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Bois-Grossiant, Philippe Carleton University Dissertation Engineering Mechanical and Aerospace. „Boundary element fracture mechanics analysis of sandwich test specimens“. Ottawa, 1994.
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JAIN, RAHUL LALIT. „Effective Area and Effective Volume Calculations for Ceramic Test Specimens“. Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1218123485.
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Reynolds, Michael Scott. „A Relationship Between the Strengths of Type N Cubic Mortar Specimens and In-Situ Mortar“. BYU ScholarsArchive, 2019. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7572.
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The compressive strength of mortar is typically determined using the American Societyfor Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard method using 2 inch cubes which are compressed tillfailure. There is however a disparity between the compressive strengths of mortar cubes, and insitumortar. This disparity is a result of the differences in thickness, aspect ratio, curingconditions, water content, and confinement between mortar cubes and mortar joints. While thesedifferences lead to mortar joints being stronger than mortar cubes, a relationship between theirstrengths is desired.Two less-common mortar strength tests were used to determine more accurately thecompressive strength of in-situ mortar. The results of both tests were compared to the results ofASTM standard compressive testing with mortars of the same water content. The first was theDouble Punch test which involves the use of two metal punches that compress either side of athin mortar sample till failure. The Double Punch test is more difficult to perform than theASTM standard compression test, but was useful because it simulates the confinement that insitumortar will experience. The Double Punch test was also used with mortar specimens ofvarying thickness to determine a relationship between specimen thickness and compressivestrength. The second test used was the Helix Pullout test. This test is performed by insertingmetal helical screws into a mortar joint, and pulling from the joint while restricting rotation. Themaximum load used to extract the Helix is recorded as the Pullout Load, and is used to find thecompressive strength by use of a calibration curve. This test was used on a masonry wall paneland mortar cubes were also made with the same mortar for compressive testing.The tested mortar exhibited decreased compressive strength with increased water content.The mortar also decreased in strength with increasing specimen thickness. Mortar joints wereshown to be significantly stronger than mortar cubes based on factors of specimen thickness andconfinement by an average factor of at least 2.40. Although results are affected by punchdiameter, the Double Punch test was shown to be a consistent and reliable means of estimatingmortar compressive strength. The Helix Pullout test exhibited wide variation, and wasdetermined to be primarily useful for qualitative comparison as opposed to quantitativedetermination of strength.
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Moffett, Theodore James. „Relationship Between Compressive Strength of Different Shape and Thickness Specimens of Type S Mortar“. BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8811.
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Mortar is the cementitious binding material placed between masonry blocks to create a composite system. The American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM), along with other organizations, have established the testing of prismatic mortar specimens for evaluating mechanical properties, like compressive strength. Mortar joints, however, possess vastly different characteristics compared to prismatic specimens, especially in terms of geometry and water content. These differences prevent a direct comparison of compressive strength between prismatic specimens and actual mortar joints in the assembly. The objective of this study was to analyze Type S mortar joints, with particular emphasis on specimen shape and water content, to draw accurate comparisons of compressive strength to ASTM prescribed mortar prismatic specimens.To examine the effect of water on mortar compressive strength, three different water contents were evaluated across nearly all testing series. Cubic (2-in) and cylindrical (2 by 4-in) mortar specimens were prepared and tested according to ASTM guidelines to verify the compressive strength relationship described by ASTM and to be used as comparative data. In addition, a small masonry wall was assembled and cured in a laboratory to simulate true properties of mortar joints. Mortar joints subjected to testing were a combination of thin slices cut from prismatic specimens as well as in-place bed joints cured between concrete masonry units (CMU). Two unorthodox test methods, the double punch test (DPT) and helix pull-out test (HPT), were selected as methods for assessing mortar joints. In addition, confining effects from neighboring material common to DPT were evaluated as a function of specimen face dimensions. The compressive strength ratio obtained through testing of 2-in cubic and 2 by 4-in cylindrical specimens was lower than ASTM recommendations. This may have been in part due to testing cylindrical specimens with rough surfaces and no capping material. DPT confinement on 2-in square and 2-in diameter circular specimens was found to be equivalent. Thinly sliced specimens tested in DPT showed increases in compressive strength as water content and specimen thickness decreased. As a whole, DPT results on thin mortar slices showed promise for accurate comparison to prismatic mortar specimens. In-place mortar joints tested in HPT showed moderate to high scatter. In addition, evaluation via HPT was determined to be more appropriate for qualitative rather than quantitative assessments of in-situ mortar.
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Ranganathan, Kannan. „A simulation model for stress measurements in notched test specimens by x-ray diffraction“. Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45887.
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An analytical model was developed to simulate the stress state of notched tensile specimens. Actual experiments are being carried out by other investigators to study the relaxation of residual stresses in specimens containing stress raisers. In the present work, the stress state developed in notched tensile specimens was assessed by determining the response of the stress state in the form of x-ray line profiles; this is useful in the understanding and measurement of effects due to such stress states obtained in actual experiments. The theoretical relationship between the stress gradient and the depth of penetration of the x-ray beam at the edge of a notch tensile specimen was also studied. In addition, the effect of changes in the radius of curvature of the notch-tip on errors in measured stress values is also considered. Furthermore, a description of the state-of-the-art x-ray system being used in the experimental work is also included.
Master of Science
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Heil, Joshua W. „Methods of Processing Kenaf Chopped Strand Mats for Manufacturing Test Specimens and Composite Structures“. DigitalCommons@USU, 2015. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4376.
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Bio-composites are increasing in demand due to governmental incentives across the globe for both environmental and human health reasons. The ideal bio-composite is renewable, recyclable, available, and non-toxic. To properly engineer bio-composite products, the physical properties of the fiber as well as fiber/matrix interactions must be known. The problem lies in the fact that many suitable natural fibers are not currently available in a material form that may be easily worked with. This research investigates methods to process raw kenaf (hibiscus cannabinus) on a scale that allows researchers to make more consistent samples for testing. Though kenaf is highlighted, these processing methods may be applied to any natural fiber. The raw fibers are processed into kenaf chopped strand mats (KCSM) by adapting basic paper-making techniques. KCSM exhibit paper-like qualities and mechanical properties and provide a material of uniform thickness for use in composite parts. Also presented are a basic understanding of natural fiber constituents and effects of mechanical and co-mechanical treatments on those constituents. To test KCSM, samples are made for the ASTM D3039 tensile testing and for testing in a dynamic material analyzer (DMA). Both mechanically and chemo-mechanically processed samples are made for the purpose of comparison. Also, I-beam bridges are built with KCSM to demonstrate how KCSM may be used to create a structure. This is spurred on by the annual SAMPE bridge competition that includes special categories for natural fiber beams. The lay-up procedure is shown in detail to provide a framework that future competitors may use to build quality I-beams for this competition.
The properties obtained by using the KCSM are competitive with other reported properties for kenaf-based composites. A kenaf I-beam demonstrates a strength-to-weight ratio that is 65% of a berglass I-beam built to the same dimensions. Trade-os of using KCSM are the random 2d-fiber orientation and brittle failure, which are not usually desirable in composite components. The chemically treated samples indicate a higher degree of crystallinity but demonstrate inferior mechanical properties when compared to the untreated samples.
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Stehn, Lars. „Fracture toughness of sea ice : development of a test system based on shevron notched specimens“. Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Byggkonstruktion och -produktion, 1990. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-18782.
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Alkilicgil, Cigdem. „Development Of A New Method For Mode I Fracture Toughness Test On Disc Type Rock Specimens“. Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607513/index.pdf.
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A new testing method was introduced and developed to determine Mode I fracture toughness of disc type rock specimens. The new method was named as Straight Notched Disc Bending and it uses disc specimens under three-point bending. 3D Numerical modeling was carried out with a finite element program ABAQUS to find stress intensity factors for both well-known Semi-circular Bending specimen models and Straight Notched Disc Bending specimen models for varying disc geometries. Both specimen types included notches where a crack front is introduced at the tip of the notch to compute the stress intensity factors. For stress intensity analysis, crack front-upper loading point distance and span length between the two roller supports at the bottom boundary of the specimens were changed.
Fracture toughness testing was carried on Ankara GölbaSi pink colored andesite for both specimen types
crack front-upper loading point distance and span length between the two roller supports at the bottom boundary of the specimens were changed during the tests. For both specimen geometries, notch lengths changing from 5 mm to 20 mm were used. For each notch length, two different roller supports with span lengths 60 mm and 70 mm were used. For both methods, fracture toughness values determined by using numerically computed stress intensity factors and failure loads obtained from the experiments were very close
the new method was verified by comparing the results. The new method had advantages of lower confining pressure at the crack front and lower stress intensities with a possible smaller crack tip plasticity region.
