Dissertationen zum Thema „Terre de Labour“
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Pepe, Armando. „Conflit civil dans le Midi de l’Italie à l'aube du Risorgimento : le cas de la Terre de Labour (1806-1825)“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALH017.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleArmando Pepe’s doctoral thesis is entitled «Civil conflict in Southern Italy at the dawn of the Risorgimento: the case of Terra di Lavoro (1806-1825)» and aims to investigate the fight against brigandage both in Napoleonic, during the French Decade, and during the first Bourbon Restoration.As regards the Napoleonic period, numerous brigands appear, some known, such as Fra’ Diavolo, others less known if not unknown, such as Vincenzo Matera, from Viticuso, the Saltarelli cousins, from Castelforte, and the Giannantonio brothers, from Guardiaregia, in Molise earldom, but strongly operational on both sides of the Matese mountains.The brigands were opposed by tenacious men, such as Captain Antonio Acciaioli, commander of the provincial civic guards of the Venafro district, killed in an ambush together with sixteen guards by Vincenzo Matera, Benedetto Panetta and other brigands.Many soldiers of Corsican origin actively participated in the fight against banditry, including Major Natale Amici, who were engaged in the mountainous areas of Terra di Lavoro, especially in the Mainarde chain.The war diaries of 1806 of the French general Antoine Girardon are returned in transcription for the first time, which constitute the sequel to those, dating back to 1799, already published by Critelli and Segarini. General Girardon contracted malaria in the Minturno marshes and died in 1806.We can explicitly see the role played by the French army in combating brigandage and the directives given by the minister Antoine-Christophe Saliceti, who monitored the situation daily.No less interesting are the initiatives taken upon the return of the Bourbon dynasty to the throne to repress brigandage, particularly in the border areas with the Papal State, where the group of Michele Macaro, known as «Mezzapenta», operated.The thesis is divided into six chapters in addition to the conclusions.For convenience, the division into chapters is reported: 1) Chapter I, the Kingdom of Naples between the Revolution and the Restoration (1799-1825); 2) Chapter II, Brigands of the Napoleonic era in the area of jurisdiction of the Military Commission of Castellone (North of Terra di Lavoro, 1806); 3) Chapter III, The brigandage actions of the Napoleonic era in the area of jurisdiction of the Military Commission of Capua (South of Terra di Lavoro, 1807-1810); 4) Chapter IV, An attempt at coordination between states: extraditions of brigands and diplomatic issues with the Papal State and with the First French Empire (1806-1811); 5) Chapter V, The groups of brigands of the Napoleonic era in the area of jurisdiction of the Military Commission of Capua (1807-1810); 6) Chapter VI, Brigandage during the second Bourbon Restoration (1815-1825).Then the Conclusions follow. The thesis is accompanied by geographical maps, 215 appendices, almost all unpublished, and indexes of places and names of person
Gregory, Terry [Verfasser], und Joachim [Akademischer Betreuer] Möller. „Rising labour market inequality: Regional disparities and wage-setting institutions / Terry Gregory. Betreuer: Joachim Möller“. Regensburg : Universitätsbibliothek Regensburg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1068055995/34.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleJoaquim, Bianca dos Santos. „Terra e trabalho: o lugar do trabalhador nos canteiros de produção da Arquitetura e construção com terra“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/102/102131/tde-10102016-135225/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAmong Earthen Architectures supporters and experts, positive aspects related to low environmental degradation and to the promotion of better results to the building performance are well known. However, a subject that seems to be little explored is the construction site of this architecture and the conditions of operation of workers. The labor is often heavy and a high amount of physical exertion is required. If operating conditions at the construction site are not adequately addressed, the demands may be excessive and even degrading. Given the high frequency of intense exploration in the construction sector in Brazil, also considering the strong artisanal character of earthen construction, it is necessary to know how production takes place in this architecture and if the partial mechanization of these sites improves working conditions. Based on information collected in interviews with workers, engineers and architects involved in earth construction production sites, visits to these architecture building sites, in addition to supplementary information provided by the relevant literature, this paper will present an evaluation structured by a critical and qualitative analysis. This review will be based on the Critical Theory of Architecture. The evolution of the construction site occurs by the relocation and the elimination of some tasks. The partial mechanization allows workers to move, or to be moved, to less degrading jobs. However, in Brazil this is not the reason of the inclusion of machines in the processes, the major purpose is to increase productivity. Even with the incorporation of some machinery, the workers continue performing degrading jobs caused by high physical exertion required or exhaustively repetitive tasks.
Junior, Darlan de Oliveira Reis. „Senhores e trabalhadores no Cariri cearense: terra, trabalho e conflitos na segunda metade do sÃculo XIX“. Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=12759.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEsta tese trata das relaÃÃes entre senhores e trabalhadores que viveram na regiÃo do Cariri, localizada no extremo sul da ProvÃncia do CearÃ, na segunda metade do sÃculo XIX. O domÃnio do espaÃo regional se deu, nÃo sà pela apropriaÃÃo dos recursos naturais, como o controle da terra, mas tambÃm atravÃs da elaboraÃÃo de um discurso sobre a vocaÃÃo econÃmica do lugar e na exploraÃÃo de trabalhadores livres e escravizados, em diferentes atividades econÃmicas. Numa abordagem que se insere no campo da HistÃria Social, procuro analisar as questÃes que envolvem o mundo do trabalho: as contradiÃÃes resultantes da desigualdade social, as prÃticas de controle estabelecidas pelos senhores, bem como os conflitos e as diferentes formas de resistÃncia dos trabalhadores. Foram utilizadas fontes como jornais, leis, processos criminais, processos civis, inventÃrios, correspondÃncias e relatÃrios de autoridades pÃblicas.
This thesis discusses the relations between masters and workers who lived in the region of Cariri, located in the extreme south of the Province of CearÃ, in the second half of the nineteenth century. The regional area domain occurred not only by natural resources appropriation, such as control of the land, but also through the development of a speech on economic vocation of the place and exploitation of free and enslaved workers, in different economic activities. In an approach based on the field of Social History, I intend to analyze the issues implicating the labor world: contradictions arising from social inequality, control practices established by masters, as well as the conflicts and different forms of workers resistance. Were used sources such as newspapers, laws, criminal cases, civil cases, inventories, correspondences and reports of public authorities.
Monteiro, Karoline dos Santos. „As mulheres quilombolas na Paraíba: terra, trabalho e território“. Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2013. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/5834.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This dissertation aimed to unravel and/or understand the importance of women in social reproduction in maroon communities in which they live and their form of participation and integration in continuous production process of Paraiba agrarian space. We start from the observation that the lack or scarcity of information on the asymmetric gender differences in research in geography is a limit on the understanding of the processes and social relations that fall and form the agrarian landscape. It is with this concern that we launched in doing research on women in seventeen maroon communities located in three regions paraibanas: the Zona da Mata Paraibana, the Agreste Paraibano and Borborema. We propose to understand who are the Maroons women in these regions and what is their relationship with the land and territories that they occupy from: a) sexual division of labor in the communities in which they live, b) different forms of access to land and the many ways the right to this land is denied, and c) the forms of organization, participation and struggle of these women by maroons territories in Paraíba. We are concerned, therefore, with this research contribute to the understanding of Paraiba agrarian space from a subject who produces and stars in, however, is omitted in the geographical readings. We want this debate assist us in understanding who this maroon currently working woman in the state of Paraíba.
Esta dissertação teve como objetivo desvendar e/ou compreender a importância das mulheres na reprodução social nas comunidades quilombolas em que vivem e a sua forma de participação e inserção no processo ininterrupto de produção do espaço agrário paraibano. Partimos da constatação que a falta ou escassez de informações sobre a diferença assimétrica entre os gêneros nas pesquisas em Geografia é um limite na compreensão dos processos e das relações sociais que se inscrevem e dão forma ao espaço agrário. Foi com essa preocupação que nos lançamos a fazer uma pesquisa sobre as mulheres em dezessete comunidades quilombolas localizadas em três mesorregiões paraibanas: a Zona da Mata Paraibana, o Agreste Paraibano e a Borborema. Propomos-nos a entender quem são as mulheres quilombolas nessas regiões e qual é a sua relação com a terra e os territórios que ocupam a partir da: a) divisão sexual do trabalho nas comunidades em que vivem; b) as diferentes formas de acesso a terra e as diversas maneiras como o direito a essa terra lhes é negado e; c) as formas de organização, participação e luta dessas mulheres pelos territórios quilombolas na Paraíba. Interessa-nos, portanto, com esta pesquisa contribuir para a compreensão do espaço agrário paraibano a partir de um sujeito que o produz e o protagoniza, porém, é omitido nas leituras geográficas. Pretendemos que esse debate nos auxilie no entendimento de quem é essa mulher trabalhadora quilombola atualmente no estado da Paraíba.
