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Paliaga, Guido, Fabio Luino, Laura Turconi, Jerome V. De Graff, and Francesco Faccini. "Terraced Landscapes on Portofino Promontory (Italy): Identification, Geo-Hydrological Hazard and Management." Water 12, no. 2 (2020): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020435.
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Stone wall terraces are a largely investigated topic in research for both their landscape and cultural/historical value. Terraces are anthropogenic landforms that interact with natural processes and need permanent maintenance to preserve their functionality. In the Mediterranean region, ground effects related to intense rain events often involve terraced slopes that, in some situations, are directly sourced areas of debris/mud flow. Starting from the 1950s, the changing socio-economic conditions caused the abandonment of large portions of rural areas. Nowadays, at the catchment scale, it is frequently difficult recognizing stone wall terraces because of their abandonment and the uncontrolled re-vegetation. This research faces the issue of identifying terraces in the Monte di Portofino promontory, which is internationally famous for its high-value natural and landscape involving broad anthropogenic modifications dating back to the Middle Ages. A remote sensing application, with LIDAR data and orthophotography, identified terraces on the Portofino promontory, enabling investigating even barely accessible areas and increasing knowledge on the territory. The aim of this paper is first of all to point out the presence of such anthropogenic morphologies in the promontory of Monte di Portofino and then to asses and highlight the related hazard. In fact, terraces can be a source of debris/hyper-concentrated flow with highly damaging power, as occurred in the recent years in neighboring areas during particularly intense hydrological events. Then, terraced area mapping, including in use and in abandonment information, is crucial to perform a spatial relationship analysis that includes hazard-exposed elements and to evaluate the possible connectivity factor of buildings, infrastructures, tourism facilities and Cultural Heritage within the hydrographical network.
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Simson, Raimo, Endrik Arumägi, Kalle Kuusk, and Jarek Kurnitski. "Redefining cost-optimal nZEB levels for new residential buildings." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 03035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911103035.
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In the member states of the European Union (EU), nearly-Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB) are becoming mandatory building practice in 2021. It is stated, that nZEB should be cost-optimal and the energy performance levels should be re-defined after every five years. We conducted cost-optimality analyses for two detached houses, one terraced house and one apartment building in Estonia. The analysis consisted on actual construction cost data collection based on bids of variable solutions for building envelope, air tightness, windows, heat supply systems and local renewable energy production options. For energy performance analysis we used dynamic simulation software IDA-ICE. To assess cost-effectiveness, we used Net Present Value (NPV) calculations with the assessment period of 30 years. The results for cost-optimal energy performance level for detached house with heated space of ~100 m2 was 79 kWh/(m2 a), for the larger house (~200 m2) 87 kWh/(m2 a), for terraced house with heated space of ~600 m2 71 kWh/(m2 a) and for the apartment building 103 kWh/(m2 a) of primary energy including all energy use with domestic appliances. Thus, the decrease in cost-optimal level in a five-year period was ~60% for the detached house and ~40% for the apartment building, corresponding to a shift in two EPC classes.
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Berčič, Tomaž, and Lucija Ažman-Momirski. "Parametric Terracing as Optimization of Controlled Slope Intervention." Water 12, no. 3 (2020): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12030634.
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With the introduction of mechanization in agriculture, the area of terraced slopes has increased. However, in most cases, the planning of terracing in practice remains experience-based, which is no longer effective from an agricultural, geological, and hydrological point of view. The usual method of building terraces, especially terraces with earth risers, is therefore outdated, and a new method must be found for planning and building terraced areas. In addition to geographical information system (GIS) tools, parametric design tools for planning terraced landscapes are now available. Based on the design approaches for a selected plot in the Gorizia Hills in Slovenia, where we used a trial-and-error method, we improved previous results by defining a model using a computer algorithm that generates a terraced landscape on a selected slope depending on various input parameters such as the height of the terrace slope, the inclination of the terrace slope, the width of the terrace platform, and the number of terraces. For the definition of the algorithm we used the visual program tool Grasshopper. By changing the values of the input data parameters, the algorithm was able to present combinatorial simulations through a variety of different solutions with all the corresponding statistics. With such results it is much easier to make a conscious decision on which combination of parameters is optimal to prevent landslides, plan adequate drainage, and control soil movements when building terraces. The controlled slope intervention is further optimized by the introduction of a usage index (Tx), defined as the quotient of the sum of all flat areas (terrace platforms) and the total area of the plot.
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Valluzzi, Maria Rosa, Luca Sbrogiò, and Ylenia Saretta. "Intervention Strategies for the Seismic Improvement of Masonry Buildings Based on FME Validation: The Case of a Terraced Building Struck by the 2016 Central Italy Earthquake." Buildings 11, no. 9 (2021): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11090404.
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Residential masonry buildings represent a large stock among highly vulnerable structures in medium–high seismic hazard areas, often built without any anti-seismic provisions. Their rehabilitation and/or strengthening according to optimised intervention strategies is topical and may contribute to revaluating zones characterized by depopulation phenomena. In this paper, a terraced building struck by the 2016 Central Italy earthquake is analysed through a frame by macro element (FME) model. The building is composed of six two-storey units made of stone and clay block masonry walls and semi-rigid diaphragms. The numerical model was calibrated based on the damage pattern caused by the earthquake and then used to carry out parametric analyses on the strengthened conditions by simulating both one unit and the entire terrace. The effects of interventions applied to either vertical or horizontal components, both singularly and in combination, were analysed in terms of nonlinear static analyses, and quantified by a performance factor, according to the upgraded seismic code in Italy. Kinematic analyses also completed the assessment of the building. Results compared the capacity of interventions in attaining the targets defined for improvement at both local and overall levels.
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Struhala, Karel, and Milan Ostrý. "Life-Cycle Assessment of a Rural Terraced House: A Struggle with Sustainability of Building Renovations." Energies 14, no. 9 (2021): 2472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092472.
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Contemporary research stresses the need to reduce mankind’s environmental impacts and achieve sustainability. One of the keys to this is the construction sector. New buildings have to comply with strict limits regarding resource consumption (energy, water use, etc.). However, they make up only a fraction of the existing building stock. Renovations of existing buildings are therefore essential for the reduction of the environmental impacts in the construction sector. This paper illustrates the situation using a case study of a rural terraced house in a village near Brno, Czech Republic. It compares the life-cycle assessment (LCA) of the original house and its proposed renovation as well as demolition followed by new construction. The LCA covers both the initial embodied environmental impacts (EEIs) and the 60-year operation of the house with several variants of energy sources. The results show that the proposed renovation would reduce overall environmental impacts (OEIs) of the house by up to 90% and the demolition and new construction by up to 93% depending on the selected energy sources. As such, the results confirm the importance of renovations and the installation of environmentally-friendly energy sources for achieving sustainability in the construction sector. They also show the desirability of the replacement of inefficient old buildings by new construction in specific cases.
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Lee, Rue Chun, Yung Tang Shen, and Ai Ling Kuo. "Influence of Opening Ratio on the Energy Conservation of Residential Building." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 2400–2404. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.2400.
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This study aims to simplify the calculation steps as a reference for architects to check if the estimated value of ratio of equivalent transparency (Req) can meet the basic requirement of code. This study uses simulation tool to analyze the variations on energy conservation of residential buildings by two general residential building types in Taiwan. Basing the analysis data, this study finds out the 16-orientation minima and maxima energy conservation values and then establishes a guideline. The findings reveal if we control the ratio of opening of building envelop not exceeding 24% on terraced houses and not exceeding 38% on retail shops, the design can meet the basic requirement of code in all orientations.
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Sarevet, Henri, Jevgeni Fadejev, Martin Thalfeldt, and Jarek Kurnitski. "Residential buildings with heat pumps peak power reduction with high performance insulation." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 12008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017212008.
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Revised EPBD directive has set ambitious targets for nearly zero energy buildings. In residential buildings, energy performance can be improved mainly by applying better insulation of building fabric and by efficient energy sources, i.e. heat pumps. Electricity use and peak powers will increase when heat pumps, both air to water and ground source heat pumps, are used for heat source in new residential buildings compared to heating solutions that do not use electricity. The purpose of this study was to determine how much the high performance thermal insulation can compensate the increase of electricity use and peak power caused by extensive application of heat pumps in Finland residential buildings. The present study used five residential buildings that describe residential newbuild market. Finnish regulation defines minimum insulation level and high performance insulation level which were applied to single family houses, terraced house and apartment buildings to simulate electric power values all year round. Hourly electrical power values were simulated with dynamic simulation software IDA ICE. Results show that electricity use and peak powers are rising significantly when heat pumps are used, but better insulation level significantly decreases or even fully compensates the amount of additional electric power. The results can be used for the assesment of implications of extensive use of heat pumps to power grid.
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Karjalainen, Markku, and Hüseyin Emre Ilgın. "The Change over Time in Finnish Residents’ Attitudes towards Multi-Story Timber Apartment Buildings." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (2021): 5501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105501.
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Due to increasing urbanization, the need for sustainable housing, e.g., sustainable timber housing, is increasing in Finland, as in other countries. Understanding residents’ perceptions plays a critical role in the transition to sustainable housing as an important part of the forest-based bioeconomy. This study examined the change over time in Finnish residents’ attitudes towards multi-story timber apartment buildings. To do this, findings from surveys among residents in 1998–1999 and 2017 were compared with each other. Results mainly highlighted that: (1) residents’ attitudes towards timber apartment buildings remained positive over time; (2) participants of both surveys were satisfied with functionality of the apartment unit, immediate surroundings of the building, and number of furnishings and appliances; (3) positive perception regarding sound insulation, indoor climate, and coziness did not change over time; (4) dominant preferences to move to detached and one-or-two story terraced houses gradually gave way to two-story housing and apartment buildings; (5) demand for more timber inside the building and more timber apartments continued over time; and (6) while fire and environmental properties were evaluated positively, impact sound insulation was still seen as a problem. These findings will assist in understanding contemporary housing needs and provide a direction to relevant stakeholders for Finnish housing development.