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Kohlman, Lee W. „Evaluation of Test Methods for Triaxial Braid Composites and the Development of a Large Multiaxial Test Frame for Validation Using Braided Tube Specimens“. University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1333047848.
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Baldassarri, Marco. „Measurement of LSP-induced residual stresses and fatigue life on thin-walled aluminium alloys specimens“. Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/7996/.
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This thesis work encloses activities carried out in the Laser Center of the Polytechnic University of Madrid and the laboratories of the University of Bologna in Forlì.
This thesis focuses on the superficial mechanical treatment for metallic materials called Laser Shock Peening (LSP). This process is a surface enhancement treatment which induces a significant layer of beneficial compressive residual stresses underneath the surface of metal components in order to improve the detrimental effects of the crack growth behavior rate in it. The innovation aspect of this work is the LSP application to specimens with extremely low thickness.
In particular, after a bibliographic study and comparison with the main treatments used for the same purposes, this work analyzes the physics of the operation of a laser, its interaction with the surface of the material and the generation of the surface residual stresses which are fundamentals to obtain the LSP benefits. In particular this thesis work regards the application of this treatment to some Al2024-T351 specimens with low thickness.
Among the improvements that can be obtained performing this operation, the most important in the aeronautic field is the fatigue life improvement of the treated components. As demonstrated in this work, a well-done LSP treatment can slow down the progress of the defects in the material that could lead to sudden failure of the structure. A part of this thesis is the simulation of this phenomenon using the program AFGROW, with which have been analyzed different geometric configurations of the treatment, verifying which was better for large panels of typical aeronautical interest.
The core of the LSP process are the residual stresses that are induced on the material by the interaction with the laser light, these can be simulated with the finite elements but it is essential to verify and measure them experimentally. In the thesis are introduced the main methods for the detection of those stresses, they can be mechanical or by diffraction. In particular, will be described the principles and the detailed realization method of the Hole Drilling measure and an introduction of the X-ray Diffraction; then will be presented the results I obtained with both techniques. In addition to these two measurement techniques will also be introduced Neutron Diffraction method.
The last part refers to the experimental tests of the fatigue life of the specimens, with a detailed description of the apparatus and the procedure used from the initial specimen preparation to the fatigue test with the press. Then the obtained results are exposed and discussed.
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Chudoba, Rostislav, Martin Konrad, Markus Schleser, Konstantin Meskouris und Uwe Reisgen. „Parametric study of tensile response of TRC specimens reinforced with epoxy-penetrated multi-filament yarns“. Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1244043793029-57511.
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The paper presents a meso-scopic modeling framework for the simulation of three-phase composite consisting of a brittle cementitious matrix and reinforcing AR-glass yarns impregnated with epoxy resin. The construction of the model is closely related to the experimental program covering both the meso-scale test (yarn tensile test and double sided pull-out test) and the macro-scale test in the form of tensile test on the textile reinforced concrete specimen. The predictions obtained using the model are validated using a-posteriori performed experiments.
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Shelke, Jonny M. „Influence of stress state dependency on ductile fracture modeling in standard test specimens using LS-dyna explicit analysis“. University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1439301655.
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Canterle, Joseane Ortiz Breitenbach. „Avaliação da influência do entalhe em corpos de prova ensaiados a baixa taxa de deformação em meio etanol“. reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/60737.
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O aumento de demanda por combustíveis menos poluentes e de fontes renováveis faz com que o Etanol se destaque como uma alternativa as fontes convencionais de energia. O crescente aumento no consumo deste produto, para os próximos anos, exigirá meios de transporte e estocagem eficientes e seguros, desde os diversos produtores até os terminais de distribuição. O transporte por dutos é, sem dúvida, a forma mais econômica de transporte deste produto, porém, há evidências de que esses dutos de transporte e fundo de tanques de armazenamento de etanol poderiam ser susceptíveis ao fenômeno de corrosão sob tensão. Este fenômeno pode ser avaliado, por exemplo, por ensaios de baixa taxa de deformação (BTD) com corpos de prova com ou sem entalhe. Este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar a influência da severidade do entalhe em corpos de prova ensaiados a baixa taxa de deformação no meio etanol combustível simulado (PRCI SFGE). Foram preparados quatro tipos de corpos de prova de aço API X70: sem entalhe, com entalhe da norma NACE TM 0111, com entalhe “intermediário” (severidade 18,9% menor que o da norma) e com entalhe “menos severo” (redução de 37,2% na severidade do entalhe, segundo concentração de tensões, quando comparado com o da norma). Os resultados mostram que os quatro tipos de corpos de prova apresentaram susceptibilidade ao meio (etanol PRCI SFGE). Nos corpos de prova sem entalhe esta susceptibilidade foi evidenciada somente nas imagens fractográficas. Já nos CPs com entalhe, mesmo com redução de concentrações de tensões no entalhe, observou-se resultados bem semelhantes, ficando evidenciada a susceptibilidade ao meio tanto nas imagens fractográficas (fratura frágil), quanto pela diminuição da ductilidade.The increasing demand for cleaner fuels and renewable sources makes the ethanol rise as an alternative to conventional energy sources. The increasing consumption rate of this product, predicted for the upcoming years, will require safer and more efficient methods for transportation and storage through the entire transport cycle. Pipelines are the most economical way to transport it. However, there is evidence that pipeline transportation and the bottom of the storage tanks for ethanol might be susceptible to the stress corrosion cracking phenomenon. This phenomenon can be assessed by slow strain rate tests (SSRT) using smooth or notched specimen. This work aims to evaluate the influence of notch severity in specimens submitted to SSRT technique in simulated fuelgrade ethanol (PRCI SFGE). Four types of specimens of steel API X70 were prepared: unnotched, notched according to standard NACE TM 0111, notched with “intermediate” severity (severity 18.9% lower than the standard) and “less severe” notched (reduction of 37.2% on severity of the notched when compared with the standard). The results show that both sample types presented susceptibility in the solution (ethanol PRCI SFGE). For the unnotched specimens this susceptibility was observed only in fractographic images. In the notched specimens, despite the reduction of stress concentrations in the notch, the results were very similar. In this case the susceptibility can be observed in fractographic images (brittle fracture) as well as by decrease in the ductility.
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Baccarin, Leandro Stocco 1978. „Análise de corpos de prova mandibulares utilizados para avaliação de sistema de fixação óssea = Analysis of mandibular test specimens used to assess a bone fixation system“. [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/310497.
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Orientador: Luis Augusto PasseriDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T21:56:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Baccarin_LeandroStocco_M.pdf: 2096681 bytes, checksum: 04979b5f15938f19353542ca48c4d46d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
Resumo: Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar, por meio de testes biomecânicos, se materiais sintéticos diferentes, empregados para a confecção de corpos de prova apresentam comportamento biomecânico diferente, em comparação aos demais, ao simular in vitro a resistência ao carregamento de um método de fixação consagrado para OSRM. Material: 30 réplicas de hemimandíbulas humana, sintéticas e padronizadas, com OSRM, divididas em três grupos de 10 amostras cada: Grupo A - plástico ABS, Grupo B - Poliamida, e Grupo C - Poliuretano. Estas foram fixadas por três parafusos bicorticais posicionais (16 mm de comprimento, sistema 2.0 mm), em disposição "L" invertido, utilizando-se guias de perfuração e avanço de 5 mm. Métodos: Cada amostra foi submetida ao carregamento linear vertical e os valores de resistência ao carregamento registrado em 1, 3, 5, 7 e 10 mm de deslocamento. As médias e desvio padrão foram comparados, empregando-se análise de variância (p<0.05) e pelo teste Tukey. Resultados: Notou-se uma tendência de menores valores no grupo B em relação aos grupos A e C. Nos deslocamentos 3 e 5 mm, houve uma diferença entre os grupos A e C para o grupo B (p<0.05). Nos deslocamentos 7 e 10 mm houve diferença entre os 3 grupos sendo os maiores valores encontrados no grupo C e os menores no grupo B (p<0.05). Conclusões: Levando-se em consideração os resultados obtidos e o comportamento de cada material utilizado como substrato, podemos considerar que ocorreram diferenças significativas entre os materiais, quando comparados entre si
Abstract: Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess through biomechanical testing if different synthetic materials used to fabricate test specimens have a different biomechanical behavior in comparison with other materials when simulating in vitro load resistance of a fixation method established for SSRO. Material: Thirty synthetic and standardized human hemimandible replicas with SSRO were divided into three groups of 10 samples each. Group A - ABS plastic; Group B - Polyamide and Group C - Polyurethane. These were fixated with three bicortical position screws (16 mm in length, 2.0mm system) in an inverted L pattern using perforation guide and 5 mm advancement. Methods: Each sample was submitted to linear vertical load and load strength values were recorded at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 mm of displacement. The means and standard deviation were compared using the Analysis of Variance (p<0.05) and the Tukey's test. Results: A tendency for lower values was observed in Group B in comparison with Groups A and C. At 3 and 5 mm of displacement, a difference between Groups A and C was found in comparison with Group B (p<0.05). At 7 and 10 mm of displacement a difference was found among the 3 groups, in which Group C showed the highest values and Group B the lowest (p<0.05). Conclusions: Taking into consideration the results obtained and the behavior of each material used as a substrate, significant differences occurred among the materials when compared among them
Mestrado
Fisiopatologia Cirúrgica
Mestre em Ciências
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Novotný, David. „Lomové chování kovových slitin s nízkou úrovní houževnatosti“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442806.