Li, Haixiao. „Impact à long terme du travail du sol sur le cycle biogéochimique du phosphore : analyse de l'essai L'Acadie (Québec, Canada) et modélisation“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0223/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe no-till (NT) is gaining great attention for soil preparation. This practice modifies number of soil properties such as the distribution of phosphorus (P) in the soil profile. This work aims to analyze the impacts on the biogeochemical P cycle after decades of NT and incorporate those effects in an operational model. We used a long-term field experiment under corn-soybean rotation established on a clay loam soil (L’Acadie, Quebec, Canada). The design was a split-plot plan with 4 blocks under moldboard plough (MP) and NT, subdivided by 3 doses of P [0 (0P), 17.5 (0.5P), 35 (1P) kg P ha-1] applied in corn phase and localized to 5-cm deep and 5-cm from the corn row.The phosphate ion concentration in MP was relatively constant (0.08 mg P L-1) in the tilled layer (0-20 cm), slightly lower in 20-30 cm (0.05 mg P L-1) and much lower below (0.01 mg P L-1). In [NT, 0.5P] and [NT, 1P] plots, Cp was higher (0.28 et 0.19 mg P L-1) in the 0-10 cm layer compared to the tilled layer in MP, but decreased sharply with depth. This vertical stratification in NT was also observed for P-Olsen, P-M3 and other nutrients as C, N, and K. After 23- and 24-year of experimentation, maize roots tended to be fewer (-14%) under NT than MP, probably because of increased weed infestation under NT. For soybean, more roots accumulated in the 0-10 cm layer under NT (44% of total length) than MP (21%) and vice versa for the 10-20 cm layer. Those differences in root distribution under NT and MP corresponded to the stratification of N, P, and K.This set of data on the distribution of roots and phosphorus was used i) to develop a 1D model describing P dynamics over several decades in MP, ii) to test a method to assess the spatial P uptake distribution according local root length density and soil P availability, and iii) to develop a spatial 2D model describing P dynamic in NT. This model simulates the soil P availability dynamic on long term according soil properties and crop root distribution within soil profile for different soil preparation regime and different P fertilization rate. Although the model overestimates the P availability near the localized P fertilizer, it is able to predict the soil P stratification in NT treatment and its consequences on crop P uptake. This new model will be a useful tool to improve P fertilization management in context of no-till practices
Souza, Dayse Maria. „Do chão da terra ao chão da fábrica: as formas contraditórias da apropriação do capital no espaço agrário“. Pós-Graduação em Geografia, 2011. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/5482.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleA presente dissertação de mestrado tem como objetivo analisar o processo de reestruturação produtiva no novo modelo de acumulação flexível e sua interferência na produção e reprodução das relações sociais de produção. Em pleno desemprego estrutural o capital que na sua essência se reproduz de forma contraditória, subordina o trabalho no campo e na cidade para garantir a super extração de mais valia, através da mobilidade do trabalho. Para compreender esse processo no espaço agrário no município de Barro Preto/BA é fundamental analisar a inserção da relação capital e trabalho no novo formato de acumulação financeira nas diferentes escalas geográficas. A pesquisa em questão adotou o método do materialismo histórico dialético, por esse entender os conflitos construídos historicamente a partir da ação das diferentes classes sociais em seu movimento contraditório. Revelando como o espaço a partir da categoria território é apropriado pelo capital e como às relações sociais se materializam e redefinem o mesmo território no processo global de acumulação capitalista. Para entender esse processo foram elaboradas reflexões da forma como o Estado garante as bases para a territorialização do capital, principalmente a partir de investimentos em infra-estrutura, incentivos fiscais, políticas de créditos e implementação de políticas modernizantes (inserindo os pacotes tecnológicos) a partir da criação de órgãos institucionais e centro de pesquisa, como por exemplo, o Instituto de Cacau da Bahia (ICB) e a Comissão Executiva da Lavoura Cacaueira(CEPLAC) modelando assim o espaço para o capital. Tais ações, ao mesmo tempo em que provocaram a subordinação da produção camponesa ao capital, acentuaram e concentrou terras, tornando a força de trabalho do campo verdadeiro exército de reserva para o capital. O debate sobre o processo de financeirização e o novo formato de acumulação capitalista foi necessário para entender como se dá a exploração do trabalho na lógica de acumulação em pleno processo de crise estrutural do capital, marcado pela intensa busca da extração de trabalho não pago. A pesquisa permitiu desvendar a forma contraditória em que o capital se territorializa no espaço agrário do município de Barro Preto materializado nas novas formas de exploração do trabalho, onde a força de trabalho tornada, no campo, supérflua para o capital, é explorada em maior quantidade no chão da fábrica, especificamente na Indústria de Calçados Vulcabrás-Azaleia, revelando como o capital se apropria do território criando novos modelos de produção, seja no campo ou na cidade. Ao mesmo tempo, que na mobilidade do trabalho essa força de trabalho - em sua grande maioria jovens, filhos de camponeses e de trabalhadores assalariados - encontra-se disponível para ser explorada pelo capital de forma perversa e insaciável.
Lima, Leida Maria de Souza. „O processo de (re)criação do campesinato em áreas do latifúndio: a fragmentação da terra em Rondonópolis-MT“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-10102007-152602/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis research the (re)creation of peasant farming agriculture, in latifundium areas, through land fragmentation, by heritage and donation in Rondonópolis-MT. It analyze the actions resulting from this process, and emphasize the meaning of this conquer by the social actors. The importance of this work is based on the fact that Rondonópolis is a municipality with a great land area concentration, similar to great part of Brazilian territory. It also includes the expansion of social field movements, represented by many settlements created by the State. The importance of this research is related to the process of latifundium fragmentation, acquired by migrants in the peak of land selling by the government of Mato Grosso State in the middle of XX century. The researched areas have got a singular history aspect. More than 47 years has been kept in the same family ownership, from one to the next generation. This way, gradually have been changing from latifundium to small farming areas, therefore the family members are concerned about not to permit the properpty going out of family control. The study was carried out in the Rondonópolis municipality and in the Bananal, Beroaba, Belém, Aldeinha, Pequi, Nucleo Colonial de Naboreiro e Vila Bueno regions. It comprehends five properties that has been originated adding up (10) ten different areas through purchase and/or donation, otherwise now a days are divided in (66) sixty six small farming areas. The main results of this work have shown that the land fragmentation process has got their profits, but on the other hand can bring negative effects, although different. By the risk of minifundium formation.
Reis, Júnior Darlan de Oliveira. „Senhores e trabalhadores no Cariri cearense: terra, trabalho e conflitos na segunda metade do século XIX“. www.teses.ufc.br, 2014. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/9543.
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This thesis discusses the relations between masters and workers who lived in the region of Cariri, located in the extreme south of the Province of Ceará, in the second half of the nineteenth century. The regional area domain occurred not only by natural resources appropriation, such as control of the land, but also through the development of a speech on economic vocation of the place and exploitation of free and enslaved workers, in different economic activities. In an approach based on the field of Social History, I intend to analyze the issues implicating the labor world: contradictions arising from social inequality, control practices established by masters, as well as the conflicts and different forms of workers resistance. Were used sources such as newspapers, laws, criminal cases, civil cases, inventories, correspondences and reports of public authorities.
Esta tese trata das relações entre senhores e trabalhadores que viveram na região do Cariri, localizada no extremo sul da Província do Ceará, na segunda metade do século XIX. O domínio do espaço regional se deu, não só pela apropriação dos recursos naturais, como o controle da terra, mas também através da elaboração de um discurso sobre a vocação econômica do lugar e na exploração de trabalhadores livres e escravizados, em diferentes atividades econômicas. Numa abordagem que se insere no campo da História Social, procuro analisar as questões que envolvem o mundo do trabalho: as contradições resultantes da desigualdade social, as práticas de controle estabelecidas pelos senhores, bem como os conflitos e as diferentes formas de resistência dos trabalhadores. Foram utilizadas fontes como jornais, leis, processos criminais, processos civis, inventários, correspondências e relatórios de autoridades públicas.