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Maisuradze, Roman, Tamar Khardziani, and Tea Eradze. "Landscapes, Settlements and Traditional Housing in Samtskhe-Javakheti, Georgia." Quaestiones Geographicae 40, no. 1 (2021): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2021-0007.
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Abstract A change in livelihood and folk architecture is an indicator of cultural landscape transformation, which is often the result of changes occurring in the natural and socio-political realms. The diversity of architectural types of buildings as an element of landscape diversity distinguishes our research region. The presented study deals with a long-term change of housing and architectural types of settlements. Our goal was to identify, geolocalise, and classify the vernacular architecture of Samtskhe-Javakheti within the different types of natural landscapes. For this purpose, we used the HGIS (Historical Geoinformation System) approach, which comprises the application of both historic sources and GIS technologies. We identified seven types of buildings in the study area, the characteristics of which depended on the natural landscape features. The following factors had been determining the geography of the construction: geology, seismicity, terrain, climate, access to building materials and defence. Dominant architectural types of buildings in the study region were as follows: fortress Rabat with stone houses, stone houses, semi-underground houses mixed with stone houses, semi-underground houses, terraced semi-underground houses, cave dwellings and wooden log houses. In modern times, it is quite rare to come across these kinds of architectural buildings, and there is a tendency of their disappearance.
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Leng, Pau Chung, Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling, Mohd Hamdan Ahmad, et al. "Thermal Performance of Single-Story Air-Welled Terraced House in Malaysia: A Field Measurement Approach." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (2020): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010201.
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The provision requirement of 10% openings of the total floor area stated in the Uniform Building By-Law 1984 Malaysia is essential for natural lighting and ventilation purposes. However, focusing on natural ventilation, the effectiveness of thermal performance in landed residential buildings has never been empirically measured and proven, as most of the research emphasized simulation modeling lacking sufficient empirical validation. Therefore, this paper drawing on field measurement investigates natural ventilation performance in terraced housing with an air-well system. The key concern as to what extent the current air-well system serving as a ventilator is effective to provide better thermal performance is to be addressed. By adopting an existing single-story air-welled terrace house, indoor environmental conditions and thermal performance were monitored and measured using HOBO U12 air temperature and humidity, the HOBO U12 anemometer, and the Delta Ohm HD32.3 Wet Bulb Globe Temperature meter for a six-month duration. The results show that the air temperature of the air well ranged from 27.48 °C to 30.92 °C, with a mean relative humidity of 72.67% to 79.25%. The mean air temperature for a test room (single-sided ventilation room) ranged from 28.04 °C to 30.92 °C, with a relative humidity of 70.16% to 76.00%. These empirical findings are of importance, offering novel policy insights and suggestions. Since the minimum provision of 10% openings has been revealed to be less effective to provide desirable thermal performance and comfort, mandatory compliance with and the necessity of the bylaw requirement should be revisited.
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Sheridan, Linda, and Sophie Maluski. "Field Measurement and Criteria for Sound Insulation between Dwellings in Europe." Building Acoustics 7, no. 1 (2000): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1351010001501480.
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Airborne and structure-borne sound transmission are the dominant noise paths in terraced, semi-detached houses and in multi-storey buildings, often causing annoyance when heard. They usually are controlled by applying building regulations before, during and after the construction of the dwellings. As part of a comparative study of the control and promotion of quality in housing in Europe, the acoustic quality in dwellings have been investigated for France, Norway, Sweden, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Italy and the United Kingdom. The study highlights many differences in regulations, criteria and methods of measurement. The conclusion drawn from this comparison is that there is no uniformity in the regulations for the acoustic quality of dwellings in Europe and much work is needed to establish uniformity.
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Mintaredja, Roza Rahmadjasa, Purnama Salura, and Bachtiar Fauzy. "The meaning of the relationship between bale nyungcung roof and inner room in architectural design of Mosques at Sunda Tatar." ARTEKS : Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur 6, no. 1 (2021): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30822/arteks.v6i1.538.
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There has been a decline in the form and function of Sundanese vernacular architecture for large buildings due to the absence of artifacts in village houses. The data on palace or keraton and terraced roofs are only found in lontar and from outside observers in the XVI century. Meanwhile, the phenomenon of the bale nyungcung roof emerged on the mosque in the XVI-XIX centuries at West Java after disappearing for more or less two centuries. The reappearance makes it interesting to study this concept, especially with the focus on its relationship with the inner room of the mosque. This research was conducted on the Great Mosque spread in Sunda Tatar such as the West Java and Banten Provinces with buildings of Majalaya, Manonjaya, and Banten used as case studies. It was conducted qualitatively and interpretatively using the building anatomical theory to analyze the scope of shape and the Bale Nyungcung roof. The results showed the relationship between the roof and the inner space is a reflection of the adjustment in the mosque's basic reference with the Bale Nyungcung roof used as one of the Sundanese local building features.
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Koltun, Oksana. "The geomorphic features of the landslide on Kuprin St. in Khmelnytskyi City." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 52 (June 27, 2018): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2018.52.10180.
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The landslide in Quaternary loess sediments occurs a balka at the Samets River left bank and is limited by Metropolitan Sheptytsky St. in the West, Kuprin St. in the North, Kuprin lane in the East (the last locates 140–250 m to the East of the plot), two ponds in the South. The elevation between Kuprin St. and ponds distinguish 42 m, the length from North to South 820 m, and the width 390 m. The exact dates of landslide shift, as well as geological, cartographic or other materials like that at the time of sliding (the end of the 1950s for the first shift and the first half of the 1970s for the second one) were not found, this research bases on reconstruction of terrain morphology by large-scale maps, plans from the late nineteenth till early twenty-first centuries. Balka’s slopes and the adjacent areas of the loess plateau undergone significant morphological changes after the landslide, modern terrain is allocated to anthropogenic surfaces, such as plane watershed, built-up without significant vertical planning; built-up terraced slopes of plateau, balkas and riverbank; three artificial terraces on the main body, as well as steep and very steep ledges and outcrops (maximum height 9 m), surfaces with mosaic combination of small terraces, flattering slopes and steep ledges, hilled surface. The landslide toe came to the flood terrace; this part of the landslide was later completely changed after construction of the dam, ponds and channel in the late 1980s. There is a connection between earlier anthropogenic terrain changes and landslide: first of all, the eastern and western scarps were connected to the ledges of quarries. The modern lower terrace has approximately the same absolute heights as level of the western quarry area before sliding. The north scarp mostly repeated the contour shape of balka but smoothed out smaller bends. In the Northeast, the landslide captured part of the plateau, the present level of the middle terrace is close to the eastern quarry level. Because of landsliding and repeated redevelopment of the territory, the situation with the slope exposures was simplified: except for the scarps, southern exposures dominate. In 2015 curved tree trunks, tilted poles, cracks and other destruction of buildings indicate the slow earthflow within the area. Key words: urban landslides, loess landslides, terrain morphology, Khmelnytskyi City.
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Carlos, Jorge S. "OPTIMAL WINDOW GEOMETRY FACTORS FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOL BUILDINGS IN PORTUGAL." Journal of Green Building 13, no. 1 (2018): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618.13.1.185.
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INTRODUCTION With respect to thermal performance, windows are the weakest component of the building envelope, essentially because the U-value is usually higher than the opaque envelope. This would allow the highest heat conductance of the building envelope. However, it also helps buildings to gain useful solar heat during winter. Therefore, it has been generally accepted that passive buildings would have small windows towards the poles and large windows facing the equator (Persson, Roos, and Wall 2006). In spite of this guideline, large or fully glazed facades have been used in modern architecture. The intensive use of air conditioning is the result of overheating and high thermal loss problems, which otherwise would lead to thermal discomfort. This extensive use of large windows associated with high energy consumption has motivated researchers to study this building component. Window areas were investigated by Persson et al. (Persson, Roos, and Wall 2006) on 20 terraced houses with larger windows facing the equator and built in Gothenburg. The building envelope was well insulated and fitted with energy efficient windows. It was found that energy efficient windows do not have a major influence on the heating demand in the winter, but it is relevant for the cooling need in summer. Therefore, reduced indoor illuminance due to small windows can be solved by enlarging them in order to obtain relevant daylighting conditions. When efficient windows are designed for a warm climate, as in Mexico, reducing heat flux and solar transmittance indoors was the best option for energy savings (Aguilar et al. 2017). However, reducing solar transmittance influences the indoor illuminance, which was not analyzed.
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Went, David, and Stewart Ainsworth. "Whitley Castle, Northumberland: An Analytical Survey of the Fort and its Setting." Britannia 44 (June 28, 2013): 93–143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068113x13000226.
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AbstractAnalytical earthwork and geophysical surveys have advanced our understanding of the lozenge-shaped Roman fort at Whitley Castle (Northumberland), which is notable for the exceptional depth of its outer defences. Built at a higher altitude than any other fort in England, it was almost certainly positioned to control the production and shipment of lead and silver from the Alston ore-fields. Its curious shape, tailored to that of the natural knoll, necessitated some adjustment of a standard fort plan, but accommodated six buildings to the rear of the central range and four to the front. An extramural settlement and terraced fields have been recorded to the west and north, and a swathe of ground to the south may have provided space for a parade ground. Post-Roman activity is evident from the cultivation and settlement remains that override the defences; two bastle-like buildings and an eighteenth-century farmhouse once stood within the fort itself.