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The diploma thesis is focused on determining mechanical properties of alloys produced by powder metallurgy methods. Two alloys were studied, namely a highly entropic CrMnFeCoNi alloy and an oxide dispersion-strenthened FeAlO alloy. Both alloys were made in laboratory amount of test material and miniature test specimens were used to measure their mechanical properties. The main goal of the diploma thesis was to develop a crack preparation methodology, to examine and to evaluate the properties of miniature test specimens for materials with low levels of resilience. In the analytical part of the thesis, tensile and deformation properties and fracture toughness of both alloys were measured. For the highly-entropic CrMnFeCoNi alloy, the thesis focused on the effect of the strain rate on the properties of the alloy. For the oxide dispersion-strenthened FeAlO, the effect of temperature in the 23-600 °C temperature range on its mechanical properties was studied.
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Dohnal, Ivo. „Ověření možnosti využití tahové deformace při Hopkinsonově testu“. Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-234248.
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The PhD thesis deals with the possibility of performing dynamic tensile tests. For this purpose, Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar Test (hereinafter SHPBT) is used. The basic construction of SHPBT device is designed to perform dynamic compression tests on materials (metals, plastics, and ceramics). The obtained results are deformation stress – strain and strain rate – strain dependences. SHPBT is capable of testing materials at high strain rates up to 10^2 – 10^3 s-1. It was created a special device for dynamic tensile tests of materials at high strain rates. The created device uses the basic construction of SHPBT. The special device is used for testing flat specimens with 2 mm thickness. It was recognized by the Industrial Property Office of the Czech Republic as a utility model with number 23703. The specimens used for dynamic tensile testing were made of austenitic stainless steel (WNr. 1.4301) with 2 mm thickness. The verification of created device was carried out by numerical simulation. The numerical simulation was performed by ANSYS LS – Dyna software.
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Bhat, Chandrashekhar. „Artificial Neural Network Approach For Characterization Of Acoustic Emission Sources From Complex Noisy Data“. Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/251.
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Safety and reliability are prime concerns in aircraft performance due to the involved costs and risk to lives. Despite the best efforts in design methodology, quality evaluation in production and structural integrity assessment in-service, attainment of one hundred percent safety through development and use of a suitable in-flight health monitoring system is still a farfetched goal. And, evolution of such a system requires, first, identification of an appropriate Technique and next its adoption to meet the challenges posed by newer materials (advanced composites), complex structures and the flight environment. In fact, a quick survey of the available Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) techniques suggests Acoustic Emission (AE) as the only available method. High merit in itself could be a weakness - Noise is the worst enemy of AE. So, while difficulties are posed due to the insufficient understanding of the basic behavior of composites, growth and interaction of defects and damage under a specified load condition, high in-flight noise further complicates the issue making the developmental task apparently formidable and challenging.
Development of an in-flight monitoring system based on AE to function as an early warning system needs addressing three aspects, viz., the first, discrimination of AE signals from noise data, the second, extraction of required information from AE signals for identification of sources (source characterization) and quantification of its growth, and the third, automation of the entire process. And, a quick assessment of the aspects involved suggests that Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are ideally suited for solving such a complex problem. A review of the available open literature while indicates a number of investigations carried out using noise elimination and source characterization methods such as frequency filtering and statistical pattern recognition but shows only sporadic attempts using ANN. This may probably be due to the complex nature of the problem involving investigation of a large number of influencing parameters, amount of effort and time to be invested, and facilities required and multi-disciplinary nature of the problem. Hence as stated in the foregoing, the need for such a study cannot be over emphasized.
Thus, this thesis is an attempt addressing the issue of analysis and automation of complex sets of AE data such as AE signals mixed with in-flight noise thus forming the first step towards in-flight monitoring using AE. An ANN can in fact replace the traditional algorithmic approaches used in the past. ANN in general are model free estimators and derive their computational efficiency due to large connectivity, massive parallelism, non-linear analog response and learning capabilities. They are better suited than the conventional methods (statistical pattern recognition methods) due to their characteristics such as classification, pattern matching, learning, generalization, fault tolerance and distributed memory and their ability to process unstructured data sets which may be carrying incomplete information at times and hence chosen as the tool. Further, in the current context, the set of investigations undertaken were in the absence of sufficient a priori information and hence clustering of signals generated by AE sources through self-organizing maps is more appropriate. Thus, in the investigations carried out under the scope of this thesis, at first a hybrid network named "NAEDA" (Neural network for Acoustic Emission Data Analysis) using Kohonen self-organizing feature map (KSOM) and multi-layer perceptron (MLP) that learns on back propagation learning rule was specifically developed with innovative data processing techniques built into the network. However, for accurate pattern recognition, multi-layer back propagation NN needed to be trained with source and noise clusters as input data. Thus, in addition to optimizing the network architecture and training parameters, preprocessing of input data to the network and multi-class clustering and classification proved to be the corner stones in obtaining excellent identification accuracy.
Next, in-flight noise environment of an aircraft was generated off line through carefully designed simulation experiments carried out in the laboratory (Ex: EMI, friction, fretting and other mechanical and hydraulic phenomena) based on the in-flight noise survey carried out by earlier investigators. From these experiments data was acquired and classified into their respective classes through MLP. Further, these noises were mixed together and clustered through KSOM and then classified into their respective clusters through MLP resulting in an accuracy of 95%- 100%
Subsequently, to evaluate the utility of NAEDA for source classification and characterization, carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) specimens were subjected to spectrum loading simulating typical in-flight load and AE signals were acquired continuously up to a maximum of three designed lives and in some cases up to failure. Further, AE signals with similar characteristics were grouped into individual clusters through self-organizing map and labeled as belonging to appropriate failure modes, there by generating the class configuration. Then MLP was trained with this class information, which resulted in automatic identification and classification of failure modes with an accuracy of 95% - 100%. In addition, extraneous noise generated during the experiments was acquired and classified so as to evaluate the presence or absence of such data in the AE data acquired from the CFRP specimens.
In the next stage, noise and signals were mixed together at random and were reclassified into their respective classes through supervised training of multi-layer back propagation NN. Initially only noise was discriminated from the AE signals from CFRP failure modes and subsequently both noise discrimination and failure mode identification and classification was carried out resulting in an accuracy of 95% - 100% in most of the cases. Further, extraneous signals mentioned above were classified which indicated the presence of such signals in the AE signals obtained from the CFRP specimen.
Thus, having established the basis for noise identification and AE source classification and characterization, two specific examples were considered to evaluate the utility and efficiency of NAEDA. In the first, with the postulation that different basic failure modes in composites have unique AE signatures, the difference in damage generation and progression can be clearly characterized under different loading conditions. To examine this, static compression tests were conducted on a different set of CFRP specimens till failure with continuous AE monitoring and the resulting AE signals were classified through already trained NAEDA. The results obtained shows that the total number of signals obtained were very less when compared to fatigue tests and the specimens failed with hardly any damage growth. Further, NAEDA was able to discriminate the"noise and failure modes in CFRP specimen with the same degree of accuracy with which it has classified such signals obtained from fatigue tests.
In the second example, with the same postulate of unique AE signatures for different failure modes, the differences in the complexion of the damage growth and progression should become clearly evident when one considers specimens with different lay up sequences. To examine this, the data was reclassified on the basis of differences in lay up sequences from specimens subjected to fatigue. The results obtained clearly confirmed the postulation.
As can be seen from the summary of the work presented in the foregoing paragraphs, the investigations undertaken within the scope of this thesis involve elaborate experimentation, development of tools, acquisition of extensive data and analysis. Never the less, the results obtained were commensurate with the efforts and have been fruitful. Of the useful results that have been obtained, to state in specific, the first is, discrimination of simulated noise sources achieved with significant success but for some overlapping which is not of major concern as far as noises are concerned. Therefore they are grouped into required number of clusters so as to achieve better classification through supervised NN. This proved to be an innovative measure in supervised classification through back propagation NN.
