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Algina, James, R. Clifford Blair und William T. Coombs. „A Maximum Test for Scale: Type I Error Rates and Power“. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics 20, Nr. 1 (März 1995): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/10769986020001027.
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A maximum test in which the test statistic is the more extreme of the Brown-Forsythe and O’Brien’s test statistics is developed. Estimated Type I error rates and power are presented for the Brown-Forsythe test, O’Brien’s test, and the maximum test. For the conditions included in the study, Type I error rates for the maximum test are near the nominal level. In all conditions, the power of the maximum test tended to be equal to or greater than that of the test—O’Brien or Brown-Forsythe—that had the larger power.
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Algina, James, Stephen Olejnik und Romer Ocanto. „Type I Error Rates and Power Estimates for Selected Two-Sample Tests of Scale“. Journal of Educational Statistics 14, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1989): 373–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/10769986014004373.
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Estimated Type I error rates and power are reported for a modified Fligner-Killeen test, O’Brien’s test, O’Brien’s test using Welch’s modified ANOVA, the Brown-Forsythe test, and two tests developed by Tiku. Normal and nonnormal distributions and a two-group design were investigated. O’Brien’s test and the Brown-Forsythe test had estimated Type I error rates near the nominal level for all conditions investigated. To maximize power when the sample sizes are equal, O’Brien’s test should be used with platykurtic distributions and the Brown-Forsythe test with leptokurtic distributions. Either test can be used when the kurtosis is zero. When the sample sizes are unequal, O’Brien’s test should be used with platykurtic distributions and the Brown-Forsythe with symmetric-leptokurtic distributions. With other distributions, the tests have similar power.
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Olejnik, Stephen F., und James Algina. „Type I Error Rates and Power Estimates of Selected Parametric and Nonparametric Tests of Scale“. Journal of Educational Statistics 12, Nr. 1 (März 1987): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/10769986012001045.
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Estimated Type I error rates and power are reported for the Brown-Forsythe, O’Brien, Klotz, and Siegel-Tukey procedures. The effect of aligning the data, by using deviations from group means or group medians, is investigated for the latter two tests. Normal and non-normal distributions, equal and unequal sample-size combinations, and equal and unequal means are investigated for a two-group design. No test is robust and most powerful for all distributions, however, using O’Brien’s procedure will avoid the possibility of a liberal test and provide power almost as large as what would be provided by choosing the most powerful test for each distribution type. Using the Brown-Forsythe procedure with heavy-tailed distributions and O’Brien’s procedure for other distributions will increase power modestly and maintain robustness. Using the mean-aligned Klotz test or the unaligned Klotz test with appropriate distributions can increase power, but only at the risk of increased Type I error rates if the tests are not accurately matched to the distribution type.
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Chen, Dechang, Zhenqiu Liu, Xiaobin Ma und Dong Hua. „Selecting Genes by Test Statistics“. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2005, Nr. 2 (2005): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/jbb.2005.132.
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Gene selection is an important issue in analyzing multiclass microarray data. Among many proposed selection methods, the traditional ANOVA F test statistic has been employed to identify informative genes for both class prediction (classification) and discovery problems. However, the F test statistic assumes an equal variance. This assumption may not be realistic for gene expression data. This paper explores other alternative test statistics which can handle heterogeneity of the variances. We study five such test statistics, which include Brown-Forsythe test statistic and Welch test statistic. Their performance is evaluated and compared with that of F statistic over different classification methods applied to publicly available microarray datasets.
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Ramsey, Philip H. „Testing Variances in Psychological and Educational Research“. Journal of Educational Statistics 19, Nr. 1 (März 1994): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/10769986019001023.
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A review of the literature has shown that robust procedures for testing variances have become available. The two best procedures are one proposed by O’Brien (1981) and another by Brown and Forsythe (1974). An examination of these procedures for a wide variety of populations confirms their robustness and indicates that optimal power can usually be obtained by applying a test for kurtosis to aid in the decision between these two procedures.
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Keselman, H. J., und Rand R. Wilcox. „The 'improved' brown and forsythe test for mean equality: some things can't be fixed“. Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation 28, Nr. 3 (Januar 1999): 687–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03610919908813572.
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Choirin, Ajeng, Taufik Hidayat und Aris Nugroho. „DISTANCE TRAINING OF DENTAL AND ORAL THERAPIST FUNCTIONAL POSITIONS AS AN EFFORT INCREASED KNOWLEDGE OF DENTAL AND ORAL HEALTH CARE SERVICES“. JDHT Journal of Dental Hygiene and Therapy 4, Nr. 1 (04.04.2023): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.36082/jdht.v4i1.1005.
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Background: Dental and Oral Therapist Functional Positions from CPNS formation are required to attend the training of the Dental and Oral Therapist Functional Positions first appointment in accordance with applicable regulations. Bapelkes Semarang as a training unit of the Ministry of Health held a Distance Training for 4 batches of Dental and Oral Therapists Functional Positions in 2022. The training aims to increase the knowledge of trainees in carrying out dental and oral health care. Objective: This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of Distance Training of Dental and Oral Therapist Functional Positions towards increasing the knowledge of trainees in dental and oral health care services. Methods: Quasi experimental design with the pretest-posttest one group design. The number of samples is a total population of 120 participants in the Distance Training of Dental and Oral Therapists Functional Positions in 2022. Data analysis used descriptive analysis and one-way ANOVA (Brown-Forsythe). Results: The descriptive test showed an increase in knowledge in each batch and the one-way ANOVA (Brown-Forsythe) statistical test showed a p value = 0.333 (p>0.05). It can be concluded that there is no significant difference in increasing knowledge among the four training batches. Conclusion: Distance Training of Dental and Oral Therapist Functional Positions is effectively increase the knowledge of trainees in dental and oral health care services.
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Erps, Ryan C., und Kimihiro Noguchi. „A Robust Test for Checking the Homogeneity of Variability Measures and Its Application to the Analysis of Implicit Attitudes“. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics 45, Nr. 4 (18.11.2019): 403–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1076998619883874.
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A new two-sample test for comparing variability measures is proposed. To make the test robust and powerful, a new modified structural zero removal method is applied to the Brown–Forsythe transformation. The t-test-based statistic allows results to be expressed as the ratio of mean absolute deviations from median. Extensive simulation study demonstrates that the proposed test is robust to small or unequal sample sizes across many distributions. Moreover, careful exploratory analysis provides a new method for calculating the implicit association test scores for reaction time data with multiplicative treatment effects. Using this, a possible difference between variability of men and women’s implicit attitudes toward gay men is analyzed.
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Denkowska, Sabina, Kamil Fijorek, Marcin Salamaga und Andrzej Sokołowski. „Empiryczna ocena mocy testów dla wielu wariancji“. Przegląd Statystyczny. Statistical Review 2009, Nr. 3-4 (31.12.2009): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.59139/ps.2009.03-04.2.
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Some statistical tests, for example the analysis of variance, assume that variances are equal across groups or samples. Tests for homogeneity of variances can be used to verify that assumption and for pooling of data from different sources to yield an improved estimated variance. Tests for homogeneity of variances can be used usually under assumption of normal distributions or nearly normal distributions. In this paper some tests for homogeneity of variances are examined under the null hypothesis and under the alternative, for various sample sizes, for various symmetric and asymmetric distributions. Monte Carlo simulations has been used for this. In this paper the following procedures have been analyzed: Levene’a test, Brown-Forsythe test, Fligner-Killeen test and O’Brientest.
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Ma, Weijie, Yan Kang und Songbai Song. „Analysis of Streamflow Complexity Based on Entropies in the Weihe River Basin, China“. Entropy 22, Nr. 1 (26.12.2019): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22010038.
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The study on the complexity of streamflow has guiding significance for hydrologic simulation, hydrologic prediction, water resources planning and management. Utilizing monthly streamflow data from four hydrologic control stations in the mainstream of the Weihe River in China, the methods of approximate entropy, sample entropy, two-dimensional entropy and fuzzy entropy are introduced into hydrology research to investigate the spatial distribution and dynamic change in streamflow complexity. The results indicate that the complexity of the streamflow has spatial differences in the Weihe River watershed, exhibiting an increasing tendency along the Weihe mainstream, except at the Linjiacun station, which may be attributed to the elevated anthropogenic influence. Employing sliding entropies, the variation points of the streamflow time series at the Weijiabu station were identified in 1968, 1993 and 2003, and those at the Linjiacun station, Xianyang station and Huaxian station occurred in 1971, 1993 and 2003. In the verification of the above points, the minimum value of t-test is 3.7514, and that of Brown–Forsythe is 7.0307, far exceeding the significance level of 95%. Also, the cumulative anomaly can detect two variation points. The t-test, Brown–Forsythe test and cumulative anomaly test strengthen the conclusion regarding the availability of entropies for identifying the streamflow variability. The results lead us to conclude that four entropies have good application effects in the complexity analysis of the streamflow time series. Moreover, two-dimensional entropy and fuzzy entropy, which have been rarely used in hydrology research before, demonstrate better continuity and relative consistency, are more suitable for short and noisy hydrologic time series and more effectively identify the streamflow complexity. The results could be very useful in identifying variation points in the streamflow time series.
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Vajčnerová, Ida, und Kateřina Ryglová. „Key Factors of Quality in the Sector of Tourism Services Providers: Case Study: Czech Republic“. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 62, Nr. 6 (2014): 1493–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201462061493.
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The paper summarizes main results of partial research aimed at detection of the key factors affecting quality in the sector of tourism services providers, namely tour operators and travel agencies. A primary questionnaire survey was conducted; the researched factors were distributed in the context of service quality dimensions (Grönroos model); the dimensions were tested in relation to sex, age and education of the respondents (ANOVA; Brown-Forsythe test). Assurance was identified as the most important dimension. The output of the study is determining the significance of individual quality factors from the perspective of a potential customer when selecting a service provider.