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Ade, Rochelle, and Michael Rehm. "AT WHAT COST? AN ANALYSIS OF THE GREEN COST PREMIUM TO ACHIEVE 6-HOMESTAR IN NEW ZEALAND." Journal of Green Building 15, no. 2 (2020): 131–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618.15.2.131.
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ABSTRACT In the green building industry there is an implicit understanding that the use of a green building rating tool will attract additional capital cost. This phenomenon has been well studied in commercial buildings, with mixed results, but has received little focus in the residential, single family context. In New Zealand the local green building council advises the market that they have reduced the time and cost to implement their green building rating tool, Homestar, through modifications to version 4 of the rating tool, which include the use of a new 6-Homestar checklist. This research investigates this claim using a comparative cost methodology to determine the potential additional capital cost commitment that would be required to achieve a 6-Homestar certification, utilising ten standalone and terraced house designs from the Hobsonville Point development in Auckland, NZ. This research determines that there is an additional cost to achieve 6-Homestar of 3–5%. This is nearly double compared to previous research into Homestar and also finds that, for the houses reviewed, the use of the 6-Homestar checklist is less cost effective than other options. Therefore, in this instance the advice and guidance of the green building council is erroneous and misleading to the market.
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Malomo, Daniele, Rui Pinho, and Andrea Penna. "Simulating the shake table response of unreinforced masonry cavity wall structures tested to collapse or near-collapse conditions." Earthquake Spectra 36, no. 2 (2020): 554–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8755293019891715.
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The seismic performance of existing unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings is considerably affected by typology and level of effectiveness of both construction details and structural components, especially if not originally designed for resisting earthquakes. Within this framework, the use of advanced numerical approaches that are capable of duly accounting for such aspects might improve significantly the assessment of the global response of URM structures. In this article, the applied element method is thus employed for simulating the shake table response of a number of full-scale building specimens representative of cavity wall terraced house construction, used in a number of countries exposed to tectonic or induced seismicity, accounting explicitly for the influence of the presence of both rigid and flexible diaphragms, degree of connections among structural members, and interaction between in- and out-of-plane mechanisms. Although the models slightly underestimated the energy dissipation in some specific cycles prior to collapse, the predicted crack patterns, failure modes, and hysteretic behaviors have shown a good agreement with their experimental counterparts.
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Feist, Wolfgang, Rainer Pfluger, and Wolfgang Hasper. "Durability of building fabric components and ventilation systems in passive houses." Energy Efficiency 13, no. 8 (2019): 1543–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12053-019-09781-3.
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Abstract The passive house concept specifically improves insulation of exterior building components, utilisation of passive solar gains, airtightness and heat recovery from ventilation air. Reducing also heat losses from thermal bridges, the energy balance is improved significantly resulting in net heating demands lower than 15 kWh/(m2a) which is less than one-tenth of the typical heating energy in the average of existing buildings. The design concept can be used for every new building, and many thousand examples have so far been built for different use, in several climates and based on different construction type (e.g. concrete, timber, mixed). The very first prototype is a terraced house with four dwellings built 1990/1991 in Darmstadt. This building uses typical masonry external walls, concrete floors and a timber roof and can be seen as a representative example for highly energy-efficient construction. By monitoring all relevant energy flows through the building’s envelope during a period of more than 25 years, it has been confirmed that the energy consumption is as extraordinarily low as designed and stable over the whole period. This article especially investigates how this has affected the indoor climate, the indoor air quality and the durability of all components. By thorough investigation, an assessment of the maintenance cycles is given, which are representative for this construction type. The main characteristics of the components and the ventilation system after 25 years of performance of the pilot building have been determined; these are typical for passive house quality components; therefore, the results are indicative for the concept. The passive house concept turns out to be not only energy-saving but also most notably very durable and extraordinarily low-maintenance.
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Beck, Anthony, Gavin Long, Doreen S. Boyd, et al. "Automated classification metrics for energy modelling of residential buildings in the UK with open algorithms." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 47, no. 1 (2018): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808318762436.
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Estimating residential building energy use across large spatial extents is vital for identifying and testing effective strategies to reduce carbon emissions and improve urban sustainability. This task is underpinned by the availability of accurate models of building stock from which appropriate parameters may be extracted. For example, the form of a building, such as whether it is detached, semi-detached, terraced etc. and its shape may be used as part of a typology for defining its likely energy use. When these details are combined with information on building construction materials or glazing ratio, it can be used to infer the heat transfer characteristics of different properties. However, these data are not readily available for energy modelling or urban simulation. Although this is not a problem when the geographic scope corresponds to a small area and can be hand-collected, such manual approaches cannot be easily applied at the city or national scale. In this article, we demonstrate an approach that can automatically extract this information at the city scale using off-the-shelf products supplied by a National Mapping Agency. We present two novel techniques to create this knowledge directly from input geometry. The first technique is used to identify built form based upon the physical relationships between buildings. The second technique is used to determine a more refined internal/external wall measurement and ratio. The second technique has greater metric accuracy and can also be used to address problems identified in extracting the built form. A case study is presented for the City of Nottingham in the United Kingdom using two data products provided by the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain: MasterMap and AddressBase. This is followed by a discussion of a new categorisation approach for housing form for urban energy assessment.
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Bosch Abarca, Jorge. "La periferia en la ciudad alemana: de la ciudad-jardín a la Siedlung moderna." VLC arquitectura. Research Journal 7, no. 1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/vlc.2020.10994.
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<p class="VLCResumen">This article examines how the most recognisable urban forms of the Siedlung in the first postwar period in Germany were influenced by previous experiences in the construction of the urban periphery involving the company town and the garden city. The adaptation of these peripheral settlements – in which the desired balance between the country house and the urban dwelling was achieved by introducing terraced housing – to meet certain requirements of sufficient density to satisfy the growing demand for small dwellings was to determine the final configuration of the “modern Siedlung,” the settlement characteristic of the expansion of the large German city in the 1920s. An urban form that was to combat the housing shortage problem by providing systematic, medium-density housing groups consisting mainly of linear buildings several storeys high integrated with the open space in a remarkable balance between building and nature. On the basis of original sources from that period, this text addresses noteworthy aspects of this evolution towards a spatial, functional and aesthetic shaping of the collective accommodation characteristic of a Modernist German urbanism which still deserves to be taken into consideration in the current discussion about urban density.</p>
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Miglietta, Marco, Nicolò Damiani, Gabriele Guerrini, and Francesco Graziotti. "Full‐scale shake‐table tests on two unreinforced masonry cavity‐wall buildings: effect of an innovative timber retrofit." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 19, no. 6 (2021): 2561–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01057-5.
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AbstractTwo full-scale building specimens were tested on the shake-table at the EUCENTRE Foundation laboratories in Pavia (Italy), to assess the effectiveness of an innovative timber retrofit solution, within a comprehensive research campaign on the seismic vulnerability of existing Dutch unreinforced masonry structures. The buildings represented the end-unit of a two-storey terraced house typical of the North-Eastern Netherlands, a region affected by induced seismicity over the last few decades. This building typology is particularly vulnerable to earthquake excitation due to lack of seismic details and irregular distribution of large openings in masonry walls. Both specimens were built with the same geometry. Their structural system consisted of cavity walls, with interior load-bearing calcium-silicate leaf and exterior clay veneer, and included a first-floor reinforced concrete slab, a second-floor timber framing, and a roof timber structure supported by masonry gables. A timber retrofit was designed and installed inside the second specimen, providing an innovative sustainable, light-weight, reversible, and cost-effective technique, which could be extensively applied to actual buildings. Timber frames were connected to the interior surface of the masonry walls and completed by oriented strands boards nailed to them. The second-floor timber diaphragm was stiffened and strengthened by a layer of oriented-strand boards, nailed to the existing joists and to additional blocking elements through the existing planks. These interventions resulted also in improved wall-to-diaphragm connections with the inner leaf at both floors, while steel ties were added between the cavity-wall leaves. The application of the retrofit system favored a global response of the building with increased lateral capacities of the masonry walls. This paper describes in detail the bare and retrofitted specimens, compares the experimental results obtained through similar incremental dynamic shake-table test protocols up to near-collapse conditions, and identifies damage states and damage limits associated with displacements and deformations.
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Guardiola-Víllora, A., and L. Basset-Salom. "WHEN THE RISK IS URBAN PLANNING. A CASE STUDY IN EL CABANYAL (SPAIN)." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (July 24, 2020): 753–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-753-2020.
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Abstract. This paper presents the vicissitudes of a residential dwelling built in El Cabanyal in 1923 and how poor urban planning can be a risk. The building corresponds to one of the most common traditional typologies: a terraced house with masonry load bearing brick walls and timber floors, three storeys, a linear staircase attached to the party walls, a courtyard at the rear and a gable roof. In the past, this building, proved to be resilient, overcoming the risk of collapse in some important episodes which affected directly El Cabanyal: the air raid attacks of the Valencian coastline settlements during the Spanish Civil War and the floods occurred in 1949 and in 1957. In 1988, the building was listed in the catalogue of the General Plan with a protection grade 3. The special protection plan (PEPRI 2001) which was supposed to protect and rehabilitate El Cabanyal, projected the extension of Blasco Ibañez Avenue to the sea and consequently, the division of the neighbourhood in two halves, tearing down an important number of houses. Subsequently, the City council began to expropriate buildings facilitating their occupation by squatters. The level of degradation caused by the urban planning is such that this area is known as ‘Ground Zero Area’. At the time of writing this paper, the building appears to be illegally occupied and in a bad state of preservation. After almost a hundred years facing different risks, poor urban planning appears to be the cause of the destruction of this heritage building.
