Dissertationen zum Thema „Tents“

The House of Meaning is a study of the perception of the environment and the organisation of space in the boz üy (tent) of the nomadic Kyrgyz. It examines the boz üy as a core metaphor for Kyrgyz nomadic life and as a matrix for the social organisation of that life. I begin this dissertation with a review of Central Asian nomadic history, considering the age of the early nomads, the 'Orientalism' debate, oral history, lineage and tribal relations, and the Kyrgyz oral epic Manas. I then pose the question, "What is a nomad?" and suggest that in order to understand Kyrgyz pastoral nomadism, we need to consider the importance of movement, human-animal relations and the nomadic philosophy of nature. Following this, I consider learning and tradition, focusing on the importance of the family- and home-based nature of Kyrgyz learning, and on the importance the Kyrgyz place on non-declarative learning for the upbringing of children. Then I examine Kyrgyz shyrdak carpets, considering them in terms of the criteria of beauty, skill, form and meaning, and the context in which they are made. Finally, I examine the Kyrgyz boz üy, the felt tent itself, and, through a consideration of form and space in vernacular architecture, attempt to distil the multi-faceted significance of this seemingly simple form of dwelling. I consider geometry, the notion of 'organic' in vernacular architecture, different anthropological approaches to space in architecture, homeliness and the unfolding relationship between the person, the house and the universe. The Kyrgyz are a nomadic people. Their home moves with them and yet it is a still place, the focus and integrating force of their lives. The Kyrgyz boz üy is a 'house of meaning' because it is a generating point for social forces and a centre for learning and change. It is both a microcosm of the universe and a macrocosm of the person. It provides an essential image of the synthesis and synergy of the lives of a nomadic people.

Globally, billions of people live in temporary shelters due to poverty, and every year millions of refugees and disaster affected individuals are forced to live in temporary shelters such as Standardised Emergency Relief Tents (SERTs). The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has spent millions of US dollars annually on tents, blankets and mattresses. The tents used are designed as temporary accommodation; in reality they sometimes become homes for a number of years when the return to permanent shelter is slow or unaffordable. While the SERT aims to adhere to humanitarian standards for basic shelter provision, this type of construction is ultimately designed to be quick to deploy, using lightweight and cost effective materials. Consequently, SERTs have been known to provide an extremely thermally uncomfortable place to live in different climates, requiring stove heating in cold climates and being impractical to keep cool in hot climates. Little research has been done to determine whether this situation could be improved. The thermal comfort performance of a real SERT in a known UK climate was investigated, to explore the science behind the experience of real users. Measurements were made in the SERT over a 6 month period and the observations quantitatively analysed in order to characterise and explain the tent s response to a range of outdoor conditions. The predicted thermal comfort in the SERT was calculated using a variety of suitable metrics. The data collected in a UK climate was used to develop and validate computational models of the SERT, which have applications in any world climate. Based on quantitative analysis of the SERT models performances in cold, temperate and hot climates, conclusions were drawn regarding the suitability of the SERT for use in each climate. The computational models of the SERT were modified in geometry and material, with the aim of improving the predicted thermal comfort in the SERT in hot and cold climates. The effectiveness of these design changes was analysed, and recommendations for improvements to the SERT were made. These recommendations could be used by SERT manufacturers and key humanitarian organisations in order to facilitate design modifications.

The overheating problem experienced during Islamic pilgrimage in recent years has caused serious thermal discomfort and a number of mortalities among pilgrims coming from various parts of the world to perform the annual event at Makkah in Saudi Arabia. This research aims to investigate the real dimension of thermal discomfort experienced inside the pilgrimage tents. The back bone of this task was the data collected from the field investigations during the Hajj season of 1989, including climatic measurements taken inside the tents for the first time during the Hajj season. The investigations also included a subjective evaluation for internal thermal conditions by the pilgrims from Europe, the Middle East, and South East Asia. This research also attempts to identify passive and natural cooling guidelines that are applicable to the tent's design. The author tested sets of experiments aimed to measure the thermal effects of some of the natural cooling techniques on pilgrimage tents at Makkah. The research concludes with design guidelines to improve the thermal quality of the pilgrimage tent. The recommended guidelines were based on the experimental results and practical examples of cooling strategies applied to tents in similar hot climates.

