffler can effectively reduce the exhaust noise, in the other word, if the acoustic performance of muffler can be improved, exhaust noise of engine will effectively be suppressed. Based on the FEM, establishing the acoustic simulation model, the performance of muffler relates to acoustic is studied. Based on muffling theory, the optimal projects of the interior structure for muffler are proposed. Through doing experiments of insertion loss for muffler and the pass-by noise for motorcycle, these confirmed that the improved muffler can reduce the motorcycle’s noise.

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Weigel, Claudia, Guido Schäffner, Peter Kattwinkel, Petra Viehweg, Marc Hehle und Dirk Bergmann. „Technologies for exhaust aftertreatment testing under real conditions“. MTZ worldwide 71, Nr. 11 (November 2010): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03228001.

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BIELACZYC, Piotr, Andrzej SZCZOTKA, Piotr PAJDOWSKI und Joseph WOODBURN. „Development of vehicle exhaust emission testing methods – BOSMAL’s new emission testing laboratory“. Combustion Engines 144, Nr. 1 (01.02.2011): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117117.

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Legislation regarding the reduction of harmful exhaust emissions, greenhouse gases and fuel consumption is one of the strongest drivers of development in automobile design. Emissions standards in the European Union (EU), USA and Japan determine not only maximum permissible emissions factors, but also emissions testing methods and laboratory design. BOSMAL has risen to meet these challenges by investing in a new, state-of-the-art emissions testing laboratory, housed within a climate chamber. This paper presents BOSMAL’s new M1/N1 vehicular emissions and fuel consumption laboratory in a climatic chamber for the testing of vehicles in accordance with the Euro 5 & 6 and US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) & California Air Resources Board (CARB) standards. The specifications, capabilities and design features of the sampling and analysis and climate simulation systems are presented and discussed in relation to the increasing drive for cleaner light duty road vehicles. A recently-installed particle number counting system is described in the context of European Union legislation on the emission of particle matter from CI and SI vehicles. The laboratory permits BOSMAL’s engineers to compete in the international automotive arena in the development and construction of new, more ecologically friendly and increasingly fuel efficient vehicles.

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Gallas, Dawid, Jerzy Merkisz, Maciej Andrzejewski, Sylwin Tomaszewski, Jan Strzemkowski und Stepan Kinter. „Comparison of motor coach exhaust emissions in real operating conditions for different testing procedures“. MATEC Web of Conferences 294 (2019): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929402004.

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The article discusses the results of applying real driving emissions (RDE) testing methods in measuring the exhaust emissions of a passenger rail vehicle. Portable Emissions Measuring Systems (PEMS) were used to measure the exhaust emissions from a motor coach in real operation, performed on a test track for selected drive cycle parameters. The road emission values of exhaust components have been calculated and compared to road vehicles and road exhaust emission limits based on the legal norms. The assessment was concluded with a comparison of the environmental cost, in terms of exhaust emissions, of transporting passengers using the tested rail vehicle relative to alternative road transport, based on measurements in real operating conditions.

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PANFILOV, Denis A., Nikolay A. ILIYIN, Sergey S. MORDOVSKY und Yana A. BUZOVSKAYA. „EXPERIMENTAL TEST INSTALLATION OF BENDING REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM ELEMENTS“. Urban construction and architecture 9, Nr. 3 (15.09.2019): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2019.03.2.

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The article outlines a new technical solution related to the field of construction, in particular to the testing technique, the testing of materials and structures, and the application for conducting experimental studies of the strength and deformability parameters of reinforced concrete beam elements under static bending conditions. The experimental installation includes a pre-assembled booth, a loading mechanism, a force measuring device, a thrust element and a strap clamp. In this case, the stand contains a stop element, jacks, tensioning clamps, test specimen. The supporting element is composite and contains a base in the form of a channel and an amplifier in the form of a two-lobe. Clamping hooks are made in the form of tight fastened anchorages, equipped with roller supports. As a loading device, jacks are installed in the crevice-slot of the channel and secured by mounting screws to the base of the thrust element. The compact, simple and easy experimental installation with the increased reliability of the power device, tensioning clamps and roller bearings of the subject under bending of the concrete sample is offered.