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Rots, Jan G., Francesco Messali, Rita Esposito, Valentina Mariani, and Samira Jafari. "Multi-Scale Approach towards Groningen Masonry and Induced Seismicity." Key Engineering Materials 747 (July 2017): 653–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.747.653.
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In the last years, the induced seismicity in the northern part of the Netherlands has considerably increased. The existing building stock was not designed for seismic loading, and it is characterised by very slender walls, limited cooperation between walls and floors, and use of cavity walls. As a consequence, the validation of analytical and numerical models for the assessment of unreinforced masonry buildings and the characterisation of the masonry at both material and structural level have become of great importance. An extensive large-scale testing program was performed at the Delft University of Technology in 2015 to create benchmarks for the validation of the numerical and analytical models. The attention was mainly devoted to a terraced house typology, which was widely adopted for housing in the period 1960-1980, and focused on the characterisation of the typology at various levels: material, connection, component and assemblage level. The experimental tests at component and assemblage levels were also reproduced by nonlinear finite element analysis, validated and calibrated against the data available from the testing campaign at material level. In this paper, an overview description of performed experiments and numerical analyses is provided; specific devotion is given to the main outcomes of the campaign and to the lessons learned by the experimental evidences for improving the numerical models.
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Heide, Vegard, Silje Skyttern, and Laurent Georges. "Indoor air quality in natural-ventilated bedrooms in renovated Norwegian houses." E3S Web of Conferences 246 (2021): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124601001.
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The objective of this work is to investigate the indoor environment in bedrooms ventilated by window opening during night-time. How window opening behaviour affects indoor air quality (IAQ), and how window opening behaviour and IAQ is influenced by external factors, are important questions. The context is renovation of detached wooden houses in Norway. To motivate building owners to renovate their ventilation system, it is important to know the typical indoor environment in bedrooms of existing buildings with natural ventilation. Ten bedrooms in six case houses were investigated by measuring temperature, relative humidity, CO2, particulate matter, formaldehyde and TVOC. The window opening angle was also logged with an accelerometer. The measurements were conducted over 2 to 3 weeks, during March and April. The dwellings were renovated single-family and terraced houses from 1950 – 80, in Trondheim. All the bedrooms had natural ventilation, and the occupants stated they used to open bedroom windows at night. Participants answered a questionnaire about motivations and habits regarding window opening. The most common reason given for not opening was low outdoor temperatures. The window opening behaviour was both predictable and continuous. Windows were open every night in most of the bedrooms, and most of the windows were opened to the same position every night. High CO2 levels during night were found in two bedrooms. In the other bedrooms, the CO2 concentration was satisfying during night-time, although higher concentrations were found in some bedrooms during daytime. Finally, indoor temperature measurements confirmed that many occupants prefer a low bedroom temperature.
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Slámová, Martina, Jana Krčmářová, Pavel Hronček, and Mariana Kaštierová. "Environmental factors influencing the distribution of agricultural terraces: Case study of Horný Tisovník, Slovakia." Moravian Geographical Reports 25, no. 1 (2017): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgr-2017-0004.
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Abstract The cadastral district of Horný Tisovník represents a traditionally managed Carpathian mountain agricultural landscape with extensive terraces. It was historically governed by two counties with different feudal economic systems - agricultural and industrial. This paper aims to enrich traditional methods in environmental history. We applied geospatial statistics and multivariate data analysis for the assessment of environmental factors influencing the distribution of agricultural terraces. Using linear models, the hypothesis was tested that the terrace distribution is functionally related to selected factors (affiliation to the historic counties; average altitude and slope; distance from water, buildings and settlements; units of natural potential vegetation; and current land use). Significantly greater amounts of terraces were located in the agricultural county compared to the industrial county. A principal component analysis showed the coincidence between the current agricultural land use and higher concentrations of terraces occurring in lower altitudes, closer to settlements and buildings, and within the unit of Carpathian oak-hornbeam forests. These findings regarding the most significant factors influencing the distribution of terraces are used in proposals for incentives to improve the management of the traditional agricultural landscape.
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Hill, Stephen. "Matronianus, Comes Isauriae: an Inscription from an Early Byzantine Basilica at Yanıkhan, Rough Cilicia." Anatolian Studies 35 (December 1985): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3642874.
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The ruins at Yanıkhan form the remains of a Late Roman village in the interior of Rough Cilicia some 8 kilometres inland from the village of Limonlu on the road to Canbazlı (see Fig. 1). The site has not been frequently visited by scholars, and the first certain reference to its existence was made by the late Professor Michael Gough after his visit on 2 September 1959. Yanıkhan is now occupied only by the Yürüks who for years have wintered on the southern slopes of Sandal Dağ. The ancient settlement at Yanıkhan consisted of a village covering several acres. The remains are still extensive, and some, especially the North Basilica, are very well preserved, but there has been considerable disturbance in recent years as stone and rubble have been removed in order to create small arable clearings. The visible remains include many domestic buildings constructed both from polygonal masonry without mortar and from mortar and rubble with coursed smallstone facing. There are several underground cisterns and a range of olive presses. The countryside around the settlement has been terraced for agricultural purposes in antiquity, and is, like the settlement itself, densely covered with scrub oak and wild olive trees. The most impressive remains are those of the two basilical churches which are of little artistic pretension, but considerable architectural interest. The inscription which forms the substance of this article was found on the lintel block of the main west entrance of the South Basilica.
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Kyselov, V. "TOPOGRAPHY OF THE SOUTHERN UKRAINE, POTENTIAL AND PROSPECTS OF PLACEMENT OF PRESCHOOL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE DIFFICULT TERRAIN CONDITIONS." Problems of theory and history of architecture of Ukraine, no. 20 (May 12, 2020): 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31650/2519-4208-2020-20-68-81.
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The paper "Potential and prospects of placement of preschool educational institutions in the difficult terrain conditions in the context of the South of Ukraine" spotlights terrain characteristics of the South of Ukraine, identifies physical and geographical features of the southern regions, analyses terrain characteristics of Odessa, Dnipropetrovsk (Sichelavskiy), Kherson, Mykolaiv, Zaporizhzhya regions and also territories of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol. The land fund condition of the south of Ukraine is considered in the paper and the analysis of the functional distribution of lands is given. The landforms of the southern Ukraine were identified in the paper, among which the most common were coastal slopes of water bodies (Black and Azov seas, large rivers, etcetera ) and mountains located on the territory of the Crimean peninsula, hills, ravines, gullies and other landforms. The classification of difficult terrains by the shape of the earth's surface unevenness and slopes treated in the paper. The potential, advantages and disadvantages of placing kindergartens on the territories with a difficult topography of the southern region of Ukraine are considered based on comparative analysis of 33 preschool educational institutions, placed on a difficult terrain. It is shown that the eight main factors affect on the formation of preschool educational institutions on a difficult terrain: The natural-geographical factor, including the totality of natural features, which are characteristic of the territory where the preschool educational institution is being places, can include: terrain features (slope steepness, shape, elevation difference, altitude according to Baltic Normal Height System, etcetera), the soil composition in the design area and their tendency to erosion and landslides, climatic features of the design area, and a number of other factors. The socio-demographic factor is characterized by quantitative-qualitative composition of the population in the design area, distribution by age and gender, social status, economic well- being. This factor is the main one in assessing the needs of residents in access to preschool, which determines the number of new preschool educational institutions, also it helps to identify potential places for their placement, and can be used in calculating the number of places and the composition of the premises in the preschool institution. The safety factor, when buildings and structures of preschool educational institutions are located in areas with a difficult terrain, affect on the choice of finishing and building materials (the use of non-slip, safety materials that meet the sanitary and hygienic standards, fire safety require-ments, the use of safety fences, necessary heights and types, in areas with a sharp difference in heights, etcetera), as well as for planning decisions (placement of inclusive cells for groups on a relative but equal parts of the site, minimizing the number of steps in terraced type of accommodation, and other planning decisions). The economic factor during the erection must include increasing in the cost of construc- tion and its complexity in connection with terrain characteristics. The negative impact of this factor can be partially eliminated by reducing the plot of land cost, as well as the possibility of ration-alizing the site development ( the usage of types of placement with a minimum amount of land work, compact construction, the usage of additional area due to operated roof) and more. The constructive factor affects the rational selection of the constructive scheme and the choice of constructive decisions, when the building is located on a plot with a difficult topography. The aesthetic factor should take into account the geometry specificities and terrain charac- teristics, and maximize the usage of their potential in creating a holistic architectural and artistic image of the building, also should create a harmonious and comfortable environment for the peda- gogical process, positively affect on the child’s emotional state and encourage him or her to ex- plore the world. The environmental factor should be taken into account, while making architectural deci- sions and contribute to the creation of an environmentally safe and energy-efficient environment for preschool children. The factors of inclusion provide access for people with limited mobility to preschool edu- cational institution. The classification of the placement types of preschool educational institutions, which are placed on difficult terrains, is considered in the paper. Six placement types were identified: flat, terraced, dipped, on construction supports, cantilevered and integrated.Four main methods of formation of the space-planning structure of preschool education institu- tions, placed on a difficult terrain, have been developed, based on the preschool educational institutions formation factors and placement types: 1) Modifications. This technique involves a significant modification of land lots and greatly changes the appearance and geometry of the terrain, includes a lot of excavations, but it does not require the usage of special construction solutions. The following method refers to these types of placement: flat, terraced. 2) Integration. While using this technique, it is assumed that the building of preschool educa- tion institution is maximally integrated into the landscape, which ensures better energy ef- ficiency and environmental friendliness of the object. The usage of this technique involves excavations in combination with more complex construction solutions s than while using the "modification" technique. The following method refers to these types of placement: in- depth, integrated 3) The method of difficult terrain bypassing. It provides for the maximum avoidance of the most difficult sections of the terrain, using the form of plan or construction solutions (plac- ing buildings on construction supports above negative terrain, using cantilever, cable- stayed structures, tunnels, etcetera). Using this technique allows to minimize the amount of excavations, but it requires special construction solutions. The following method refers to these types of placement: cantilever and on construction supports. 4) The method of combination. The method is a combination of the mentioned above methods of forming a space-planning structure to optimize the project, to ensure maximum efficien- cy in the plot of land usage, to select the most economical and effective constructive meth- ods and create a unique architectural and artistic image of a preschool educational institu- tion. The use of territories with difficult a terrain for placing a preschool educational institution, in the context of the South of Ukraine, is possible if nessecary to place a preschool institution in the existing urban planning conditions, in which there are no vacant land lots with a sufficient square, or while creating a new residential area on territories, which have land lots with a difficult terrain. The following types of preschool education institutions have the biggest potential among the other ones for placing on territories with a difficult terrain in context of the south of Ukraine: 1. Preschool education institution with medium and large holding capacity, located on land lots of moderate complexity within the mountainous territories of the Crimean peninsula, on positive, circular landforms with soil stability (hilly areas within the Southern Ukraine). The main formation methods of space-planning structure are - modification and combina- tion. Main types of placing: terraced and flat. 2. Ecological preschool education institutions with small and medium holding capacity, locat- ed on the coastal slopes of water bodies. These institutions have great recreational poten- tial, and harmonically match the surrounding terrain. The main formation method of space- planning structure is – integration. 3. Preschool education institutions with a variety of holding capacities with unique construc- tion decisions. The main formation methods of space-planning structure are – combination and the method of difficult terrain bypassing.The paper includes 2 pictures and 1 table.