Pizzo, Alessandra. „Frictional labor markets and policy interventions : dynamics and welfare implications“. Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01E014/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe objective underlying the three chapters of this thesis is the understanding of the functioning of the labor market to make a diagnosis about the potential regulatory role of a public authority in this market. ln the first chapter, I analyze, from a purely "positive" point of view, the ability of the model with search and matching frictions to reproduce short-term fluctuations of labor market variables in the United States. I propose a new calibration strategy, within a general equilibrium framework with sticky prices. In the second chapter (co-written with F. Langot), we study the determinants of changes in the labor supply over the last fifty years. Changes in the tax wedge, and two variables reflecting the institutional framework (the generosity of income in case of "non-employment" and workers' bargaining power), can explain the different trajectories of the rate employment and hours worked observed in the United States and three European economies (France, Germany and the United Kingdom). ln the third chapter, I analyze the performance of two alternative systems of social security, within the framework of a model with heterogeneous agents in terms of wealth. The agents are subject to a risk of unemployment, and the planner can provide insurance through a redistibutive tax system, based on a progressive tax and / or unemployment insurance. The progressive tax system is superior in terms of aggregate welfare to the insurance provided through unemployment benefits, through its effect on the functioning of the labor market
Vieira, Mariney Aparecida Farias dos Reis Dutra. „Assentamento São Domingos dos Olhos D'Água em Morrinhos/GO: a luta para entrar e o desafio para permanecer na terra“. Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/5561.
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In Brazil, they have been increasing the researchers' of the Geography interest, as of the other similar sciences, for the researches on rural establishments, mainly because in that country the agrarian politics, historically, privileges the latifundium. Many are the workers landless laborer, whose only hope of having access to her, it is to use strategies as occupations or camps, provoking a speech of the great defensive media of the latifundium labels them of "invaders". however, that fight doesn't finish with the access the earth, she continues in the organization of the production that makes possible the permanence of the seated families. The establishments tend, like this, they develop her/it a production that associates the service to the self-consumption and the sale of the surplus. In the rural establishment researched in the municipal district of Morrinhos - GO, there is a tendency to the livestock milk pan's development, with the service to the sanitary demands and genetic improvement for us to obtain better production and productivity. In this research, the fight for the ownership and permanence in the earth was studied tends as object the Assentament São Domingos dos Olhos D’Água, located in the municipal district of Morrinhos - GO. The establishment is a small territory farmer imbedded in the immense sea of the latifundium monocultures exporters that you/they seek the profit in first place. The "modern conservative agriculture" expelled the rural workers of the fields; in the cities, without earth, without work, without dignity, many opt to struggle to return to the earth. After a long camp period (06 years) in Farm São Domingos dos Olhos D’Água, with every suffering luck, it leaves of the camped that it resisted conquered the earth and it produces with family work: mandioca, banana, vegetables, cheese, sweet, milk, cosmetic. To accomplish this study, they were necessary risings of data in INCRA, in CPT and in IBGE, interviews, collection of oral depositions. I hope the obtained results can contribute to give visibility á struggles for the earth.
No Brasil, têm aumentado o interesse de pesquisadores da Geografia, como das demais ciências afins, pelas pesquisas sobre assentamentos rurais, principalmente porque nesse país a política agrária, historicamente, privilegia o latifúndio. Muitos são os trabalhadores sem-terra, cuja única esperança de ter acesso à ela, é utilizar estratégias como ocupações ou acampamentos, provocando um discurso da grande mídia defensora do latifúndio rotula-os de “invasores”. No entanto, essa luta não termina com o acesso a terra, ela continua na organização da produção que viabiliza a permanência das famílias assentadas. Os assentamentos tendem, assim, a desenvolverem uma produção que associa o atendimento ao autoconsumo e a venda do excedente. No assentamento rural pesquisado no município de Morrinhos - GO, há uma tendência ao desenvolvimento da pecuária leiteira, com o atendimento às exigências sanitárias e melhoramento genético para obterem melhor produção e produtividade. Nesta pesquisa, a luta pela posse e permanência na terra foi estudada tendo como objeto o Assentamento São Domingos dos Olhos D’Água, localizado no município de Morrinhos - GO. O assentamento é um pequeno território camponês encravado no imenso mar dos latifúndios monocultores exportadores que visam o lucro em primeiro lugar. A “moderna agricultura” conservadora expulsou os trabalhadores rurais dos campos; nas cidades, sem terra, sem trabalho, sem dignidade, muitos optam por lutar para voltar à terra. Após um longo período de acampamento (06 anos) na Fazenda São Domingos dos Olhos D’Água, com toda sorte de sofrimento, parte dos acampados que resistiu conquistou a terra e produz com trabalho familiar: mandioca, banana, hortaliças, queijo, doces, leite, cosméticos. Para realizar este estudo, foram necessários levantamentos de dados no INCRA, na CPT e no IBGE, entrevistas, coleta de depoimentos orais. Espero que os resultados obtidos possam contribuir para dar visibilidade á luta pela terra.
Bouquet, Bruno. „La bordure mésozoi͏̈que orientale du massif du Labourd (Pyrénées occidentales). : Stratigraphie, sédimentologie, structure, implications géodynamiques“. Pau, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PAUU3004.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCAMPOS, Roberta de Souza. „Os ?ndios do sudeste fluminense e a grande transforma??o: territorializa??o, trabalho e conflitos territoriais (1770-1830)“. Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2015. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/1284.
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The changes experienced in Rio de Janeiro in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, from a political and economic point of view, reverberated deeply on indigenous communities living near the city. It occurred not only because the indigenous legislation was amended with the Pombalino Directory and later suspended losing its general characteristic for the entire colonial/national territory, but also because land disputes became increasingly common in the life of these populations. In this context of intense changes, indigenous places like Itaguai and Mangaratiba experienced intricate situations regarding the relations of power, labor and land rights. From a regional history, we seek to highlight a double movement: one by the bias of the State and non-indigenous society and the other by the bias of the indigenous themselves. That is, on the one hand, we describe the hegemonic movement that seeks to assimilate, mix and produce free and dependent work labor between the so called civilized indigenous; while on the other hand, we describe a counter-hegemonic movement that seeks to stay, re-invent and produce a new historical culture, which helped the group identity processes and political interests.
As mudan?as vividas pelo Rio de Janeiro no final do s?culo XVIII e no in?cio do XIX, dos pontos de vista pol?tico e econ?mico, reverberaram com profundidade sobre as comunidades ind?genas que viviam pr?ximas ? cidade. N?o somente porque a legisla??o indigenista foi modificada, com o Diret?rio Pombalino e depois com a suspens?o do mesmo, perdendo seu car?ter geral para todo o territ?rio colonial/nacional, mas tamb?m porque conflitos agr?rios se tornavam cada vez mais cotidianos na vida dessas popula??es. Nesse contexto de intensas transforma??es, lugares ind?genas como Itagua? e Mangaratiba vivenciaram situa??es intrincadas no que diz respeito ?s rela??es de poder, ? m?o de obra e aos direitos territoriais. A partir de uma hist?ria regional, buscamos destacar um movimento duplo: um pelo vi?s do Estado e da sociedade n?o-ind?gena e outro pelo vi?s dos pr?prios ?ndios. Isto ?, de um lado, descrevemos o movimento hegem?nico que busca assimilar, misturar e produzir m?o de obra livre e dependente entre os ?ndios ditos civilizados; por outro lado, descrevemos um movimento contra-hegem?nico que busca permanecer, reinventar e produzir uma cultura hist?rica nova, que auxiliou nos processos identit?rios de grupo e em interesses pol?ticos.
Breda, Fausto Moura. „Produção imobiliária sob dominância do capital financeiro: tendências e contradições“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/102/102131/tde-11042017-105548/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWe consider three theoretical and analytical dimensions in the debate of the real estate production: capitalist mode of production, real estate circuit and incorporation itself, as a part of the hegemony of capital on the housing portion of the real estate. This approach helped us to consider the peculiarities of production of space in the reproduction of capital, and to examine the case of a real estate company, PDG, its uniqueness and the features which point trends and contradictions of what we call the real estate production under dominance of financial capital. The tendency to monopolize the capital in this circuit occurs from the formation of a financial architecture that takes dominant position on the real estate valuation, merging the spheres of land, construction and finance, provided with ample state support. The opening of the capital of the developers and the mechanisms that make up the real estate securities insert the production of space in the logic of financial accumulation, contributing to accelerated the generation of fictitious capital into the financial capital, called financialization. In this called real estate and financial complex, grows the position taken by institutional investors, especially mutual funds which centralize much of the surplus produced. The subordination to this logic transforms the real estate circuit, coming in construction (immediate production) and land ownership, production and distribution of produced surplus value. This real estate restructuring entails overexploitation of labor through subcontracting, creating the recurrence of cases of labor analogous to slavery; intensification of work through procedures aimed at increasing productivity and standardization; and intensification of heterenomy, expansion of external control on the jobsite. The land has its role changed from the expansionary strategy of developers, moving the position of obstacle to lever in capital accumulation. Through training and use of banks of land under the rhythm of finance, give the rent of land - whose formation was here empirically studied in the case of different location and dimension land - the possibility of approaching the generation of a single real estate active in the free movement of capital market. These process are driven by the expansion of housing production for the so-called economic sector, aimed at lower and lower-muddle markets income, provided with significant public support, as with Minha Casa Minha Vida (MCMV). It is noted, however, that the housing production under financial dominance also has limits set by the contradictions of capital generating crises that affect the real estate, but which are also generated and exacerbated by it. The fictitious capital generation can not be extended indefinitely, with no real backing in the valorization process. Operating performance elements can accelerate the precipitation of these critical circumstances in lower scale, through delays and overflow works budgets, rescissions, but that is bind to the global dynamics. At the end of the process, appear the users of city space living the effects of urban crisis and dispossession mechanisms by the increasing commodification of urban space.