The second is the damage characterization in CFRP specimens, which involved imaginative data processing techniques that proved their worth in terms of optimization of various training parameters and resulted in accurate identification through clustering. Labeling of clusters is made possible by marking each signal starting from clustering to final classification through supervised neural network and is achieved through phenomenological correlation combined with ultrasonic imaging.
Most rewarding of all is the identification of failure modes (AE signals) mixed in noise into their respective classes. This is a direct consequence of innovative data processing, multi-class clustering and flexibility of grouping various noise signals into suitable number of clusters.
Thus, the results obtained and presented in this thesis on NN approach to AE signal analysis clearly establishes the fact that methods and procedures developed can automate detection and identification of failure modes in CFRP composites under hostile environment, which could lead to the development of an in-flight monitoring system.
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Janiš, Adam. „Mechanické vlastnosti materiálů pro 3D tisk“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442479.
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This thesis focuses on the description of 3D printing technologies using the FDM method, which uses deposition of molten thermoplastics and their subsequent cooling and solidification layer by layer. This unique structure then shows a strong anisotropy of mechanical properties and, as a result, their testing and print settings are very important. Tensile testing of plastic materials, including indicators of mechanical properties, are described in this thesis according to ČSN EN ISO standard. The practical part presents the concept of a device capable of performing these tests. The block diagram indicates the functional elements and the connections among them. Tensile strength test is described together with results processing. Necessary product documentation is also included.
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Tomková, Renáta. „Posouzení vlivu orientace zkušebního tělesa na tranzitní teplotu TSP určenou pomocí protlačovacích zkoušek na miniaturních discích“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-319623.
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The diploma thesis is aimed to assesment of the influence of the specimen orientation during the Small Punch Tests (SPT). Steel ČSN 41 0214, or its equivalent steel RFe80, W.-Nr. 1.104 was chosen for experiments. Resulting records from SPT were evaluated using already known correlations which are reported in literature. The correlation values were compared with values obtained by the standard tests like Charpy impact test and tensile test. The influence of axial, radial and tangential test specimens orientation is discussed in relation to Ductile-to-Brittle fracture behaviour of the steel.
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Saha, Ujjal kumar, und Adis Avdic. „Simulating a tensile test of a carbon fiber composite test specimen in ABAQUS“. Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för teknik och samhälle, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-5173.
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This work aims at providing a numerical tool for the efficient design of the multidirectional carbon fiber reinforced composite material by means of finite element simulations. Abaqus/ CAE v 6.9-1 software has been used to establish a 3D model for simulation of the tensile test on the composite specimen. The aim of this analysis of multidirectional carbon fiber reinforced composite is to predict the strain and stress distribution in different plies through thickness. Tensile test experiment was carried out and the result was analyzed by ARAMIS to calculate the young’s modulus, stress, loads and strain of the composite specimen. The numerical model was compared against the result obtained from tensile test experiment to arrive at meaningful results for validation. This is done in order to understand the mechanical strength and strain at failure of the composite material. In this work three types of CFRP composite specimens are used, all have same 15 no. of ply but stacked in different orientation. It is found out that mechanical strength, failure load and strain differ slightly depending on this different ply orientation. A series of different modeling technique has also been done to verify the best modeling technique. The micromechanics of composite material is complex and the experimental predictions are time consuming and expensive. Though using FEM frequently solves the problem.
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Rintamaa, Rauno. „Single specimen fracture toughness determination procedure using instrumented impact test /“. Espoo [Finland] : Technical Research Centre of Finland, 1993. http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/30658.
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Chang, Tsunou. „The notched coating adhesion specimen : a fracture test for coatings and accelerated screening test for adhesion /“. Thesis, This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-11182008-063511/.
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Štefanovič, Peter. „Hodnocení dynamického poškození kompozitní konstrukce“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-377753.
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The first part of the diploma thesis with name „Evaluation of dynamic damage of composite structure“ focuses on designing device for impact experiments and suitable laminate samples made from prepregs. The conditions and problems of impact tests are also demonstrated here. The second part of the thesis deals with non-destructive control of damaged specimens based on thermography. This is mainly the extent of defects in the impaired area and the evaluation of results using the pulse infrared thermography method. Finally, the relative deviation in the crack size comparison between the visual method and thermographic are compared. Consequently, the residual strength of the damaged samples against undamaged specimens are compared using bending tests.
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Dogra, Jasween. „The development of a new compression test specimen design for thick laminate composites“. Thesis, Imperial College London, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7121.
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A new specimen design for determining the compression strength of thick unidirectional laminate composites has been developed using finite element simulations and validated by experimental testing. The computational models included parts of the testing fixture. The materials used for experiments were carbon fibre/epoxy T300/914 from Hexcel Composites and IM7/8552. An understanding has been developed to explain why, using the standard, parallel sided design, for testing specimens in compression and using the ICSTM fixture, specimens using a laminate thicker than 2 mm do not fail in an acceptable way. Initially, simulation and experimental parametric studies were carried out to investigate the effects of loading and design conditions on the fixture and specimen in order to change the stress distribution in the 2 mm thick, parallel sided, 10 mm x 10 mm gauge section specimen. In addition, in order to optimise the specimen itself, different adhesives for bonding end tabs to the laminate were investigated, as were the end tab design and material used in their manufacture. Subsequent simulations showed that the use of an extended and waisted gauge length of either circular or s-shaped profile both caused thick laminate specimens to fail close to the centre of the gauge length. The predicted strength being similar to that measured for a 2 mm thick, parallel sided specimen using the optimised design. Experimental compression strength data from thick laminate specimens with the circular and s-shaped profiles machined into the gauge section validated the finite element results; the strengths achieved being almost identical to those for the 2mm thick laminates. Results from the analysis of the standard design and some preliminary work on the waisted design were presented at a conference [52]. Results for further work on the waisted design and experimental details have been reported in [51] and [75].
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Song, Xiao. „Identification of forming limits of sheet metals with an in-plane biaxial tensile test“. Thesis, Rennes, INSA, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ISAR0002/document.
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Les procédés de mise en forme des tôles minces sont largement utilisés dans l'industrie. L’utilisation optimale des alliages légers ou des aciers à haute résistance, propices à des économies d’énergie dans le domaine des transports, nécessite une connaissance approfondie de leurs limites de formabilité. Classiquement, la formabilité d’une tôle est caractérisée par l’apparition d’une striction localisée. Cependant, pour des chargements spécifiques (chemins de déformation complexes ...), la rupture caractérise la formabilité du matériau, la courbe limite de formage à rupture (CLFR) plutôt que celle à striction (CLFS) doit alors être considérée. Pour identifier la CLFS et la CLFR pour des chemins de déformation linéaires et non-linéaires, les méthodes conventionnelles requièrent différents dispositifs expérimentaux et différentes formes d'éprouvette pour atteindre une large gamme de chemins de déformation. L'essai de traction biaxiale, associé à une éprouvette cruciforme, est possible pour la réaliser. De plus, le changement de chemin est activé au cours de l’essai, sans déchargement. Le premier objectif de cette étude est de montrer que l'essai de traction biaxiale, associé à une forme unique d'éprouvette cruciforme, permet de tracer la CLFS et la CLFR pour plusieurs chemins de déformation, qu’ils soient linéaires ou non-linéaires. En premier lieu, des essais ont été réalisés sur des tôles d’alliage d’aluminium 5086 (épaisseur initiale de 4 mm) à partir d’une forme d’éprouvette déjà proposée au laboratoire. Une nouvelle forme d'éprouvette cruciforme a été proposée pour des tôles moins épaisses (2 mm), plus répandues. Cet éprouvette a été validée pour étudier la formabilité d’un acier dual phase DP600 pour plusieurs chemins de déformation. Le deuxième objectif est de discuter la validité de critères classiques de rupture ductile. Pour les deux matériaux, un critère a finalement été identifié pour prédire assez précisément les résultats expérimentauxSheet metal forming is very common in industry for producing various components. The optimal use of light alloys or high strength steels in transportation for energy economy, requires in-depth analysis of their formability. Usually, the formability of sheet metal is controlled by the onset of localized necking. However, under specific loadings (complex strain paths...), fracture characterizes the formability and the forming limit curve at fracture (FLCF) instead of the forming limit curve at necking (FLCN) should be considered. For identifying FLCN and FLCF under linear and non-linear strain paths, conventional methods require different experimental devices and geometrical specifications of specimen to cover a wide range of strain paths. However, using the in-plane biaxial tensile test with just one shape of cruciform is sufficient for that, even changes of strain path without unloading can be made during the test. The first objective of this study is to show that the in-plane biaxial tensile test with a single type of cruciform specimen permits to investigate the FLCN and FLCF of sheet metals under different linear and non-linear strain paths. Firstly, the forming limit strains at fracture of AA5086 sheet (t=4 mm) under linear and non-linear strain paths have been characterized, by testing an existed dedicated cruciform specimen. Thinner sheet metals are often used in industry, so a new shape of cruciform specimen with an original thickness of 2 mm was proposed. This specimen is successfully used to investigate the formability of DP600 sheet under linear and two types of non-linear strain paths. The second objective is to discuss the validity of commonly used ductile fracture criteria to predict the onset of fracture. Some ductile fracture criteria were used to produce numerical FLCFs for AA5086 and DP600 sheet. Finally, for the two tested materials, it is possible to find a criterion to predict the experimental FLCFs for either linear or non-linear strain paths
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Cacciapuoti, Bianca. „The role of miniature specimen creep tests in power plant life management“. Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/51893/.