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Smadych, Ivan, and Viktoriya Kapelist. "BORDER SPACE OF A RESIDENTIAL BUILDING AS AN ELEMENT OF SOCIOPSYCHOLOGICAL COMFORT OF PEOPLE: FEATURES OF FORMATION, CHARACTERISTICS, SIGNS." Current problems of architecture and urban planning, no. 60 (April 26, 2021): 152–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2021.60.152-165.
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In this publication, a study of the border space of the city is carried out as a conditional zone of direct contact of various social groups near multi-storey residential buildings. Based on the analysis of domestic and foreign scientific works on this topic, the characteristic features of the terms socially active boundary space and the space of the courtyard are clarified, general and distinctive features of their identification on the territory are highlighted. In accordance with the analysis of scientific works on this topic, the structure of the city's border spaces has been adjusted, which includes the following levels:
 
 macrolevel of the placement of border spaces in the city;
 meso-level geometrical and functional characteristics of boundary spaces;
 micro-level of the structure of the boundary space in the context of social activity.
 
 By analyzing the world and domestic experience of designing socially active boundary spaces, the hierarchy of their structural elements is highlighted. The main types of border spaces of the city are public, private and mixed border spaces. For example, the primary elements of the formation of any boundary space are the building itself, the street space and the inner courtyard space, which can be characterized by functional and geometric indicators. In the structure of the public boundary space, the planning and volumetric-spatial structure of the house and belonging to the transit or communicative component of the street space are distinguished. In a private and mixed boundary space, the second macro-level includes the spatial division of the courtyard into a buffer, transit and communication function. The last hierarchical level of this model is the level of structural elements that provide social activity in boundary spaces. At the planning level of the building, this is an exploited roof, a developed entrance group of elements, a system of the first floors of a residential building outside the main volume. At the level of volumetric-spatial solutions, the social activity of the boundary spaces is provided by interesting solutions of facades, low or medium storeys, the arrangement of loggias and balconies. In private border spaces at this level, such elements are niches and bay windows, terraced facades, and others. This model, due to the presence of many means of increasing social activity in the border spaces of a residential building, allows one to continue research on the allocation of architectural and spatial techniques for the implementation of projects of socially active border spaces of the city.
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Adwina, Radila, and Agi Ginanjar. "IDENTIFIKASI CERITA PADA RELIEF NARATIF DI CANDI SUKUH." PANALUNGTIK 2, no. 1 (2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24164/pnk.v2i1.23.
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Candi Sukuh is a sacred temple complex shaped like step-pyramid structure with three terraces, which was used on late period of Majapahit Kingdom, around 15th century. Every terrace is decorated with various reliefs, either ornamental reliefs or narrative reliefs. The tale of the narrative reliefs had been studied by some researchers, but they had different opinion about it. There are also allegations on the tale from those reseachers of some other narrative reliefs, and narrative reliefs that have never been studied before. There are 13 carved stones of those narrative reliefs, with one or more panels on each stone. Each relief may consist of various relief components, such as figures, animals, plants, buildings, weapons, and other things. Those components are compared with other studies of relief on Majapahit period to obtain early identifications of the relief. After that, each component is arranged to form 18 tale scenes. The scenes are compared with Ancient Javanese texts or other sacred building reliefs from Majapahit period, so that the source of the tale and particular scene of the tale are identified.
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Schwartz, Yair, Rokia Raslan, Ivan Korolija, and Dejan Mumovic. "A decision support tool for building design: An integrated generative design, optimisation and life cycle performance approach." International Journal of Architectural Computing 19, no. 3 (2021): 401–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1478077121999802.
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Building performance evaluation is generally carried out through a non-automated process, where computational models are iteratively built and simulated, and their energy demand is calculated. This study presents a computational tool that automates the generation of optimal building designs in respect of their Life Cycle Carbon Footprint (LCCF) and Life Cycle Costs (LCC). This is achieved by an integration of three computational concepts: (a) A designated space-allocation generative-design application, (b) Using building geometry as a parameter in NSGA-II optimization and (c) Life Cycle performance (embodied carbon and operational carbon, through the use of thermal simulations for LCCF and LCC calculation). Examining the generation of a two-storey terrace house building, located in London, UK, the study shows that a set of building parameters combinations that resulted with a pareto front of near-optimal buildings, in terms of LCCF and LCC, could be identified by using the tool. The study shows that 80% of the optimal building’s LCCF are related to the building operational stage (σ = 2), while 77% of the building’s LCC is related to the initial capital investment (σ = 2). Analysis further suggests that space heating is the largest contributor to the building’s emissions, while it has a relatively low impact on costs. Examining the optimal building in terms compliance requirements (the building with the best operational performance), the study demonstrated how this building performs poorly in terms of Life Cycle performance. The paper further presents an analysis of various life-cycle aspects, for example, a year-by-year performance breakdown, and an investigation into operational and embodied carbon emissions.
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Cao, Bin, Maohui Luo, Min Li, and Yingxin Zhu. "Thermal comfort in semi-outdoor spaces within an office building in Shenzhen: A case study in a hot climate region of China." Indoor and Built Environment 27, no. 10 (2017): 1431–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x17728152.
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In regions with hot climate, most office buildings tend to use mechanical cooling for indoor thermal comfort, which results in high energy consumption throughout the year. In this article, we highlight a case study in an office building in Shenzhen, which is located in the Hot Summer and Warm Winter Zone of China. The building's most distinctive feature is that it makes sufficient use of semi-outdoor spaces, which plays an important role to achieve occupants' comfort, meanwhile contribute to saving energy. Field studies were conducted on an open terrace and in an auditorium with openable walls. Air temperature on the open terrace varied between 28.8℃ and 30.6℃ during working hours on a summer day. Most occupants felt comfortable, although their averaged thermal sensation vote tended to be higher than neutral condition. In the auditorium when it was occupied on an autumn day, air temperature ranged from 26.1℃ to 27.4℃. The averaged thermal sensation vote values in the three sitting areas were −0.5, 0.3, −0.2 respectively, while no less than 70% of people felt thermally comfortable. In both spaces, the sensible airflow had positively impacted on occupants' comfort. The case study has proven the effectiveness of the strategy of using semi-outdoor spaces and could be a grounded example for new building designs in hot regions in China.
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Ambruš, Denis. "The Terazije terrace as a development axis of the center of Belgrade." SAJ - Serbian Architectural Journal 10, no. 3 (2018): 223–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/saj1803223a.
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The main problem with urban planning of Belgrade's historical city centre lies within the area of the Terazije terrace, which has over the years changed its appearance. Architect Nikola Dobrović laid down its foundations in 1929 in his entry to an international competition. It is precisely this concept which paved the way for the area to be expanded as needed, and gradually to reach the Sava riverbank. Two types of construction would need to take precedence in order for Savska padina to have the uniqueness of the space and better view at Savska padina. The first type of construction is defined by horizontal texture of terraces and esplanades and the second with clusters of buildings and mega-structures concentrated in one zone only. In this way the right balance between the historical centre and the Sava riverbank would be struck, with the focus on Terazije and the Sava amphitheater and the future gravitation towards the Terazije terrace serving as the driving force of the city centre's development. In this scenario, the existing "barrier" between the development and integration is recognised as an instrument of urban planning. Regulating the area around the Terazije terrace as a model for the development of the city centre would in the best way contribute to its concretization and set a good example of spatial organisation, respecting the identity and the context of the city center.
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Leng, Pau Chung, Roshida Abdul Majid, Noraslinda Abdul Rahman, Dilshan Remaz Ossen, and Farhana Mohd Razif. "Field Investigation of Indoor Thermal Performance in Malaysia Air-Welled Terraced House." International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability 6, no. 3 (2019): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/ijbes.v6.n3.388.