Li, Haixiao. „Impact à long terme du travail du sol sur le cycle biogéochimique du phosphore : analyse de l'essai L'Acadie (Québec, Canada) et modélisation“. Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27564.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe no-till (NT) is gaining great attention for soil preparation. This practice modifies number of soil properties such as the distribution of phosphorus (P) in the soil profile. This work aims to analyze the impacts on the biogeochemical P cycle after decades of NT and to incorporate those effects in an operational model. We used a long-term field experiment under corn-soybean rotation established on a clay loam soil (L’Acadie, Quebec, Canada). The design was a split-plot plan with 4 blocks under moldboard plough (MP) and NT as main plots, subdivided by 3 doses of P [0 (0P), 17.5 (0.5P), 35 (1P) kg P ha⁻¹] applied in corn phase and localized to 5-cm deep and 5-cm from the corn row, as sub-plots. The phosphate ion concentration under MP was relatively constant (0.08 mg P L⁻¹) in the tilled layer (0-20 cm), slightly lower in 20-30 cm (0.05 mg P L⁻¹) and much lower below (0.01 mg P L⁻¹). In [NT, 0.5P] and [NT, 1P] plots, Cp was higher (0.28 et 0.19 mg P L⁻¹) in the 0-10 cm layer compared to the tilled layer in MP, but decreased sharply with depth. This vertical stratification in NT was also observed for P-Olsen, P-M3 and other nutrients as C, N, and K. After 23- and 24-year of experimentation, maize roots tended to be fewer (-14%) under NT than MP, probably because of increased weed infestation under NT. For soybean, more roots accumulated in the 0-10 cm layer under NT (44% of total length) than MP (21%) and vice versa for the 10-20 cm layer. Those differences in root distribution under NT and MP corresponded to the stratification of N, P, and K. This data set on the distribution of roots and phosphorus was used i) to develop a 1D model describing P dynamics over several decades in MP, ii) to test a method to assess the spatial P uptake distribution according local root length density and soil P availability, and iii) to develop a spatial 2D model describing P dynamic in NT. This model simulates the soil P availability dynamic on long term according soil properties and crop root distribution within the soil profile for different soil preparation regimes and P fertilization rates. Although the model overestimates the P availability near the localized P fertilizer, it can predict soil P stratification in the NT treatment and its consequences on crop P uptake. This new model will be a useful tool to improve P fertilization management in context of no-till practices. Keywords: tillage, no-till, direct drilling, conservation agriculture, phosphate fertilizer, agro-systems, stocks and flows, root interception, soil fertility, P budget.
Vergez, Antonin. „Travail, Terres et Productivités : Le rôle de la surface par actif dans les trajectoires de développement agricole, dans le Monde et au Mexique (1980 – 2007)“. Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0027/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn 2008, the World Bank has dedicated its "Annual Report on Development" to agriculture. This had not been the case for 25 years. It shows that agricultural growth is more effective than other sectors to reduce poverty. The agricultural labor productivity of the agricultural workforce is paradoxically barely mentioned: its explanatory factors for the short term as its structural variables in the long term are not analyzed. This thesis aims to contribute to a better understanding of the dynamic relationship between demography and non-agricultural development with agricultural development (increased productivity of agricultural labor). Under what demo-economic conditions can the structural transformation of an economy (i.e. the decline in the relative weight of the agricultural sector in the economy (workers and value added)) be accompanied by agricultural development? While an industrial or service sector that develops generally attracts workers, is there an opposite relationship in the agricultural sector? Does the agricultural sector have to lose its workers to develop? Has an agricultural sector ever developed in a context of continuous growth in the number of agricultural workers? Our main (hypo)thesis is that the dynamic combination of factors « land » and « agricultural worker », whose resultant is the « agricultural area worked per agricultural worker », is the real key to agricultural development, more than the productivity of the land.We analyze the determinants of the level and of the growth rate of the agricultural labor productivity over the 1980-2007 period, at different geographical levels. Special focus is put on the evolution of the « number of agricultural workers », using different sets of data (international, national, field surveys data), at different scales (world, Mexico, and 31 federal states 2400 Mexican municipalities) and with various methods (factor decomposition, maps, hierarchical ascending classifications, statistical inference, field surveys of farming households).Globally, we highlight a « race » between land and the number of agricultural workers in certain regions of the world and propose the concept of « demographic transition agriculture » and its associated typology.Mexico is then chosen for its agriculture showing very contrasting levels of development, for both synchronic and diachronic observation. We seek to understand the differences in agricultural development paths observed in Mexico by analyzing the influence of variables characterizing the non-farm economy, the substitution of machinery capital for labor, land liberalization, geography (physical and human).In international comparisons as within Mexico, we show that the growth rate of the area by agricultural worker has a marginally stronger influence on the growth rate of agricultural labor productivity, than the growth rate of land productivity.Finally, in the Municipality of Teopisca in the Los Altos region of Chiapas, we analyze the economic strategies of farm households « trapped » in a context of « blocked demographic agricultural transition » (downward trend of the agricultural area per worker): income diversification (toward the non-agricultural sector) and attempts to rise the land productivity are the two main strategies deployed under local severe constraints of market failures (labor, credit) and difficult access to irrigation water
Verger, Antonia. „Pauvreté des ménages et pauvreté de l'école face aux objectifs de l'éducation primaire universelle : étude de cas de deux villages et deux écoles publiques des Hautes Terres Malgaches“. Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB209/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMadagascar is one of the poorest country in the world regarding its GPD per capita. Most of its population lives under the poverty line. The government is committed in the education for all plan since 1990. However, the quality of education is still low. In 2012, only 68.8% of the children achieved the primary school cycle, there are high repetition rates and few students access to the secondary school cycle. Most of international institution and NGO's oppose child labor and schooling. Child labor remains important, in 2010, 21% of the children aged from 5 to 17 years old work. We have conducted a survey about the households living in the rural zones. Most of them live from subsistence farming activities. Their children must participate to the domestic chores and economic activities and combine school at the same time. This work aims to understand the process of schooling and child work in a rural zone. We have collected quantitative data on 246 household and we made an ethnography in a primary state school for 14 months. Then, we have conducted semi-structured interviews with mothers, teachers and children aged from 8 to 14 years old. The quantitative data helped to analyze the relationship between the household demographic structures and the children school attainment. The ethnography shown the impact of a weak quality of education on the children learning process and on the school demand. The interviews conducted with the children shown how their perception of work and schooling and their aspiration could influence the reproduction of their economic and social position. To conclude, we question how the primary education for all can be reached when most of the household live in poor life conditions and the education sector suffers from a lack of funds. Can the school system stop the transmission of social and economic inequalities and break the poverty cycle?
Alves, Murilo Souto. „O ENSINO DE GEOGRAFIA E OS ESTUDANTES/TRABALHADORES UMA ANÁLISE A PARTIR DE EXPERIÊNCIA COM EJA EM SAPIRANGARS“. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2009. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/9297.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleA organização das atividades de produção, em caráter histórico, possui diversas relações que influenciam na configuração sócio-espacial do mundo em que vivemos. Um dos grupos sociais mais interessados em compreender como tais relações de trabalho condicionam nossa condição social e espacial são os estudantes-trabalhadores da EJA (Educação para Jovens e Adultos), em especial os estudantes da EJA da Escola Dr. Décio Gomes Pereira, da cidade de Sapiranga-RS, que formam o público alvo deste trabalho. O ensino de Geografia atuante, voltado para este grupo de pessoas, pode auxiliar a desvelar e contextualizar tais relações contribuindo para a formação de cidadãos conscientes da sua realidade sócio-espacial. Para tanto, fez-se necessário realizar extensa pesquisa teórica acerca do trabalho e o tempo-espaço, os fatores econômicos e a globalização, histórico das condições de trabalho e do trabalhador, caracterização da cidade de Sapiranga-RS com o intuito de observar como a caracterização das relações de trabalho configurou e continua transformando o espaço e a condição social local e, ainda, as conexões existentes entre o trabalho, a educação e o ensino de Geografia através de conceitos e métodos. Tais passos foram seguidos para que fosse possível elaborar um programa curricular e atividades que aproximassem o ensino de Geografia da realidade dos alunos. A aplicação e descrição das atividades demonstram as trocas de experiências e conhecimento entre professor e estudantes ocorridas durante as aulas, indo além dos bancos escolares, influenciando no modo de pensar, observar e interpretar o mundo em que vivemos. Essa reciprocidade trouxe benefícios para a relação ensino/aprendizagem nas aulas de Geografia aos grupos de estudantes/trabalhadores da EJA, aproximando o conhecimento geográfico do cotidiano desses estudantes.
