Bücher: „Test results management“

1

Abrahamse, Allen F. Middle-term disaggregate loss model test and evaluation: Description and results. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1988.

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2

Reid, John. Evaluation of an Internet-based, bibliographic database: Results of the NASA STI Program's ASAP user test. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2000.

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3

Morris, Louise. Social trust and life insurance: The impact of genetic test results in the Republic of Ireland. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars, 2011.

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4

Morris, Louise. Social trust and life insurance: The impact of genetic test results in the Republic of Ireland. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars, 2011.

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5

Limited, Superwood Ontario. The technology demonstration, financial performance and product test results for Superwood ; report prepared for: Waste Management Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment. [Ottawa?]: Ontario Environment, 1992.

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6

Office, General Accounting. Forest service: Evaluation of "end-results" budgeting test : report to the Subcommittee on Interior and Related Agencies, Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1988.

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7

Zunker, Vernon G. Using assessment results for career development. 3. Aufl. Pacific Grove, Calif: Brooks/Cole Pub. Co., 1990.

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8

Using assessment results for career development. 4. Aufl. Pacific Grove, Calif: Brooks/Cole Pub. Co., 1994.

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9

1968-, Osborn Debra S., Hrsg. Using assessment results for career development. 5. Aufl. Pacific Grove, Calif: Brooks/Cole Pub. Co., 1998.

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10

1968-, Osborn Debra S., Hrsg. Using assessment results for career development. 6. Aufl. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Pub. Co., 2002.

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11

Organisation for economic co-operation and development. PISA 2012 results. Paris: OECD, 2013.

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12

Schools, Great Britain Scottish Office Inspectors of. Using examination results in school self-evaluation: Relative ratings and national comparison factors. (Edinburgh): Scottish Office Education Department, 1991.

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13

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Hrsg. PISA 2009 results: What makes a school successful? : resources, policies and practices. Paris: OECD, 2010.

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14

Kochetova, Zhanna, Natal'ya Maslova und Oleg Bazarskiy. Aviation and missile clusters and the environment. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1544137.

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The monograph introduces a new concept - the aviation and missile cluster as a new class of objects of geo-ecological monitoring, united by the solution of identical strategic tasks of the state, the interconnection of its structural elements, the identity of priority contaminants and products of their transformation. The scientific and methodological apparatus of complex geoecological monitoring of territories under the influence of objects of aviation and space activities is presented, including predictive models of the spread and transformation of priority contaminants in environmental objects, taking into account their physical and chemical properties, geographical and climatic features of the studied territory; algorithms and methods for assessing the environmental situation in the area of the aviation and rocket cluster to support management decisions on conducting rehabilitation and preventive medical and environmental measures. The proposed scientific and methodological apparatus improves the quality of the assessment of the geoecological situation while reducing the cost of monitoring the territory of the aviation and missile cluster. The scientific results obtained by the authors based on the results of eleven-year geoecological monitoring of a typical aviation and rocket cluster located within the city of Voronezh and including an airfield of state aviation and a test complex of launch vehicles are presented. For a wide range of readers interested in environmental problems of scientific and technological progress.

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15

Bekbasarov, Isabay. Study of the process of driving piles and dies on models. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1074097.

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The monograph presents the results of experimental and theoretical studies conducted using models of driven piles and tape dies. The influence of the cross-section size, length, shape of the trunk and the lower end of the piles on their submergability, energy intensity of driving and load-bearing capacity was evaluated. The design and technological features of new types of piles are considered. A method for determining the load-bearing capacity of a pile model based on the results of dynamic tests has been developed. Similarity conditions and formulas are presented that provide modeling of the pile driving process in the laboratory. The influence of the shape of the tape dies on their submersibility, energy consumption of the driving and the bearing capacity of the foundations arranged in the vyshtampovannyh pits was evaluated. The method of determining the load-bearing capacity of a belt Foundation model based on the results of pit vyshtampovyvaniya is described. Recommendations on the choice of optimal parameters of piles and foundations, arranged in vystupovani pits. Recommended for researchers, specialists of design and construction organizations, doctoral students, postgraduates, undergraduates and students of construction and water management specialties.