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This paper aims to determine the performance of the air well system in a hot and humid tropical climate with existing full-scale air well of single-storey terraced house. The application of air well in residential building widely applied in a traditional building, especially in the Middle East and Europe countries. However, resulted from the development, the application of passive cooling strategies such as air well is gradually replaced by a mechanical cooling system. The aim of the study is to investigate the cooling system role in tropics, where hot and humid climate the overheating of building interior are a critical dilemma due to solar penetration through building fenestration. A field measurement has been carried out in a single storey terraced house with built-in air well in Kuching, Sarawak for 5 days. The field measurement investigates the thermal performance of the single-storey terrace house air well under tropical context. The investigation was measured with U-12 HOBO data logger for temperature and humidity while the air velocity was measured with HD32.3 DeltaOhm measurement logger. Both types of the instrument placed in the air well in a vertical position while another U12 HOBO datalogger placed in a test room with window connected to air well. The outdoor weather data set were measured with HOBO U30. Findings show that the under Malaysia tropical climate, the mean air velocity induced by the air well throughout the measurement days marked as 0.91m/s while during the hottest hour of the measurement days, the air velocity induced in the upper air well could reach 1.09m/s with an outdoor air temperature of 33.6°C and solar radiation of 198 Wh/m². The findings of the study have explained the effectiveness of the air well in providing the thermal performance in the indoor environment and further study on modification of the air well configuration could enhance the airflow and air temperature
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Myszak, Aleksandra. "Architecture, which integral part is greenery." Budownictwo i Architektura 6, no. 1 (2010): 091–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.2293.
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In the article, there is shown nowadays one of the most popular directions in designing, which is architecture integral with environment. Long tradition of connecting the building with vegetation reaches III millennium and was used widely in Babylon as a terrace gardens in temples. Tradition is not the unique reason to introduce vegetation to a building, there are several other advantages for environment, people and for the city. Examples of buildings featured in the article are about to show multitude of designing ‘green architecture’.
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Idowu, Ibiyeye Aminat, Zalina Shari, and Mohamad Fakri Zaky Jaafar. "EVALUATING NATURAL VENTILATION PROVISIONS AND OCCUPANTS’ VENTILATION BEHAVIOR IN FIVE TERRACE HOUSING TYPES IN PUTRAJAYA, MALAYSIA." International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR 10, no. 2 (2016): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v10i2.868.
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This study investigates the natural ventilation provisions of residential buildings in the hot-humid climate of Putrajaya as well as the occupants’ utilization and overall satisfaction of these provisions. Five terrace house design types were selected for the study and natural ventilation (NV) provisions were identified through acquired building documents. Computer simulations were carried out on all house types to determine the ventilation rates delivered by the NV provisions. Furthermore, a total of 298 households from the selected house types were surveyed. Two house types were found not to comply with the Uniform Building By-Law (UBBL) governing NV provisions in Malaysia and those house types that complied were found to exhibit higher ventilation rates. Occupants’ level of satisfaction when utilising NV was found to be significantly related to opening sizes complying with UBBL, longer duration of opening windows, and occupants’ means of achieving comfort. This paper informs designers on the importance of complying with the required law governing NV in residential buildings. It also highlights the need for a strict effective enforcement of UBBL compliance for the purpose of building approvals.
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Yamada, Masumi, Junzo Ohmura, and Hiroyuki Goto. "Wooden Building Damage Analysis in Mashiki Town for the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquakes on April 14 and 16." Earthquake Spectra 33, no. 4 (2017): 1555–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/090816eqs144m.
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The 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes caused serious building damage in Mashiki town. Because two large earthquakes occurred within an interval of 28 hours, it is difficult to separate the damage caused by each of these earthquakes. We analyzed aerial photos of the center of Mashiki town taken before and after the second event, which allow us to separate the damage caused by the two earthquakes. Our analysis shows that building damage was concentrated especially on the river terrace of the Akitsu river, and there were almost no collapsed buildings in the south of the damaged area. The pattern of damage distribution of the two events was similar, which suggests that the damage to the wooden buildings was caused by local conditions. The analysis of past aerial photos showed that the heterogeneity of the damage distribution is difficult to explain by only the building age. The cause of this heterogeneity was found to be not because of an earthquake faulting effect, but because of a combination of building seismic performance and local site conditions.
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Fisher, Christopher T., Anna S. Cohen, Rodrigo Solinis-Casparius, et al. "A Typology of Ancient Purépecha (Tarascan) Architecture from Angamuco, Michoacán, Mexico." Latin American Antiquity 30, no. 03 (2019): 510–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/laq.2019.50.
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The morphological study of architectural features, the building arrangement within urban spaces, and multiscalar variation are critical for understanding urbanism as a process. Building types and architectural typologies form the foundational blocks of urban morphology and are essential for identifying architectural patterning. We use a process-typological approach to present an architectural typology from the ancient Purépecha (Tarascan) city of Angamuco, located in the Lake Pátzcuaro Basin, Michoacán, Mexico. Using archaeological survey, lidar analysis, and excavation, we analyze building foundations from houses and public structures; storage facilities; monumental architecture such as pyramids, altars, and public buildings; and landscape features such as plazas, roads, terraces, and raised roadways locally known as huatziri. Our typology enhances understanding of the dense urban environment of this important prehispanic city during and after the formation of the Purépecha Empire.
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Ruseckaitė, Indrė, and Aušra Černauskienė. "MONOLITH EXPERIMENT IN VILNIUS: BETWEEN IDEA AND PRAGMATISM / MONOLITO EKSPERIMENTAS VILNIUJE: TARP IDĖJOS IR PRAGMATIŠKUMO." JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 36, no. 3 (2012): 194–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20297955.2012.732490.
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In postwar development of modernist architecture, ambiguity of reinforced concrete in the role of a causer of a qualitative leap of the architectural thought is particularly reflected by controversial application directions and scales of the present material: from industrialised mass construction of prefabricated reinforced concrete large-panel houses seen as pure pragmatism to individual examples of monolithic reinforced concrete architecture with exclusive plasticity seen as idea disseminators. This is the relation between the ideological content and pragmatism of the monolithic reinforced concrete technology the present article deals with discussing the issue in the contexts of Vilnius housing construction. Multi-dwelling units of monolithic reinforced concrete constructed in compliance with an innovative and experimental technology of that time have been chosen due to relatively low realisation scale thereof and due to the fact that the experiment under investigation hardly took a couple of the last decades of the Soviet era, the end whereof also denotes breakup of the phenomenon. The paper aims at answering what are the pragmatic and ideological impulses having determined development of the technology, what architectural and urban ideas are displayed by the buildings constructed; why the monolithic experiment with the significant role to be played in the unrealised perspective plans of urban development has finished together with the Soviet period and what are today's manifestations with respect to assessment and architectural interpretations of the phenomenon. Conclusions of the article maintain that the best display of the relation between the ideological content and pragmatism of the monolithic reinforced concrete technology in Vilnius is exposed in the contexts of housing construction. Demand for the rapid and inexpensive housing construction technology and new reinforced concrete technologies were combined in the field of construction industrialisation and projects of multiple apartment houses. Necessity for original non-standard architectural vertical accents in the monotonous environment characteristic of the quarters of standard apartment houses encouraged to search for an appropriate innovative technology. Monolithic reinforced concrete (as an alternative to prefabricated reinforced concrete large-panel or brickwork construction being unfavourable to the present typology) was chosen due to a range of pragmatic reasons such as comparatively short design and realisation time, lower labour expenditures and less metal input required. Having joined together ideological and pragmatic needs, the monolithic reinforced concrete technology was applied for some ninety apartment houses in Vilnius from 1974 to 1990. Initially employed for the ultimate challenges, i.e. tower-blocks, later the monolithic experiment was used in construction of barrier blocks and terraced houses of composite structures, whereas at the end of the Soviet era it was utilised for construction of single-family houses. Greater technological potential of the experiment having lasted just for eighteen years enabled more freedom in interpretation of the plan structure of an apartment house, therefore, innovations in living spaces are an integral part of the monolithic experiment. Sculpturesqueness of monolithic towers, form iconicity, demonstration of functional building segments in the plan and volume point to ideological changes in modernist architecture. Switchover from one form to structural combination of a few ones, display of the present structurality in the volume also suggest reflections of structural ideas of "spatial blocks" in design of apartment houses, wherein a flat or a group of flats turn into a segment or block of the plan and spatial structure. Being able to open a range of opportunities for exposition of monolithic reinforced concrete and texture thereof, thereby ensuring development of the "techno-functional" structuralism trend, the monolithic reinforced concrete technology failed to gain the expected scope in the real life due to limited technological possibilities. Contextual ideas, born in the sixties of the 20th c. and declaring the necessity to reinterpret the principles of historic architecture and the old city forms as well as to adapt them to the newly developed urban areas, are also found in the changes of Lithuanian architectural and urban thought. The notion of architectural mounds of Vilnius generated during this period was both elaborated in the central part of the city and rephrased in residential districts. Monolithic tower-blocks were clustered next to the major (micro)raion centres, thereby forming mounds, or were used as peaks of the mounds shaped of standard apartment houses, often turning into the functional concentration points of microraions themselves. At that time, the idea of a barrier block acting as a protection wall that safeguards the microraion against highway noise was developed, however, it was worked out just on the basis of the monolithic technology. Demand for the morphotype with respect to switchover from free building-up to perimeter one and possibilities thereof are marked by construction of perimeter blocks of apartment complexes, the ideas of "privacy" reborn wherein were eventually transformed in projects of monolithic terraced and individual houses as well as in very few realisations. Monolithic reinforced concrete apartment houses represent the technological heritage of the uncompleted and discontinued monolithic experiment having gone out together with the Soviet era. Non-relevant scopes of apartment house construction with the scale of that time as well as the doubts having arisen at the end of the Soviet period with respect to justification of the monolithic technology in construction of apartment houses testify to the end of the monolithic experiment under discussion. Application field of monolithic reinforced concrete moves to interior building structures "dressing" the exterior with modern materials, therefore, monolithic facades just remain a part of the experiment of the past Soviet era, the reverberations whereof are found in individual buildings of today's architecture solely. Santrauka Gelžbetonio kaip kokybinio architektūrinės minties šuolio kaltininko dviprasmiškumas pokarinėje modernistinės architektūros raidoje ypač matomas iš kontraversiškų šios medžiagos naudojimo krypčių ir mastų: nuo industrializuotos masinės surenkamų gelžbetoninių stambiaplokščių namų statybos kaip grynojo pragmatiškumo iki pavienių išskirtinės plastikos monolitinio gelžbetonio architektūros pavyzdžių kaip idėjos skleidėjų. Būtent monolitinio gelžbetonio technologijos idėjiškumo ir pragmatiškumo santykis straipsnyje ir nagrinėjamas, šį klausimą perkėlus į Vilniaus gyvenamosios statybos kontekstus. Monolitinio gelžbetonio gyvenamieji namai, pastatyti naudojant savo laiku inovatyvią ir eksperimentinę technologiją, pasirinkti dėl palyginti nedidelio jų įgyvendinimo masto ir dėl to, kad šis eksperimentas tetruko ne visus porą paskutinių sovietinės eros, kurios pabaiga žymi ir šio fenomeno nutrūkimą, dešimtmečių. Tekste siekiama atsakyti, kokie pragmatiniai ir idėjiniai postūmiai lėmė šios technologijos plėtojimą, kokios architektūrinės ir urbanistinės idėjos skleidžiasi šiuose objektuose; kodėl monolitinis eksperimentas, kuriam nemenkas vaidmuo numatytas neįvykusiuose miesto plėtros ateities planuose, pasibaigė kartu su sovietmečiu ir kaip reiškiasi šiandieniniai šio reiškinio vertinimai bei architektūrinės interpretacijos.