Almeida, Juliana Nobrega de. „Da escola negada ao trabalho necessário: um olhar sobre a educação de jovens e adultos no bairro de bodocongó em Campina Grande-PB“. Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2010. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/5868.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This paper presents a theoretical challenge to understand how to establish the current relationship between school and work in the neighborhood of Bodocongó in Campina Grande-PB, through the daily life of students workers to from the State School Professor EJA Itan Pereira. This research develops a neighborhood that was considered for decades as an industrial district, bound by old factories and tanneries which appeared in this space mainly in the 1940s to exist until the 1990s. We seek to know the historical formation of Bodocongó because this neighborhood is presented as space: home, school, work for many students the workers of the EJA searched the school. We resume some of the main characteristics of the type of education that meets students those workers who return to the school: the EJA. We believe that students the workers of the EJA are mostly sons of former factory workers and are inserted in the world of informal work, causing the sale of its workforce to ensure their reproduction and their families. Thus the struggles for education is denied to be the main action that motivates students the workers of the EJA to return to school, searching through the school, not only have access to knowledge, but also the city. Today the students the workers of the EJA in Bodocongó relate differently with the world of work by comparing the current working class in which their parents and grandparents were a part, because the productive restructuring of the industrial sector caused an impact on inclusion of formal work for the current generation of young and adult workers with the bankruptcy of its factories and tanneries. For that education should serve as foundation to provide students the workers conditions to overcome the barriers of social exclusion, informality, underemployment and unemployment, because that way we can understand social work as a whole, considering the dialectical process that unifies the environmental and socio-spatial dimensions.
Este trabalho traz o desafio teórico de compreender como se estabelece a atual relação entre a escola e o trabalho no bairro de Bodocongó em Campina Grande-PB, por meio do cotidiano dos alunos/as trabalhadores/as da EJA da Escola Estadual Professor Itan Pereira. A pesquisa se desenvolve num bairro que foi considerado por várias décadas como um bairro fabril, consolidado pelas antigas fábricas e curtumes que surgiram neste espaço, principalmente na década de 1940, existindo até a década de 1990. Buscamos conhecer a formação histórica de Bodocongó, pois este bairro se apresenta como espaço de morada, estudo, trabalho para muitos alunos/as trabalhadores/as da EJA da escola pesquisada. Retomamos também algumas das principais características da modalidade de ensino que atende aos alunos/as trabalhadores/as que retornam à escola: a EJA. Consideramos que os/as alunos/as trabalhadores/as da EJA são na maioria filhos de antigos trabalhadores/as fabris e estão inseridos no mundo do trabalho informal, ocasionando a venda da sua força de trabalho para garantir sua sobrevivência e de suas famílias. Dessa forma, a luta pela educação negada passa a ser a principal ação que motiva os/as alunos/as trabalhadores/as da EJA a retornarem a escola, buscando por meio da escola, ter acesso não só ao conhecimento, mas também à cidade. Hoje os/as alunos/as trabalhadores/as da EJA, em Bodocongó, se relacionam de forma diferente com o mundo do trabalho se comparamos com a classe trabalhadora na qual seus pais e avós estavam inseridos, pois a reestruturação produtiva do setor industrial provocou um impacto na inserção do trabalho formal para a atual geração de jovens e adultos/as trabalhadores/as, com a falência de suas fábricas e curtumes. A educação deve servir de subsídio para propiciar aos/às alunos/as trabalhadores/as condições para vencer as barreiras da exclusão social, da informalidade, do subemprego e do desemprego, pois dessa forma poderemos compreender o trabalho na sua totalidade social, ou seja, considerando o processo dialético que unifica as dimensões ambientais e socioespaciais.
Oliveira, Jacson Tavares de. „Território do agronegócio : expansão dos monocultivos do eucalipto e da produção de celulose na Bahia“. Pós-Graduação em Geografia, 2014. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/5599.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleA expansão do agronegócio do eucalipto na Bahia, fruto do movimento global de reprodução do capital em direção aos territórios que apresentam condições favoráveis à elevada produtividade de biomassa, não realizou as promessas de desenvolvimento regional e de geração de emprego e renda, ao contrário, acirrou ainda mais o conflito capital x trabalho no campo. A implantação do projeto neoliberal no país e a abertura econômica foram cruciais para a entrada das grandes empresas multinacionais de papel e celulose na Bahia, inclusive com a implementação de alianças financeiras e tecnológicas entre empresas concorrentes no mercado mundial, mas que, em território nacional, se uniram para fortalecer o poder de concorrência no mercado global. Sob o apoio incondicional do Estado em seus diferentes extratos de governo, as empresas concretizaram seus projetos de instalação de fábricas de celulose em Camaçari, Mucuri e Eunápolis, com a formação de extensos plantios de eucalipto no Nordeste e Sul Baianos, tornando-se as maiores proprietárias de terras na Bahia. Essa tese pôde ser comprovada pela redução do número de postos de trabalho no campo e nas fábricas, pelo aumento da concentração fundiária, pela redução do território disponível para a reprodução camponesa, assim como a retração do valor percentual da contribuição social das empresas no período de 2005 a 2012. As empresas são beneficiadas tanto pela via do financiamento público e mecanismos de isenção fiscal, quanto pela flexibilização das leis trabalhistas e simplificação do licenciamento ambiental. Tal processo alimenta os movimentos socioterritoriais, notadamente o Movimento dos Trabalhadores Sem Terra (MST), e revela a existência de um campo em conflito nos territórios analisados (Bahia Specialty Cellulose, Suzano Papel e Celulose e Veracel Celulose). Os acampamentos e assentamentos pesquisados no território da Veracel retratam a resistência camponesa contra o agronegócio do eucalipto no embate histórico pela territorialização, como conflito resultante da interação dialética universal entre capital x trabalho. A presente tese compartilha o materialismo histórico e dialético como método de interpretação da realidade e reconhece o território como produto de relações de poder, não apenas no âmbito do Estado e dos grupos dominadores, mas, sobretudo, no âmbito dos grupos dominados, responsáveis pela produção da riqueza e capazes de agir como classe e construir novos referenciais de vida e de organização social para além da lógica do capital e de seus pressupostos.
Mourad, Leonice Aparecida de Fatima Alves Pereira. „O TRABALHO ESCRAVO E A OCORRÊNCIA DA ESCRAVIDÃO RURAL CONTEMPORÂNEA NO RIO GRANDE DO SUL“. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2015. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/9430.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleA presente investigação tem como temática central o estudo do trabalho escravo rural contemporâneo no RS, com ênfase na silvicultura e fruticultura, atividades com a maior incidência dessa modalidade de exploração de trabalho, reconhecida pela OIT como Trabalho Forçado, caracterizado pela escravidão por dívida. Privilegiou-se a identificação, descrição e problematização da atuação do poder público federal, com especial ênfase na atuação do MTE e dos Grupos Móveis Especiais que, na legislação nacional, têm a incumbência de combate e repressão ao trabalho escravo contemporâneo. Em termos metodológicos utilizamos os pressupostos da pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, fundamentada na legislação nacional e internacional, bem como nos dados disponibilizados pelo Governo Federal, Governo Estadual, CPT, OIT, MPT-RS entre outros órgãos. Utilizamos ainda, como fonte secundária, dados retirados de estudos sobre o perfil do trabalhador escravizado e daqueles que utilizam do trabalho escravo. Cabe destacar que a escravidão rural contemporânea no Brasil e no Rio Grande do Sul guarda uma relação estreita com os arranjos espaciais típicos de um acentuado desenvolvimento tecnológico (fruticultura e silvicultura de precisão), que se utiliza, ainda que de forma periférica, do trabalho forçado de populações caracterizadas por uma acentuada vulnerabilidade social e econômica, que potencializam seu recrutamento, de tal forma a coisificar os trabalhadores em uma flagrante violação de direitos humanos.