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16

Office, General Accounting. Chemical and biological defense: Program planning and evaluation should follow results act framework : report to congressional requesters. [Washington, D.C.]: The Office, 1999.

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17

Hazelton, Pam, und Brian Murphy. Interpreting Soil Test Results. CSIRO Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486303977.

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Interpreting Soil Test Results is a practical reference enabling soil scientists, environmental scientists, environmental engineers, land holders and others involved in land management to better understand a range of soil test methods and interpret the results of these tests. It also contains a comprehensive description of the soil properties relevant to many environmental and natural land resource issues and investigations. This new edition has an additional chapter on soil organic carbon store estimation and an extension of the chapter on soil contamination. It also includes sampling guidelines for landscape design and a section on trace elements. The book updates and expands sections covering acid sulfate soil, procedures for sampling soils, levels of nutrients present in farm products, soil sodicity, salinity and rainfall erosivity. It includes updated interpretations for phosphorus in soils, soil pH and the cation exchange capacity of soils. Interpreting Soil Test Results is ideal reading for students of soil science and environmental science and environmental engineering; professional soil scientists, environmental scientists, engineers and consultants; and local government agencies and as a reference by solicitors and barristers for land and environment cases.

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18

Massachusetts. Dept. of Education., Hrsg. Test results from Massachusetts charter schools: A preliminary study. Malden, Mass. (350 Main St., Malden 02148-5023): Massachusetts Dept. of Education, 1997.

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19

Thakur, Anand C. Pain Management Assessment Beyond the Physician Encounter. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199981830.003.0011.

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The long-term use of opioids in the treatment of chronic pain patients has increased dramatically over the last two decades. With this increase has come abuse, misuse, diversion, and overdose deaths, resulting in tremendous media attention. Further, there has been an increase in regulatory scrutiny of the prescribing practices of healthcare professionals. Monitoring patient compliance with chronic opioid therapy has become very important. Urine drug monitoring and patient agreements are part of this monitoring effort. However, interpreting test results can be challenging and applying these results to patient care can be complex. Metabolites, interfering substances, and false-positives and false-negative results all need to be considered when interpreting test results. Test results should not be considered sacrosanct and should always be an opportunity for discussion with a patient.

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20

D, Vicroy Dan, Simmon David A und United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Branch., Hrsg. Planning fuel-conservative descents in an airline environment using a small programmable calculator: Algorithm development and flight test results. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Branch, 1985.

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21

D, Vicroy Dan, Simmon David A und United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Branch., Hrsg. Planning fuel-conservative descents in an airline environment using a small programmable calculator: Algorithm development and flight test results. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Branch, 1985.

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22

D, Vicroy Dan, Simmon David A und United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Branch., Hrsg. Planning fuel-conservative descents in an airline environment using a small programmable calculator: Algorithm development and flight test results. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Branch, 1985.

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23

Balcom, Jessica R., Anne M. Bandholz und Amy L. Swanson. Genetic Counselor Role in Laboratory Case Management. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190604929.003.0008.

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The laboratory genetic counselor plays an important role in case management. This chapter describes the various aspects of this role, such as improving patient care by preventing inappropriate testing, contributing to laboratory and clinical interpretation of test results, and communicating complex or unexpected results. The laboratory genetic counselor serves as a liaison between ordering providers and laboratory staff. Good communication is vital in this role to ensure understanding and appropriate patient care. The communication skills that the laboratory genetic counselor needs are detailed throughout the chapter.

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24

Office, General Accounting. Forest service: Evaluation of "end-results" budgeting test : report to the Subcommittee on Interior and Related Agencies, Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1988.

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25

Zehnbauer, Barbara, und W. Andrew Faucett. Regulation of Laboratory Genetic Testing. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190604929.003.0002.

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Laboratory regulations provide rules to establish consistency and to evaluate performance. They also set out the qualifications and experience needed for laboratory staff to fulfill regulatory requirements and meet professional standards. Clinical genetic counselors play a significant role in determining which tests to offer patients, which laboratories to consider for testing, and which phenotypic information to provide to the clinical laboratory to improve the interpretation of test results. This chapter discusses laboratory regulations pertinent to the type of genetic testing offered and specimens received in the laboratory. The goal is to help the laboratory genetic counselor understand the regulatory oversight of genetic testing and the quality management of clinical laboratory operations.