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Reza, Ehsan, and Ozgur Dıncyurek. "The Versatility of Terraced Housing in Iranian Vernacular Architecture Located in Steep Regions." Open House International 42, no. 1 (2017): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-01-2017-b0012.
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This study explores the characteristics of a particular vernacular architecture, which is known as terraced housing. Terraced housing can be found in many different mountainous parts of the world such as the mountainous regions of Bahrain, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Greece, Italy and Japan, which have different environmental and cultural characteristics, and which were built in response to human needs according to the particular topographical conditions. Amongst the examples mentioned, Iranian terraced housing remains distinctive with its local richness and variation, constructed and designed according to the topography of the region. Accordingly the general overview of Iranian vernacular architecture and form is examined by focusing on the environmental factors of two specific Iranian villages. The identification of these villages is evaluated according to the topography, climate, urban pattern and spatial organization of Iranian terraced settlements. As a consequence, the analysis of case studies and data processing will enable decision makers, planners, architects and designers to become more aware of the existing architectural building tradition. The contemporary housing design problems can be solved by employing an appropriate method of design and building construction with reference to the present vernacular housing stock.
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Purwanto, Heri, Coleta Palupi Titasari, and I. Wayan Sumerata. "CANDI KETHEK: KARAKTER DAN LATAR BELAKANG AGAMA." Forum Arkeologi 30, no. 2 (2017): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/fa.v30i2.226.
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Each temple building has style and character building its own and built on background a reliegion. As submitted by Soekmono that the temple located in central Jawa with temple in eastern Jawa has style that is different, foundation worship of different. This article presented characters and religious background of Kethek Temple. Goal was to provide information about history of Gunung Lawu. Data collection was done through observation and literature review. Data analysis was using qualitative, comparative, and kontekstual with symbol theory. Result showed that Kethek Temple has special characteristic; is structured from unprocessed andesite. It utilized the wide natural rock order for terrace border, likes was seen on second and third terrace. Religious background Kethek Temple is Hindu. This was based from finding of turtle sculpture in which is symbol Vishnu. Elements worships toward accentors were still visible, considering terraces is form mountain in which was believed as place where the soul of ancestors live. Setiap bangunan candi memiliki gaya dan karakter bangunan tersendiri dan dibangun atas latar belakang agama tertentu. Salah satunya Candi Kethek, yang juga memiliki gaya, karakter, dan latar belakang agama tertentu. Atas pernyataan itu, maka penelitian ini berusaha mengungkap karakter bangunan dan latar belakang agama yang mendasari pendirian Candi Kethek. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan meliputi observasi dan kajian pustaka. Analisis yang digunakan ialah kualitatif, komparatif, dan kontekstual. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Candi Kethek mempunyai karakter yang khusus, yaitu tersusun oleh batuan andesit yang tidak mengalami pengerjaan secara menyeluruh. Memanfaatkan tatanan batuan alam yang cukup besar untuk memberi batas teras, seperti yang terdapat pada teras dua dan tiga. Latar belakang agama Candi Kethek bersifat Hinduistik. Hal ini bersandar pada temuan arca kurakura yang merupakan simbol dari Wisnu. Anasir pemujaan terhadap roh nenek moyang juga masih terlihat. Mengingat teras berundak merupakan wujud dari gunung, yang dianggap sebagai tempat bersemayamnya leluhur yang telah meninggal.
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Kassim, A. M., M. S. Jamri, M. Nazri Othman, Hazriq Izzuan Jaafar, and S. J. S. Ismail. "Evaluation of Energy Efficiency for Residential New Construction (RNC) Single Storey Terrace House." Applied Mechanics and Materials 699 (November 2014): 877–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.699.877.
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The impermanence changing of the climates that cause many natural disasters these days has raised the attention of us about the importance of greening towards our planet. The building sector has been verified as the major part of the global solutions. Hence, Green Rating Tools are recommended internationally to guide the developers and public in designing and developing green buildings in order to reduce the negative impact towards human health and environment due to increasing use of natural resources. The research on energy efficiency of Residential New Construction (RNC) was successfully done and analyzed by using the DIALux software and light illumination calculations.
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Caesariadi, Tri Wibowo. "PENGARUH TATA RUANG PADA PENGHAWAAN ALAMI RUMAH VERNAKULAR MELAYU PONTIANAK." LANGKAU BETANG: JURNAL ARSITEKTUR 6, no. 1 (2019): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/lantang.v6i1.33160.
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Arsitektur vernakular adalah arsitektur yang memiliki respon yang baik terhadap iklim setempat. Hal ini juga berpengaruh terhadap kenyamanan termal dalam bangunan. Sebagai kota yang memiliki iklim tropis lembab, kenyamanan termal bangunan di Kota Pontianak banyak ditentukan oleh pergerakan angin yang terjadi di dalam bangunan. Adaptasi terhadap iklim pada rumah vernakular melayu Pontianak tidak hanya pada penggunaan elemen bangunan seperti bukaan dan bahan bangunan, juga pada tata ruang yang khas, di antaranya terdapat teras, ruang tengah serta pelataran belakang yang memisahkan rumah induk dengan rumah anak. Tujuan penelitian adalah melihat apakah tata ruang ini berpengaruh terhadap penghawaan alami di ruang dalam. Penelitian dilakukan dengan pengukuran di lapangan terhadap variabel kenyamanan termal, terutama temperatur dan kelajuan angin. Kemudian hasil pengukuran dianalisis secara deskriptif kuantitatif dan dilihat hubungan antara variabel dengan tata ruang, yaitu bagaimana temperatur dan kelajuan angin yang berbeda terjadi di setiap ruang, sehingga dapat ditarik kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tata ruang di rumah vernakular melayu Pontianak, yaitu hadirnya teras dan pelataran belakang turut berperan dalam penghawaan alami yang terjadi di ruang dalam. Teras berperan dalam menurunkan temperatur luar yang masuk ke dalam bangunan (30,74 °C di ruang luar, lalu 29,84 °C di teras depan, dan 29,09 °C di ruang dalam). Pelataran belakang serta tata ruang dalam memberikan pergerakan angin yang lebih baik, ditunjukkan dengan selisih yang kecil antara kelajuan angin di ruang dalam dengan ruang luar pada rumah dengan pelataran belakang (0,51 m/s) dibandingkan dengan rumah tanpa pelataran belakang (0,77 m/s).Kata-kata Kunci: penghawaan alami, vernakular, tata ruangEFFECT OF SPACE LAYOUT TO NATURAL VENTILATION IN MELAYU PONTIANAK VERNACULAR HOUSEVernacular architecture is architecture that has good response to local climate. This also affects the thermal comfort in the building. As a city that has a humid tropical climate, the thermal comfort of buildings in Kota Pontianak is largely determined by the movement of the wind that occurs inside the building. Adaptation to climate in Pontianak's melayu vernacular house is not only on the use of building elements such as openings and building materials, but also on the typical spatial layout, including a terrace, a central room and a back veranda that separates the main house from the secondary house. The aim of the study was to see whether this spatial arrangement has an effect on natural ventilation in the indoor space. The study was conducted with measurements of thermal comfort variables, especially temperature and wind speed. Then the measurement results were analyzed descriptively quantitatively and viewed the relationship between variables and spatial arrangement – i.e. how the temperatures and wind speed differ in each rooms – so that conclusions could be drawn. The results showed that the layout in Pontianak's melayu vernacular house, namely the presence of terraces and back veranda, played a role in the natural ventilation that occurred in the indoor space. The terrace plays a role in reducing the outside temperature that enters the building (30.74 °C in the outdoor, then 29.84 °C on the front terrace, and 29.09 °C in the indoor). Back veranda and spatial layout provide better wind movement, indicated by small difference between the speed of wind in the indoor and the outdoor space of the house with back veranda (0.51 m/s) compared to the house without back veranda (0.77 m/s).Keywords: natural ventilation, vernacular, spatial layoutREFERENCESBoutet, Terry S. (1987) Controlling Air Movement: A Manual for Architects and Builders. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.Caesariadi, Tri Wibowo; Kalsum, Emilya (2011) Climatic Responsive Space in Melayu Pontianak House: A Preliminary Study. The CIB Inter-national Conference: Enhancing the Locality in Architecture, Housing and Urban Environment. January 22, 2011. Yogyakarta.Engin, N.; Vural, N.; Vural, S.; Sumerkan, M.R. (2005) “Climatic Effect in the Formation of Vernacular Houses in the Eastern Black Sea Region”. Building and Environment, Vol. 42. www. sciencedirect.comGutierrez, Jorge (2004) “Notes On the Seismic Adequacy of Vernacular Buildings”. Paper No. 5011. 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Vancouver.Koenigsberger, O.H.; Ingersoll, T.G.; Mayhew, Alan; Szokolay, S.V., (1973) Manual of Tropical Housing and Building, Part One: Climatic Design, London: Longman Group Limited.Lechner, Norbert (2001) Heating, Cooling, Lighting: Design Methods for Architects. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Lippsmeier, Georg (1997) Bangunan Tropis. Jakarta: Erlangga.Sozen, Mujgan S.; Gedik, Gulay Z. (2006) “Evaluation of Traditional Architecture in Terms of Building Physics : Old Diyarbakir Houses”. Build and Environment, Vol. 42. www.elsevier.com.Szokolay, Steven V. (2008) Introduction to Archi-tectural Science: The Basis of Sustainable Design, 2nd ed.. Oxford: Architectural Press Elsevier.