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The current Thesis describes for the first time based on extensive industrial data how small specimen creep testing techniques can be applied within a practical and deployable life assessment framework and in conjunction with other assessment techniques. The current state of the art for small specimen creep testing is critically reviewed; a review of traditional techniques used on site for the metallurgical assessment of material condition is also included, with examples from site investigations and assessment campaigns in both conventional and nuclear plant applications. The work describes how small specimen creep testing methods and other complementary tools can be used in a new and structured approach to life management. This specifically refers to the potential to develop and implement novel life assessment models that take advantage of the significant amount of site data currently routinely acquired during plant outage overhauls. A novel predictive lifing model for the use of hardness data is developed. In fact, a novel, phenomenological, relationship between room temperature hardness and creep data, obtained by uniaxial creep and impression creep tests, has been found and used for an innovative lifing approach that includes hardness data in a modified Liu and Murakami creep damage model. The latter is discussed with a description of how it could be practically implemented and validated in-service. The capability of impression creep testing method in determining the minimum creep strain rate data by use of conversion relationships that relates uniaxial creep test data and impression creep test data is demonstrated. Consequences of possible geometry inaccuracies in the position of the indenter were investigated and some general comments on the conversion relationships are also provided. The creep damage evolution of an ex-service CrMoV pipe section is investigated in order to demonstrate how normally acquired industry data and data obtained by small specimen creep tests could be used in a real situation. The study emphasises the importance of correlating the operating conditions (temperature and stress) of power plant components with the results from metallurgical examinations and small specimen creep tests. The current research also reports a novel investigation of the applicability of Chakrabarty’s theory, for membrane stretching of a circular blank over a rigid punch, to small punch creep test and determines new ranges of applicability of the CEN Code of Practice CWA 15627.
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Lemmon, Heber. „Methods for reduced platen compression (RPC) test specimen cutting locations using micro-CT and planar radiographs“. Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969/310.
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Garg, Rachit. „Experimental Investigation of a Closed Loop Impedance Pump with an Asymmetric Wall“. University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron153325523527243.
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Mucha, Bohumír. „Asfaltové směsi s použitím vyššího množství R-materiálu“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226710.
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At the beginning of the Master’s thesis the asphalt mixture of the type asphalt concrete and its basic properties are described. The main point of this work is to compare the functional properties of asphalt mixtures with the addition of higher amount of RAP and various rejuvenators used in the experimental section. From individual samples of asphalt mixtures taken during the laying, the control tests were carried out and the process of permanent deformation with the wheel tracking test was monitored. After that, using functional tests the properties of asphalt mixtures with conventional modified and unmodified asphalt bitumen enriched with the addition of declaring similar properties were compared.
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Czerwek, Martin. „Experimentální a numerická analýza externího zesílení železobetonového prvku namáhaného ohybem“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-265545.
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Design and manufacture of reinforced concrete beams for laboratory testing. Implementation of selected tests of mechanical properties for selected elements. Experimental analysis of reinforced concrete beams in the laboratory. Creating a numerical model in the software ATENA 2D. Graphic processing of numerical and experimental analysis and comparison.
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Cámara, Vela Juan Antonio, und Molina Juan Manuel Sánchez. „Design of a Double Cantilever Beam Test Specimen and Fixture for Kink Band Formation in Unidirectional Fibre Reinforced Composites“. Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-11218.
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Composite materials are widely used in demanding applications in aerospace and other industries. In order to understand the complex behaviour of the composite materials and their components, standardised test methods are used. One example is the double cantilever beam (DCB) test in which the test specimen is loaded in an opening, i.e., tensile mode. Failures in composite materials loaded compression are different from those in tension, for example, kink band or buckling-like failures can occur. In this project, several DCBs are designed and a new fixture which allows for compression testing of a DCB is developed for an existing Instron testing machine. The fixture overcomes a known problem of tensile peak causing the failure of the adhesive at the inner surfaces of the DBC by applying additional compressive loads along the outer surfaces of the DBC. The compressive forces can induce the desired kink band formation so that researchers can better study the failure mode. The conceptual development of the new DCBs and the new fixture are presented. Several prototypes of the specimens and the fixture are modelled using the three-dimensional (3D) computer-aided design software Creo Parametric 2.0. One of the fixtures is selected to further study. The different DCB specimens are studied in order to obtain information about the kink band using 3D finite element analysis with the software programme Abaqus CAE. The selected fixture is analysed to determine if there are any areas of concern. Finally, the behaviour of the compression stress along the DCB using two pairs of forces is studied. Unfortunately, it is determined that the tensile peak experienced by the adhesive cannot be eliminated by the application of two pairs of compressive loads, one at the free end and the other in the vicinity of the tensile peak. Several suggestions are made for future work which might serve to reduce the tensile peak; e.g., the movable force couple is applied as a surface load instead of a point load. For this, the fixture will have to be modified with a new geometry, although the DCB could be the same. This will allow further work to focus on the combined behaviour of the tensile peak and the fixture.
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Chhabra, Nitin. „FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF A TEST SPECIMEN FOR STRENGTH OF A CO-POLYMER LAYER AT A BONE-IMPLANT INTERFACE“. Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2004. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4427.
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The aim of this work is to evaluate the mechanical strength of a co-polymer of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) and methylmethacrylate (MMA), so that it can be applied as an interfacial layer between bone cement and steel implants to improve their performance and life. Finite element (FE) analysis techniques are used to assess the behavior of the interface layer under static and dynamic loading conditions. The material property of the co-polymer is a function of its composition and water saturation. The factors affecting the strength of the bone-implant interface are many. Implant interfacial fracture can lead to decreased stability. Fatigue life is a very important process in failure. The results obtained from static and dynamic analyses show that increasing the percentage of HEMA improves the strength of the interface by reducing the stiffness of the implant, absorbing more energy and by reducing the interfacial stress peaks and making the stress distribution more nearly uniform.M.S.
Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering
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Kim, Byung Jun. „Development of small specimen test technique for evaluation of fracture toughness of the structural materials for advanced nuclear systems“. Kyoto University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/142024.
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Zabriskie, Adam X. „Simulation of Counterintuitive Pressure Drop in a Parallel Flow Design for a Specimen Basket for Use in the Advanced Test Reactor“. DigitalCommons@USU, 2012. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1384.
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The Boosted Fast Flux Loop (BFFL) will expand the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) at Idaho National Laboratory. Part of the BFFL is a new corrosion test cap section for testing in the ATR. The corrosion test cap section was designed with parallel channels to reduce the pressure drop and allow coolant contact with specimens. The fluid experiment conducted by Idaho State University found the pressure drop not characteristic of parallel channel flow but greater than without parallel channels. A Computation Fluid Dynamics simulation using STAR-CCM+ was conducted with the objectives of showing sufficient flow through the test cap section for a corrosion test, verifying the fluid experiment's validity, and explaining the abnormal pressure drop. The simulation used a polyhedral volume mesh and the k-e turbulent model with segregated equations. Convergence depended on a low continuity residual and an unchanging pressure drop result. The simulation showed the same pattern as the fluid experiment. The simulation provided evidence of flow through the test cap section needed for a corrosion test. The specimen holding assembly was found to be a small contributor to the pressure drop. The counterintuitive pressure drop was found to be the sum of many factors produced from the geometry of the test cap section. The inlet of the test cap section behaved as a diverging nozzle before a sudden expansion into the test cap section chamber with both creating a pressure drop. The chaotic flow inside the chamber gave rise to pressure loss from mixing. The fluid exited the chamber through a sudden contraction to a converging nozzle behaving exit, again, producing a pressure drop. By varying the flow rate in the simulation, a disturbance in the flow where the gap fluid separated into the parallel channels was found at high flow rates. At low flow rates the pressure drop anomaly was not found. The corrosion test cap section could be used in the ATR but with a higher pressure drop than desirable. The design of the corrosion test cap section created the abnormal pressure drop.
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Vorel, Pavel. „Vlastnosti betonů s přídavkem plazmatem upravených polypropylenových vláken“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225879.