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26

Nikravan, Sara, und Frederick Mihm. Pathophysiology and management of functional endocrine tumours in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0264.

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Thyroid hormones act on most tissues via nuclear T3 receptors. Thyroid hormones stimulate oxygen consumption and heat production, influence cell growth and maturation (central nervous system, bone), and modulate metabolism (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, drugs). Treatment for presumed thyroid disease frequently has to be initiated before the results of diagnostic tests are available. Treatment of hyperthyroidism should result in the reduction of serum thyroid hormone levels and their action on peripheral tissues with concurrent treatment of the precipitating event. In severe hypothyroidism the choice of thyroid hormone (thyroxine or tri-iodothyronine), optimal dosing, and the route of administration remain controversial

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27

Garnett, Holly Ann. Election Management. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190677800.003.0006.

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This chapter provides new evidence about the ways that election management bodies (EMBs) remain transparent with a variety of stakeholders. In particular, it operationalizes and measures transparency in election management through a content analysis of the websites of 99 EMBs around the globe. It considers five key dimensions of transparency: activity reports, election results, EMB hierarchy, EMB members, and election laws. With this new measure of EMB transparency, this chapter tests two major questions within the field of electoral governance. First, it explores whether the formal design of an EMB is related to its transparency, and secondly, it looks at the relationship between transparency and public confidence in elections.

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28

Hart, Nicholas, und Tarek Sharshar. Diagnosis, assessment, and management of ICU-acquired weakness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0248.

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Intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICU-AW) is the term applied to generalized skeletal muscle weakness developed as a result of critical illness. This condition adversely affects up to three-quarters of patients admitted to the intensive care unit and it is associated with risk factors such as illness severity and duration of mechanical ventilation. Using detailed electrophysiological tests and histological muscle sampling, ICU-AW can be classified as a neuropathy, myopathy, or a neuromyopathy. However, this detailed approach is generally only required when there is diagnostic uncertainty and a simple test to diagnose ICU-AW utilizing manual muscle testing and the Medical Research Council (MRC) sumscore are more commonly employed. Nonetheless, short- and long-term outcomes associated with developing ICU-AW using MRC sumscore, have been reported. Intervention exercise therapy and rehabilitation strategies are required to minimize the effects of developing of skeletal muscle wasting.

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29

Role reversal: Achieving uncommonly excellent results in the student-centered classroom. ASCD, 2013.

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30

Using Assessment Results for Career Development. Cengage Learning, 2015.

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31

Osborn, Debra S., und Vernon G. Zunker. Using Assessment Results for Career Development. 6. Aufl. Wadsworth Publishing, 2001.

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32

Henjum, Maggie, und Jodi Young. History and Examination of the Spine. Herausgegeben von Mehul J. Desai. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199350940.003.0001.

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An efficient model for history-taking and physical examination of the spine using a current evidence-based approach provides the foundation for a targeted assessment and treatment plan. Taking a history and examining the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine may be complex, especially if the clinician does not use a systematic approach for collecting subjective and objective data. Included in this chapter are best evidence strategies for observing a patient’s posture and movement patterns, assessing active and passive range of motion, and performing neurologic testing, strength testing, special tests, and palpation. Special attention is given to test clusters and examination items with strong psychometric properties that provide efficient and accurate examination results. By incorporating these strategies into the history and examination, the examiner should be able to rule in or out particular diagnoses that will direct overall management of the patient’s symptoms.

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33

Lee, Christoph I. Repeat Bone Mineral Density Screening and Osteoporotic Fracture Prediction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190223700.003.0035.

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This chapter, found in the bone, joint, and extremity pain section of the book, provides a succinct synopsis of a key study examining the need for repeat bone densitometry screening and prediction of fractures from osteoporosis. This summary outlines the study methodology and design, major results, limitations and criticisms, related studies and additional information, and clinical implications. The study showed that a repeat bone mineral density test within 4 years adds little additional value beyond the baseline test when assessing hip fracture risk. Moreover, a repeat test within 4 years may not improve fracture risk stratification used for clinical management of osteoporosis. In addition to outlining the most salient features of the study, a clinical vignette and imaging example are included in order to provide relevant clinical context.