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Zhang, Xin Gui, and Xiang Gang Kong. "Application of Short-Static Driven Piles for High-Rise Building in Nanning." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 1815–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.1815.
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In Nanning basin, because of the peculiar relief and stratum model, the bearing support soil layers for pile foundation of high-rise buildings generally is gravel layer or mudstone layers or sandstone layers. On first or second terrace in basin, gravel layer is most chose as the bearing stratum for pile foundation of high-rise buildings. Static driven piles are commonly used in Nanning, because they have advantages of fast construction, high bearing capacity and noiseless despite costly. In this paper, the actual test data of a 32-stories apartment building of a college in Nanning has been consider- ed in detail. According to the present situation of project operations, the test results show that the piles which length is less than 6m can fully meet the design requirements. This project is a successful example.
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Gavrilovic, Dragan. "Application of solar roof shallow pool at individual residental buildings." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 9, no. 3 (2011): 433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace1103433g.
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The paper discusses the possibility of applying shallow roof pools of water on the basis of passive solar water capture functioning as thermal batteries and thermal "regulators" in a "hot - cold" mode with individual residential buildings. With this application, the utilization of the existing functionality of the building roof area would improve and open up the possibility of achieving better overall bio-climate individual object. By using this system, a flat roof impassable "terrace" takes on a new, additional energy function, which proves the ability to reduce overall energy consumption of total conventional seasonal heating and cooling consumption of a building. Supporting of this intention, the paper gives a variant solution of an easily prefabricated reinforced concrete roof system of shallow water pool that works on the principle of passive solar energy capture.
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Rattray, Charles. "Building constructs: Richard Murphy Architects." Architectural Research Quarterly 1, no. 3 (1996): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135913550000289x.
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This paper reviews the relationship between architectural intent and constructional realisation in the work of the Edinburgh practice Richard Murphy Architects. It focuses on a small built project in Edinburgh, the conversion of a building in Royal Terrace Mews.
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Abdul Rashid, Fahanim, Asrul Mahjuddin Ressang Aminuddin, and Norafida Ab Ghaffar. "Thermal Performance Comparison between Single and Double Storey Terrace Houses in Melaka, Malaysia." Applied Mechanics and Materials 835 (May 2016): 416–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.835.416.
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Over the past decade many studies were conducted to investigate the thermal performance of terraced houses in Malaysia. It was found that this housing typology failed to address the need for thermal comfort and alternatives to the narrow frontage with deep plan have been proposed with simulated good thermal performance. Although this is good progress for new generation of terraced houses, millions of units of terraced houses are still in use and new units with the outdated existing plans continued to get built due to consistently very high demand due to progressive urbanisation and rapid economic developments. Therefore, it is imperative that the thermal comfort issue for existing terraced houses is dealt with and through this paper a comparison between single and double storey terraced houses is made through analysis of indoor environmental monitoring (ambient temperature, relative humidity and air velocity) of two (2) selected case studies in Merlimau, Melaka. Contrary to popular belief, it is found that there is no statistical difference between both sets of indoor temperature and relative humidity between the case studies. This finding is indicative of the consistent and stable temporal temperature highs and lows in a 24 hour cycle despite the difference in indoor volume and distance between the ground floor and the roof cavity. Much of the reason is due to the materiality of the terraced houses construction and unsealed and uninsulated building envelope. Therefore, further research into improving the thermal performance of existing terraced houses of any typology have to be conducted to allow thermal comfort and to reduce reliance on high energy consuming air-conditioning.
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Mezzalama, Giulia. "Il regolamento edilizio del 1902: la trasformazione della strada parigina." STORIA URBANA, no. 122 (September 2009): 27–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/su2009-122002.
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- The transformation of streets in Paris at the beginning of 20th century can best be seen in the facades, whose design featured devices like bow windows and terraces that moved facades forwards and backward in relation to street lines. This transformation is chiefly the result of the building code of 1902 and its late 19th-century predecessors, which came out of a reaction against the allegedly repetitive and monotonous Haussmann- era architecture. The 1902 code established the regulations for determining the height and the degree of protuberance of city buildings. In fact, it set up a new system of relationships between the constructed and non-constructed surface areas. Therefore the city took on a new image that changed when prompted by the new regulations and the modern interpretations that were given to them. The application of these new regulations first resulted in an immediate rise in building heights as well as in a change in the building volumes marked by the changed facades and roofs. However, the obvious change in the building heights that affected roofs, bow windows, loggias, and turrets is not the only distinguishing feature of Parisian architecture in the early 1900s. There is also a transformation in the overall volumes of buildings, which went so far as to break up the uniform alignment of the facades on the streets and thus to vary a system of occupying the lots that had been established for centuries.
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Papageorgiou, Irini. "TRUTH LIES IN THE DETAILS: IDENTIFYING AN APIARY IN THE MINIATURE WALL PAINTING FROM AKROTIRI, THERA." Annual of the British School at Athens 111 (August 30, 2016): 95–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245416000101.
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One of a number of enigmatic depictions in the Aegean iconography of the second millenniumbceis the structure painted on the south wall of the Miniature Frieze from the West House at Akrotiri, Thera. This structure covers the slope of a hill and consists of two vertical blue bands on its western edge and four horizontal blue bands, all with features indicating masonry construction. Five rows of black triangles alternate with the horizontal bands. Each triangle has a round opening in its base. Unique in Aegean iconography, it has been interpreted as a dovecote, a shipshed, a storage space, a rock-cut structure with triangular niches, a geological formation and even a stretch of land with terraces and a vineyard. In one very brief reference it has been identified with an apiary.In line with contemporary rules of perspective, certain details suggest this structure could represent an apiary on a terraced area, protected on its western edge by a wall to windward. The triangular elements must depict the vertical-type fixed-comb woven beehives, which were in use until quite recently in Greece. A road leading from the apiary and connecting the settlement with the tripartite building at the top of the hill completes the elements needed for organised beekeeping. Similarly, there is a trapezoidal expanse of blue to the east of it which probably depicts a pond, another essential element of beekeeping. Both the extent of the area covered by the installation and the prominence of beekeeping products (indicated by chemical analysis and references on Linear B tablets) raise questions about the management of the apiary and the function of the building at the top of the hill.
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Johnston, Andrew C., Marcello Mogetta, Laura Banducci, et al. "A MONUMENTAL MID-REPUBLICAN BUILDING COMPLEX AT GABII." Papers of the British School at Rome 86 (January 9, 2018): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068246217000423.
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Excavations at the Latin city of Gabii in 2012–15 conducted by the Gabii Project have uncovered a monumental building complex, hitherto known only very partially from previous excavations in the 1990s. Organized on a series of three artificial terraces that regularized the slope of the volcanic terrain, it measures some 60 m by 35 m, occupying an entire city-block. It is prominently situated at one of the most central locations within the city, on the main urban thoroughfare at the important intersection of the roads from Tibur, Praeneste and Rome. Stratigraphic evidence and construction techniques date the original phase of the building to the mid-third century BC. This report focuses on a contextualization and description of this first, mid-Republican phase and offers a preliminary interpretation of this complex as a public building, with spaces designed for a variety of functions: bathing, public feasting, and ritual activity. If this is correct, it now represents one of the very few examples of public buildings other than temples and fortifications known from the mid-Republican period, and sheds important light on the development of Roman architecture and of the Latin cities in a crucial and obscure period.
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Dahlke, D. "SPLITTING TERRACED HOUSES INTO SINGLE UNITS USING OBLIQUE AERIAL IMAGERY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-1/W1 (May 31, 2017): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-1-w1-441-2017.
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This paper introduces a method to subdivide complex building structures like terraced houses into single house units comparable to units available in a cadastral map. 3D line segments are detected with sub-pixel accuracy in traditional vertical true orthomosaics as well as in innovative oblique true orthomosaics and their respective surface models. Hereby high gradient strengths on roofs as well as fac¸ades are taken into account. By investigating the coplanarity and frequencies within a set of 3D line segments, individual cut lines for a building complex are found. The resulting regions ideally describe single houses and thus the object complexity is reduced for subsequent topological, semantical or geometrical considerations. For the chosen study area with 70 buidling outlines a hit rate of 80% for cut lines is achieved.