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Nguyen, Diep, Eunsook Kim, Yan Wang, Thanh Vinh Pham, Yi-Hsin Chen und Jeffrey D. Kromrey. „Empirical Comparison of Tests for One-Factor ANOVA Under Heterogeneity and Non-Normality: A Monte Carlo Study“. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods 18, Nr. 2 (17.07.2020): 2–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22237/jmasm/1604190000.
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Although the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) F test is one of the most popular statistical tools to compare group means, it is sensitive to violations of the homogeneity of variance (HOV) assumption. This simulation study examines the performance of thirteen tests in one-factor ANOVA models in terms of their Type I error rate and statistical power under numerous (82,080) conditions. The results show that when HOV was satisfied, the ANOVA F or the Brown-Forsythe test outperformed the other methods in terms of both Type I error control and statistical power even under non-normality. When HOV was violated, the Structured Means Modeling (SMM) with Bartlett or SMM with Maximum Likelihood was strongly recommended for the omnibus test of group mean equality.
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Witchayangkoon, Boonsap, Kamon Budsaba, Saharat Buddhawanna, Sayan Sirimontree und Krittiya Lertpocasombut. „Statistical Analysis on Satisfaction of Residents Living in Prefabricated Concrete Buildings in Thailand“. Advanced Materials Research 931-932 (Mai 2014): 520–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.931-932.520.
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Sample survey has been conducted to evaluate satisfaction of residents living in prefabricated concrete buildings (dormitories, detached houses, and townhouses) in Thailand. Nine criteria have been determined including moisture protection, noise prevention, safety of structures, thermal prevention, air flow, external appearance, interior, facility, and overall satisfaction. The t-test indicates that the satisfaction score mean between males and females for each criterion is not significantly different. The Levenes test shows that our survey data do not follow homogeneity of variance assumption for ANOVA F-test for most criteria, except for airflows and overall satisfaction criteria. Welch and Brown-Forsythe tests are then used under non-homogeneity of variances. The tests reveal that all criteria show a significant difference among habitats groups, but not for the thermal prevention criterion. Some multiple comparisons also show many pairs of significant mean difference among habitat groups.
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Kvamme, Kenneth L., Miriam T. Stark und William A. Longacre. „Alternative Procedures for Assessing Standardization in Ceramic Assemblages“. American Antiquity 61, Nr. 1 (Januar 1996): 116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/282306.
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Interest in the material correlates of economic specialization has led to numerous quantitative studies of standardization (or the lack of it) in craft production, particularly of ceramics. Most of this research has focused on measures of variation and conventional statistical procedures in the treatment of the empirical data, many of which are dependent on unrealistic assumptions (such as normal populations), yielding results that can be questioned. To resolve this crisis more robust statistical methods are investigated including the “jackknife” method (for confidence interval construction) and a multigroup test for homogeneity of variance known as the Brown-Forsythe Test. Computer simulations show that the latter is robust under a variety of distributional forms. These new methods are used to reanalyze ethnoarchaeological ceramic data from the Philippines; it is shown that markedly different conclusions can be reached when compared with the results of more conventional procedures.
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Jong, FX Himawan Haryanto, Ari Gunawan, Mochamad Wirono Aman Santoso, Susilowati Anjani, Ni Wayan Tirthaningsih und Ahmad Basori. „Effects of Sambiloto Ethanol Extract on Fatty Liver, SGOT/SGPT Levels and Lipid Profile of Wistar Strain White Rat (Rattus norvegicus) Exposed to High-Fat Diet“. Folia Medica Indonesiana 54, Nr. 2 (05.07.2018): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/fmi.v54i2.8856.
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The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of ethanol extract of sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) on fatty liver percentage, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) level and lipid profile of wistar strain white rat exposed to high fat diet. The study used randomized post test only control group design. Total sample was 50 male wistar strain rats (Rattus norvegicus) divided randomly into 5 groups (randomization). The normality test used was Kolmogorov Smirnov test (a=0.05). The homogeneity test used was Levene test (a=0.05). The comparative test was done using Anova test (analysis of variance) (a=0.05) or Brown-Forsythe test (a=0.05). The correlation test was done using Pearson test (a=0.05). The administration of sambiloto ethanol extract with doses of 100, 200 and 400 milligrams (mg)/kilogram (kg) body weight (BW) decreased the percentage of fatty liver (r=-0.950), SGOT (r=-0.964)/SGPT (r=(R=-0.973)/LDL (low-density lipoprotein) (r=-0.960) and increased HDL (high-density lipoprotein) levels (r=-0.923)=0.956) in white rats exposed to a high-fat diet. In conclusion, increased dose of ethanol extract of sambiloto can decrease the percentage of fatty liver, SGOT/SGPT and total cholesterol/TG/LDL and increase HDL level of white rats exposed to high fat diet.
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Sipayung, Tetty Natalia, Sinta Dameria Simanjuntak, Ariyadi Wijaya und Sugiman Sugiman. „The Effect of Comic-Based Realistic Mathematics Approach on Improving Skill of Students’ Concept Understanding“. International Journal of Trends in Mathematics Education Research 6, Nr. 1 (30.03.2023): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.33122/ijtmer.v6i1.185.
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Learning that involved the daily life accompanied by interesting learning media can be used as an option to help students in learning, particularly in improving students' concepts understanding. It is possible to do by utilization of familiar media that are generally liked by students. One of them is comic. Therefore a research about learning by comic based realistic mathematical approach was carried out in order to find out its effect on improving the skills of students concepts understanding on fraction material. This study is a quasi-experimental research. The population of study are 7th grade students of SMP RK Serdang Murni Lubuk Pakam on Academic Year 2019/2020. The first class that consist of 31 students are categorized as the control class and the second class consist of 32 students are experimental class. The pre-test and post-test questions were provided as an instrument of study. The data were analyzed using the Anova and Welch Brown-Forsythe tests to proof the hypotesis. Moreover, normality test with Liliefors test and the homogeneity test with the Levene’s test. The results of this study stated that learning with comics-based realistics mathematical approach has a significant effect on improving the skills of students concept understanding.
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Smolo, Edib, Emil Knezović und Šejma Aydin. „Extending the concept of financial literacy: A step toward a sustainable society“. Heritage and Sustainable Development 5, Nr. 1 (22.05.2023): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.37868/hsd.v5i1.145.
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This study analyzes financial literacy in Bosnia and Herzegovina by considering three areas: interest, inflation, and diversification, with financial literacy as a multi-dimensional construct consisting of financial knowledge and financial skills. Using a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey, 638 valid responses were collected from working-age individuals (18-65 years old). Financial knowledge and skills were analyzed through a prism of several demographic factors, including age, education, household income, and gender. Welch's F tests, ANOVA with Brown-Forsythe, LSD post hoc tests, and Welch's t-tests were performed to test the hypotheses. The findings provide evidence of moderate financial literacy. Similarly to previous studies, financial knowledge and skills partially depend on the respondent's age, education, household income, and gender. The study contributes to the current literature by taking a much-needed non-functional approach to examining financial literacy, focusing not only on financial knowledge but also on often neglected financial skills and providing insight into the unique context of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Fekete-Farkas, Maria, Abbas Gholampour, Parisa Bouzari, Hadi Jarghooiyan und Pejman Ebrahimi. „How gender and age can affect consumer purchase behavior? Evidence from A microeconomic perspective from Hungary“. AD-minister, Nr. 39 (28.11.2021): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17230/ad-minister.39.2.
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The present study aimed to investigate the effect of demographic variables of gender and age on online consumer purchase behavior (CPB) on Facebook in Hungary. The statistical population of the present study consists of Facebook users in Hungary, including Hungarian natives, foreigners residing in this country including students. A sample of 433 online consumers in different age groups was surveyed. The questionnaire was shared via an online link on the Facebook platform and also on various channels. Welch’s t-test was used to examine the gender variable, and Welch and Brown-Forsythe test was used to examine the age variable. The results showed that there was a significant difference between CPB in all age groups and the age group of over 50 years on Facebook. This important result emphasized the importance and impact of social networks as marketing channels on young people. Another important point was the difference between the purchase behaviors of male and female consumers. The results from this research can have implications for businesses in developing their competitive advantages and adopting proper approaches in advertising and marketing campaigns based on the socio-demographic characteristics of people.
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Jegorow, Dorota, und Judyta Przyłuska-Schmitt. „Liquidation of Micro-Enterprises as a Seasonal Phenomenon: Evidence from Poland“. WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS 19 (05.09.2022): 1421–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23207.2022.19.128.
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This study aims to develop a quantitative model of micro-enterprise liquidation on the example of Poland’s experience over the period 2013-2021. The primary objective is to isolate seasonal variations from the time series of monthly observations. The cognitive dimension of the study is in line with the question of whether the liquidation of enterprises has the characteristics of a phenomenon that is repeated over time. The research is pioneering in terms of the cognitive issues it covers, including the instrumentation used. The analysis uses methods and research tools that identify statistically significant differences between average values of the number of business entities that have been deregistered from CEIDG (Central Registration and Information on Business). The study includes post-hoc tests preceded by the analysis of variance (ANOVA), Welch and Brown-Forsythe tests, and the Kruskal-Wallis test. In the next stage of the study, seasonal decomposition based on additive and multiplicative variations is performed and correlation is examined. The analysis enables a positive verification of the hypothesis on the occurrence of seasonality in terms of the liquidation of enterprises.