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34

Torbicki, Adam, Marcin Kurzyna und Stavros Konstantinides. Pulmonary embolism. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0066.

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Pulmonary embolism is usually a consequence of deep vein thrombosis, and together the two conditions are known as venous thromboembolism. Non-thromboembolic causes of pulmonary embolism are rare. Pulmonary thromboembolism is a potentially life-threatening disease, if left untreated. This is due to a natural tendency towards early recurrence of pulmonary emboli which may lead to fatal right ventricular failure. In more severe cases, secondary right ventricular failure may result from myocardial ischaemia and injury caused by systemic hypotension and adrenergic overstimulation. Clinical presentation of pulmonary embolism is non-specific and may include dyspnoea, chest pain, haemoptysis, syncope, hypotension, and shock. Patients with suggestive history, symptoms, and signs require an immediate triage which determines further management strategy. Computerized tomographic angiography has become the mainstay of diagnosis. However, depending on the clinical presentation, treatment decisions may also be made based on results from other tests. In particular, in high-risk patients with persistent hypotension or shock, bedside echocardiography may be the only available test to identify patients in need of primary thrombolysis, surgical embolectomy, or percutaneous intervention which will stabilize the systemic cardiac output. For most normotensive patients, anticoagulation is sufficient as initial treatment. However, in the presence of signs of right ventricular dysfunction and myocardial injury monitoring is recommended to allow prompt rescue reperfusion therapy in case of haemodynamic decompensation.

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35

Torbicki, Adam, Marcin Kurzyna und Stavros Konstantinides. Pulmonary embolism. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0066_update_001.

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Pulmonary embolism is usually a consequence of deep vein thrombosis, and together the two conditions are known as venous thromboembolism. Non-thromboembolic causes of pulmonary embolism are rare. Pulmonary thromboembolism is a potentially life-threatening disease, if left untreated. This is due to a natural tendency towards early recurrence of pulmonary emboli which may lead to fatal right ventricular failure. In more severe cases, secondary right ventricular failure may result from myocardial ischaemia and injury caused by systemic hypotension and adrenergic overstimulation. Clinical presentation of pulmonary embolism is non-specific and may include dyspnoea, chest pain, haemoptysis, syncope, hypotension, and shock. Patients with suggestive history, symptoms, and signs require an immediate triage which determines further management strategy. Computerized tomographic angiography has become the mainstay of diagnosis. However, depending on the clinical presentation, treatment decisions may also be made based on results from other tests. In particular, in high-risk patients with persistent hypotension or shock, bedside echocardiography may be the only available test to identify patients in need of primary thrombolysis, surgical embolectomy, or percutaneous intervention which will stabilize the systemic cardiac output. For most normotensive patients, anticoagulation is sufficient as initial treatment. However, in the presence of signs of right ventricular dysfunction and myocardial injury monitoring is recommended to allow prompt rescue reperfusion therapy in case of haemodynamic decompensation.

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36

Torbicki, Adam, Marcin Kurzyna und Stavros Konstantinides. Pulmonary embolism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0066_update_002.

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Pulmonary embolism is usually a consequence of deep vein thrombosis, and together the two conditions are known as venous thromboembolism. Non-thromboembolic causes of pulmonary embolism are rare. Pulmonary thromboembolism is a potentially life-threatening disease, if left untreated. This is due to a natural tendency towards early recurrence of pulmonary emboli which may lead to fatal right ventricular failure. In more severe cases, secondary right ventricular failure may result from myocardial ischaemia and injury caused by systemic hypotension and adrenergic overstimulation. Clinical presentation of pulmonary embolism is non-specific and may include dyspnoea, chest pain, haemoptysis, syncope, hypotension, and shock. Patients with suggestive history, symptoms, and signs require an immediate triage which determines further management strategy. Computerized tomographic angiography has become the mainstay of diagnosis. However, depending on the clinical presentation, treatment decisions may also be made based on results from other tests. In particular, in high-risk patients with persistent hypotension or shock, bedside echocardiography may be the only available test to identify patients in need of primary thrombolysis, surgical embolectomy, or percutaneous intervention which will stabilize the systemic cardiac output. For most normotensive patients, anticoagulation is sufficient as initial treatment. However, in the presence of signs of right ventricular dysfunction and myocardial injury monitoring is recommended to allow prompt rescue reperfusion therapy in case of haemodynamic decompensation.