Schers, Jules. „Economic growth, unemployment and skills in South Africa : An Analysis of different recycling schemes of carbon tax revenue“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLA039/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis PhD thesis gives a numerical illustration of how a carbon tax affects South African GDP, employment, CO2 emissions and socio-economic inequality. It uses a “hybrid” computable general equilibrium model of an open economy in a one-step projection from 2005 to 2035. It models second-best economies, notably skill-related rigidities in the labour market and in production of electricity. Seven scenarios for recycling of carbon tax revenue are analysed, plus an option to invest a part of tax revenue in improvement of skills of labour.The analysis shows that under conventional assumptions about technological change, a carbon tax of around 100 ZAR2005 (18 USD2013) per tonne of CO2 will have little negative consequences for GDP and employment, when combined with the right type of tax revenue recycling: Labour subsidies and company profit tax reduction likely lead to the best macro-economic outcomes, though do not reduce inequality. Additional measures are needed to reduce “energy poverty”. To achieve South Africa’s NDC of the Paris Agreement, a carbon tax rate of around 300 ZAR2005 or 55 USD2013 per tonne of CO2 is necessary. However, this could have serious impacts on GDP growth. Also, without a change in the trend of increasing labour productivity, such lower GDP will lead to higher unemployment than in the reference case. An investment in skills of 7.5 billion ZAR2005 of annual Ctax revenue, with the objective of increasing access to high quality education and reducing the high skill labour shortage, if fond to have a very positive impact on GDP growth. However better calibration data is required.The findings of this PhD thesis furthermore call for thorough examination of what type of technological change could be expected for South Africa. Technological progress, consumer preferences and international circumstances limit the economy’s capacity to restructure and decarbonise and therefore to reduce negative consequences of carbon taxation for GDP growth. Proper assessment of future technological change is relevant for all sectors and inputs. Examples are given which show that energy and materials efficiency have an important role for future GDP growth under carbon constraints, because they determine the economy’s flexibility to reduce energy consumption and to substitute it, e.g. by labour. This finding normally holds not only for South Africa, but also for the rest of the world. These results also imply that international climate policy has to address technology transfer and the different potentials of national economies to decarbonise seriously
Almeida, Antonio Alves de. „Marcados pela desigualdade: o trabalho escravo na cana-de-açúcar no Estado de São Paulo (1995-2010)“. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2011. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/12654.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Slavery was officially abolished in Brazil on May 13, 1888. However, in practice it remains and today has elements of the present and the past. As in Brazil, slavery labor in the contemporary world is a reality that affects at least 27 million people, according to Kevin Bales. In our country this phenomenon can be seen in urban and rural life. In this latter, it can be found in all Brazilian states in different agricultural crops and economic sectors, such as livestock, charcoal, culture of soybean, apple, mate, orange, sugar cane etc. According to Pastoral Land Commission (CPT), the alcohol sector in recent years has been the leader in the number of workers freed in Brazil. In São Paulo, the richest state in this federation, has also been reported as a state of over-exploitation and slavery labor. These workers are mostly migrants (miners and Northeast people). They leave their homeland due to lack of minimum conditions of survival and go to São Paulo to "earn a living and send money to their families. There is an "invisible" world in the middle of sugarcane plantations. In these fields, workers have to cut around fifteen tons of cane in a day, under very high temperatures and still suffering from burns when placing cane fires, cuts in upper and lower limbs and poisonous animal bites. Many workers die from overwork called the death tired". Others acquire diseases like cancer and herniated disc. Useless to work, they are discarded by the owners and have to live their lives with their relatives or friends. Many of these workers are still coerced in the "new slave quarters , shacks and slums in the suburbs, which are usually overcrowded and without the minimal conditions of hygiene and safety. In this context of precarious employment and human dignity, these workers have just the support of governmental agencies and civil society. In this latter, we highlight the CPT and the Migrants Pastoral Services (SPM). This research aims to bring to light the actions of these two Catholic Church groups from the sugar cane cutters in the state of Sao Paulo. The work of the CPT and the SPM is extremely important to the sugar cane workers to live their lives with more dignity. These institutions help to coin the term slavery labor and they act with the workers bringing them conscious about their directs and encouraging them to fight for their rights. Also, executes a variety of complaints always relying on national and international legislation
A escravidão foi abolida oficialmente no Brasil no dia 13 de maio de 1888. Todavia, na prática ela se manteve, embora tenha se transformado e, na atualidade apresenta elementos do velho e do novo. Assim como no Brasil, o trabalho escravo contemporâneo no mundo é uma realidade que atinge no mínimo 27 milhões de pessoas, segundo Kevin Bales. Em nosso país, se constata este fenômeno no meio urbano e rural. Neste último, ele é encontrado em todos os estados brasileiros em diferentes culturas agrícolas e setores da economia, como na agropecuária, na carvoaria, na cultura da soja, da maçã, da erva mate, da laranja, da cana-de-açúcar etc. Segundo dados da Comissão Pastoral da Terra (CPT), o setor sucroalcooleiro nos últimos anos tem sido campeão no número de trabalhadores libertados no Brasil. Em São Paulo, o estado mais rico da federação, também se constata casos de superexploração e de trabalho escravo. Estes trabalhadores são em grande parte migrantes (mineiros e nordestinos). Eles deixam sua terra natal por falta de condições mínimas de sobrevivência e vão para as terras paulistas ganhar a vida e enviar recursos financeiros para a manutenção de suas respectivas famílias. Há um mundo invisível no meio dos canaviais. No eito, os trabalhadores têm que cortar em torno de quinze toneladas de cana ao dia, sob temperaturas altíssimas e ainda sofrem acidentes como queimaduras ao colocarem fogo na cana, cortes nos membros superiores e inferiores e picadas de animais peçonhentos. Muitos deles chegam a morrer por excesso de trabalho a morte cansada . Outros adquirem doenças como câncer e hérnia de disco. Imprestáveis ao trabalho, este canavieiros são descartados pelos usineiros e passam a viver de favor com parentes ou amigos. Muitos deles ainda são violentados nas novas senzalas , barracos e cortiços na periferia das cidades, superlotados e sem condições mínimas de higiene e segurança. Nesse quadro de precarização do trabalho e da dignidade humana, esses trabalhadores contam com o apoio de órgãos governamentais e da sociedade civil. Nesta última, destacam-se a CPT e o Serviço Pastoral dos Migrantes (SPM). Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo trazer à luz a atuação destas duas pastorais da Igreja Católica junto aos cortadores e cortadoras de cana no estado de São Paulo. O trabalho da CPT e do SPM é fundamental para os canavieiros viverem com mais dignidade. Estas pastorais ajudam a cunhar o conceito trabalho escravo e atuam junto aos trabalhadores, conscientizando-os dos seus direitos e incentivando-os em suas lutas. Ademais, realizam diversas denúncias, apoiando-se sempre na legislação nacional e internacional
Mazzanti, David Luiz. „Educação de jovens e adultos: uma aplicação da regra de três e porcentagem em cálculos trabalhistas“. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2008. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/11348.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSecretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo
This study is a qualitative research that aims to looked at four pairs of students in the 3rd grade of high school segment of the education of the Education of Young and Adults (EJA) from a public school and the central municipality of Franco da Rocha. These students solved problems four situations-problems, which were guided by the Ethnomathematics Ubiratan D'Ambrosio (1975), involving the Calculations labor using the mathematical concepts and Percentage of Rule of Three. Focus our research seeking to answer the following questions: 1) Why do students of the EJA have both interest and curiosity in learning calculations labor? What are those interests? 2) What have previous knowledge that students of EJA need for the resolution of situations-problem involving the calculations labor? 3) What are the difficulties presented by students of the EJA when solve situations-problem involving the calculations labor? 4) What impact caused when the math is presented in a contextualized way to the life of pupils of EJA? We used two instruments for research, the Instrument 1 that identified the labor concepts that the students surveyed had an interest in knowing and learning and Instrument 2 composed of four-problem situations and developed after the Instrument 1. Using us as some elements of the engineering teaching, we seek to build situations that could lead students to an autonomous stance with problem-solving strategies proposed, engaging them and making them actors of the learning process. Both search engines were sufficient to answer the four questions proposed above, and consequently the results were satisfactory, indicating that contextualizing the teaching of rule of three percent and the calculations using labor, the impact on the lives of students is seen so positive, making the learning process more meaningful
Este estudo é uma pesquisa qualitativa que tem como objetivo analisar quatro duplas de alunos da 3ª série do Ensino Médio do segmento de ensino da Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) de uma escola pública e central do município de Franco da Rocha. Esses alunos resolveram quatro situações-problemas contextualizadas, que foram norteadas pela Etnomatemática de Ubiratan D Ambrósio (1975), envolvendo os Cálculos Trabalhistas utilizando os conceitos matemáticos de Porcentagem e Regra de Três. Focamos nossa pesquisa buscando responder às seguintes questões: 1) Por que os alunos da EJA têm tanto interesse e curiosidade na aprendizagem dos cálculos trabalhistas? Quais são esses interesses? 2) Quais os conhecimentos prévios que os alunos da EJA necessitam para a resolução de situações-problema envolvendo os cálculos trabalhistas? 3) Quais as dificuldades apresentadas pelos alunos da EJA quando solucionam situações-problema que envolvam os cálculos trabalhistas? 4) Qual o impacto causado quando a matemática é apresentada de uma maneira contextualizada para a vida dos alunos da EJA? Utilizamos dois instrumentos de pesquisa, o Instrumento 1 que identificava os conceitos trabalhistas que os alunos pesquisados tinham o interesse em conhecer e aprender e o Instrumento 2 composto de quatro situações-problema e elaborado após o Instrumento 1. Utilizando-nos assim de alguns elementos da engenharia didática, buscamos construir situações que levassem os alunos a uma atitude autônoma com estratégias de resolução de problemas propostos, engajando-os e tornando-os atores do processo de aprendizagem. Os dois instrumentos de pesquisa foram suficientes para responder as quatro questões propostas acima e, em conseqüência os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios, o que revela que contextualizando o ensino de regra de três e porcentagem utilizando os cálculos trabalhistas, o impacto na vida dos alunos é visto de maneira positiva, tornado o processo de aprendizagem mais significativo