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Allam, Sabry, und Mats Åbom. „Modeling and Testing of After-Treatment Devices“. Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 128, Nr. 3 (10.11.2005): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2172262.

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Driven by emission regulations in the US and the EU exhaust systems on new diesel engines are equipped with both a catalytic converter (CC) and a diesel particulate filter (DPF). The CC and DPF are normally placed after each other in an expansion chamber, to create a complete after-treatment device (ATD) to reduce the exhaust pollutants. The ATD unit can also affect the acoustical performance of an exhaust system. In this paper, an acoustic model of a complete ATD for a passenger car is presented. The model is made up of four basic elements: (i) straight pipes; (ii) conical inlet/outlet; (iii) CC unit, and (iv) DPF unit. For each of these elements, a two-port model is used and, with the exception of the DPF unit, known models from the literature are available. For the DPF unit, a new model suggested by the authors has been used. Using the models, the complete acoustic two-port model for the investigated ATD unit has been calculated and used to predict the sound transmission loss. The predictions have been compared to experimental data taken at cold conditions for various flow speeds and show a good agreement.

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Feisst, Peter, Andreas Maier und Thomas Pettrich. „Dummy load identification for exhaust system and component testing“. MTZ worldwide 68, Nr. 9 (September 2007): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03226855.

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Talbot, Jonathan, und Stephane Nezan. „Engine Performance Optimization through Exhaust System Simulation and Testing“. MTZ worldwide 70, Nr. 9 (September 2009): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03226979.

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Perlindungan, Aris Budi, und Aqli Mursadin. „ANALISIS PENGARUH BERBAGAI MACAM MERK OLI TERHADAP TEMPERATUR MESIN YAMAHA VIXION 150CC“. Scientific Journal of Mechanical Engineering Kinematika 2, Nr. 1 (09.06.2017): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/sjmekinematika.v2i1.43.

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This study aims to determine the effect of various brands of oil against temperature, exhaust emissions, and performance on the engine yamaha vixion 150cc. This study was conducted by taking temperature data, exhaust emissions, and engine performance yamaha vixion 150cc. This research uses three different types of oil, namely super yamalube sport oil, ax7 advanced shell, and pertamina enduro. Temperature testing is performed at engine speed of 1,500 rpm, 4000 rpm and 10,500 rpm using neutral gear, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Performance tests are performed using a dyno test for one test of each type of oil. Once the data in can and in the past compared the results of temperature data, exhaust emissions, and the performance of each type of oil. The best oil temperature test result is using yamalube oil. Testing the lowest exhaust gas emission gas emissions are advanced Ax7 shell oil. Ax7 shell oil produces the lowest exhaust emissions among other oils while enduro oil exceeds the standard exhaust emission limits of CO at 10,500 rpm to 5.42% while the standard is 4.50%. Testing the best performance is using enduro oil because enduro oil can produce the greatest power 13.55 Hp.

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Chłopek, Zdzisław. „Some remarks on engine testing in dynamic states“. Combustion Engines 143, Nr. 4 (01.11.2010): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117131.

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The paper presents a systematic approach towards the problems of dynamics of combustion engines. The notions of work processes of combustion engines and operating conditions as well as engine states of operation have been formally introduced. An axiomatic qualification of the engine operating process as static and dynamic has been proposed. The systematics of the engine operating states has been described. As an example of application of the proposed formalism the results of exhaust emission tests from the Detroit Diesel engine Series 50 have been shown (operating in the conditions of a HDDTT homologation test). The exhaust emissions were tested in the states: the whole test – increasing engine speed, decreasing engine speed and engine speed above idle. A high sensitivity of the average emission rate to types of discussed dynamic states has been observed.

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MERKISZ, Jerzy, und Jacek PIELECHA. „Observations from PEMS testing of combustion engines of different applications“. Combustion Engines 174, Nr. 3 (01.08.2018): 40–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2018-305.