L'objectif principal visé par cette thèse est de modéliser les poutres gonflables en textiles techniques orthotropes. Les approches statiques font l'objet de ce rapport. Avant d'aborder ce problème, nous avons été amenés à identifier tous les paramètres qui ont un effet direct sur les propriétés mécaniques effectives de ces composites. Ainsi, nous avons développé un modèle micro mécanique de prédiction de ces propriétés mécaniques. Le modèle proposé est basé sur l’analyse d'un volume élémentaire représentatif (VER) prenant en compte non seulement les propriétés mécaniques et la. fraction de volume de chaque phase dans le VER mais également leur géométrie et leur architecture. Chaque fil dans le VER a été modélisé comme un matériau isotrope transverse (contenant les fibres et la résine). La méthode dite d’assemblage de cylindres a été utilisée pour l’homogénéisation au niveau des fils. Une deuxième homogénéisation est ensuite réalisée. Elle prend en compte la fraction de volume de chaque constituant (fils de chaîne, fils de trame et résine non prise en compte dans les fils). Le modèle a été validé par des résultats expérimentaux existant dans la littérature. Une élude paramétrique a été menée afin d'étudier les effets des divers paramètres géométriques et mécaniques sur ces propriétés mécaniques. Dans l'analyse structurale, un modèle poutre gonflable 3D de Timoshenko en tissu orthotrope a été proposé. Il prend en compte les non-linéarités géométriques et l'effet de la force suiveuse générée par la pression de gonflage. Les équations d'équilibre non-linéaires dérivent du principe des travaux virtuels en configuration lagrangienne totale. Dans une première approche, une linéarisation a été faite autour de la configuration de référence précontrainte pour obtenir les équations adaptées aux problèmes linéaires. A titre d'exemple, le problème de flexion plane a été abordé. Quatre cas de conditions aux limites ont été traités et les résultats obtenus améliorent les modèles existants dans le cas de tissu isotrope. Les charges de plissage ont été également proposées dans chaque cas traité. Dans une deuxième approche, les équations non-linéaires ont été discrétisées par la méthode des éléments finis. Deux types de solutions ont été alors proposées : les solutions aux problèmes éléments finis linéaires obtenues par une linéarisation des équations discrétisées autour de la configuration de référence précontrainte et les solutions aux problèmes éléments finis non-linéaires réalisées en adoptant une méthode Quasi-Newton sous sa forme incrémentale. A titre d’exemple, la flexion d’une poutre encastrée-libre a été étudiée et les résultats améliorent les modèles théoriques. Le modèle éléments finis non-linéaire a été comparé favorablement à un modèle éléments finis coque mince 3D. Une étude paramétrique a été ensuite effectuée. Elle a porté sur l'influence des propriétés mécaniques et sur de la pression de gonflage sur la réponse de la poutre. Les solutions éléments finis linéaires se sont avérées proches des résultats théoriques linéarisés d'une part et les résultats du modèle éléments finis non-linéaire se sont avérés proches des résultats du modèle linéaire dans le cas des propriétés mécaniques élevées alors que le modèle éléments finis non-linéaire est indispensable pour modéliser ces poutres lorsque les propriétés mécaniques du tissu sont faibles
The main objective of this thesis was to model inflatable beams made frorn orthotropic woven fabric composites. The static aspects were investigated in this report. Before planning to develop these models, it was necessary to know all the parameters which have a direct effect on the effective mechanical properties these composites. Thus, a micro­ mechanical model was performed for predicting the effective mechanical properties. The proposed model was based on the analysis of the representative volume element (RVE). The model took into account not only the mechanical properties and volume fraction of each components in the RVE but also their geometry and architecture. Each yarn in the RVE was modelled as a transversely isotropic material (containing fibres and resin) using the concentric cylinders model (CCIVI). A second volumetric averaging which took into account the volume fraction of each constituent (warp yarn, weft yarn and resin), was performed. The model was validated favorably against experimental available data. A parametric study was conducted in order to investigate the effects of various geometrical and mechanical parameters on the elastic properties of these composites. ln the structural analysis, a 3D Timoshenko airbeam with a homogeneous orthotropic woven fabric (OWF) was addressed. The model took into account the geometrical nonlinearities and the inflation pressure follower force effect. The analytical equilibrium equations were performed using the total Lagrangian form of the virtual work principle. As these equations were nonlinear, in a first approach, a linearization was performed at the prestressed reference configuration to obtain the equations devoted to linearized problems. As example, the bending problem was investigated. Four cases of boundary conditions were treated and the deflections and rotations results improved the existing models in the case of isotropic fabric. The wrinkling load in every case was also proposed. In a second approach, the nonlinear equilibrium equations of the 3DTimoshenko airbeam were discretized by the finite element method. Two finite element solutions were then investigated : finite element solutions for linearized problems which were obtained by the means of the linearization around the prestressed reference configuration of the nonlinear equations and nonlinear finite element solutions which were performed by the use of an optimization algorithm based on the Qua.si-Newton method. As an example, the bending problem of a cantilever inflated beam under concentrated load was considered and the deflection results improve the theoretical models. As these beams are made from fabric, the beam models were validated through their comparison with a 3D thin-shell finite element model. The influence of the material effective properties and the inflation pressure on the beam response was also investigated through a parametric study. The finite element solutions for linearized problems were found to be close to the theoretical linearized results. On the other hand, the results for the nonlinear finite element model were shown to be close to the results for the linearized finite element model in the case of high mechanical properties and the non linear finite element model was used to improve the linearized model when the mechanical properties of the fabric are low

This thesis explores four aspects of transportation and setting in Middle English and Old French romance: horses, ships, tents and cities. Despite the fact that they have to varying extents been previously neglected by literary critics, these topics prove interesting, not only in their own right but also for the contributions they make to the structure of a romance tale. Horses and ships are the subjects of the first two chapters, and are seen to function quite differently from each other as modes of transport for romance heroes and heroines. The wide range of story motifs in which they feature (often topoi developed from earlier literary sources) is indicated. In addition, I discuss the horse in its role as far more than a simple means of transport, in the instances when it is elevated to near-human status and may even be considered a protagonist in the story. Tents and pavilions are examined in the third chapter and found to be a remarkable form of portable setting, capable of transforming space in a number of fascinating ways. A survey is made of the many different scenarios in which they commonly appear, ranging from martial contexts and tournaments to backdrops for amorous liaisons. The thesis then concludes with a study of two texts, Le Bel Inconnu and Partonope of Blois, which are unusual because each features a city (or cities) as a prominent location. I ask why urban settings are uncommon in romance and look at how the two authors accommodate such static space in their tales of romance. My first three chapters focus on various aspects of the knight errant's journeying (typically at the centre of any medieval romance), while the final chapter seeks to understand if such a hero can ever be accommodated in an immobile cityscape.