Duarte, Maria Marize. „Entre enigmas, rupturas e identidades: Um estudo do processo de ressocialização nos assentamentos rurais“. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2005. http://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/2886.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This study deals with the rural settlements, resultant from the occupation lawsuits, mediated by the Central Única de Trabalhadores - CUT (Workers Unique Centre) and by the Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (Movement of the Landless Rural Workers), in the period of 1985 - 2001. This study was developed in three Settlement Projects: João Batista II (PA), Cupiúba (PA) and Sumaré I (SP). The Settlement Project João Batista II originary from the expropriated area of the Fazenda Tanary (Bacuri)(Tanary Farm), located at the right side of the BR-316/Pará-Maranhão Highway, towards the municipal districts of the state of Pará, Castanhal/Santa Maria, on the KM-04 (Bacuri Branch), with hundred and thirty six (136) settled families, resultant from the MST organization. The Cupiúba Settlement Project, originary from the expropriated area of the Fazenda Cachoeira (Cachoeira Farm), located at the right side of the BR-316/Pará-Maranhão Highway, towards the municipal districts of the state of Pará, Castanhal/Santa Maria, with two hundred and thirty seven settled families, resultant from the FETAGRI/CUT organization and parties connected to the organic left. The Sumaré I Settlement Project, originary from the Horto Florestal de Boa Vista glebe (Boa Vista Forest Little Garden), located in the municipal district of Sumaré/São Paulo, with twenty seven (27) settled families, organized by MST/CUT. The study defends the thesis that in the organization of campings, pre-settlements and settlements, it has been produced a process of ressocialization (kinds of sociability) configured in the latent, consolidated and latent/consolidated forms. This process of ressocialization is founded on contents - synthesis of historical conflicts produced by the social movements, political parties, churches, syndicates and their central centers, and state technicians, etc. These kinds of sociability are disclosed when we decipher the different social codes, generated in the different processes of interiorization of the set of values, rules, behaviors, languages, etc. in a table of general reference. In order to decipherate the enigma of the origin of the settled ones, we take as basis the process of differentiation/and/or distribution of the present settled ones in the space of social, historical, political and cultural relations, previous to the process of occupation. The understanding of this process starts from the analysis of the trajectories/and/or transitory situations that the individual or social groups develop in the social and temporal spaces. The formation of the settlements is comprehensible by the process of land occupation, situation that is understood as a situation of interlegality.. the settlements constitution is realized with the legal possession of the land, basis of a new socialization, which involves a multiplicity of social situations such as the institutionalization and the legitimation; the interiorization and production of socialization mechanisms; the recreation of new spaces and symbolic times and/or recreation of a new rural world. This process requires an interiorization of social roles, which means the acceptance of a new institutional order, where the social actors (the settled ones) represent them in the society (social stage) according a social apparatus that originates and maintains the symbolic universe. This symbolic universe locates the collective happenings in a coherent and systematized unity which includes the present, the past (memory common to the socialized individuals in the community) and the future (table of common reference for the projection of individual actions). These plausibility structures, materialized and incorporated, can be observed in the political field through the institutions, political parties, syndicates, etc., and the agents and/or social actors who effect its functioning and/or combat them, that is, can be observed in the field of forces and/or in the field of conflicts, that implicate in the subversion of the order in the rural settlements
Este estudo trata dos assentamentos rurais, resultantes de processos de ocupação, mediados pela Central Única dos Trabalhadores CUT e pelo Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra - MST, no período de 1985-2001. Esse estudo foi desenvolvido em três Projetos de Assentamentos - João Batista II (PA), Cupiúba (PA) e Sumaré I (SP). O Projeto de Assentamento João Batista II, originário da área desapropriada da Fazenda Tanary (Bacuri), localizado na margem direita da BR-316/Pará-Maranhão, no sentido dos municípios paraenses de Castanhal / Santa Maria, no KM 04 (Ramal Bacuri), com cento e trinta e seis (136) famílias assentadas, resultante da organização do MST. O Projeto de Assentamento Cupiúba, originário da área desapropriada da Fazenda Cachoeira, localizado na margem direita da BR-316/Pará-Maranhão, no sentido dos municípios paraenses Castanhal / Santa Maria, com duzentos e trinta e sete (237) famílias assentadas, resultantes da organização da FETAGRI/CUT e partidos ligados à esquerda orgânica. O Projeto de Assentamento Sumaré I, originário da gleba Horto Florestal de Boa Vista, localizado no município de Sumaré / São Paulo, com vinte e sete (27) famílias assentadas, organizadas pelo MST/CUT. O estudo defende a tese de que nas organizações dos acampamentos, pré-assentamentos e assentamentos está sendo produzido um processo de ressocialização (formas de sociabilidade) configurado nas formas latente, consolidada e latente / consolidada. Esse processo de ressocialização está fundamentado em conteúdos síntese das lutas históricas produzida pelos movimentos sociais, pelos partidos políticos, pelas igrejas, pelos sindicatos e suas centrais sindicais e pelos técnicos estatais, etc. Essas formas de sociabilidade se descortinam quando deciframos os diferentes códigos sociais, que são gerados nos diferentes processos de interiorização do conjunto de valores, normas, comportamentos, linguagens, etc., num quadro de referência geral. Para decifrar o enigma da origem dos assentados tomamos por base o processo de diferenciação e/ou distribuição dos atuais assentados no espaço de relações sociais, históricas, políticas e culturais, anteriores ao processo de ocupação. O entendimento desse processo parte da análise das trajetórias e/ou situações transitórias, que os indivíduos ou grupos sociais desenvolvem nos espaços sociais e temporais. A formação dos assentamentos é compreendida pelo processo de ocupação da terra, situação de ocupação entendida como situação de interlegalidade. A constituição dos assentamentos se concretiza com a posse legal da terra, base da nova socialização, que envolve uma multiplicidade de situações sociais como a institucionalização e a legitimação; a interiorização e produção de mecanismos de socialização; a recriação de novos espaços e tempos simbólicos e/ou recriação de um novo mundo rural. Esse processo exige a interiorização de papéis sociais, o que significa aceitação da nova ordem institucional, onde os atores sociais (assentados) os representam na sociedade (palco social) segundo um aparelho social que origina e mantém o universo simbólico. Esse universo simbólico localiza os acontecimentos coletivos numa unidade coerente e sistematizada que inclui o presente, o passado (memória comum aos indivíduos socializados na comunidade) e o futuro (quadro de referência comum para a projeção das ações individuais). Essas estruturas de plausibilidade, materializadas e incorporadas podem ser observadas no campo político através das instituições, partidos políticos, sindicatos, etc., e os agentes e/ou atores sociais que efetivam o seu funcionamento e/ou os combatem, isto é, podem ser observadas no campo de forças e/ou campo de lutas, que implicam subversão da ordem nos assentamentos rurais
RIBEIRO, Iraciara Aparecida Roque de Araújo. „O DISTRITO AGROINDUSTRIAL DE ANÁPOLIS DAIA: MERCADO DE TRABALHO E FORMAÇÃO PROFISSIONAL“. Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/1887.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe changes into the productive structure of the industries were significant in the 1990s. The new technologies, such as work tools, provoked impacts in the socioeconomic structure of the country. With the introduction of new processes and tools, new educational diversified requisites have been demanded for the worker. The worker feels the consequences of this demand and searches for a continuing education in order to fulfill the industrial market. Since the world of the work is a broad subject, it brings up to discussion some variables such as (unemployment, informal sector of the economy, homing, education, high tax of urbanization, and others). Therefore, it was necessary to review the bibliography carried out on industrial city, industrial labor market and professional thematic education discussed in this inquiry. The research, itself, was done from these documental and statistical resources. These subsidies contributed to the empirical investigation of the DAIA. At a first moment, the city of Anápolis is presented as well as its industrialization process; mainly with the introduction of the DAIA (Distrito Agroindústria de Anápolis Agro Industry District of Anápolis), which induced straight changes or indirectly interfered in the dynamic of the population of the city. To confirm such a consideration, it was necessary to know the problems resulted from the high tax of current urbanization of the city. The initial purpose of this research was to present the industrial dynamics of the city of Anápolis, presenting historical elements of its constitution, so, it was fundamental to rescue the socioeconomic reality of this industrial city. Subsequently, this work evaluates the labor market of the DAIA (Distrito Agroindústria de Anápolis) Agro industry District of Anápolis, in a general way. And in a specific way an inquiry of two chemical industries with the objective to draw the profile of its employee, as well as the analysis of two vocational courses in which the contents refer to the technical field and the citizenship education. The analysis of the proposed contents had, as its parameters, the policy of professional Brazilian education. And finally, a short reflection on the education and economy relation, which set different points of view. This fulfilled approach points out that to act in the DAIA, professional qualification is necessary in the function of the technological advance of its industries. In conclusion, the proposed contents of the vocational courses focus on the marketing formation other than the social function of the education.