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Master‘s thesis focuses on concrete combined with polypropylen fibres produced commercially, fibres without surface modifications and fibres modificated by plasma. Most important topic of the thesis is experimental verification of influence of plasma modificated fibres on attributes of fresh concrete and physical-mechanical attributes of solidified concrete. Based on the results of the tests perfomed on examin units compares results and anylyses applicability of different fibre surface modifications.
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Bonzanini, João Augusto Fraga. „Estudo dos efeitos do tamanho de corpos-de-prova no módulo de resiliência de quatro solos“. reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/36121.
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Os parâmetros obtidos nos resultados de ensaios triaxiais de módulo de resiliência em solos têm sido cada vez mais utilizados no dimensionamento de pavimentos. Estes parâmetros são fundamentais em análises estruturais e mecanísticas de pavimentos. Pelas normas atuais o ensaio pode ser realizado em diversos tamanhos de corpo-de-prova contanto que respeite a relação entre diâmetro por altura 1:2 e a relação tamanho máximo de partícula por diâmetro do corpo-de-prova 1:5. O objetivo deste trabalho é compreender como variam os resultados de módulo de resiliência quando os ensaios são realizados em diferentes tamanhos de corpode- prova. Para realizar esta pesquisa foram utilizados quatro solos distintos ensaiados em corpos-de-prova de 7,5 x 15 cm, 10 x 20 cm e 15 x 30 cm. Os solos escolhidos foram uma areia, um solo arenoso fino laterítico, um solo argiloso e um solo residual de granito (saibro). Todos os quatro solos são utilizados como materiais para pavimentação e são provenientes do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Os materiais foram caracterizados por ensaios de granulometria, peso específico real dos grãos e limites de liquidez e plasticidade. Foram realizados ensaios de compactação nas energias normal e intermediária obtendo-se assim os parâmetros de compactação para os ensaios triaxiais. Em dois dos quatro solos da pesquisa ainda se realizou ensaios de classificação MCT. Os ensaios triaxiais foram realizados com os quatro solos, em três tamanhos e com duas energias de compactação, totalizando 24 ensaios. Após revisão bibliográfica sobre modelos matemáticos de regressão, decidiu-se interpretar os resultados pelos modelos Tensão Confinante, Tensão Desvio, Modelo Teta e Modelo Composto. Dentre os quatro modelos utilizados, o Modelo Composto obteve os melhores resultados de ajuste. Realizaram-se análises dos parâmetros obtidos nos modelos pela variação do tamanho de corpo-de-prova, onde se observou um pequeno aumento dos valores de MR quando ensaiados em corpos-de-prova maiores. Realizou-se ainda uma comparação estatística entre os resultados dos ensaios triaxiais em que a principal conclusão foi de que a areia, dentre os quatro solos estudados, é considerada o único material que não varia seus módulos conforme o ensaio é realizado em diferentes tamanhos de corpo-de-prova.The results of resilient modulus test of soils have been increasingly used in pavement design, once they are fundamental in structural and mechanistic analysis of pavements. By the current standards/protocols, the test may be performed in various sizes of test specimens as long as it respects the relationship between diameter and height ratio 1:2 and the relationship between maximum particle size and diameter of the test specimen 1:5. The aim of this study is to understand how the results of resilient modulus vary when the tests are conducted in different sizes of test specimen. In order to conduct this research, four different types of soil were used and tested in specimens of 7.5 x 15 cm, 10 x 20 cm and 15 x 30 cm. The soils chosen were sand, fine sandy lateritic soil, clayey soil and residual soil of granite (gravel). All the four soils are used for pavement materials and are original from the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The tests carried out for characterization of the materials include: grain size distribution, physical characterization and Atterberg limits. Proctor compaction test were performed in two different energies, thus obtaining the compression parameters for the compaction of the specimen. Additionally, in two of the four soils of the research, experiments of MCT classification were carried out. The resilient modulus tests were performed with the four soils in three sizes and in two compaction energies, totalizing 24 experiments. After reviewing the literature on regression mathematical models, it was decided to interpret the results from models of Confining Pressure, Deviation Stress, Teta Model and Composted Model. Among the four models used, the Composted Model showed the best fitting results. Analysis were performed considering coefficients obtained in the models versus the size of the specimen. A small increase in resilient modulus values was noticed for experiments performed with larger samples. A statistical comparison between the results of the resilient modulus tests was performed, and the main conclusion was that the sand is considered the only material among the four soils that do not vary its modules as the test is performed on different sizes of specimen.
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Nassar, Saif. „Evaluation of the Ohio CTE Device for Low Temperature Characterization of Hot Mix Asphalt“. University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1597158023589419.
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Lin, Sen. „Evaluation of HMA fracture mechanics-based thermal cracking model“. Thesis, KTH, Transportvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-50945.
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Low temperature cracking is an important form of asphalt pavement deterioration in cold regions. The cracks develop when thermally induced stresses exceed the fracture resistance of the asphalt pavement. In this study, by incorporating HMA fracture mechanics into thermal cracking model, a new integrated model is introduced to investigate low temperature cracking performance. To evaluate its reliability and accuracy, the predicted thermally induced stress and failure temperature are compared with the fracture stress and fracture temperature obtained from thermal stress restrained specimen test. The findings indicate that this HMA fracture mechanics-based thermal cracking model has a great potential to reliably evaluate the performance of asphalt mixtures subjected to thermally induced damage.
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Li, Xuetao. „Mesomechanical Model for Failure Study of Two Dimensional Triaxial Braided Composite Materials“. University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1288196629.
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Islam, Md Shafiqul. „Shear Fracture and Delamination in Packaging Materials : A study of Experimental Methods and Simulation Techniques“. Licentiate thesis, Blekinge Institute of Technology, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-13340.
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Packages are the means of preservation, distribution and convenience of use for food, medicine and other consumer products. Package opening is becoming complicated in many cases because of cutting cost in design and production of opening techniques. Introduction of new package opening technique, material or geometry for better opening experience, forces new design measurements which require a large number of prototype developments and physical testing. In order to achieve more rapid and accurate design, Finite Element Method (FEM) Simulations are widely used in packaging industries to compliment and reduce the number of physical testing. The goal of this work is to develop the building blocks towards complete package opening simulation. The study focuses on testing and simulation of shear fracture and shear delamination of packaging materials. A modified shear test specimen was developed and optimized by finite element simulation. Test method was validated for High-density polyethylene (HDPE) and Polypropylene (PP). The developed method has been accepted by international standards organization ASTM. Based on linear elastic fracture mechanics, a geometry correction factor of shear fracture toughness for the proposed specimen was derived. The study concluded that, for ease of opening, HDPE is a more favorable material for screw caps than PP. When performing the experiment with the shear specimen to find essential work of fracture, the ligament length should be varied between twice of the thickness and half of the width of the specimen ligament. Multi-layered thin laminate of Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and aluminum (Al), also known as Al/LDPE laminate, is another key object addressed in this study. Continuum and fracture testing of individual layers provided the base information and input for numerical modeling. The propagation of an interfacial pre-crack in lamination in Al-LDPE laminate was simulated using several numerical techniques available in the commercial FEM solver ABAQUS, and it was concluded that using the combination of VCCT technique to model the interfacial delamination and coupled elasto-plastic damage constitutive for Al and LDPE substrates can describe interfacial delamination and failure due to necking. It was also concluded that the delamination mode in a pre-crack tip is influenced by the ratio of fracture energy release rate of mode I and II. To address the challenge in quantifying shear energy release rate of laminate with very thin substrate, a convenient test technique is proposed. Additionally, scanning electron microscopic study provided useful information on fractured and delaminated surfaces and provided evidence that strengthened the conclusions of this work. The proposed test methods in this work will be crucial to measure the shear mechanical properties in bulk material and thin substrates. Laminates of Al and LDPE or similar material can be studied using the developed simulation technique which can be effectively used for decision support in early package development.
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Qadir, Adnan. „Investigation Of Low Temperature Cracking In Asphalt Concrete Pavement“. Phd thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612696/index.pdf.
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In this study, low temperature cracking of asphalt concrete is investigated based on a laboratory experimental program including the design variables of aggregate type, gradation, asphalt content, binder grading, binder modification, and the experimental variables of cooling rate, and specimen size. The design of experiment is proposed according to the fractional factorial design principles to reduce the required number of test specimens. Mix designs are performed according to the Superpave mix design guidelines using materials obtained from the Turkish General Directorate of High-ways. In the course of this study, a test setup for thermal stress restrained specimen test for asphalt concrete is developed and used successfully to test a number of as-phalt concrete beam specimens. The same setup is also used for measuring the glass transition temperatures to obtain various thermo-volumetric properties of mixtures. Statistical methods are used to identify the effect of experimental variables on frac-ture strength, fracture temperature and other dependent variables obtained from the testing program. Statistical models are also developed to predict the fracture strength, fracture temperature and other thermo-volumetric properties of mixtures. Results of analyses show that aggregate type, binder modification, and asphalt content significantly affect both the fracture strength and fracture temperature of asphalt concrete. While the glass transition temperature is affected by only aggregate type, coefficients of contraction before and after the glass transition temperature are not influenced by any of the experimental variables. The results of this study provide an important basis to prevent low temperature cracking in asphalt concrete pavements.