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37

Torbicki, Adam, Marcin Kurzyna und Stavros Konstantinides. Pulmonary embolism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0066_update_003.

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Pulmonary embolism is usually a consequence of deep vein thrombosis, and together the two conditions are known as venous thromboembolism. Non-thromboembolic causes of pulmonary embolism are rare. Pulmonary thromboembolism is a potentially life-threatening disease, if left untreated. This is due to a natural tendency towards early recurrence of pulmonary emboli which may lead to fatal right ventricular failure. In more severe cases, secondary right ventricular failure may result from myocardial ischaemia and injury caused by systemic hypotension and adrenergic overstimulation. Clinical presentation of pulmonary embolism is non-specific and may include dyspnoea, chest pain, haemoptysis, syncope, hypotension, and shock. Patients with suggestive history, symptoms, and signs require an immediate triage which determines further management strategy. Computerized tomographic angiography has become the mainstay of diagnosis. However, depending on the clinical presentation, treatment decisions may also be made based on results from other tests. In particular, in high-risk patients with persistent hypotension or shock, bedside echocardiography may be the only available test to identify patients in need of primary thrombolysis, surgical embolectomy, or percutaneous intervention which will stabilize the systemic cardiac output. For most normotensive patients, anticoagulation is sufficient as initial treatment. However, in the presence of signs of right ventricular dysfunction and myocardial injury monitoring is recommended to allow prompt rescue reperfusion therapy in case of haemodynamic decompensation.

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38

Hardt, Heidi. See No Evil. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672171.003.0004.

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As a second empirical chapter, Chapter 4 employs a comparative case approach to test the book’s argument against competing explanations in three cases of contemporary NATO crisis management. The results of these cases draw on NATO elites’ responses to open-ended survey questions. The first case assesses elites’ memory of strategic errors from a long crisis management operation: ISAF in Afghanistan. The second case presents elites’ memory of strategic errors from a short operation: Operation Unified Protector in Libya. The third case discusses elites’ memory of strategic errors in a crisis management case where no operation occurred: NATO’s actions in response to the crisis in Ukraine. The chapter begins by describing the methodology and then provides evidence of institutional memory development in each case. The chapter concludes with a discussion of findings that support the book’s argument as elites employed informal processes when contributing to NATO’s institutional memory.

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39

Keltner, John R., Cherine Akkari und Ronald J. Ellis. Neurological Complications of HIV in The Peripheral Nervous System. Herausgegeben von Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding und Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0027.

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HIV sensory neuropathy affects approximately 50% of persons diagnosed with HIV and, in 40%, results in disabling symptoms including paresthesia and/or pain. This chapter focuses on providing guidance to psychiatrists in the clinical management of pain in persons with HIV and sensory neuropathy. The differential diagnostic evaluation of HIV sensory neuropathy, other peripheral neuropathies, and spinal cord mimics and management of HIV sensory neuropathy are reviewed, as well as management of HIV distal neuropathic pain. The differential diagnostic evaluation of peripheral neuropathies is simplified using a graphical decision tree. The chapter also reviews the pathophysiology of HIV sensory neuropathy and warning signs of advanced disease. Procedures to diagnose HIV sensory neuropathy, including nerve conduction studies and electromyography, quantitative sensory testing, skin biopsy, and the autonomic sweat test are discussed, as are clinical aspects of HIV distal neuropathic pain. The chapter addresses the impact of HIV distal neuropathic pain on quality of life and depression and concludes with a discussion of treatments for HIV distal neuropathic pain.