Bibliography: leaves 138-149. This thesis investigates the theoretical and practical importance of nomadic ways of life for architecture. Nomadology is a construction of Deleuze and Gattari's 'counter-philosophy' challenging authenticity and propriety, in this case, in the context of architecture. It describes how nomadology may challenge static, permanent, heroically solitary ways of working and dwelling, and suggests strategies - diagramming, ephemerality, movement, and collaboration - as ways of reconciling nomadism and architecture.

This work is about how international housing assistance to societies affected by war contributes toward long-term recovery. Or does not. Current wars are characterized by large, often identity specific population movements causing an extreme and urgent need for shelter. This research does not deal with (emergency) ‘shelter’, but with (permanent) ‘housing’, which has come to be one of the largest funding sectors of international aid to countries ravaged by war.

It is my contention that housing re/construction, because of its socio-material nature and high economic value may contribute towards long-term recovery. My research is therefore focusing on the relationship between the overall process of recovery and the way internationally funded housing projects are implemented. Recovery is conceptualized as a time limited, complex and reflexive activity, i.e. guided by past experience, both of pre-war conditions, and of the war itself. This makes recovery an endogenously driven process. In examining the implementation of foreign funded housing programs I submit, aided by prevailing theory, three chief attributes of housing: 1) that of physical object with its technical determinants and functional responsiveness, 2) that of object of meaning, i.e. symbol, which allows for, or even determines human action, and 3) that of vehicle of development, both by its backward linkages. i.e. creating demand and employment, but also by forward linkages, i.e. what people with housing will be able to do. All these attributes refer back to “what houses can do”, not only to “what houses are”.

The New Wars create a new and extremely complex context for international housing interventions. Unlike the indiscriminate mass destruction of housing of former wars, today housing is destroyed as a function of the owners’ identity. The destruction of housing has become an integral part of ethnic cleansing. This fact has lead donors to concentrate on rebuilding the destroyed housing as a means of reintegrating the displaced, an idea that seems simplistic given the meaning of recovery, the nature of housing - and the grave political complexity of the new wars.

Ideology as well as practical considerations have made the international NGOs the major agents of international aid. Their new role comes from that fact that most of the NGOs now receive substantial parts of their income from governments – to carry out government sponsored projects. Housing is a favored sector of intervention in war affected areas. Yet very few NGOs have any experience with housing. They make up for it by hiring building professionals on short-term field contracts. What little there is of theoretical writing that on housing re/construction after current wars, indicate that the NGOs – guided by their donors – apply an emergency approach also to permanent housing. Housing is conceived as shelter, which makes it a logistical challenge to fulfill basic short-term needs. If such an approach is applied, will it still contribute towards societal recovery?

Within this frame I have examined three multi-phased housing projects in Bosnia-Herzegovina. I explore their performance and capacity to enhance long-term recovery. Acknowledging the endogenous, reflexive nature of recovery, I had to approach it qualitatively, yet be able to draw theoretical conclusions on a broader scale. I have investigated how the housing projects are performing as physical entities, as generators or inhibitors of social and socio-material interaction, and I have examined how the housing projects have impacted local markets, production and the buildings industry. I do this by applying a societal capital approach which holds (re)development a function of beneficial flows from four societal capitals, i.e. fixed, environmental, human and social capital. Recovery is supported when housing investments also replenish the other capitals modes so that the inhabitants may draw benefits from their enriched interaction.

My cases are 1) set at different times in the reconstruction process, 2) set at different places and 3) executed differently by different NGOs. They yielded different, yet consistent conclusions within the three aspects of housing: physical object, symbol and strategy:

• The long-term nature of housing construction is ignored in that technical solutions, workmanship – and not least – the choice of location reflect an emergency attitude where inappropriate solutions are accepted “because it is war”. There is a reluctance to plan beyond the immediate even for structures that can last generations.

• The symbolic power of housing is reconfirmed for those who are able to reestablish livelihood networks at their place of origin. Return does not make strategic sense, hence is not a “durable solution”, for those whose networks are irreparably destroyed. For those who can return, housing reconstruction becomes a symbolic act, both to reestablish ontological security, but also to demonstrate against former perpetrators. Housing reconstruction in itself is therefore not a vehicle towards reconciliation.

• Housing re/construction in times of war is a way of disseminating purchasing power through employment. There is no production, no social or financial institutions by which the building industry can develop. Internationally funded reconstruction therefore relies on large scale – and tax free - imports of buildings materials. However, my cases show that domestic demand more often than that of NGOs draws upon imports. Recovery momentum is lost in not supporting the (re)establishment of the local building materials industry.

• My cases confirm the recovery powers of local agency. When substantive decisions on reconstruction are transferred from the NGO to the local community as part of the material support to housing re/construction, the community is also entrusted with support from external agents, like their own diaspora. This combination replenishes all capital modes of the community. The validity of this observation is inversely confirmed by another case where the inhabitants were not at all entrusted with decision-making powers, i.e. their human and social capitals were depleted. This also becomes apparent in that fixed and environmental capitals are also eroded.

I have concluded by presenting implications for policy, practice and research.

Denne avhandlingen handler om internasjonal bistand til boligreisning i krigsherjede områder, og hvordan slik bistand kan bidra til langsiktig gjenreisning. Eller hvordan den ikke bidrar. Dagens kriger preges av store demografiske forkastninger, ofte knyttet til befolkninggruppers etniske tilknytning. Dette fører til enorme boligbehov. Foreliggende forskningsarbeid dreier seg ikke om nødboliger slik vi finner dem i flyktningeleire, men på permanent boligbygging/boligreising. Hjelp til bolig(gjen)reising er ett av de største internasjonale innsatsområdene i krigsherjede områder.