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The article compares data obtained in road tests with the latest legislative proposals relating to various applications of internal combustion engines. Passenger car emission tests have been performed several times on the same test route in accordance with the RDE procedure guidelines, for which a dozen or so criteria must be met, including the distance of each of the drive sections, their in the drive time and the dynamic characteristics of the drive. The analysis was also based on a two-dimensional operating density characterization, presented in the vehicle speed-acceleration coordinates. As a result, it was possible to compare dynamic properties, operating time density and, thus, to check the validity of conducted drive tests in terms of their feasibility and emission values. An exhaust emission related comparison of three types of powertrain have been presented: gasoline, diesel and hybrid in the RDE tests. The authors proposed a new form of presenting the road exhaust emissions results in relation to the carbon dioxide emission, referred to as a standardization of the emission results. The exhaust emissions from city buses fitted with different powertrains tested on an actual bus route and in the SORT test were also compared.

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Pettan-Brewer, Christina, Riley J. Trost, Lillian Maggio-Price, Audrey Seamons und Susan C. Dowling. „Adoption of Exhaust Air Dust Testing in SPF Rodent Facilities“. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 59, Nr. 2 (01.03.2020): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000079.

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Reliable detection of unwanted microbial agents is essential for meaningful health monitoring in laboratory animal facilities. Most rodents at our institution are housed in IVC rack systems to minimize aerogenic transmission of infectious agents between cages. The most commonly used rodent health monitoring systems expose live sentinel rodents to soiled bedding collected from other rodent cages on IVC racks and subsequently test these soiled-bedding sentinels for evidence of infection with excluded agents. However, infectious agents might go undetected when using this health surveillance method, due to inefficient organism shedding or transmission failure. In 2016, our institution switched the health monitoring methodology for the majority of our SPF rodent colonies to real-time PCR testing of environmental samples collected from the exhaust plenums of IVC racks. Here we describe our rationale for this conversion, describe some interesting health monitoring cases that arose soon after the conversion, and discuss a potential problem with the conversion—residual nucleic acids. We compared cost and implementation effort associated with 2 sampling methods, sticky swabs and in-line collection media. We also compared the ability of these 2 sampling methods to detect 2 prevalent microbes in our facilities, Helicobacter and murine norovirus. Our institution-wide switch to health monitoring by real-time PCR assay of exhaust air dust samples thus far has provided a sensitive, simple, and reliable approach for maintenance of SPF conditions in laboratory rodents and has dramatically reduced the use of live sentinel animals.

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Dar, Mehraj Ahmad. „Research on Linear Acoustic Modelling and Testing of Exhaust Mufflers“. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, Nr. 4 (30.04.2021): 274–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.33589.

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Leitāns, Armands, Guntis Spriņģis und Jānis Rudzītis. „Oil Additive Testing Equipment“. Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (06.08.2015): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2013vol1.815.

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Automobile industry annually is to reduce harmful emissions into the environment. Anti-friction oil additives in automotive internal combustion engines is one way fight against friction losses which result from fuel economy, which in turn reduces the amount of harmful emissions vehicle exhaust. Assessment of the effectiveness of oil additives need to tribologycal properties for further analysis. For the purpose of this research is carried out in a variety of major friction equipment design studies, evaluating their properties and create an experimental facility with the assistance possible to evaluate changes in oil additives on friction over the existing components and their mutual friction.

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Israr, Muhammad, Muhammad Abdullah, Sabiha Bakhtyar, Masood Iqbal und Showket Pervez. „Emergency exhaust system’s efficiency measurements for iodine removal at PARR-1“. Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 22, Nr. 2 (2007): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp0702015i.

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The emergency exhaust system of the Pakistan Research Reactor-1 (PARR-1) in corporates charcoal bed filters for the removal of radioiodine from exhaust gases in case of an emergency involving the release of radioiodine. The filters adsorb radioiodine. Testing of the filters is necessary so as to assess their iodine retention efficiency, if they are to meet regulatory requirements. The retention efficiency of our filters has been measured and found to be 99.1%. This value is higher than the value of the activated charcoal filter efficiency (99%) employed to determine the source term for release through emergency exhaust with filtration, for dose calculations. In this paper, the procedure for testing the efficiency of charcoal filters has been discussed and results obtained presented.