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Štěrbáček, Jaroslav. „Tahové a únavové zkoušky tenkých vláken a fólií“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-228056.
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A testing system MTS Tytron 250 with an original construction was bought at the Institute of Physics of Materials, AVCR v.v.i. The main aim of this diploma thesis was to obtain experiences with the controlling of the system and with its advantages and limitations. The tensile tests were performed on Al fibres with diameters of 125 micrometer, 180 micrometer a 500 micrometer, nylon fibres of 250 micrometer and 500 micrometer and tensile and cyclic tests on Al foil of 77 micrometer in thickness. It was found that the machine is suitable for testing of either subtle specimens with low loading forces or specimens with low stiffness as e.g. polymers or very long metallic or ceramic fibres. On the other side, the Tytrom system is not able to perform tests on specimens with a high stiffness and high loading forces. Material parameters were determined with a high reproducibility. Advantages and limitations of several types of subtle specimen's fixation into the grips were studied too.
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Sickert, Jan-Uwe, Katrin Schwiteilo und Frank Jesse. „Statistische Auswertung der Bruchspannung einaxialer Zugversuche an Textilbeton - Vorschläge für Teilsicherheitsbeiwerte“. Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-77867.
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Im Rahmen umfangreicher experimenteller Untersuchungen wurden die Bruchspannungen für Textilbeton unter einaxialer, einsinniger Zugbelastung ermittelt. Im Ergebnis liegen variierende Daten vor, die auf eine nichtdeterministische (unscharfe) Bruchspannung hinweisen. Die Versuchsergebnisse stellen eine moderate Datenbasis für eine statistische Auswertung und Quantifikation der Unschärfe dar. Zur Berücksichtigung der unscharfen Bruchspannung bei der Bemessung mittels einfacher Handrechnungen muss ein deterministischer Sicherheitsabstand eingeführt werden. Der Sicherheitsabstand wird in den derzeit gültigen Normen mit Teilsicherheitsbeiwerten festgelegt, die ein ebenso normativ vorgegebenes Sicherheitsniveau gewährleisten sollten. In diesem Kontext werden im Beitrag auf der Basis von Zuverlässigkeitsbetrachtungen ermittelte Teilsicherheitsbeiwerte für Textilbeton mit AR-Glas- und Carbon-Bewehrung vorgeschlagenIn the framework of a comprehensive experimental program the ultimate strength of textile reinforced concrete has been determined under consideration of uniaxial tensile load. In result varying data are available which indicate a non-deterministic (uncertain) strength. The experimental results provide a moderate basis for statistical evaluations and the quantification of uncertainty. Furthermore, manual calculation in structural design requires a certain safety distance. For this task, partial safety factors have been defined and incorporated in the design codes to ensure a predefined safety level. In this context, this paper gives suggestions for the definition of partial safety factors for textile reinforced concrete with AR glass and carbon reinforcement
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Hůlka, Jiří. „Výpočtová predikce tvárného porušování“. Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-234203.
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The issue of ductile damage prediction can be generally divided in two types of tasks. The first one is to preventing the initiation of ductile damage with is most common group of calculation today. The second task can be described as aimed damaging, such as machining, cutting, etc. The significant development of this issue occurred in recent decades by help of development and access to powerful computational techniques and new experimental possibilities. However, the behaviour of ductile damage at multiaxial proportional and non-proportional loading is insufficiently described. This thesis helped to clarify some of the unknown this topic. It contributed to the understanding of selected materials behaviour at room temperature and quasistatic loading. Austenitic stainless steel AISI 316L was selected for detail study of ductile damage. A large number of experiments were performed on this material, such as uniaxial tensile tests of smooth and notched specimens, upsetting tests of smooth cylinder and special cylinder with dimple, butterfly specimens, notched tube specimens and penetration tests. Experimental results is used for calibration of five so-called simple criteria, taking into account fracture strain and stress triaxiality (Equivalent fracture strain, Johnson-Cook, simplify Bao-Wierzbicki, RT, RTCL) and universal criteria (Bai-Wierzbicki, Xue-Wierzbicki, EMC, LOU, KHPS). SPT potentially enable the determination of actual mechanical behaviour using only a fraction of specimen volume compared to standard specimen. It is promising tool to improve accuracy when assessing working life of components in operation. The inverse numerical simulation loop of SPT was designed using program OptiSLang on the basis of detailed sensitivity analysis. It was achieved 2% deviation of yield strength and 6% deviation of ultimate strength obtained from tensile tests. A several modification of SPT specimen was suggested for universal criteria calibration of small material volume. The 3D numerical model was built for numerical simulation with ductile damage simulation. The criteria KHPS and EMC gave the most accurate results.
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Kobeissi, Alaa. „Caractérisation mécanique des matériaux composites à partir d'un essai de traction biaxiale intégrant l'effet des chemins de déformation“. Thesis, Rennes, INSA, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ISAR0021.
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Les matériaux composites à fibres continues sont largement utilisés dans la plupart des applications d'ingénierie en raison de leurs propriétés mécaniques spécifiques élevées. Les essais uniaxiaux sont principalement utilisés pour la caractérisation de ces matériaux en raison de leur simplicité et de leur faible coût. Cependant, ces essais ne sont pas adaptés pour caractériser le comportement du matériau soumis à un état de contrainte multiaxiale. Pour mieux caractériser leur comportement, des essais biaxiaux ont été développés. Pam1i les différentes techniques de traction biaxiale, l'essai de traction sur éprouvettes cruciformes est l'une des méthodes les plus connues. Cependant, la difficulté de cette méthode réside dans le choix de la forme de l'éprouvette qui doit présenter une rupture au centre. Dans cette étude, une nouvelle éprouvette cruciforme est définie pour des essais de traction biaxiale d'un composite verre/époxy. Les dimensions finales de l'éprouvette crucifom1e sont définies par une étude paramétrique numérique tout en respectant certaines contrai11tes expérimentales telles que la capacité de la machine de traction biaxiale. Une validation expérimentale est réalisée sur deux tissus de composites verTe/époxy de différentes épaisseurs. Les essais ont été réalisés pour différentes conditions de chargement biaxial. La distribution des déformations dans la zone centrale de l'éprouvette est obtenue à l'aide de la technique de corrélation d'image (DI.C). L'enveloppe à la rupture est tracée et comparée aux prédictions de trois critères à la rupture (Max Stress, Max Stain, et Norris)Continuous fiber composite materials have become extensively used in most engineering applications due to their high specific mechanical properties. Uniaxial tests are mostly used for the characterization of composite materials because of their simplicity and low cost. However, these tests are not adapted for the characterization of the behavior of these materials subjected to multiaxial stress state. For a better characterization of their behavior, biaxial tests were developed. Among different biaxial testing techniques, the in-plane biaxial testing of cruciform specimen is one of the most known methods. However, the main difficulty of this method is the design of a cruciform specimen that fails in the center. ln this work, a new cruciform specimen is designed for the biaxial tensile testing of plain-weave glass/epoxy composite. The final dimensions of the specimen are defined by a numerical parametric study while respecting some experimental constraints such as biaxial tensile machine capacity. An experimental validation is performed on two plain-weave glass/epoxy composites with different thicknesses. The tests were performed under different biaxial loading conditions. The strain distribution in the central zone of the specimen are obtained using the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique. The failure envelop is generated and compared to the predictions of three failure criteria (Max Stress, Max Stram, and Norris)
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Vlk, Václav. „Mechanické vlastnosti a lomové chování svarových spojů a základních materiálů přívodního potrubí vodní turbíny“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231314.
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The master thesis is focussed on evaluation of mechanical properties and fracture behaviour of basic materials and weld joints of a water turbine supply pipe. The results of tensile tests, fracture toughness tests, hardness and micro-hardness tests and further chemical and metallography analysis are used for operating degradation level evaluation of the construction material and also for a residual operating recognition of the second, identical specimen of supply pipe.
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Smrž, Peter. „Odolnost slinutého karbidu vůči vzniku a šíření tepelných trhlin“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230951.