Mitt utgangspunkt er boligbygging og boliggjenreisning, i kraft av sin sosio-materielle natur og betydelige økonomiske verdi, er spesielt egnet som innsatsområde for langsiktig gjenreisning. Min forskning fokuserer derfor på forholdet mellom de overordnede gjenreisningsprosessene og måten internasjonalt finansierte boligbyggingsprosjekter blir gjennomført på. Gjenreisning blir konseptualisert som en tidsbegrenset, kompleks og refleksiv aktivitet. At den er refleksiv innebærer at den er formet av tidligere erfaringer, både av forhold før krigen brøt ut og av selve krigen. Dette gjør gjenreisning til en prosess som drives fram av 'egne erfaringer', til en "deltakende" prosess. Ved hjelp av ledende teori fokuserer jeg på tre hovedattributter ved boliger i studien av gjennomføringen av internasjonalt finansierte boligreisningsprosjekter: 1) at det er fysiske objekter med teknisk determinanter og egenskaper for funksjonell tilpasning; 2) at de er meningsobjekter, de er symboler som lager rom for, eller til og med er bestemmende for, menneskelig handling; og 3) at de er investeringsobjekter, eller verktøy for utvikling, både gjennom å skape etterspørsel og sysselsetting, men også gjennom hva mennesker med bolig vil kunne utføre. Alle disse attributtene er knyttet til ”hva boligen gjør”, ikke bare ”hva boligen er”.

De såkalte 'Nye Krigene' skaper nye og svært komplekse betingelse for internasjonal bistand til boliggjenreisning. Til forskjell fra tidligere krigers masseødeleggelser av boliger, ødelegges boliger i nåtidens kriger som en funksjon av eierens identitet. Ødeleggelsen av boliger har blitt en integrert del av etnisk rensning. Dette har ført at de internasjonale giverne har konsentrert seg om gjenoppbygging av ødelagte boliger som redskap for å gjenintegrere de fordrevne – og gjennom det skape fred. I lys av gjenreisningens forutsetning, boligen flerdimensjonale natur og den grunnleggende politiske kompleksiteten ved de nye krigene, kan dette virke dette rett så forenklet.

Både ideologi og praktiske hensyn har ført til at internasjonale ikke-statlige organisasjoner (NGOer) har blitt hovedaktører i internasjonal bistand. Deres nye rolle kommer av at de fleste NGOene får hovedparten av inntekten sin fra regjeringer – for å utføre regjeringsstøttede prosjekter. Til tross for at boligbygging er en foretrukket innsatssektorsektor i krigsherjede områder, er det svært få NGOer som har boligreisningsefaring. Dette kompenserer de ved å hyre inn profesjonelle byggfolk på kortidskontrakter. Det lille som finnes av teori om gjenreisning etter nye kriger, indikerer at NGOene – støttet av sine statlige finansieringskilder – anvender en nødhjelpstilnærming også hva angår permanent boligbygging. Bolig blir forstått som om ’husly’. Det retter innsatsen inn mot å umiddelbare behov. Men kan man bidra til langsiktig gjenreisning av krigsskadde samfunn ved å benytte innsatsmidler som varer i generasjoner til først og fremst å løse akutte, men midlertidige boligbehov? Det vil i hvert fall fordre planperspektiver som strekker seg ut over nødfasen.

Innenfor dette rammeverket har jeg undersøkt tre større boligprosjekter i Bosnia-Herzegovina. Jeg undersøker deres egenskaper og kapasitet til å kunne fremme langsiktig gjenreisning. Med utgangspunkt i at gjenreisning er refleksiv og styrt av lokale prosesser, har jeg måttet tilnærme meg feltet kvalitativt, men samtidig være i stand til å trekke teoretiske konklusjoner i større skala. Jeg har undersøkt hvordan boligreisningsprosjekter oppfyller krav som stilles til boliger som fysiske objekter, og hvordan de genererer eller hindrer sosial og sosio-materiell samhandling. I tillegg har jeg undersøkt hvordan boligreisningsprosjekter har påvirket lokal etterspørsel og tilbud, produksjon og den lokale byggeindustrien. Dette gjør jeg gjennom å benytte en kapitalforståelse av samfunnet som ser på utvikling og gjenreisning som en funksjon av positiv samhandling mellom fire samfunnsmessige kapitalformer, nemlig fysisk kapital, miljøkapital, menneskelig kapital og sosial kapital. Gjenreisning skjer når økonomiske investeringer i boligbygging (vekst i fysisk kapital) også fører til vekst i de andre kapitalformene, og der innbyggerne kan trekke fordeler av denne veksten.

Prosjektene jeg har studert er gjennomført til ulik tid i gjenoppbyggingsprosessen, på ulike sted, og gjennomført av ulike agenter, (NGOer). Studiet av prosjektene førte til forskjellige, men likevel konsistente konklusjoner angående de tre attributtene som boliger innehar: fysisk objekt, symbol og strategi:

• Boligens langsiktige egenskaper blir ignorert ved at tekniske løsninger, utførelse og, ikke minst, valg av lokalisering reflekterer en nødhjelpsholdning, der mindreverdige løsninger blir godtatt ”fordi det er krig”, ikke nødvendigvis fordi det ikke fins alternativer. Det er motstand mot å planlegge utover det umiddelbare.

• Boligens symbolske kraft blir bekreftet for de som klarer å gjenopprette sosiale og økonomiske nettverk på sine opprinnelsessteder. For de som opplever at nettverkene er ugjenkallelig ødelagt, blir det ’å flytte tilbake’ meningsløst og oppfattes ingenlunde som en ”varig løsning”. Selve boligreisning blir en symbolsk handling for de som kan reise tilbake, både ved at det gjenoppretter ontologisk trygghet, men også som demonstrasjon mot deres overgripere. Boliggjenreisning i seg selv er derfor intet egnet redskap for forsoning.