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Joeng, Lucky, Amanda Hayes und Shahnaz Bakand. „Validation of the Dynamic Direct Exposure Method for Toxicity Testing of Diesel Exhaust In Vitro“. ISRN Toxicology 2013 (05.08.2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/139512.

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Diesel exhaust emission is a major health concern because of the complex nature of its gaseous content (e.g., NO2, NO, CO, and CO2) and high concentration of particulate matter (PM) less than 2.5 μm which allows for deeper penetration into the human pulmonary system upon inhalation. The aim of this research was to elucidate the potential toxic effects of diesel exhaust on a human pulmonary-based cellular system. Validation of a dynamic direct exposure method for both laboratory (230 hp Volvo truck engine) and field (Volkswagen Passat passenger car) diesel engines, at idle mode, was implemented. Human pulmonary type II epithelial cells (A549) grown on porous membranes were exposed to unmodified diesel exhaust at a low flow rate (37.5 mL/min). In parallel, diesel emission sampling was also conducted using real-time air monitoring techniques. Induced cellular effects were assessed using a range of in vitro cytotoxicity assays (MTS, ATP, and NRU). Reduction of cell viability was observed in a time-dependent manner following 30–60 mins of exposure with NRU as the most sensitive assay. The results suggest that the dynamic direct exposure method has the potential to be implemented for both laboratory- and field-based in vitro toxicity studies of diesel exhaust emissions.

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Thacher, E. F., B. T. Helenbrook, M. A. Karri und C. J. Richter. „Testing of an automobile exhaust thermoelectric generator in a light truck“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 221, Nr. 1 (Januar 2007): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto51.

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Yasir, Muhammad, Gregor Mori, Helmut Wieser, Martin Schattenkirchner und Manuel Hogl. „A New Testing Method for Lifetime Prediction of Automotive Exhaust Silencers“. International Journal of Corrosion 2011 (2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/689292.

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The purpose of this paper is to highlight the problems associated with daily routine corrosion tests performed in an automotive exhaust industry. Estimation of the life time of a complete system under real conditions is always uncertain and often leads to a disagreement. A new testing setup was built in which simulation of external and internal corrosion with additional thermal cycles can be performed simultaneously. Simulation of all real conditions makes this test totally versatile and unique among all the existing testing methods. All test results were investigated quantitatively and a direct comparison was made between some field systems with different mileage and total life. Conformity was accomplished between the results from corrosion tests and parts from the vehicles. Studies carried out on the silencers have shown that the new component testing method could be used for life time estimation of parts having different material and design combinations. On the basis of obtained results it can be stated that the new testing setup can be applied for different materials and design rankings.

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He, Hai, Hong Zhou und Si Le Wang. „Modal Testing Analysis and Dynamic Properties Estimate on the Exhaust System of a Medium-Sized Bus“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 224 (November 2012): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.224.146.

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At the beginning of this paper, we made some brief introductions on the modal analysis theory. In allusion to the vibration conditions of a medium-sized Bus’s exhaust system, LMS Test.Lab testing software was used and MIMO method was selected to conduct the modal testing. According to the synthesized modal analysis on the X, Y, Z directions of the gauging points, parameters such as the modal frequencies and shapes could be obtained. Then with modal shapes of the first 9 orders, we made some analysis and estimates to the dynamic properties of the exhaust system.

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Gándara, Carlos López, Josep M. Fernández-Sanjuán, Albert Klaas, Francisco M. Ramos und Albert Cirera. „How to Test Exhaust Gas Sensors? Influence of Gas Testing Systems and Experimental Artifacts in Exhaust Gas Sensors Characterization“. Procedia Engineering 47 (2012): 1105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.09.344.

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Pielecha, Jacek, und Kinga Skobiej. „Evaluation of ecological extremes of vehicles in road emission tests“. Archives of Transport 56, Nr. 4 (30.12.2020): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.5516.