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40

Pisa 2009 Results Digital Technologies And Performance. OECD, 2011.

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41

Vilain, Michael, Hrsg. Wege in die digitale Zukunft. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748907008.

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Digitisation and mechanisation, in conjunction with network phenomena, are fundamentally changing the working and organisational world. They are both a complexity driver and a facilitator. The results of this for the social sector are accordingly multifaceted: new technology-based fields of work are emerging, powerful market players are appearing in changed value creation structures, and both management paradigms and specific requirements for employees and management are changing. Theory and practice are trying to conceptually grasp this new reality from a solution-oriented management perspective: exploration instead of exploitation, disruption instead of evolution or the contradictory concept of organisational ambidexterity. The contributions in this conference volume approach the facets of this complex phenomenon in an interdisciplinary manner, whereby theory and practice can meet on an equal footing, with the result that theoretical and empirical findings alternate with practical tests and findings. With contributions by Michael Vilain, Matthias Heuberger und Michael Vilain, Michael Beier und Sebastian Früh, René Linek, Thomas Klauß, Helmut Kreidenweis, Hartmut Kopf, Jens Runkehl, Christoph Minnig, Max Pascher, Andreas Schmidt, Philipp Köhler

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42

Mushambi, Mary C., und Rajesh Pandey. Management of the difficult airway. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0026.

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Failed or difficult intubation is still a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. The management of the airway in the pregnant patient requires careful consideration of anatomical and physiological changes, training issues, and situational factors. Despite significant improvements in monitoring and airway equipment, and a reduction in anaesthetic-related maternal mortality, the incidence of failed intubation in the pregnant woman in many units has remained between 1/250 and 1/300. This may result from many factors such as the reduction of the number of caesarean deliveries performed under general anaesthesia which has resulted in limited opportunities to teach airway skills in obstetrics, the increased incidence of obesity, and the rise in maternal age and associated co-morbidities. Improved training and careful planning and performance of a general anaesthetic (i.e. reducing the risk of aspiration; optimum pre-oxygenation, patient positioning, and application of cricoid pressure; and availability of appropriate airway equipment) have the potential to reduce airway-related morbidity and mortality in the pregnant woman. Simple bedside tests such as Mallampati scoring, thyromental distance, neck movement, and ability to protrude the mandible may help to predict a potential difficult airway, particularly when used in combination. Management of a predicted difficult airway requires early referral to the anaesthetists, formulation of an airway management strategy, and involvement of the multidisciplinary team in decision-making. Fibreoptic equipment and skills should be readily available when required. Management of the unpredicted difficult airway should make maintenance of maternal and fetal oxygenation the primary goal. Decision-making during a failed intubation on whether to proceed or wake the patient should involve the obstetrician and ideally be planned in advance. The periods during extubation and recovery are high risk and require preparation and planning in advance.

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43

Lee, Christoph I. Chest Radiograph Screening for Lung Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190223700.003.0043.

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This chapter, found in the cancer screening and management section of the book, provides a succinct synopsis of a key study examining the efficacy of chest radiography for screening for lung cancer. This summary outlines the study methodology and design, major results, limitations and criticisms, related studies and additional information, and clinical implications. Researchers reported that annual chest radiograph screening over a 4-year period did not decrease lung cancer mortality compared with usual care after 13 years of follow-up, and that chest x-rays are not an effective screening test for lung cancer. In addition to outlining the most salient features of the study, a clinical vignette and imaging example are included in order to provide relevant clinical context.

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44

Hendriks, Herman G. D., und Joost T. M. de Wolf. Haematological and coagulation disorders and anaesthesia. Herausgegeben von Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0084.