• Bolig(gjenopp)bygging i krigstid er en måte å formidle og fordele kjøpekraft på. I krigsherjede land der produksjonsmidlene er ødelagt, og der sosiale og økonomiske institusjoner har kollapset, fint det ingenting for byggebransjen å utvikle seg gjennom. Derfor må den internasjonalt finansierte gjenoppbyggingen i stor basere seg på (skattefri) import av byggevarer. Likevel viser de prosjektene jeg har studert at lokalt generert etterspørsel i enda større grad enn den som genereres gjennom NGOene, retter seg mot import. Gjenreisningskraften tappes i vesentlig grad av at ikke bistandsinnsatsen også rettes inn mot (gjen)opprettelse av lokal produksjon av byggematerialer.

• Prosjektene jeg har studert bekrefter gjenreisningskraften hos lokale aktører i lokale handlingsrom. Når vesentlige beslutninger som gjelder den materielle støtten til boliggjenreisningen blir overført fra NGOene til lokalsamfunnet, gir det lokalsamfunnet en legitimitet som utløser støtte også fra andre eksterne aktører, som deres egen diaspora. Dette forsterker alle kapitalformene i lokalsamfunnet. Der slik beslutningsoverføring ikke finner sted, hindres en gjenreisning av menneskelig og sosial kapital. Det fortærer i sin tur både fysiske kvaliteter ved boligen og miljøet.

Jeg har konkludert ved å presentere implikasjoner for planlegging, praksis og forskning.

This was an ethnographic study of the woven tent objects produced by the Bedouin Otaibah tribe in Najd, central Saudi Arabia; the study examines origin, techniques, character and significance of their weavings. A major objective of the researcher was to discern the relationship between the weavers' development of traditions and the factors of technique, medium and perceived meaning. The method used was investigative fieldwork that included techniques of face to face interviews and participant observation. Interviews with 50 Bedouin female weavers in Najd were conducted for 8 months. Background information on the Otaibah tribe and their traditional way of life was provided. The review of the literature of traditional arts, folk arts and art education illustrates that there is limited accessible information concerning the general history of traditional arts in Saudi Arabia. A discussion of the aesthetic value, definitions and roles of traditional art, tribal art and the differences between art and crafts was included. Analysis of data answered the study's questions through a presentation of the findings of the fieldwork. The Otaibah tribe has its own unique style of weaving. Information gathered from participant observation and documents from the Haifa Faisal Collection of Saudi Arabian Traditional Arts in Chicago supplements information obtained by interview. The findings indicate that as a result of modernization and settlement, traditional Bedouin weavings are gradually being replaced. Weavers find themselves forced to compete with a deluge of imported machine-made goods, a development changing structure of the culture from nomadic to semi--modernized creating a new foundation of social and economic life for the society. The.results of the study provide a curriculum base for art education in Saudi Arabia. Suggestions for further studies, recommendations and the implications for art education are included.

This diploma thesis deals with the use of adiabatic cooling for the improvement of microclimate of large-scale tents in Czech climatic conditions, specifically in city of Rožnov pod Radhoštěm. First part thesis is the design of a universal calculation tool for calculating the heat load of two types of large-scale tents. This tool was used to design and construct the suitable mobile trickle adiabatic cooler. The experimental part is focused on the finding of suitable material to be used to as filling of trickle adiabatic cooler and further testing it.

Este trabalho analisa a Festa das Tendas na diocese de Lages, localizada em Santa Catarina. Trata-se de uma celebração anual que iniciou no ano de 1997, no encerramento do Ano Bíblico Diocesano. De inspiração bíblica, esta festa visibiliza as Comunidades Eclesiais de Base (CEBs) como opção eclesiológica da diocese e aponta para o resgate de práticas de cuidado e solidariedade, de relações recriadas de superação das exclusões sociais e eclesiais. O primeiro capítulo descreve o processo de ―"armar tendas" na história da festa nos últimos 13 anos e aborda as origens bíblicas da Festa das Tendas, particularmente no Primeiro Testamento. A descrição dos rituais próprios da festa e suas características mais marcantes serão muito valiosos para a busca de novos significados da festa no contexto em que ela é celebrada. O segundo capítulo assume o desafio de ―"desarmar relações de exclusão" e questiona a presença de uma lógica de exclusão na Sociedade e na Igreja. Ao mesmo tempo, propõe a superação desta lógica pelas práticas do cuidado e da comensalidade. Estas duas práticas estão muito presentes em todas as edições da Festa das Tendas e expressam-se em muitas atitudes, tais como: a partilha dos alimentos, a gratuidade, a acolhida. A opção eclesiológica pelas Comunidades Eclesiais de Base (CEBs) inspira-se na teologia da Trindade Santa e apresenta uma alternativa para a lógica da exclusão, que pode ser superada pela participação em todos os níveis sociais e eclesiais. O terceiro capítulo apresenta algumas propostas de ação pastoral, confirmando este jeito novo de ser Igreja que as CEBs apontam e que a Festa das Tendas celebra. Na abertura para a realidade sócio-político e econômica, apresenta-se a criação de um novo contrato social que consolide uma cidadania plena e planetária, na perspectiva da construção de uma Igreja e uma Sociedade sem exclusões, justas, fraternas e solidárias; sinais do Reino de Deus.
This work analyses the Feast of Tents at the Lages diocese, wich is located in Santa Catarina. It is about an annual feast that started in 1997, from the end of the Bible Diocesan Year. From biblical inspiration, this feast provides for Ecclesial Communities of Base (CEBs), an ecclesiologic option at diocese and points to the ransom of praxes in care and solidarity of recreated relationships from overcoming of the social and ecclesial exclusions. The first chapter reports the process of ―"put up tents" in the history of this feast in the last 13 years and also describes its biblical origins, particularly in the Old Testament. The description of its rituals and most remarkable characteristics will be very laious so that we chase new meanings for this feast in the context how its celebrated by community. The second chapter treats about the chalange de ― "disarm relationships of exclusion" and inquires the presence of an exclusion logic in the Society and at Church. At the same time, it proposes the overcoming for this problem by praxes of care and comensalism. There two practices are been very present in all editions of the Feast of Tents and express themselves in many attitudes, such the division of food, gratuity, reception. The ecclesiologic option for the Ecclesial Communities of Base (CEBs) inspires itself in the theology of the Holiest Trinity and presents an option for the purpose of resolving the logic of exclusion, wich can be overcome through participation in all social levels. The third chapter proposes some pastoral actions that confirm a new way of being Churc that the CEBs shows and the Feast of Tents celebrates. In the opening for the sócio-political and economic reality, it is introduced the creation of a new social contract that consolidates a full citizenship and planetary, in the perspective of the construction of a Church and Society without exclusions, just, fraternal and supportive; signals of Gods Kingdom.