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New testing procedures for determining road emissions of exhaust pollutants for passenger vehicles were established in 2018. New road testing procedures are designed to determine actual exhaust emissions, which may not always reflect laboratory emissions. Test procedures for the emission of pollutants in real traffic conditions are divided into four stages. The latest research on the emission of pollutants from motor vehicles in road traffic conditions, carried out using mobile measuring systems, reflects the actual ecological state of vehicles. The article compares the results of exhaust emissions obtained in road tests using the latest legislative proposals for passenger cars. Then, an attempt was made to determine the engine operating parameters in which exhaust road emission would be the lowest. Solution scenarios were defined as part of permissible changes to dynamic parameters that are included in European legislation on RDE testing. For this purpose, an optimization tool was used, allowing on the basis of given input data to determine the minimum objective function, defined as the smallest emission value of individual harmful compounds. The results of the exhaust gas emissions in the RDE test were used to determine the road emissions of individual harmful compounds. A thorough analysis of the emission intensity of individual compounds has shown that it is possible to approximate such values using functional relationships or adopting them as a constant value. This division was used to determine the extremes (in this case the minima) of the objective function (minimum road emissions of harmful exhaust compo-nents). This task resulted in obtaining (within the permissible tolerances of all driving parameters and durations of individual road test sections) the value of exhaust emissions in the range from 26% to 81% lower than in the actual road test. This means that there is a tolerance range, where you can obtain the value of emissions in road tests. As a result, you can use the process of determining the minimum emissions tests RDE calibration of the drive units already at the stage of preparation so that in the real traffic conditions characterized by the lowest exhaust emissions.

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Szczotka, Andrzej, Bartosz Puchałka, Piotr Bielaczyc und Borys Adamiak. „Influence of the dilution factor on the uncertainty of the exhaust gas emission results obtained during testing on the chassis dynamometer“. AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 19, Nr. 6 (30.06.2018): 737–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2018.166.

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Exhaust emission measurements on the chassis dynamometer are one of the most important and most complex tests which are performed on vehicles powered by combustion engines. The sample and dilution system (CVS - Constant Volume Sampling) belongs to the most important parts of the exhaust emission laboratory, and has a large impact on the accuracy of the results obtained. In this paper, the influence of the dilution factor (i.e. parameter changed by means of the CVS system, depending on the emission level and engine displacement of the test vehicle) on the uncertainty of the exhaust gas emission results is analysed.

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Fajari, Fendi Agong, und Abdul Ghofur. „PENGARUH VALVE CLEARANCE TERHADAP PERFORMANCE DAN EMISI GAS BUANG PADA MESIN YAMAHA JUPITER Z1“. JTAM ROTARY 1, Nr. 2 (01.09.2019): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jtam_rotary.v1i2.1749.

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Vehicle is the most needed tool as a transportation medium. This is due to the human need for vehicles is very important for the community. This study aims to determine the effect of valve clearance on performance and exhaust emissions on yamaha jupiter Z1 engine. In this study the researchers used variations of valve clearance intake and exhaust 0.06 mm up to 0.15 mm with dynotest experimental methods for performance testing and using experimental methods with gas analyzer parameters for exhaust gas emissions testing. From the results of performance tests that have been done got the best power and torque that supports engine performance. The 0.15 mm intake valve clearance variation obtained the best power yield with 93.11% achievement and the power value of 9,180 Hp at 8852 rpm, while for the best torque found on the 0.12 mm intake valve clearance variation obtained with achievement of 92.98% and the torque value is 9,205 Nm at 6136 rpm engine speed. From the exhaust gas emission test results, the valve gap size is sufficient to affect the results of exhaust emissions in a vehicle. Variations of valve clearance that obtained the results are ideal and safe for the environment that is 0.12 mm estrangement on the variation of exhaust and estrangement 0.15 mm on the variation of intake that has low emission levels. In the 0.12 mm exhaust variation, emission levels are CO 2.54%, CO2 8.81%, HC 74 ppm, O2 7.10% whereas in the intake variation 0.15 mm, emission levels are CO 4.92%, CO2 5,92%, HC 19 ppm, O2 8,88%. Keywords: Valve Clearance, Performance, Gas Emissions

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Pielecha, Jacek, Kinga Skobiej und Karolina Kurtyka. „Testing and evaluation of cold-start emissions from a gasoline engine in RDE test at two different ambient temperatures“. Open Engineering 11, Nr. 1 (01.01.2021): 425–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2021-0047.