As mudanças na estrutura produtiva das indústrias se aprofundam a partir dos anos de 1990. As novas tecnologias, como instrumentos de trabalho, provocaram impactos na estrutura socioeconômica do país. Com a introdução de novos processos e instrumentos de trabalho exigem-se requisitos educacionais crescentes e diversificados para o trabalhador. Consequências são sentidas pelo trabalhador que passa a buscar na formação profissional uma chance de se manter ou inserir-se no mercado de trabalho industrial. Por ser o mundo do trabalho um tema abrangente, ele traz à tona a discussão de algumas variáveis tais como (desemprego, setor informal da economia, moradia, educação, alta taxa de urbanização, e outros). Portanto, fez se necessário realizar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre cidade industrial, mercado de trabalho industrial e formação profissional temática discutida nessa investigação. A pesquisa, assim sendo, seguiu a partir de recursos documental e estatístico. Esses subsídios contribuíram para a investigação empírica do DAIA. Num primeiro momento apresenta-se a cidade de Anápolis e o seu processo de industrialização; principalmente com a implantação do DAIA, que induziu mudanças diretas ou indiretamente interferiu na dinâmica populacional da cidade. Para confirmar tal consideração, necessário se fez conhecer as problemáticas advindas da alta taxa de urbanização atual da cidade. O propósito inicial dessa investigação foi apresentar a dinâmica industrial da cidade de Anápolis, apresentando elementos históricos desde a sua formação, portanto, foi fundamental resgatar a realidade socioeconômica dessa cidade industrial. Inicialmente, este trabalho faz uma avaliação do mercado de trabalho do DAIA Distrito agroindustrial de Anápolis, de forma geral. E de modo específico uma investigação de duas indústrias farmacoquímicas com o objetivo de traçar o perfil do seu trabalhador, bem como a análise de dois cursos profissionalizantes no que se refere aos conteúdos voltados para a técnica e formação cidadã. A análise dos conteúdos propostos teve, como parâmetros, a política de educação profissional brasileira. E por fim uma breve reflexão sobre a relação educação e economia, explicitando diferentes pontos de vista. Essa abordagem realizada destaca que para atuar no DAIA é preciso qualificação profissional em função dos avanços tecnológicos de suas indústrias. Concluindo-se que os conteúdos propostos pelos cursos profissionalizantes estão voltados para a formação mercadológica em detrimento da função social da educação.
Lachapelle, Marie-Andrée. „L'insertion sociale des engagés dans les campagnes du gouvernement de Québec dans la deuxième moitié du XVIIe siècle“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ38124.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMo, Zhexun. „A Few Essays on the Political Economy of Inequalities in Africa and China“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, EHESS, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024EHES0057.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis Ph.D. dissertation speaks to my general research interests at the intersections of development economics, political economy and economic history. Specifically, my research agenda centers around two main axes. On the one hand, by digitizing large-scale historical datasets, I explore the long-term vicissitudes of inequalities in multi-dimensional forms in both Africa and East Asia, in particular their historical determinants (via the advent and end of colonialism, the rise and fall of different political regimes, etc) and their long-run interactions with contemporary development and growth outcomes. On the other hand, I zoom in from a more micro perspective, by designing cross-country survey experiments, in order to understand how people subjectively perceive inequalities and form preferences for redistribution, especially in developing countries where the strong presence of traditional institutions and unique growth trajectories could have shaped citizens to view inequality and development in alternative manners and the insights from which could also inform policy-making for more sustainable development in the longer run. In this Ph.D. thesis, I attempt to answer these questions centering around the aforementioned research dimensions in four chapters, traversing the territories of West Africa and East Asia. In the first chapter, I examine the historical determinants over the design of French colonial institutions in West Africa. In particular, I zoom in on one of the most draconian forced labor episodes embedded in the conscription system at the time, specifically in colonial Mali where military reservists were exploited for public works and railway construction, and estimate the long-term developmental repercussions of colonial forced labor by hand-collecting an enormous historical dataset on colonial soldiers in Mali together with my colleagues researching on development in contemporary Mali. In my second and third chapters, I depart away from colonialism in West Africa, and dive into investigating inequality perceptions and the formation of redistributive preferences in contemporary China. Via two consecutive survey experiments with my co-authors, we find that Chinese citizens’ attitudes towards inequalities and preferences for redistribution differ significantly from the western ideals,and we attempt to rationalize this unique set of preferences with China’s transitional economic experience and low political agency of the population. In my final chapter, I go back into the history of China in the 20th century, and together with my co-authors, we estimate the long-run evolution of Chinese national wealth accumulation from the founding of the Republic of China (1911) till 2020. We find very striking patterns with regards to the dynamics of wealth accumulation of a country having undergone drastic political and development trajectories over the past century, which paves the way for more dialogues on understanding the intricate relationship between inequality and growth in China and the developing world at large in the future
Abboud, Tatiana. „Réduction du risque des invalidités liées à la consommation de l’alcool : l’effet à long terme de l’introduction de la loi zéro tolérance“. Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22746.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCAMPUS, DANIELA. „Three essays on women's empowerment in agriculture. Empirical evidence for Nepal and Uganda“. Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1028356.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleManhice, Antonieta. „Trabalho infantil em Moçambique e sustentabilidade social : perceção das crianças envolvidas no garimpo na Província de Manica“. Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.2/6749.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMozambique is a portion of the planet with a population now estimated at 26 million inhabitants, according to information provided by the National Statistics Institute (INE), 52% of which constitute child population (UNICEF, 2014). This data represents challenges to satisfy the demand for health care, education, employment. Child Labour in Mozambique and Social Sustainability: Perception of the children involved in mining in Manica Province is a case study thesis that intended as a contribution to the country, to society in general and to the academic community in particular. In this context, the general purpose of the phenomenological study intends to from the perception of children provide a rough picture of a little-known phenomenon in the social, economic and environmental and at the same time, report a practice whose livingness increase medium-term effects which condition the child's well-being. The study focuses on the observation of the context of the exploitation of child labor, namely in the mining activities, analyzing also the differentiated manner how the different cultures looks for the child, the historical evolution of these same looks, until the emergence in recent times of children's rights. We review the historical perspective of child labor until culminate in the creation of the International Labour Organization. Contextualize child labor in Mozambique and also describe the mining activity in the phenomenon. The analysis seeks to understand the perception that children have of their participation in mining activities. The study results present a structural framework of the phenomenon showing a more negative experience than positive. The experience does not denote a sustainable satisfaction of social, economic and educational needs of the children. The experience of the children occur in a social context, in which the theme is treated marginally, in a society that has no magnitude of the phenomenon, that's why so a insufficiently-informed society about the problem in a country where poverty levels reach 60% of the population, which is the main factor in the recrudescence of the phenomenon. There is lots of approved legislation but the legislation already approved, the Labour Law, is silent as to prevent the phenomenon, which reveals a less informed society about the phenomenon and a negative perception about the experience of working in the mining consolidated in the economic need and in the suffering. One issue remains in the air: will the country build the ideal of sustainable development?