Translation Environment Tools (TEnTs) became popular in the early 1990s as a partial solution for coping with ever-increasing translation demands and the decreasing number of translators available. TEnTs allow the creation of repositories of legacy translations (translation memories) and terminology (integrated termbases) used to identify repetition in new source texts and provide alternate translations, thereby reducing the need to translate the same information twice. While awareness of the important role of terminology in translation and documentation management has been on the rise, little research is available on best practices for building and using integrated termbases. The present research is a first step toward filling this gap and provides a set of guidelines on how best to optimize the design and use of integrated termbases. Based on existing translation technology and terminology management literature, as well as our own experience, we propose that traditional terminology and terminography principles designed for stand-alone termbases should be adapted when an integrated termbase is created in order to take into account its unique characteristics: active term recognition, d one-click insertion of equivalents into the target text and document pretranslation. The proposed modifications to traditional principles cover a wide range of issues, including using record structures with fewer fields, adopting the TBX-Basic’s record structure, classifying records by project or client, creating records based on equivalent pairs rather concepts in cases where synonyms exist, recording non-term units and multiple forms of a unit, and using translated documents as sources. The overarching hypothesis and its associated concrete strategies were evaluated first against a survey of current practices in terminology management within TEnTs and later through a second survey that tested user acceptance of the strategies. The result is a set of guidelines that describe best practices relating to design, content selection and information recording within integrated termbases that will be used for translation purposes. These guidelines will serve as a point of reference for new users of TEnTs, as an academic resource for translation technology educators, as a map of challenges in terminology management within TEnTs that translation software developers seek to resolve and, finally, as a springboard for further research on the optimization of integrated termbases for translation.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
Esta dissertaÃÃo mostrarà aspectos relevantes sobre a real situaÃÃo na Ãrea das barracas da Praia do Futuro, especialmente no tocante aos aspectos referentes à funÃÃo socioambiental da propriedade urbana e da justiÃa ambiental. O trabalho ora exposto tambÃm pretende fazer uma exposiÃÃo dos motivos pelos quais os barraqueiros encontram-se irregulares perante à UniÃo, fato este que ensejou uma AÃÃo civil PÃblica em 2005, contando como autores o MinistÃrio PÃblico Federal, a UniÃo e, posteriormente, o prÃprio MunicÃpio de Fortaleza, visto que vÃrios deles encontram-se, muito possivelmente, em faixa de praia, sendo esta um bem de uso comum do povo, de propriedade da UniÃo e no qual à proibida edificaÃÃes. Os terrenos de marinha e a linha de preamar tambÃm sÃo objetos de discÃrdia, especialmente entre os membros do judiciÃrio, tendo como explicaÃÃo a prÃpria legislaÃÃo jà muito ultrapassada e antiga, fato este que prejudica medidas judiciais rÃpidas e consistentes. A funÃÃo socioambiental da propriedade urbana à um dos principais pontos de explanaÃÃo no decorrer desta dissertaÃÃo, pois a real proprietÃria do local onde estÃo Ãs barracas à da UniÃo e a maioria dos barraqueiros, sem autorizaÃÃo, construiu e ampliou seus negÃcios, impedindo o uso de todos da Ãrea da praia, alÃm de causar ainda mais danos ambientais para a regiÃo, o que fere nÃo somente o meio ambiente natural, como tambÃm a dignidade dos banhistas que nÃo possuem o capital suficiente para se utilizarem dos produtos fornecidos pelas barracas. Outro ponto de grande importÃncia à o da justiÃa ambiental, ou seja, os danos ambientais advindos dos resÃduos das barracas deveriam ser compartilhados por todos, especialmente o poluidor (princÃpio do poluidor-pagador), mas, infelizmente, nÃo existe a chamada equidade ambiental no local.
This dissertation will explain relevant aspects about the real situation of the tents in the area of Praia do Futuro, especially about the social and environment function of urban property and the environmental justice. The paper also exposed now intends to make a exposition of the reasons for which are irregular the ownerâs of the tents before the Union, a fact which led to a Public civil Action in 2005, as the authors tell the Federal Public Ministry, the Union and, later, the Municipality itself Fortaleza, since several of them are mostly possible in the strip of beach, which is an asset of common use of Federal property and buildings is prohibited. The tide lands and high tide line are also objects of contention, especially among members of the judiciary, with the explanation of the legislation itself already very outdated and old, a fact tent undermines legal action fast and consistent. The role of social and environmental urban property is one of the main points of explanation in the course of this work, because the real owner of the place where the tents are is from the Union and most of the ownerâs of the tents, without authorization, builded and expanded their businesses, preventing the use of all of the area beach, apart from causing further environmental damage to the region, which hurts not only the natural environment, but also the dignity of bathers who do not have enough capital to use the products provided by the tents. Another point of great importance is the environmental justice, or environmental damage arising out of the tents of waste should be shared by all, especially the polluter (the principle of polluter pays), but unfortunately, there is so-called equity in environment site.