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Knezović, Emil, Šejma Aydin, Hamza Smajić und Azra Bičo. „Understanding individual entrepreneurial orientation“. Management 28, Special Issue (20.12.2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.30924/mjcmi.28.si.1.
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Current research on entrepreneurial orientation is mostly from a firm-level perspective, focuses on developed countries, and recent studies treat entrepreneurial orientation as a uni-dimensional construct. Studies on entrepreneurial orientation from a generational perspective mostly use a comparison between two groups (young and old) and neglect the well-accepted classification of generational cohorts. This study therefore examines the individual dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation (risk-taking, innovativeness and proactivity) among the Baby Boomers, Generations X, Y, and Z in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Data were collected through a cross-sectional survey that yielded a sample of 1,082 adults from Bosnia and Herzegovina. One-way analysis of variance with Brown-Forsythe, Welch’s F, and least significant post-hoc tests were used to test the hypotheses. The results show some evidence that individual entrepreneurial orientation varies significantly between generations, at different levels of significance. Risk-taking generally decreases with older generations, as does innovativeness, except when comparing Generations X and Y, while proactiveness increases with older generations. The study provides valuable information for future entrepreneurs, business incubators and potential investors.
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Utomo, Dwikora Novembri, Fedik Abdul Rantam, Ferdiansyah und Purwati. „Regeneration Mechanism of Full Thickness Cartilage Defect Using Combination of Freeze Dried Bovine Cartilage Scaffold - Allogenic Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells - Platelet Rich Plasma Composite (SMPC) Implantation“. Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 31 (März 2017): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.31.70.
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Cartilage defect has become serious problem for orthopaedic surgeon and patients because of its difficult healing that might occur when articular cartilage damage never reach subchondral layer. In this study, we used combination of freeze dried bovine cartilage (FDBC) scaffold, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs), and platelet rich plasma (PRP) composite (SMPC) implanted in full thickness cartilage defect. This study is to explain its regeneration mechanism. This is true experimental research with post-test only control group design using New Zealand White Rabbit. 50 rabbits is divided into three groups of SMPC, BM-MSCs and FDBC. 37 rabbits evaluated after twelve weeks. Histopathologic examination showed the number of chondrocytes, collagen thickness and cartilage width are highest on SMPC group. Immunohistochemical examination showed SMPC group has the highest number of chondroprogenitor cells express FGF-2R, Sox-9, and MAPK. Brown Forsythe test resulted in significant increase the number of chondrocytes (p=0,010), collagen thickness (p=0,000), and cartilage surface width (p=0,015), and increase FGF-2R (p=0,000), MAPK (p=0,000), and Sox-9 (p=0,000) on SMPC group. Using path analysis, there is strong influence from FGF-2R, MAPK, and Sox-9 to the increase of chondrocytes, collagen thickness, and cartilage surface width. Hence, SMPC implantation mechanism of full thickness cartilage defect regeneration can be explained.
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Prizovskaya, Victoria. „Identifying New Jersey Teachers’ Assessment Literacy as Precondition for Implementing Student Growth Objectives“. Journal of Education and Learning 7, Nr. 1 (01.11.2017): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jel.v7n1p184.
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The Student Growth Objectives are assessments created locally or by commercial educational organizations. The students’ scores from the Student Growth Objectives are included in teacher summative evaluation as one of the measures of teacher’s effectiveness. The high amplitude of the requirements in teacher evaluation raised a concern of whether New Jersey public school teachers were competent in assessment theory to effectively utilize the state mandated tests. The purpose of this quantitative study was to identify New Jersey teachers’ competence in student educational assessments. The researcher measured teachers’ assessment literacy level between different groups based on subject taught, years of experience, school assignment and educational degree attained. The data collection occurred via e-mail. Seven hundred ninety eight teachers received an Assessment Literacy Inventory survey developed by Mertler and Campbell. Eighty-two teachers fully completed the survey (N=82). The inferential analysis included an independent-sample t test, One-Way Analyses of Variances test, a post hoc, Tukey test and Welch and Brown-Forsythe tests. The results of this study indicated teachers’ overall scores of 51% on entire instrument. The highest overall score of 61% was for Standard 1, Choosing Appropriate Assessment Methods. The lowest overall score of 39% was for Standard 2, Developing Appropriate Assessment Methods. The conclusion of this study was that New Jersey teachers demonstrated a low level of competence in student educational assessments. In general, the teacher assessment literacy did not improve during the last two decades.
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Santoso, Anna Lewi. „ETHANOL EXTRACT OF MANGOSTEEN PEEL REDUCES HISTOLOGICAL COUNT OF ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGE AND PULMONARY ALVEOLAR SPACE SIZE IN MALE WHITE RATS (Rattus norvegicus) EXPOSED TO CIGARETTE SMOKE“. Folia Medica Indonesiana 51, Nr. 4 (15.11.2016): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/fmi.v51i4.2853.
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This study aims to analyze histological alveolar macrophage cell number and width of pulmonary alveolar space white male rats given ethanol extract of mangosteen peel and then exposed to cigarette smoke. Smoking can reduce antioxidant and increases free radicals, so it is recommended increasing the antioxidants found in many mangosteen rind. This research was an experimental laboratory using the randomized post test-only control group design. White rats male were chosen randomly into 5 groups (K1, K2, P1, P2, P3). K1 (control-), only the Na-CMC 0.5%, K2 (control+) given Na-CMC 0.5% solution and smoke, P1, P2, P3 given the ethanol extract of mangosteen rind (50, 100, and 200mg/kg wt) and smoke. The data were tested normality and homogenity. Then they were analyzed with one-way Anova, LSD. Data that are not normally tested with Robust tests – (Brown-Forsythe) and Tamhane’s. Correlation test with Pearson and Spearman. Robust test results, the number of alveolar macrophages, value p=0.000 (p<a). Tamhane’s test results K1 significant with P1, P2, P3. P1 significant with P3. Spearman correlation test negative correlation between dose and the number of alveolar macrophage also negative correlation between dose and pulmonary alveolar space. Anova test results, the average variable width of the alveolar spaces, value p=0.000 (p<a). LSD test results are significant differences between the groups, except the group P1 to P2, P3 and P2 to P3. Conclusions of this study is the ethanol extract of mangosteen peel can reduce the number of alveolar macrophage cells and reduce the width of pulmonary alveolar space white male rats were exposed to cigarette smoke.
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KOZUBA, Jarosław, Stanisław Sirko und Jan Pila. „Consequences and Recurrence of Dangerous Occurrences in Air Transport in 1919-2018“. Safety & Defense 7, Nr. 3 (30.10.2021): 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37105/sd.103.
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The paper presents statistical research results regarding the occurrence of which dangerous aviation events in 1919-2018. The source of the information about the events was the AviationSafetyNetwork website. With the use of Excel 2016 and Statistica v. 12 computer programs, five-time intervals were identified in which hazardous aviation incidents took place.Characterizing the distribution of these events in all periods, due to the technological advancement and capabilities of airplanes, the distribution of dangerous events in the last three periods was compared. The following tests were used to verify the statistical hypotheses: , Shapiro-Wilk, Brown-Forsythe, Kruskal-Wallis. When choosing the appropriate test, the following factors were taken into account: the type of measurement scale, the dependence/independence of samples, and their number. The standard significance level was assumed to be α = 0.05. The consequences and repeatability of aviation events in the identified time intervals were analyzed. The research questions that were posed were the following: in which seasons of the year, months, days of the month, and days of the week did the most dangerous events deaths occur? How often did dangerous events take place? Was the distribution of events similar in the identified periods? The results of the conducted research allowed to identify five periods in which hazardous events took place and demonstrate that in particular periods the distribution of hazardous air events in subsequent seasons, months, and days of the week was not the same.
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Alfa Syemila Zuhri, Sundari Indah Wiyasihati und Tania Ardiani Saleh. „Cardio protective effect of intermittent fasting on the lumen area ratio of the coronary artery in rats with a high-calorie diet“. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 16, Nr. 2 (30.11.2022): 252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.16.2.1132.
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Atherosclerosis is a principal cause of coronary artery disease (CAD), one of the major causes of global premature mortality and morbidity. The glycolysis pathway will process excess carbohydrates in a high-calorie diet (HCD) into triglycerides, which, if accumulated, will cause an increase in the concentration of atherogenic triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Therefore, intermittent fasting (IF) is a recommended lifestyle to prevent CAD through metabolic reprogramming pathways. This study was designed to evaluate the cardioprotective effect of eight weeks of IF 5:2 on the lumen area ratio of the coronary artery in rats with four weeks of HCD. A total of 24 Wistar male albino rats were divided into SD (standard diet), IF (IF 5:2), HCD (daily injection 0.013 g/gBW glucose), and IF-HCD (IF 5:2 and HCD). At the end of the experiment, all the rats were sacrificed. The coronary artery preparations were stained with H&E stain, then evaluated with the OLYMPUS cellSens Standard to measure the arterial lumen area. The statistical analysis was done using Brown Forsythe test. In this study, no significant differences between all groups, and the effect of IF will only be seen if an HCD intervention has a significant effect. However, the IF group achieved the highest mean in the arterial lumen area ratio (SD=0.526±0.097; IF=0.631±0.021; HCD=0.611±0.064; IF-HCD=0.594±0.060). In conclusion, IF 5:2 may have a cardioprotective effect in healthy individuals, but the effect is unknown in individuals with HCD.
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Triantara, Yoan Asri, Inggit Almira, Sarwan Adi Kusumo, Muhammad Fajar, Dicky Darmawan und Dwi Winarni. „The Comparison Effect of Electrical Cigarrete and Conventional Cigarrete Smoke toward White Rat’s (Rattus norvegicus) Lung Histopathology“. Jurnal Respirologi Indonesia 39, Nr. 2 (22.04.2019): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.36497/jri.v39i2.52.