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Abstract In order to better reflect the actual ecological performance of vehicles in traffic conditions, both the emission standards and the applied emission tests are being developed, for example by considering exhaust emissions for a cold engine start. This article presents the research results on the impact of ambient temperature during the cold start of a gasoline engine in road emission tests. The Real Driving Emissions (RDE) tests apply to passenger cars that meet the Euro 6 emissions norm and they are complementary to their type approval tests. A portable emissions measurement system was used to record the engine and vehicle operating parameters, as well as to measure the exhaust emissions during tests. This allowed for parameters such as engine load, engine speed and vehicle speed to be monitored. The cold start conditions for two different temperatures (8°C and 25°C) were compared in detail. Moreover, the engine operating parameters, exhaust concentration values and road emissions for the 300 s time interval, were compared. The summary of the article presents the share of a passenger car’s cold start phase for each exhaust compound in the urban part of the test and in the entire Real Driving Emissions test depending on the ambient temperature.

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Merkisz-Guranowska, Agnieszka, und Jacek Pielecha. „PASSENGER CARS AND HEAVY DUTY VEHICLES EXHAUST EMISSIONS UNDER REAL DRIVING CONDITIONS“. Archives of Transport 31, Nr. 3 (30.09.2014): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/08669546.1146986.

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In the assumptions regarding to the transport policy both at the level of country and Europe there is the concept of sustainable development of transport. Warsaw University of Technology in cooperation with Poznan University of Technology performs research work concerning the shaping of environmentally friendly transport system – Project EMITRANSYS. In this project, one of the conditions is to reduce exhaust emissions by means of transport. The paper presents the reasons for the testing of the exhaust emissions under Real Driving Emissions testing (RDE). Research potential of Institute of Combustion Engines and Transport at Poznan University of Technology in the area of road testing of passenger and heavy-duty vehicles has been presented in the paper. Example test results have been shown in the aspect of the emission-related classification of vehicles.

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BIELACZYC, Piotr, Andrzej SZCZOTKA, Piotr PAJDOWSKI und Joseph WOODBURN. „Development of automotive emissions testing equipment and test methods in response to legislative, technical and commercial requirements“. Combustion Engines 152, Nr. 1 (01.02.2013): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117010.

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Legislation regarding the reduction of harmful exhaust emissions, greenhouse gases and fuel consumption is one of the strongest drivers of development in automobile design. Strict legislation requires changes to engine calibration and hardware, but also to test facilities and emissions analysis systems; indeed, emissions standards in the European Union (EU), USA and Japan determine not only maximum permissible emissions factors, but also emissions testing methods and laboratory design. This paper is a continuation of [1], and presents the most recent additions to BOSMAL’s emissions testing laboratory – a recently-installed analyzer bench for modal raw exhaust measurement at both pre- and post-catalytic converter sampling locations, as well as EGR ratio calculation, are described in the context of its sophisticated emissions measurement facilities and the increasingly complex testing demands of vehicle and aftertreatment system manufacturers.

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Stiglic, P., J. Hardy und B. Gabelman. „Control Considerations for an On-Line, Active Regeneration System for Diesel Particulate Traps“. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 111, Nr. 3 (01.07.1989): 404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240269.

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Garrett Automotive Group is developing an exhaust aftertreatment system aimed at particulate emissions reduction from commercial diesel engines. The system uses a ceramic wall flow filter to trap the particulates, and regeneration is effected by raising gas temperature by throttling the exhaust downstream of the turbocharger. Lab testing at steady conditions demonstrated good performance with both catalyzed and uncatalyzed traps. Road testing shows the regeneration must be accomplished under severe transient conditions created by the normal vehicle operating modes. Primary efforts are to accommodate those transients using advanced control and digital computational techniques. Some of those techniques are described and are shown to yield improved control performance.

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Bautista, I. S., S. E. Bergren und M. E. Franke. „Cold-Flow Testing of Subscale Model Exhaust System for Space-Based Laser“. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 42, Nr. 3 (Mai 2005): 500–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.4420.