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
Este trabalho tem por objetivo investigar as demandas de processamento relacionadas à resolução de provas de língua portuguesa do SAERJinho, focalizando-se, em particular, fatores de ordem linguístico-textual envolvidos na leitura de textos e enunciados das referidas provas. Na resenha da literatura são apresentadas vertentes teóricas sobre o processamento da leitura, seus aspectos cognitivos, metacognitivos assim como os conceitos de legibilidade e inteligibilidade. Dada a multiplicidade semiótica que caracteriza os textos das provas analisadas, são considerados os conceitos de multimodalidade e multiletramento. Apresenta-se, adicionalmente, literatura relativa a gêneros textuais, tendo em vista a identificação dos gêneros mais recorrentes nas provas examinadas. Uma breve caracterização dos tipos de questão de múltipla escolha usados em provas objetivas também é estabelecida, entendendo-se que aspectos metacognitivos associados à resolução desses tipos de questão podem afetar o desempenho dos alunos nas provas. A fim de compreender os critérios de elaboração das provas, foram considerados os Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais para o Ensino Médio, que são a base referencial da Matriz de Referência utilizada na elaboração do SAERJinho. Antes das análises, o SAERJinho foi apresentado. No capítulo da metodologia, são apresentados o corpus da pesquisa, a ferramenta usada para verificar o grau de legibilidade dos textos (Coh-Metrix-Port) e o valor do índice Flesch associado a cada texto. Em seguida, procedeu-se à análise dos gêneros textuais, dos tipos de questão de múltipla escolha e também das habilidades e dos conteúdos específicos cobrados nas questões. Os resultados da pesquisa sinalizaram para a necessidade de se reavaliarem os critérios de elaboração das provas e apontaram ainda para a necessidade urgente de os alunos do Ensino Médio desenvolverem as habilidades necessárias para alcançarem proficiência em leitura (como por exemplo, inferir uma informação implícita em um texto, identificar o tema de um texto, identificar a finalidade de textos de diferentes gêneros) e, consequentemente, terem bom êxito nas avaliações.
This thesis is aimed at investigating the processing demands related to taking the SAERJinho s Portuguese Language Tests (the Education Evaluation System of the State of Rio de Janeiro), by focusing, in particular, on textual-linguistic factors involved in reading the statements of the mentioned tests. In the literature review, we present the theoretical framework for reading processing, its cognitive and metacognitive aspects, as well as the concepts of readability and intelligibility. Due to the semiotic multiplicity that characterizes the texts of the tests analyzed, the concepts of multi-modality and multi-literacy are considered. Additionally, we present the literature regarding text genres, focusing on the identification of the most recurrent genres in the tests examined. A brief characterization of the types of multiple choice questions used in objective tests is also established, bearing in mind that metacognitive aspects associated with the resolution of these types of question may affect students performance on the tests. In order to understand the criteria involved in test preparation, we consider the Brazilian National Curriculum Parameters for the Secondary Education, which are the reference basis of the Reference Matrix used in the preparation of the SAERJinho. Before showing the analyses, the SAERJinho is introduced. In the methodology chapter, the research corpus is shown, as well as the tool used to verify the readability level of the texts (Coh-Metrix-Port) and the Flesch reading score associated with each text. Then, we analyze the text genres, the types of multiple choice questions and also the skills and the specific topics covered in the questions. Research results show that it is necessary to re-evaluate the criteria involved in the elaboration of the tests and they also point out that high school students should urgently develop their reading proficiency (such as, for example, inferring implicit information in a text, identifying the text s topic and the purpose of texts of different genres) and, consequently, achieve good results in the evaluations.

Rapidly assembled tent structures are temporary enclosures used to house people or goods. Their uses vary to include recreation, refugee housing, and military shelters. The structural concepts applied in these shelters are as variable as their uses. Some make use of a tensioned fabric and pole system to provide structural strength. Others have a load-bearing frame with attached fabric skin. Further variants make use of inflatable arches or consist of modular containers. Analysis of a number of different types of rapidly assembled tent structures reveals an area where innovation can occur. Conflicts in the last ten years suggest that rapidly assembled shelters for both military purposes and humanitarian relief have the greatest need for innovative solutions. Existing shelters used by the military lack the versatility and speed of deployment necessary in modern conflict. The lack of scalability in the designs makes it difficult to use an existing tent in different situations. They are slow to construct, heavy, and difficult to transport in large numbers. These problems suggest that there is a need for new shelters that better meet the needs of the military. The application of deployable structures technology meets military's needs for structures with the advantages of a small compacted volume, rapid assembly, and ease of deployment. This makes them ideal for application to shelter structures. The aim of this dissertation was to develop a new type of deployable, long-span shelter frame based upon tiled Bennett mechanisms. An overlapping combination of equilateral Bennett mechanisms yields a structure that opens into a half-cylinder shape, providing an enclosed space useful and applicable to the problem of deployable shelters. The specific application considered in the design portion of this process will be a long-span deployable shelter capable of housing military helicopters. This report details the development of the Bennett Shelter concept. Its deployed and compacted geometries are explored, and a procedure for determining structural properties and dimensions is presented. The full concept for the structure, from outer covering to foundation support is then detailed. Loads affecting the structure are determined, and the process of modelling and analysing the structure is then considered. Optimisation of the structure with respect to weight and serviceability requirements is conducted using a number of different materials, and full analysis of the optimal geometries is completed. As no method exists for evaluating the effect of imperfections on the deployment of overconstrained mechanisms, a procedure is derived. The effects of manufacturing imperfections on deployment of the Bennett mechanism are then explored using the method. A full examination of the variation of energy within the Bennett Shelter during deployment provides valuable insight into the performance of the structure. With the above analysis complete, it is shown that the Bennett Shelter is viable as a long-span deployable shelter.