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Background: The number of cigarettes smoked per day has an average of 12,3% of cigarettes in 2013. The increase of the conventional cigarettes price in 2016 made some conventional smokers switch to electrical cigarettes because more safety than conventional One of the indicators of pulmonary damage is the increase of alveolar macrophage that cause pulmonary structural change triggered by substances in the cigarette.
Methods: Thirty two of white rat were divided into four groups (control, conventional cigarette, electrical cigarette with 0 miligram (mg) nicotine, and electrical cigarette with 3 mg nicotine) and were exposed for 35 days (30x2 minutes; in the morning and evening).
Results: The group exposed to conventional cigarette smoke has the highest average number of macrophages than the cigarette smoke group with nicotin levels of 0 mg, electric cigarette with 3 mg nicotine and control. Brown Forsythe test continued with Games-Howell post hoc test indicates that there are significant mean difference between each group except between group exposed to electric cigarette smoke with 3 mg nicotine and exposed to conventional cigarette smoke. Based on the indicator assumption of lymphoid infiltration and thickening and fusion of the alveolar, the smoke of conventional cigarette and electric cigarette with 3 mg nicotine caused more histopathological damage to the white rat’s lungs than of conventional cigarette than the smoke of electric cigarette with 0 mg nicotine and those in the control group.
Conclusion: The exposure of conventional cigarette smoke caused the highest damage to Rattus norvegicus’ pulmo according to macrophage alveolar and histopathological indicator, but not significantly different with the exposure of electrical cigarette with 3 mg nicotine. The exposure of electrical cigarette with 0 mg nicotine caused minor damage equals to control group based on histopathological indicator. (J Respir Indo 2019; 39(2))
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Kuo, Y. M., Z. Y. Lai, C. C. Hsu und C. J. Jung. „POS0552 NEUTROPHIL EXTRACELLULAR TRAPS AND B-CELL ACTIVATING FACTOR AS MARKERS TO PREDICT AND MONITOR ADVERSE EFFECTS AFTER COVID-19 VACCINES“. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 82, Suppl 1 (30.05.2023): 542.2–543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2023-eular.5872.
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BackgroundVaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) has also been reported to be related to NETosis. However, whether non-VITT adverse events(AE) and AEs due to non-adenovirus vectors-COVID-19 vaccines are related to NET formation has not been confirmed.ObjectivesWe hypothesized that COVID-19 Vaccine could induce circulating products of NETosis in fashion similar to the SARS-CoV-2.MethodsCitrullinated histone H3 (citH3) and B-cell activating factor(BAFF) serum levels were check in healthy donors(HD) who received two doses of mRNA-1273(Moderna) or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccines in National Taiwan University Hospital, a tertiary medical center in northern Taiwan. Serial blood tests were done on the day before COVID-19 vaccination(Day 0), before mRNA-1273 boosters (booster Day 0) and 30 days after the boosters (booster Day 30). Therefore, two cohorts, MM-M and AA-M were enrolled from March 2021 to Jan 2022. A REDCap online survey of adverse effects 0-7 days after each vaccination was also performed. Grading of AEs were defined as the previous COVID-19 vaccine trial(KidCOVE trial) described.In addition to HD cohorts, serial antiphospholipid antibodies and citH3 serum titers were also monitored in a case series of three anti-BAFF(belimumab) treated patients, who were hospitalized due to severe AEs after COVID-19 vaccines. We had excluded concomitant COVID-19 infections since all HDs and hospitalized patients were negative for serial SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibody.ResultsWe analyzed two HD cohorts as a whole(n=34), the serum citH3 on booster Day 0 were lowest among the HDs who experienced no AEs from booster Day 0 to Day 7(2.8±1.4 v.s. 12.3±10.8ng/ml(HD with Grade 1 to Grade 3 AEs), p<0.01, U test). Only serum citH3 on booster Day 0 but not on other time points could predict AEs due to COVID-19 vaccines. In addition, the serum BAFF on booster Day 0 were lowest among the HDs who reported no AEs from booster Day 0 to Day 7(1646.1±794.7 v.s. 723.4±218.5pg/ml(HD with ≥Grade 1 AEs), p<0.01).For the three hospitalized AZ-mRNA vaccine experienced patients, two patients suffered fatigue due to hypoperfusion at multiple area brain SPECT, and one experienced refractory abdominal pain due to mesenteric vein thrombosis soon(eight, 24, and 67 days) after the last doses of COVID-19 vaccinations. Two of them had moderate clinical improvement and both citH3/IgM anticardiolipin decreased after belimumab monthly administration while one needed further IVIG treatment and salvage plasma exchange.In HDs who received two doses of ChAdOx1 vaccines(AZ) and a Moderna booster(AA-M cohort), citH3 increased most significantly after two doses of AZ (p=0.01, U test, cohort AA-M, n=26, Figure 1A) BAFF also increased significantly after two doses of AZ (p<0.001, Figure 1B) Brown-Forsythe heteroscedasticity test indicated their values of three time points were unequal(p=0.04). However, in HDs who received three doses of Moderna, citH3 only numerically increased after two doses of Moderna (p=0.13, U test, cohort MM-M, n=8, Figure 1C.) BAFF did not fluctuate after two doses of Moderna and even after the third dosage of Moderna. Brown-Forsythe test indicated BAFF were equal(p=0.87, Figure 1D.)A trend of higher NET formation and BAFF induction due to adenovirus vectors-COVID-19 vaccine were observed in comparison with mRNA-1273. It has been hypothesized antiplatelet factor 4 may occur after heparin or AZ vaccines due to similarity shared by anionic surfaces in adenoviral vector and heparin molecule. Further profiling of autoantibodies after various COVID-19 vaccines andin vitroplatelet-neutrophil axis activation test may elucidate the mechanism by which induce NETosis as demonstrated in our cohort.ConclusionDynamic serum citH3 level revealed that neutrophil extracellular traps may play important roles in AEs due to COVID-19 vaccines.Figure 1.References[1]JCI Insight. 2020 4;5(11):e138999[2]N Engl J Med. 2022 26;386(21):2011-2023[3]Thrombosis Update. 2021 5: 100086.[4]Eur Heart J. 2021 14;42(39):4064-4072[5]Nat Commun. 2022 5;13(1):5206Acknowledgements:NIL.Disclosure of InterestsYu-Min Kuo Paid instructor for: Novartis(only in 2021), Zhi-yun Lai: None declared, Chih-chieh Hsu: None declared, Chiau-jing Jung: None declared.
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Yu, Hongli, Chen Sun, Bo Sun, Xiaohui Chen und Zhijun Tan. „Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Relationship between Actual Exercise Intensity and Rating of Perceived Exertion in the Overweight and Obese Population“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, Nr. 24 (07.12.2021): 12912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412912.
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The number of overweight (OW) and obese (OB) children, adolescents, and adults has increased globally. Exercise intensity, both actual and perceived, is a significant factor in a variety of health-related investigations and rehabilitation trainings. Despite this, literature on the connection between actual exercise intensity and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) in overweight and obese populations is lacking. A systematic review, meta-analysis, combined analysis of variance (Brown–Forsythe ANOVA), and Spearman correlation were performed to fill this gap. After preliminary assessments, ten studies were classified as having a low risk of bias and a degree of heterogeneity (I2 = 34%; p = 0.05). The RPE scores (F = 0.032; p = 0.859), physiological index (percentage of maximal heart rate (%HRmax) (F = 0.028; p = 0.869), and percentage of maximal oxygen uptake (%VO2max) (F = 2.434; p = 0.136) demonstrated consistency without being significantly different between the normal weight (NW) and OW/OB groups. The RPE scores varied by age (NW (coefficient values) = 0.677 ***, OW = 0.585 **), as well as by indoor temperature (OW only, coefficient values = 0.422 *), body mass index (NW (coefficient values) = 0.516 **, OW = 0.580 **), and test time (NW only, coefficient values = 0.451 *). We conclude that RPE is appropriate for the following OW and OB people: (1) those who are older than 21.5 (the lowest age in the group of ≥18) years old and younger than 58.6 (the highest age in the group of ≥18) years old, without any other diseases, and (2) those who engage in low-intensity exercise while maintaining a standard indoor temperature. Future studies may address alternative techniques for increasing the reliability of longitudinal comparisons and gender comparisons, as well as investigate other possible confounding factors.
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Hallet, Julie, Laura Davis, Alyson Mahar, Michail Mavros, Kaitlyn Beyfuss, Ying Liu, Calvin H. L. Law, Craig Earle und Natalie Coburn. „Benefits of High-Volume Medical Oncology Care for Noncurable Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: A Population-Based Analysis“. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network 18, Nr. 3 (März 2020): 297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2019.7361.
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Background: Although pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PA) surgery performed by high-volume (HV) providers yields better outcomes, volume–outcome relationships are unknown for medical oncologists. This study examined variation in practice and outcomes in noncurative management of PA based on medical oncology provider volume. Methods: This population-based cohort study linked administrative healthcare datasets and included nonresected PA from 2005 through 2016. The volume of PA consultations per medical oncology provider per year was divided into quintiles, with HV providers (≥16 patients/year) constituting the fifth quintile and low-volume (LV) providers the first to fourth quintiles. Outcomes were receipt of chemotherapy and overall survival (OS). The Brown-Forsythe-Levene (BFL) test for equality of variances was performed to assess outcome variability between provider-volume quintiles. Multivariate regression models were used to examine the association between management by HV provider and outcomes. Results: A total of 7,062 patients with noncurable PA consulted with medical oncology providers. Variability was seen in receipt of chemotherapy and median survival based on provider volume (BFL, P<.001 for both), with superior 1-year OS for HV providers (30.1%; 95% CI, 27.7%–32.4%) compared with LV providers (19.7%; 95% CI, 18.5%–20.6%) (P<.001). After adjustment for age at diagnosis, sex, comorbidity burden, rural residence, income, and diagnosis period, HV provider care was independently associated with higher odds of receiving chemotherapy (odds ratio, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.05–1.34) and with superior OS (hazard ratio, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.74–0.84). Conclusions: Significant variation was seen in noncurative management and outcomes of PA based on provider volume, with management by an HV provider being independently associated with superior OS and higher odds of receiving chemotherapy. This information is important to inform disease care pathways and care organization. Cancer care systems could consider increasing the number of HV providers to reduce variation and improve outcomes.