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This chapter covers the principal haematological disorders and their implications for anaesthesia. Haemoglobin concentration is the main determinant of oxygen delivery to the tissues making anaemia a potential concern for the anaesthetist. In deciding whether to correct anaemia with a red blood cell transfusion, the anaesthetist must consider the nature of the surgery and the underling cause of the anaemia as well as the haemoglobin concentration. Techniques to limit the need for blood transfusion and the complications of transfusion are discussed. Perfect haemostasis means control of bleeding without the occurrence of thrombotic events. Coagulation management requires an understanding of this balance and the knowledge that altered coagulation activity may result in clinically relevant bleeding or, in contrast, thrombosis. Therefore, the key in haemostasis is an understanding that every anticoagulant action enhances the risk of bleeding and every procoagulant action enhances the risk of thrombosis. If a specific defect in the haemostatic system is known, treatment is tailored to restore this defect. However, tests to predict surgical bleeding do not exist, as it is for test to predict thrombotic events. The strengths and limitations of coagulation tests should be appreciated before they are used to assist clinical decision-making in the perioperative period. An excellent coagulation test is the clinical field (i.e. the surgical wound). If there are abnormalities in the coagulation tests without clinical bleeding, a correction is hardly necessary. In patients taking anticoagulant medication, consideration must be given on an individual patient basis, to the relative risks of continuing (bleeding) or stopping (thrombotic events) the medication.

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Gilchrist, Francis J., und Alex Horsley. Management of respiratory exacerbations. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198702948.003.0005.

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Cystic fibrosis lung disease is characterized by chronic infection, inflammation and a progressive loss of lung function. Patients are also affected by recurrent episodes of increased respiratory symptoms, called exacerbations which have a detrimental effect on quality of life, the rate of lung function decline, and mortality. Early diagnosis and treatment is vital. Diagnosis relies on a combination of symptoms, examination findings, the results of laboratory tests, and lung function. Antibiotics are the mainstay of treatment but airway clearance, nutrition, and glucose homeostasis must also be optimized. Mild exacerbations are usually treated with oral antibiotics and more severe exacerbations with intravenous antibiotics. The choice of antibiotic is guided by the patient’s chronic pulmonary infections, the in-vitro antibiotic sensitivities, known antibiotic allergies, and the previous response to treatment. In patients with chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, antibiotic monotherapy is thought to increase the risk of resistance and treatment with 2 antibiotics is therefore suggested (usually a β‎-lactam and an aminoglycoside). Although there is a lack of evidence on the duration of treatment, most patients receive around 14 days. This can be altered according to the time taken for symptoms and lung function to return to pre-exacerbation levels. If patients are carefully selected and receive appropriate monitoring, home intravenous antibiotics can be as effective as in-patient treatment. They are also associated with decreased disruption to patients / family life, decreased risk of cross infection and decreased costs.

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Traynor, Bryan J., und Adriano Chiò. Genetic counselling: Psychological impact and concerns. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757726.003.0006.

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Genetic counselling is the process by which the patients or relatives at risk of an inherited disorder are advised of the consequences and nature of the disorder, the probability of developing or transmitting it, and the options open to them in clinical management of their disease and family planning. Genetic counselling centres on helping patients understand the implications of their genetic test results. Advances in sequencing technology are changing the scope and practice of genetic counselling. It is likely that the role of genomics in clinical medicine will continue to grow over the next decade, and may eventually dominate the practice of health care. Genetic counselling is an increasingly important aspect in the clinical care of patients diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis due to rapid advances in our understanding of the underlying genetics of this disorder.

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Balik, Martin. Perioperative cardiac care of the high-risk non-cardiac patient. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0076.

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Non-cardiac surgery conveys a cardiac risk related to the status of the patient’s cardiovascular system. Cardiac-related risk of surgery can be assessed by integrating the risk and urgency of the procedure with cardiovascular risk factors, which include age, ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, stroke, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and renal dysfunction. An individual assessment can include simple multivariate scoring systems, developed with the aim of evaluating cardiac risk prior to non-cardiac surgery. Patient assessment can be extended for indicated additional tests. The indications for further cardiac testing and treatments are the same as in the non-operative setting, but their timing is dependent on the urgency of surgery, and patient-specific and surgical risk factors. A delay in surgery, due to the use of both non-invasive and invasive preoperative testing, should be limited to those circumstances in which the results of such tests will clearly affect patient management. In high-risk patients, the result of the cardiac assessment helps to choose adequate perioperative monitoring and to indicate for an intensive care unit stay perioperatively. Chronic medications can be adjusted, according to the current knowledge on perioperative management. Drugs with the potential to reduce the incidence of post-operative cardiac events and mortality include beta-blockers, statins, and aspirin. Chronic platelet anti-aggregation and anticoagulation therapies have to be adapted by weighing the risk of bleeding against the risk of thrombotic complications.