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Silva, Paulo Roque Martins, Valnei Smarçaro da Cunha, Werickson Fortunato de Carvalho Rocha, Marcello Depieri, Gabriel Fonseca Sarmanho und Joyce Costa Andrade. „Use of proficiency testing schemes for motorcycle exhaust emissions laboratory: Brazilian experience“. IET Science, Measurement & Technology 8, Nr. 3 (01.05.2014): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-smt.2013.0140.

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Juostas, Antanas, und Algirdas Janulevičius. „TRACTOR’S ENGINE EFFICIENCY AND EXHAUST EMISSIONS’ RESEARCH IN DRILLING WORK“. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 22, Nr. 2 (19.03.2014): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2013.852556.

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Tis paper provides an overview of possibilities for determining tractor’s engine load, fuel consumption and exhaust emissions in real operating conditions. Theuse of accumulated database in tractor’s electronic control modules for the analysis of engine load, fuel consumption and exhaust emissions is analysed. The methodology for analysis of engine power, speed and exhaust emissions’ dependencies, also for analysis of engine exhaust emissions is presented. Tis paper presents testing results of the unit combined of tractor “Massey Ferguson MF 6499” and drilling machine “Vaderstad Rapid” by engine load, fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. Drilling process time, engine load, fuel consumption and exhaust emission components’ distribution are presented in different engine speed and cyclic fuel injection modes. Test results are analysed separately for technological drilling and work processes at the headland. In the technological process of drilling, if the tractor engine speed and, correspondingly, the transmission gear ratio were reduced to get the set working speed, fuel consumption decreased, CO and CO2 emissions varied slightly, but the NOx increased significantly. Significant part of exhaust emissions occurred at headlands. The conclusion is that the fuel consumption and exhaust emissions, including harmful components, can be reduced only by complex optimization of technological processes and tractor operating modes.

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Putra, Bernadi Ksatria, Abrar Riza und Asrul Aziz. „ANALISIS KOMPOSISI GAS BUANG AKIBAT PERUBAHAN MAIN JET NOZZLE PADA SISTEM KARBURATOR MESIN“. POROS 13, Nr. 2 (02.09.2017): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/poros.v13i2.820.

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Abstract: Fuel entering through the main jet nozzle, affects engine performance and the composition of the exhaust gas is produced. Research the composition of the exhaust gases in machines otto one cylinder done with experimental method. The purpose of this study was to obtain the characteristics of the engine with exhaust gas analysis method. This research done with varying size main jet nozzle and varying the engine rotation every 400 rpm. Data processing the results of testing includes a comparison of the composition of the exhaust gases is HC, CO2, CO, O2, AFR, and the temperature of the exhaust gases. Then calculate the enthalpy of combustion for each main jet nozzle. The composition of the exhaust gases are best obtained from the main jet nozzle GX 160 which has the highest CO2 value of 20%, with the lowest CO value of 1.26% and the largest combustion enthalpy value with the value of 264.769 kJ. From the analysis can be known that the burning of the main jet nozzle GX 160 approaching the stoichiometric combustion.

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Zhang, Chunhui, Peng Geng, Erming Cao und Lijiang Wei. „The methods of formaldehyde emission testing of engine: A review“. Modern Physics Letters B 29, Supplement 1 (Dezember 2015): 1530009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984915300094.

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A number of measurements have been provided to detect formaldehyde in the atmosphere, but there are no clear unified standards in engine exhaust. Nowadays, formaldehyde, an unregulated emission from methanol engine, has been attracting increasing attention by researchers. This paper presents the detection techniques for formaldehyde emitted from the engines applied in recent market, introducing the approaches in terms of unregulated emission tests of formaldehyde, which involved gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, chromatography-mass spectrometry, chromatography-spectrum, Fourier infrared spectroscopy and spectrophotometry. The author also introduces the comparison regarding to the advantages of the existing detection techniques based on the principle, to compare with engine exhaust sampling method, the treatment in advance of detection, obtaining approaches accessing to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of chromatograms or spectra. The accuratest result obtained was chromatography though it cannot be used continuously. It also can be utilized to develop high requirements of emissions and other regulations. Fourier infrared spectroscopy has the advantage of continuous detection for a variety of unregulated emissions and can be applied to the bench in variable condition. However, its accuracy is not as good as chromatography. As the conclusion, a detection technique is chosen based on different requirements.

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