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Cheruiyot, Joseph Kipkorir, und Festus Kipkorir Nge’tich. „Farmers’ Social capital, Sources of Finances, Information and their implications on Maize Yields in a Rural Highland, Kenya“. East African Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology 5, Nr. 1 (15.06.2022): 138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajab.5.1.709.
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Maize (Zea mays L.) is a crop of livelihood, nutritional, economic, and political importance in Kenya. Its productivity growth is estimated at 2% annually, with average yields of 2 tons/ha against a potential 6 tons/ha. Annual production lags behind demand. This study was conducted in a typically rural location of Nandi County in Kenya to investigate smallholder farmers’ social capital, sources of finances, information, and their implications on maize yields. Data from 502 farmers, collected ex post facto, was analysed by use of descriptive and inferential statistics. Brown-Forsythe ANOVA showed highly significant differences between groups; based on social capital as measured by their membership to social common-interest groups (F* (2,499) = 23.826, P = .000), based on main sources of finances for farm operations (F* (4, 60.649) = 8.519, P = .000) and main sources of technical information (F (3,498) = 38.738, P = .000). A Games-Howell post hoc test showed that the ‘no group’ category had significantly lower yields compared to members of social groups (P = .000). Farmers who mainly financed farm operations through ‘sale of farm produce’ had significantly lower yields compared to ‘non-farm trade’ and ‘salaries from off-farm employment’ categories (P = .001 and .000). The farmer category that relied mainly on ‘mass media’ for information had significantly lower yields (P = .000) compared to those who relied on Extension (P = .000) and ‘digital sources’ (P = .016). The mix of ‘extension and digital sources’ category showed a significantly higher mean compared to ‘Extension only’ (P = .000). In conclusion, farmer organizations and the associated social capital, funding of farm operations and information sources that guarantee quality have a positive impact on maize productivity and food security. This study is of value for practitioners and policy-makers on farmer organizations, seasonal credits, and extension information delivery
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Hallet, Julie I., Laura Davis, Michail Mavros, Alyson L. Mahar, Kaitlyn Beyfuss, Ying Liu, Erin Diane Kennedy, Craig Earle und Natalie G. Coburn. „Provider-volume associated with variable receipt of therapy and outcomes for noncurative pancreas adenocarcinoma: A population-based analysis.“ Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, Nr. 4_suppl (01.02.2019): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.4_suppl.352.
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352 Background: While high-volume providers for pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PA) surgery yield better outcomes, variation in practice and the role of provider-volume has not been investigated for systemic therapy. We examined variation in practice and outcomes in the management of non-curative PA, based on medical oncology provider-volume. Methods: We conducted a population based retrospective cohort study of non-resected PA over 2005-2016 by linking administrative healthcare datasets. High-volume (HV) medical-oncology providers were defined as the 5th quintile of number of PA seen per provider per year. Outcomes were receipt of chemotherapy and overall survival (OS). Brown Forsythe Levene (BFL) test for equality of variances assessed outcomes variability between provider-volume quintiles (Q1 to 5). Multivariate regressions examined the association between management by HV provider and receipt of systemic therapy and OS. Results: Of 10,881 non-curative PA patients, 7,062 consulted with medical oncology. Among 341 medical oncology providers, 3% were HV, defined as > 16 patients/year. There was variability in receipt of chemotherapy based on provider-volume, with 44% (IQR: 25-54) for Q1 and 47% (IQR: 43-54) for Q5, and in median survival, with 4.1 months (IQR: 2.7-6.2) for Q1 and 7.5 months (IQR: 6.6-8.0) for Q5. Variability between provider-volume quintiles was significant for receipt of chemotherapy and median survival (both BFL p < 0.001). After adjusting for age, sex, comorbidity burden, rurality, income quintile, and diagnosis year, HV provider was independently associated with higher odds of receiving chemotherapy (OR 1.19 [1.05-1.34]), and superior OS (HR 0.79 [0.74-0.84]). Conclusions: There was significant variation in non-curative management and outcomes of PA based on provider-volume. Management by a HV provider was independently associated with higher odds of receiving chemotherapy and superior OS, after adjusting for case-mix. This information is important to inform disease care pathways and care organization. Cancer care systems could consider initiatives to increase the number of HV providers to reduce variation and improve outcomes.
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von Son-de Fernex, Elke, Estefanía Zúñiga-Olivos, Luis Felipe Jiménez-García und Pedro Mendoza-de Gives. „Anthelmintic-Like Activity and Ultrastructure Changes Produced by Two Polyphenolic Combinations against Cooperia punctata Adult Worms and Infective Larvae“. Pathogens 12, Nr. 5 (22.05.2023): 744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12050744.
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Cooperia punctata is one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal nematodes affecting cattle under grazing conditions, and the increasing reports of anthelmintic resistance forces researchers to look for novel control measures. Previous reports have proposed the use of polyphenolic compound (PC) combinations (Coumarin:Quercetin (CuQ) and Caffeic-acid:Rutin (CaR)) against free-living stages (L3) of C. punctata. The objective of this study was to assess the in vitro motility inhibition of C. punctata adult worms and infective larvae using the Larval Motility Inhibition Assay (LMIA) and Adult Motility Inhibition Assay (AMIA), and to assess the structural and ultrastructural changes induced by both treatments using Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy. For the LMIA, infective larvae were incubated for 3 h in 0.8 mg mL−1 and 0.84 mg mL−1 of CuQ and CaR, respectively. For AMIA, six concentrations and five incubation periods (2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 h) were assessed using each PC combination. Cooperia punctata motility was calculated as a percentage and corrected using control motility percentages. A multiple comparisons Brown–Forsythe and Welch ANOVA test was used to compare larval motility; and to fit the dose–response in AMIA, data were analyzed with a non-linear regression four-parameter logistic equation with a variable slope, using the computer program GraphPad Prism® V.9.2.0. Although larval motility was barely affected by both treatments (p > 0.05), adult worm motility was inhibited 100% and 86.9% after 24 h incubation with CuQ and CaR, respectively (p < 0.05). The best fit EC50 for adult worm motility inhibition were 0.073 ± 0.071 mg mL−1 and 0.051 ± 0.164 mg mL−1 for CuQ and CaR, respectively. Main structural and ultrastructural lesions observed in both biological stages were: (i) L3 sheath–cuticle complex disruption, (ii) collagen fibers degradation; (iii) hypodermic detachment, (iv) seam cell apoptosis and (v) mitochondrial swelling. The alterations observed suggest that the PC combinations interfere with the anatomy and physiology of the locomotive apparatus of the nematodes.
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Wang, Xunde, Laurel Mendelsohn, Lita Freeman, Boris Vaisman, Alan Remaley und Gregory J. Kato. „Stimulation of Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity By Plasma Apolipoproteins: a Biomarker of Endothelial Function in Adults with Sickle Cell Disease“. Blood 124, Nr. 21 (06.12.2014): 4015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.4015.4015.
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Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) plays a critical role in maintaining basal vascular tone and regulating blood flow. Many factors, including shear stress and endogenous ligands such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1), stimulate the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). We have developed a bioassay that measures stimulation of NOS activity by soluble factors in unfractionated human plasma in cultured human endothelial cells using a sensitive NOS activity assay with radiolabeled substrate. The addition of 1% human plasma to the culture medium stimulates NOS activity 1.5-fold over background, with a linear response up to 10% plasma, which activates NOS 5.5-fold. We have concluded from several lines of evidence that this NOS-inducing activity in human plasma comes from high-density lipoprotein (HDL): The activity is heat-labile and sensitive to reducing agents; it is precipitable by ammonium sulfate and elutes as a broad peak on molecular exclusion and anion exchange columns; by immunoblot, the active fractions have large amounts of apolipoproteins apoA-I, apoE and paroxonase-1. We find that plasma from an apoA-I null mouse shows less stimulation of NOS activity in our bioassay than plasma from a wild type mouse and apoA-I transgenic mouse (p=0.06, Brown-Forsythe test; p=0.04, post-test for linear trend; see figure). Purified HDL fractions stimulate NOS activity four-fold, equivalent to unfractionated plasma, but further subfractionation of HDL components extinguishes its ability to activate NOS. Remarkably, higher than median NOS-stimulating activity in our bioassay was associated with endothelial-dependent blood flow, detected by venous occlusion strain gauge plethysmography measurement of forearm blood flow induced by graded infusions of acetylcholine into the brachial artery in adults with sickle cell anemia (p=0.0013, two-way ANOVA, see figure). The NOS-stimulating activity in patient plasma also correlated with the plasma apoA-I level (Spearman r=0.64, p=0.0012). In summary, our results suggest that circulating functional apoA-I and possibly other apolipoproteins, regulate NO production and endothelial function in adults with sickle cell disease, which is consistent with previous lines of evidence published by other investigators in subjects without sickle cell disease. Most strikingly, our plasma NOS stimulation assay appears to provide a useful research biomarker for endothelial function, applicable to frozen archived plasma biospecimens. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Boiko-Buzyl, Y. Y. „Block of personal formation of the heads of the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine indicators characteristics“. Law and Safety 82, Nr. 3 (29.09.2021): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/pb.2021.3.05.