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This thesis aims to compare the relationship of physical-mechanical properties of tool materials made of WC-Co sintered carbides with their resistance to initiation and propagation of thermal cracks. The paper presents the results of testing the basic physical-mechanical properties of the three samples sintered carbides with different percentage of Co binder. Next, this thesis describes the progress and results of quench experiment and cutting tests using, which was described resistance of the tested samples to thermal and mechanical shock, depending on the values of physical-mechanical properties.
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Edwards, Ylva. „Influence of waxes on bitumen and asphalt concrete mixture performance“. Doctoral thesis, KTH, Väg- och banteknik, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-553.
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This doctoral thesis consists of a literature review, presented in two papers, and another six papers describing experimental studies of the influence of different kinds of wax and polyphosporic acid on bitumen and asphalt concrete mixture properties. The literature review should give an extensive description of the field of knowledge concerning wax in bitumen. Effects of wax in crude oil, bitumen and asphalt concrete as well as test methods for studying these effects are described. Theories behind possible mechanisms are also discussed, and commercial wax as additive to bitumen for different purposes included. The experimental parts comprise laboratory studies involving totally five 160/220 penetration base bitumens from different sources, two isolated bitumen waxes, five commercial waxes and one polyphosphoric acid. Asphalt concrete slabs, containing base or modified bitumen were prepared and tested. Binder properties were evaluated using different types of laboratory equipment, such as dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), bending beam rheometer (BBR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), force ductilometer, as well as equipment for determining conventional parameters like penetration, softening point, viscosity, and Fraass breaking point. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC-FID) were used for chemical characterization. The binders were aged by means of the rolling thin film oven test (RTFOT) and pressure ageing vessel (PAV) in combination. Asphalt concrete properties were evaluated at low temperatures using the tensile strain restrained specimen test (TSRST) and creep test at -25°C. Dynamic creep testing was performed at 40°C, as well as complex modulus tests between 0 and 20°C. Binder test results indicated that the magnitude and type of effect on bitumen rheology depend on the bitumen itself, type of crystallizing fraction in the bitumen and/or type and amount of additive used. Bitumen composition was found to be of decisive importance. Adding polyethylene wax or polyphosphoric acid, especially to a non-waxy 160/220 penetration grade bitumen, showed no or positive effects on the rheological behaviour at low temperatures (decrease in stiffness) as well as medium and high temperatures (increase in complex modulus and decrease in phase angle). However, the corresponding positive effects could not be shown in dynamic creep testing (at 40°C) of asphalt concrete mixtures containing these modified binders. Adding FT-paraffin decreased the physical hardening index for all bitumens. Also polyethylene wax and montan wax showed this effect for some bitumens. Slack wax showed a large increasing effect on physical hardening, and polyphosphoric acid none or a minor negative effect. No correlation between physical hardening index (PHI) and wax content by DSC was found in this study, involving both natural bitumen wax and commercial wax. Addition of the commercial waxes used showed no or marginally positive influence on bitumen ageing properties for the bitumens and test conditions used. Comparing asphalt mixture test results to the corresponding binder test results, the effects on asphalt mixtures from adding commercial wax or polyphosphoric acid were less evident. Significant binder physical hardening by BBR could not be confirmed by TSRST.QC 20101006
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Tran, Duc Thang. „Endommagement des enrobés bitumineux soumis à des cycles de gel / dégel“. Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSET011.
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Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une collaboration entre l’École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l’État (ENTPE) et l’entreprise EUROVIA au sein du projet national DVDC. Elle contribue aux travaux du sous-thème 1.5, sur les dégradations hivernales, du thème 1 du projet national sur les mécanismes de dégradation des chaussées. Elle s’intéresse à l’endommagement des enrobés bitumineux à l’eau et au gel. Une étude bibliographique sur l’endommagement des enrobés bitumineux à l’eau et au gel a d’abord été réalisée. Après cette étude, deux campagnes expérimentales ont été proposées puis réalisées : une campagne principale et une campagne complémentaire. La campagne complémentaire étudie les évolutions des éprouvettes cylindriques lors des phases de conditionnement avec la saturation en eau, les cycles de gel/dégel et le séchage des éprouvettes sous vide. La campagne principale étudie les effets de la saturation en eau, de cycles de gel/dégel (cycle Freezing/Thaw - FT), de cycles avec réchauffement (cycle Heating/Freezing-HF et cycle Heating /Cooling- HC) sur les matériaux bitumineux non-vieilli et vieilli, dans des domaines de comportement différents. Elle se concentre sur trois grands domaines de comportement : le comportement viscoélastique, le comportement à la fatigue et le couplage thermomécanique. Pour le comportement viscoélastique linéaire (VEL), les éprouvettes soumises à des conditionnements différents ont été étudiées à l’aide de l’essai de module complexe. Le comportement VEL du matériau étudié a été ensuite simulé à l’aide du modèle 2S2P1D (2 Springs, 2 Parabolic elements, 1 Dashpot) développé à l’ENTPE. Le comportement à la fatigue des enrobés bitumineux soumis à 50 cycles FT et à la saturation en eau a été étudié. L’essai de traction-compression en déformation à température contrôlée et à fréquence donnée a été utilisé. Les effets des cycles de gel/dégel et de l’eau ont été analysés en traçant des courbes de fatigue de Wöhler. Un modèle a été proposé pour décrire l’endommagement à la fatigue. Dans le domaine de comportement à basse température, les éprouvettes ont été étudiées à l’aide de l’essai de retrait thermique empêché (TSRST) et de l’essai de retrait thermique libre (TUST). Des analyses ont été réalisées sur la température, la contrainte et aussi la déformation radiale à la rupture. Les résultats obtenus montrent des effets non-significatifs des cycles de gel/dégel et de l’eau sur les enrobés bitumineux pour les domaines étudiés, surtout pour des sollicitations à faible déformation (moins de 120μdef) et à température positive. Cependant, l’effet de l’eau devient dominant et significatif à basse température, en particulier dans l’essai TSRST. Pour un conditionnement avec des cycles intégrant une période de réchauffement (type HF et HC, où la température atteint 50°C), un vieillissement du bitume a été mis en évidence à l’aide des courbes du module complexe normaliséThis PhD thesis is part of a collaboration between “l’École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l’État” (ENTPE) and the research center of Eurovia within the national project DVDC. PhD works contribute to the sub-theme 1.5 dealing with winter degradations included in Theme 1 of the national project, on the mechanisms of pavement degradation. PhD thesis studies damages in bituminous mixtures, which might be caused by water and freeze/thaw cycles. A literature review on the effect of water and frost on bituminous mixtures was carried out as a first part of the thesis. After the literature review, two experimental campaigns were proposed and realized: a main campaign and a complementary campaign. The main campaign studies the effects of water saturation, freezing/thaw cycles (FT), thermal cycles with heating (Heating/Freezing-HF cycle and Heating/Cooling- HC cycle) on non-aged and aged bituminous mixtures. It focuses on three main behaviours of bituminous mixture : viscoelastic behaviour, fatigue behaviour and thermomechanical coupling. In the domain of linear viscoelastic behaviour (VEL), the complex module test was performed on a bituminous mixture subjected to different conditions : water conditioning, FT cycles, HF cycles or HC cycles. The VEL behaviour of the tested material was then modeled using the 2S2P1D model (2 Springs, 2 Parabolic elements, 1 Dashpot) developed at ENTPE. The fatigue behaviour of bituminous mixture subjected to 50 FT cycles and water saturation was studied. Sinusoidal loading in controlled axial strain mode was applied at 10 Hz and 10°C. The effects of water saturation and FT conditioning were then analyzed by using the Wöhler fatigue curves. A model was used to simulate the damage evolution. In the low temperature behaviour domain, the specimens were studied by using the Thermal Stress Restrained Specimen Test (TSRST) and Thermal Unstressed Specimen Test (TUST). The temperature, the stress and the radial strain at failure were analyzed to investigate the conditioning effects. The results show a non-significant effect of the FT cycles and water conditioning on the bituminous mixture behaviour, for small strain loading (less than 120μdef) and at positive testing temperature. However, the effect of water conditioning becomes dominant and significant at low temperatures, especially in the TSRST. For the non-aged material conditioned with HF and HC cycles, the aging of the bitumen was observed by using the normalized curves of complex modulus
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Mašek, Jakub. „Namrzavost zemin a materiálů v podloží vozovek“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226039.
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This diploma thesis deals with the issue of the determination of the frost susceptibility of soils in the subgrades of road structures. The theoretical part compares the ways of testing the frost susceptibility in the Czech Republic and other selected countries of the European Union. Furthermore, it also deals with the development of the frost susceptibility index in the Czech Republic. The empirical part focuses on the laboratory testing of the frost susceptibility of the given sample of soil by the direct frost heave method. Moreover, it also deals with the simulation of penetration of frost by the subgrade and the possibility of shortening the length of the freezing during the direct testing the frost susceptibility.