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Balik, Martin. Perioperative cardiac care of the high-risk non-cardiac patient. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0076_update_001.

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Non-cardiac surgery conveys a cardiac risk related to the status of the patient’s cardiovascular system. Cardiac-related risk of surgery can be assessed by integrating the risk and urgency of the procedure with cardiovascular risk factors, which include age, ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, stroke, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and renal dysfunction. An individual assessment can include simple multivariate scoring systems, developed with the aim of evaluating cardiac risk prior to non-cardiac surgery. Patient assessment can be extended for indicated additional tests. The indications for further cardiac testing and treatments are the same as in the non-operative setting, but their timing is dependent on the urgency of surgery, and patient-specific and surgical risk factors. A delay in surgery, due to the use of both non-invasive and invasive preoperative testing, should be limited to those circumstances in which the results of such tests will clearly affect patient management. In high-risk patients, the result of the cardiac assessment helps to choose adequate perioperative monitoring and to indicate for an intensive care unit stay perioperatively. Chronic medications can be adjusted, according to the current knowledge on perioperative management. Drugs with the potential to reduce the incidence of post-operative cardiac events and mortality include beta-blockers, statins, and aspirin. Chronic platelet anti-aggregation and anticoagulation therapies have to be adapted by weighing the risk of bleeding against the risk of thrombotic complications.

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Balik, Martin. Perioperative cardiac care of the high-risk non-cardiac patient. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0076_update_002.

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Non-cardiac surgery conveys a cardiac risk related to the status of the patient’s cardiovascular system. Cardiac-related risk of surgery can be assessed by integrating the risk and urgency of the procedure with cardiovascular risk factors, which include age, ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, stroke, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and renal dysfunction. An individual assessment can include simple multivariate scoring systems, developed with the aim of evaluating cardiac risk prior to non-cardiac surgery. Patient assessment can be extended for indicated additional tests. The indications for further cardiac testing and treatments are the same as in the non-operative setting, but their timing is dependent on the urgency of surgery, and patient-specific and surgical risk factors. A delay in surgery, due to the use of both non-invasive and invasive preoperative testing, should be limited to those circumstances in which the results of such tests will clearly affect patient management. In high-risk patients, the result of the cardiac assessment helps to choose adequate perioperative monitoring and to indicate for an intensive care unit stay perioperatively. Chronic medications can be adjusted, according to the current knowledge on perioperative management. Drugs with the potential to reduce the incidence of post-operative cardiac events and mortality include beta-blockers, statins, and aspirin. Chronic platelet anti-aggregation and anticoagulation therapies have to be adapted by weighing the risk of bleeding against the risk of thrombotic complications.

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Howell, Simon J. Clinical trial designs in anaesthesia. Herausgegeben von Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0030.

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A clinical trial is a research study that assigns people or groups to different interventions and compares the impact of these on health outcomes. This chapter examines the design and delivery of clinical trials in anaesthesia and perioperative medicine covering the issues outlined below. The features of a high-quality clinical trial include well-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, a control group, randomization, and blinding. Outcome measures may be broadly divided into counting the number of people who experience an outcome and taking measurements on people. The outcome measures selected for a clinical trial reflect the purpose of the study and may include ‘true’ clinical measures such as major postoperative complications or surrogate measures such as the results of a biochemical test. Outcome measures may be combined in a composite outcome. Assessment of health-related quality of life using a tool such as the SF-36 questionnaire is an important aspect of many clinical trials in its own right and also informs the economic analyses that may be embedded in a trial. Determining the number for recruits needed for a clinical trial requires both clinical and statistical insight and judgement. The analysis of a clinical trial requires a similarly sophisticated approach that takes into account the objectives of the study and balances the need for appropriate subgroup analyses with the risk of false-positive results. The safe and effective management of a clinical trial requires rigorous organizational discipline and an understanding of the ethical and regulatory structures that govern clinical research.

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