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Emphasis is placed on the issue of professional and personal development of the heads of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine as a psychological component of staffing the security and defense sector of Ukraine. It is stressed that the basis of professional and personal development of the heads of the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine are activities and personality as basic categories reflected in the block of professional development and personal development block, and each block is identified in specific components and disclosed in relevant criteria. This article presents the second part of the study of professional and personal development of the heads of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, namely the psychological characteristics of the block of personal development through the following components and relevant criteria: orientation - attractiveness of professional activity, direction of professional activity; capability- leadership tools, ability for management; character - individual psychological features, the attitude of the leader to himself; reflection - the mechanism of self-analysis of the manager, the vector of personal development. The study is based on the use of a number of methods of psychological diagnosis, with the help of which during 6 months of 2020 844 people were surveyed, including 385 managers and 459 employees of bodies and departments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine who do not perform managerial functions. At the first stage of the study, the characteristics of indicators of professional and personal development of specialists of the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine were determined. In the second stage, it was studied statistically significant differences in the characteristics of professional and personal development of managers compared to employees who do not perform managerial functions, for which the procedure of analysis of variance was used, namely one-way analysis of variance by the Fisher method. The Brown-Forsythe test was used to determine the equality of group variances. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using the ANOVA command of the SPSS program. It is proved that the indicators of the components of professional and personal formation of the management differ from similar indicators of non-leaders of the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine in quality and content, in particular focus on management functions within professional activities. The obtained empirical data will contribute to the improvement of management theory and practice in the security and defense sector of Ukraine.
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Auger, Kyle, Gregory Shedlock, Kasey Coutinho, Nicole E. Myers und Santiago Lorenzo. „Effects of osteopathic manipulative treatment and bio-electromagnetic energy regulation therapy on lower back pain“. Journal of Osteopathic Medicine 121, Nr. 6 (02.03.2021): 561–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jom-2020-0132.
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Abstract Context Lower back pain (LBP) is prevalent and is a leading contributor to disease burden worldwide. Osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) can alleviate alterations in the body that leads to musculoskeletal disorders such as LBP. Bio-electromagnetic Energy Regulation (BEMER; BEMER International AG), which has also been shown to relieve musculoskeletal pain, is a therapeutic modality that deploys a biorhythmically defined stimulus through a pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF). Therefore, it is possible that combined OMT and BEMER therapy could reduce low back pain in adults more than the effect of either treatment modality alone. Objectives To investigate the individual and combined effects of OMT and BEMER therapy on LBP in adults. Methods Employees and students at a medical college were recruited to this study by email. Participants were included if they self-reported chronic LBP of 3 months’ duration or longer; participants were excluded if they were experiencing acute LBP of 2 weeks’ duration or less, were currently being treated for LBP, were pregnant, or had a known medical history of several conditions. Ultimately, 40 participants were randomly assigned to four treatment groups: an OMT only, BEMER only, OMT+BEMER, or control (light touch and sham). Treatments were given regularly over a 3 week period. Data on LBP and quality of life were gathered through the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Short Form 12 item (SF-12) health survey, and Oswestry Low Back Pain Questionnaire/Oswestry Disability Index prior to treatment and immediately after the 3 week intervention protocol. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed retrospectively and absolute changes for each participant were calculated. Normal distribution and equal variances were confirmed by Shapiro–Wilk test (p>0.05) and Brown-Forsythe, respectively. Significance was set at p<0.05. Results Despite a lack of statistical significance between groups, subjective reports of pain reported on the VAS showed a substantial mean percentage decrease (50.8%) from baseline in the OMT+BEMER group, compared with a 10.2% decrease in the OMT-only and 9.8% in BEMER-only groups when comparing the difference in VAS ratings from preintervention to postintervention. Participants also reported in quality of life assessed on the Oswestry Low Back Pain Questionnaire/Oswestry Disability Index, with the OMT+BEMER group showing a decrease of 30.3% in score, the most among all groups. The OMT+BEMER group also reported the greatest improvement in score in the physical component of the SF-12, with an increase of 21.8%. Conclusions The initial data from this study shows a potential additive effect of combination therapy (OMT and BEMER) for management of LBP, though the results did not achieve statistical significance.
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Kupke, Valerie, Peter Rossini und Paul Kershaw. „Bait pricing: evaluating the success of regulatory reform in advertising“. International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 7, Nr. 3 (29.07.2014): 333–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-02-2013-0016.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of this legislative reform in the state of South Australia (SA) through an examination of the relationship between listed or advertised price and transaction prices before and after the changes in regulation. Between 2000 and 2008, legislative changes took place throughout Australia to make real-estate transactions more transparent and to deal with misleading conduct by real-estate agents. The practice of “charm” or “bait” pricing was targeted. This denotes the under-quoting of estimated selling prices in real-estate sale advertisements which can be considered deceptive or even fraudulent. Design/methodology/approach – The study area is Adelaide, the state capital of SA and includes analysis of first and last advertised prices and eventual selling price for > 120,000 residential sales transactions over a nine-year period between 2003 and 2011. The analysis to test these hypotheses included, first, a descriptive evaluation of the percentage price difference over time and a spatial breakdown of mean percentage price difference before and after legislation. Second, for each hypothesis, the change was tested by measuring the variance of the percentage change, with significance established through the Levene and Brown–Forsythe tests, rather than by the mean percentage change. Findings – The results, both descriptive and statistical, support the effectiveness of the reform in legislation. Research limitations/implications – The study has application in terms of agents as social gatekeepers and confirms the role of regulation to ensure market values are achieved and consumers not disadvantaged. With friction in the market, imperfect information and the possible behavioural responses of land agents, there may be incomplete market correction of underpricing strategies. This paper confirms the effectiveness of one such market intervention. Social implications – Some half a million dwellings are purchased in Australia every year. Annually, in the state of SA, some 53,000 dwellings are financed to be purchased or built. These levels of purchase reflect national home ownership rates of about 69 per cent, with some 33 per cent of Australians owning their houses outright and a growing number, some 36 per cent, owners with a mortgage. Australian households also move house relatively frequently. In 2008, 43 per cent of Australians reported moving in the previous 5 years, 15 per cent had moved 3 or more times. The most common reasons for moving were twofold, either to buy a house or to buy a bigger house. These levels of purchase, home ownership and mobility underpin the importance and viability of some 10,000 real-estate services businesses in Australia; a sector which, up to 2,000, was largely self-regulated. Originality/value – This paper is one of the first in Australia to effectively quantify the success of legislative reform on residential agency behaviour.
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Staley, James R., Frank Windmeijer, Matthew Suderman, Matthew S. Lyon, George Davey Smith und Kate Tilling. „A robust mean and variance test with application to high-dimensional phenotypes“. European Journal of Epidemiology, 15.10.2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10654-021-00805-w.
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AbstractMost studies of continuous health-related outcomes examine differences in mean levels (location) of the outcome by exposure. However, identifying effects on the variability (scale) of an outcome, and combining tests of mean and variability (location-and-scale), could provide additional insights into biological mechanisms. A joint test could improve power for studies of high-dimensional phenotypes, such as epigenome-wide association studies of DNA methylation at CpG sites. One possible cause of heterogeneity of variance is a variable interacting with exposure in its effect on outcome, so a joint test of mean and variability could help in the identification of effect modifiers. Here, we review a scale test, based on the Brown-Forsythe test, for analysing variability of a continuous outcome with respect to both categorical and continuous exposures, and develop a novel joint location-and-scale score (JLSsc) test. These tests were compared to alternatives in simulations and used to test associations of mean and variability of DNA methylation with gender and gestational age using data from the Accessible Resource for Integrated Epigenomics Studies (ARIES). In simulations, the Brown-Forsythe and JLSsc tests retained correct type I error rates when the outcome was not normally distributed in contrast to the other approaches tested which all had inflated type I error rates. These tests also identified > 7500 CpG sites for which either mean or variability in cord blood methylation differed according to gender or gestational age. The Brown-Forsythe test and JLSsc are robust tests that can be used to detect associations not solely driven by a mean effect.
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OCAKOĞLU, Gökhan, und Aslı Ceren MACUNLUOGLU. „Comparison of the performances of parametric k-sample test procedures as an alternative to one-way analysis of variance“. European Research Journal, 30.08.2022, 1–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18621/eurj.1030038.
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Objectives: The performances of the Welch test, the Alexander-Govern test, the Brown-Forsythe test and the James Second-Order test, which are among the parametric alternatives of one-way analysis of variance and included in the literature, to protect the Type-I error probability determined at the beginning of the trial at a nominal level, were compared with the F test. Methods: Performance of the tests to protect Type-I error; in cases where the variances are homogeneous and heterogeneous, the sample sizes are balanced and unbalanced, the distribution of the data is in accordance with the normal distribution and the log-normal distribution, how it is affected by the change in the number of groups to be compared has been examined on simulation scenarios. Results: The Welch test, the Alexander-Govern test and the James Second-Order test were not affected by the distribution and performed well in situations where variances were heterogeneous. The Brown-Forsythe test was not affected by the distribution, it performed well when the variance was homogeneous and the sample size in the groups to be compared was not equal. Conclusions: The Welch test, the Alexander-Govern test and the James Second-Order test are the tests that can be recommended as an alternative to the F test.
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Gavurova, Beata, und Miriama Tarhanicova. „Young Adults and Sick Leave Length of Mental Illnesses“. Frontiers in Public Health 10 (13.06.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.882707.
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ObjectivesThe objective was to explore whether a sick leave length related to mental morbidity differs across different occupational categories.MethodsIn the analysis, registry of sick leaves was analyzed. Provided analysis is focused on the length of sick leaves related to mental diseases caused by substance use or other factors. Dependent variable is the sick leave length, and the independent variables are the categories of disease and occupation. Kruskal–Wallis test, Shapiro–Wilk test, and Brown–Forsythe (B–F) are used.ResultsThere are differences in mental sick leave lengths caused by substance use or other factors. In the case of mental illnesses attributable to drugs, differences in the sick leave duration among different working groups were not found. Considering mental disorders caused by other factors, there are differences in the sick leave duration among different working groups.ConclusionsThere is no evidence of longer sick leave in people diagnosed with mental disorder related to substance use. Differences in occupational categories do not relate to sick leave length.
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„Impact of Various Demographic Factors on Customer Satisfaction in Telecommunication Sector“. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8, Nr. 3 (30.09.2019): 4210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.c5144.098319.
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Satisfaction of customers is extremely critical for any industry especially the highly competitive Telecom industry in India. This research examines statistical association of various demographic factors like age, gender, marital status, income, qualification, profession and locality with customer satisfaction of the mobile users of Gujarat, the 5th largest state of India in terms of area. In this research, responses of 800 mobile users with various demographic factors and from 4 different zones of Gujarat were gathered using various close ended questionnaires and simple random sampling. To capture the information and attributes related to satisfaction from mobile services a 5 point Likert Scale was used. The results were analyzed using ANOVA (Welch test, Brown-Forsythe and F test as applicable) and independent samples T test to reach to the desired objectives. Further post hoc tests (Games Howell and Tukey tests) as applicable were also carried out to pin point the group with significant difference in their mean values. These findings will be useful from telecom operator’s perspective for enhancing the customer retention and accusation of new customer base.
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Baykan, Ruhi, und Betül Balkar. „ORTAOKUL ÖĞRETMENLERİNİN OKULLARDA ÖRGÜTSEL FARKINDALIĞA İLİŞKİN GÖRÜŞLERİNİN MESLEKİ MOTİVASYONLARINI YORDAYICILIĞI“. Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 13.08.2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.14520/adyusbd.1303273.
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Bu araştırmada, ortaokul öğretmenlerinin mesleki motivasyonlarının ve okullarındaki örgütsel farkındalığa ilişkin görüşlerinin okullara ve öğretmenlere ilişkin çeşitli değişkenler bakımından araştırılması ve okullardaki örgütsel farkındalığın öğretmenlerin mesleki motivasyonlarını yordayıcılığının test edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Yordayıcı korelasyonel desendeki bu araştırmanın örneklemi, Şanlıurfa ilindeki ortaokullarda görev yapan ve basit tesadüfi örnekleme yoluyla seçilen 312 öğretmenden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmanın verileri, öğretmenlerin mesleki motivasyonlarının ve okullarda örgütsel farkındalığın incelenmesine yönelik ölçekler aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde, Pearson korelasyon analizi, basit doğrusal regresyon analizi, betimsel istatistikler, bağımsız örneklem t testi, tek yönlü varyans analizi ve tek yönlü varyans analizi ile bağlantılı olarak Welch ve Brown-Forsythe, Tamhane’s T2 ve Scheffe testleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın bulguları, ortaokul öğretmenlerinin mesleki motivasyonunun cinsiyet, branş ve mesleki deneyim değişkenlerine göre farklılık gösterdiğine işaret etmiştir. Ortaokul öğretmenlerinin mesleki motivasyonu ile ortaokullardaki örgütsel farkındalık arasında ise pozitif bir ilişki bulunmaktadır. Okullardaki örgütsel farkındalığa ilişkin öğretmen görüşleri, öğretmenlerin mesleki motivasyonunun anlamlı bir yordayıcısı olarak belirlenmiştir.
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Bhurtel, Anup, und Prakash C. Bhattarai. „Trainee Characteristics Affecting Training Transfer Among the TVET Instructors“. Journal of Technical Education and Training 15, Nr. 2 (21.06.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.30880/jtet.2023.15.02.006.
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This study aims to assess whether or not perceived training transfer differs across personal and professional attributes of the instructors of technical vocational education and training (TVET) in Nepal. Gender, marital status and age were assessed under personal attributes and type of institution based on ownership, locale of the institutions and instructors’ experience were assessed within professional attributes. Survey questionnaire was sent online to 251 instructors across the country who had participated in instructional skills-based training in the past three to 15 months and were engaged in technical education as instructors during the time of the study. Data were analyzed using independent samples t-test for demographic variables with two groups, and analysis of variance along with Brown–Forsythe and Welch tests for variables with more than two groups. Statistically significant results were further substantiated using power analysis. The result concluded that perceived training transfer was higher among female instructors, married instructors, privately owned TVET institutions and instructors with five to 10 years of experiences as compared to the new ones.
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Lobo, Sofia, Inês Caetano Santos, António H. S. Delgado, Luís Proença, Mário Polido, Ana Mano Azul und José João Mendes. „Antioxidant pre-treatments are able to reduce waiting time for restorative treatment after dental bleaching: a microtensile bond strength exploratory study“. Applied Adhesion Science 9, Nr. 1 (31.05.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40563-021-00134-x.
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AbstractThe aim was to evaluate the effect of different antioxidant agents on the improvement of bond strength to enamel subjected to a whitening procedure. Samples were divided into six groups (n = 10): control; whitening immediately followed by restorative treatment (WHT); whitening and restoration after a 7-day period (WHT_7D); whitening and application of 10% sodium ascorbate (WHT_SA); application of 5% grape seed extract (WHT_GS); and application of 5% green tea (WHT_GT). All groups except for control fwere whitened (Opalescence PF Regular 16%) for 7 days (4 h/day). All samples were restored (Optibond™ FL, Kerr and Filtek™ Z250 composite, 3M ESPE). In antioxidant groups these were applied for 15 min and immediately restored. Specimens were sectioned in microspecimens (1.0 ± 0.2 mm2 area) for microtensile bond strength (μTBS) testing (0.5 mm/min) on a universal testing machine. ANOVA test with Brown-Forsythe correction and Games-Howell post-hoc test was used (significance level of 5%). Antioxidant groups presented significant higher mean μTBS values than group WHT (p < 0.001). The non-whitened control group was not significantly different to antioxidant experimental groups. Group WHT_7D exhibited a significantly higher mean μTBS value when compared to group WHT (p = 0.022). The different antioxidants significantly influenced microtensile bond strength of restored teeth after whitening.
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Tang, Hengjun, Wee Tiong Seah, Qiaoping Zhang und Weizhong Zhang. „The Mathematics Learning Attributes Valued by Students in Eastern China“. ECNU Review of Education, 29.06.2020, 209653112093024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2096531120930240.
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Purpose: Research has confirmed that students’ mathematics values significantly affect their mathematics learning. Accordingly, understanding how students’ values form and change, especially during different learning stages, is an important topic. Design/Approach/Methods: This study administered a questionnaire to investigate the values of primary, junior high, and senior high school students in Eastern China. A principal component analysis was conducted to investigate the factor structure of the students’ learning values. Then, paired sample t-tests were used to examine the differences in the two continuous categories ranking of each group, and a one-way analysis of variance with a Brown–Forsythe test was used to test the differences in the ranking of each dimension by the different grade-level groups. Findings: We found that students’ mathematics learning values consist of seven elements: culture, memorization, technology, objectism, practice, understanding, and control. Students placed different degrees of importance on these seven elements at different learning stages. Additionally, we found that junior high school is a critical period of change in students’ values. Originality/Value: These findings will be invaluable to teachers and educators as they reflect on their teaching approaches. Moreover, the findings that students’ values undergo changes in the course of their schooling are important information for educators seeking to foster students’ learning.
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CLAUDINO, Daniela Luzimar, João Victor Frazão CÂMARA, Osmar de AGOSTINHO NETO, Ericles Otávio SANTOS, Gisele Damiana da Silveira PEREIRA und Isabel Ferreira BARBOSA. „Effect of pigmenting agents on tooth enamel staining during immediate tooth whitening: an in vitro study“. Revista de Odontologia da UNESP 49 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-2577.04520.
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Abstract Introduction Considering the increased search for esthetic procedures, questions emerge about the maintenance and regression of color, especially regarding the need to restrict dark foods during bleaching procedures or their influence on the stability and effectiveness of the treatment. Objective To assess the influence of staining agents on tooth enamel during immediate bleaching treatment with 35% hydrogen peroxide. Material and method Sixty bovine teeth were divided into six groups (G) (n=10): G1: distilled water (control); G2: coffee; G3: cola soft drink; G4: wine; G5: mate tea; and G6: industrialized açaí. The samples were subjected to immediate bleaching using 35% hydrogen peroxide for 21 days (three applications of 15 minutes per session, every seven days) and pigment immersion between each session for 15 minutes. The color was assessed before starting bleaching and after 21 days, using a spectrophotometer. The data obtained were subjected to one-way ANOVA and heteroscedasticity analysis by the Welch and Brown-Forsythe tests. The Tamhane test was used for group comparison. Result The color change was visible to the naked eye, considering the mean ΔE in all groups tested was higher than 3.7. However, there was no statistical difference between the control group and the groups assessed. Conclusion The contact of staining agents on bovine tooth enamel did not affect the final result of the immediate tooth bleaching.
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Lee, Chena, Jeong-Hee Lee, Sang-Sun Han, Young Hyun Kim, Yoon-Joo Choi, Kug Jin Jeon und Hoi In Jung. „Site-specific and time-course changes of postmenopausal osteoporosis in rat mandible: comparative study with femur“. Scientific Reports 9, Nr. 1 (02.10.2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50554-w.
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Abstract Although the effects of osteoporosis on the skeleton are well studied, site-specific and long-term studies on the mandible are still lacking. This study investigated the time-course changes of the bone microarchitecture in the mandibular condyle in comparison to the corresponding changes in the alveolar bone, body of the mandible, and femur. Thirty-six 11-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into ovariectomized (OVX) (24 rats) and sham (12 rats) groups. The right femur and mandible were obtained from 6 OVX rats and 3 sham rats at 8, 12, 26, and 36 weeks after surgery, respectively. The histomorphometric analysis was performed using micro–computed tomography and histologic assessments from the (1) distal femur; (2) the alveolar bone and (3) the body of the mandible; (4) the subchondral and (5) the central region of the condyle. The Brown-Forsythe test was used to verify the assumptions for statistical analysis, and the Mann-Whitney U test was then performed. The mandibular condyle showed increased trabecular bone in both the OVX and sham groups, while the bone density was reduced in the distal femur and the mandible interradicular septum and body. When comparing the OVX group to the sham group, only the central condyle showed a significant reduction in bone density at 36 weeks. Osteoporosis behaves in different manners in different parts of the skeleton, and clinicians should be aware that patients displaying osteoporotic changes in the mandible are expected to show severely advanced bone mineral density reduction in other bones, such as the femur.
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Gené-Sampedro, Andrés, Francisco Alonso, Javier Gene-Morales, Pedro Lourenço Monteiro und Sergio A. Useche. „Could driving help us to “see better”? A comparative assessment of saccadic efficiency, visual speed, and attention“. BMC Ophthalmology 24, Nr. 1 (27.02.2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12886-024-03349-1.
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Abstract Background This study aimed at comparing drivers’ and non-drivers’ results in the Adult Developmental Eye Movement with Distractors test (ADEMd) and the Useful Field of View test (UFOV). Methods One hundred and twenty Spaniards (mean age 50.90 ± 17.32 years) without eye disease voluntarily participated in this cross-sectional descriptive study. Participants in a single experimental session completed a questionnaire on sociodemographic, health, eyesight, and driving information. They also performed the ADEMd and UFOV tests randomly following standardized protocols. The ADEMd is a visual-verbal test that measures saccadic efficiency and visual attention. Brown-Forsythe (B–F) tests with Games-Howell post-hoc adjustments were conducted to assess differences between groups. Groups were formed according to sex, age (young adults, adults, and older adults), and driver/non-driver for further analysis. Additionally, associations between dependent variables were assessed through Spearman’s correlations. Results Drivers obtained significantly better results in the ADEMd compared with non-drivers. Non-significant differences between drivers and non-drivers were encountered in the UFOV. Additionally, significant differences were observed between sexes and age groups. It is worth highlighting that non-driver’s age significantly correlated with worse ADEMd performance (rho = .637 to .716). This correlation was non-significant in drivers. Similarly, reading hours significantly correlated with better ADEMd performance in non-drivers (rho = − .291 to − .363), but not in drivers. The only significant correlations between ADEMd and UFOV tests were found in drivers (rho = .307 to .410). Conclusion Considering all the discussed results, it could be hypothesized that the driving task promotes abilities, such as oculomotor and cognitive function, which are relevant for the performance in the ADEMd. However, this hypothesis is based on correlational outcomes and further studies should causally assess this possible relation.
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Zhang, Xiaopu, und Jordana T. Bell. „Detecting genetic effects on phenotype variability to capture gene-by-environment interactions: a systematic method comparison“. G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics, 30.01.2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/g3journal/jkae022.
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Abstract Genetically associated phenotypic variability has been widely observed across organisms and traits, including in humans. Both gene-gene and gene-environment interactions can lead to an increase in genetically associated phenotypic variability. Therefore, detecting the underlying genetic variants, or variance Quantitative Trait Loci (vQTLs), can provide novel insights into complex traits. Established approaches to detect vQTLs apply different methodologies from variance-only approaches to mean-variance joint tests, but a comprehensive comparison of these methods is lacking. Here, we review available methods to detect vQTLs in humans, carry out a simulation study to assess their performance under different biological scenarios of gene-environment interactions and apply the optimal approaches for vQTL identification to gene expression data. Overall, with a minor allele frequency (MAF) of less than 0.2, the squared residual value linear model (SVLM) and the deviation regression model (DRM) are optimal when the data follow Normal and non-Normal distributions, respectively. In addition, the Brown–Forsythe (BF) test is one of the optimal methods when the MAF is 0.2 or larger, irrespective of phenotype distribution. Additionally, a larger sample size and more balanced sample distribution in different exposure categories increase the power of BF, SVLM and DRM. Our results highlight vQTL detection methods that perform optimally under realistic simulation settings and show that their relative performance depends on the phenotype distribution, allele frequency, sample size, and the type of exposure in the interaction model underlying the vQTL.
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Manso, Maria Elisa Gonzalez, Leandro Tadeu Prazeres Maresti und Henrique Souza Barros de Oliveira. „Analysis of quality of life and associated factors in a group of elderly persons with supplemental health plans in the city of São Paulo, Brazil“. Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia 22, Nr. 4 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981-22562019022.190013.
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Abstract Objective: To measure the Quality of Life (QoL) and associated factors in a group of elderly persons receiving care through a health plan operator in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 169 elderly persons enrolled in a health plan and who were participants in a program to promote health and prevent risks and diseases. The Bref and Old versions of the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL) instruments were adopted for the evaluation of the QoL of the elderly. After descriptive analysis, a comparative analysis was performed through the Student’s t-tests and ANOVA. The Brown-Forsythe test was applied for situations in which no homogeneity was found and the Tukey test for multiple comparisons was applied. Results: The highest mean QoL values were found in the Psychological [72.1 (±14.3)] and Environment [68 (±15.4)] and Intimacy [72.5 (±20.8)] domains, while the worst results were found in the Physical [64.3 (±18)] domain and in the Death and Dying facet [61.2 (±23.2)]. In this group, factors such as obesity, neoplasia and previous hospitalizations were negatively associated with QoL, whereas young elderly, female, widows, carriers of chronic non-communicable diseases and those limited to two morbidities, who practiced physical activity and had clinical care provided by a reference physician had a positive influence. Conclusion: The findings of this research showed high levels of satisfaction with health and QoL, in addition to raising relevant discussions about predictors that influence the QoL of the elderly receiving care from the supplementary sector. It also emphasizes the need for new strategies of action to ensure improvements in the health care of the elderly.
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Kerth, C. R., und K. R. Wall. „Statistical Analysis of GC/MS Data from Beef Steaks Cooked with Different Grill Temperatures and Steak Thicknesses Containing Missing Values, Lacking Normal Distributions, or Unequal Variance“. Meat and Muscle Biology 3, Nr. 2 (01.12.2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.22175/mmb.10763.
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ObjectivesOur objectives were to determine the degree of normality in selected volatile compound samples, the improvement to normality transformations may make, and the changes in interpretation transformations could induce.Materials and MethodsBeef strip loins (n = 32) were sliced 3.81 or 1.27 cm thick. Steaks were cooked on an electric flat grill set at either 176°C or 232°C to an internal cook temperature of 71°C. Cubes (1.27 square) were transferred to a 470 mL glass jar and the static headspace was collected with SPME for 2 h. The SPME was injected into a multi-dimensional GC/MS identification of volatile aroma compounds. Volatiles were selected with a MS quality score above 75 and occurred in a minimum of 10% of the total steak samples. Absence of an observation for a volatile compound may be due to treatment effect, instrumentation limits, or simply missing from the sample. To analyze the normality of volatiles, representative volatiles selected were benzaldehyde, methyl-pyrazine, nonenal, and 2-octanone, as they were present in 95, 63, 42, or 20% of the total steak samples, respectively. These selected volatiles were then subjected to square root, log10, or Box-Cox transformations. If a volatile was absent in a steak sample, that cell was designated as either a missing value (MV) or as a zero (0). Shapiro-Wilk, box-plot, and normality distribution plots were used to measure normality for each of the volatiles across all conditions. Brown-Forsythe and Bartlett’s tests were used to determine homogeneity of variance.ResultsVolatiles designated as a zero when no GC total ion counts (TIC) were present had residuals within treatment cells that were not normally distributed (P < 0.05). Volatile compounds nonenal and 2-octanone were normally distributed (P > 0.05) when empty cells were designated as MV, but benzaldehyde and methyl-pyrazine were not (P < 0.05). Square-root transformation of the data resulted in all the data designated with MV to be normally distributed (P > 0.05) while data with empty cells designated with 0 were unchanged and not normal (P < 0.05). Furthermore, Box-Cox transformations of MV data had lambda values of 0.23, 0.11, 0.18, and 0.10 for benzaldehyde, methyl pyrazine, nonenal, and 2-octanone, respectively. Brown-Forsythe and Bartlett’s test indicated that as the percentage of volatiles present decreased, the treatment mean responses became less homogeneous in their variance (P < 0.05) as indicated by the fact that only benzaldehyde upheld the assumption of homoscedastic behavior (P > 0.05).ConclusionAnalysis of volatile aroma compounds from cooked beef results in numerous missing values in the data, and by nature the data are not normally distributed, nor do they have homogenous variance as a result. Analyzing data with missing values rather than zeroes improves normality and additionally, transformation of the data using square root or Box-Cox significantly improved normality but had only minor impact on homogeneity of variance. ANOVA F-ratios were consistently highest on data that were entered with missing values rather than zeroes and were not transformed. Care should be taken analyzing volatile GC data to take into account the basic assumptions regarding the data and steps can be taken to conform to those assumptions.