MOURA, Daniela Maia Sabóia. A celeuma jurídica na área das barracas da Praia do Futuro em Fortaleza/Ceará sob a perspectiva da função socioambiental da propriedade urbana e da justiça ambiental. 2012. 140 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação, Programa Regional de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, Fortaleza-CE, 2005.
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This dissertation will explain relevant aspects about the real situation of the tents in the area of Praia do Futuro, especially about the social and environment function of urban property and the environmental justice. The paper also exposed now intends to make a exposition of the reasons for which are irregular the owner‘s of the tents before the Union, a fact which led to a Public civil Action in 2005, as the authors tell the Federal Public Ministry, the Union and, later, the Municipality itself Fortaleza, since several of them are mostly possible in the strip of beach, which is an asset of common use of Federal property and buildings is prohibited. The tide lands and high tide line are also objects of contention, especially among members of the judiciary, with the explanation of the legislation itself already very outdated and old, a fact tent undermines legal action fast and consistent. The role of social and environmental urban property is one of the main points of explanation in the course of this work, because the real owner of the place where the tents are is from the Union and most of the owner‘s of the tents, without authorization, builded and expanded their businesses, preventing the use of all of the area beach, apart from causing further environmental damage to the region, which hurts not only the natural environment, but also the dignity of bathers who do not have enough capital to use the products provided by the tents. Another point of great importance is the environmental justice, or environmental damage arising out of the tents of waste should be shared by all, especially the polluter (the principle of polluter pays), but unfortunately, there is so-called equity in environment site.
sta dissertação mostrará aspectos relevantes sobre a real situação na área das barracas da Praia do Futuro, especialmente no tocante aos aspectos referentes à função socioambiental da propriedade urbana e da justiça ambiental. O trabalho ora exposto também pretende fazer uma exposição dos motivos pelos quais os barraqueiros encontram-se irregulares perante à União, fato este que ensejou uma Ação civil Pública em 2005, contando como autores o Ministério Público Federal, a União e, posteriormente, o próprio Município de Fortaleza, visto que vários deles encontram-se, muito possivelmente, em faixa de praia, sendo esta um bem de uso comum do povo, de propriedade da União e no qual é proibida edificações. Os terrenos de marinha e a linha de preamar também são objetos de discórdia, especialmente entre os membros do judiciário, tendo como explicação a própria legislação já muito ultrapassada e antiga, fato este que prejudica medidas judiciais rápidas e consistentes. A função socioambiental da propriedade urbana é um dos principais pontos de explanação no decorrer desta dissertação, pois a real proprietária do local onde estão às barracas é da União e a maioria dos barraqueiros, sem autorização, construiu e ampliou seus negócios, impedindo o uso de todos da área da praia, além de causar ainda mais danos ambientais para a região, o que fere não somente o meio ambiente natural, como também a dignidade dos banhistas que não possuem o capital suficiente para se utilizarem dos produtos fornecidos pelas barracas. Outro ponto de grande importância é o da justiça ambiental, ou seja, os danos ambientais advindos dos resíduos das barracas deveriam ser compartilhados por todos, especialmente o poluidor (princípio do poluidor-pagador), mas, infelizmente, não existe a chamada equidade ambiental no local.

The aim of this dissertation is to describe how a computerized achivement test can be constructed and used in practice. Throughout this dissertation the focus is on classifying the examinees into masters and non-masters depending on their ability. However, there has been no attempt to estimate their ability. In paper I, a criterion-referenced computerized test with a fixed number of items is expressed as a statistical inference problem. The theory of optimal design is used to find the test that has the strongest power. A formal proof is provided showing that all items should have the same item characteristics, viz. high discrimination, low guessing and difficulty near the cutoff score, in order to give us the most powerful statistical test. An efficiency study shows how many times more non-optimal items are needed if we do not use optimal items in order to achieve the same power in the test. In paper II, a computerized mastery sequential test is examined using sequential analysis. The focus is on examining the sequential probability ratio test and to minimize the number of items in a test, i.e. to minimize the average sample number function, abbreviated as the ASN function. Conditions under which the ASN function decreases are examined. Further, it is shown that the optimal values are the same for item discrimination and item guessing, but differ for item difficulty compared with tests with fixed number of items. Paper III presents three simulation studies of sequential computerized mastery tests. Three cases are considered, viz. the examinees' responses are either identically distributed, not identically distributed, or not identically distributed together with estimation errors in the item characteristics. The simulations indicate that the observed results from the operating characteristic function differ significantly from the theoretical results. The mean number of items in a test, the distribution of test length and the variance depend on whether the true values of the item characteristics are known and whether they are iid or not. In paper IV computerized tests with both pretested items with known item parameters, and try-out items with unknown item parameters are considered. The aim is to study how the item parameters for try-out items can be estimated in a computerized test. Although the unknown examinees' abilities may act as nuisance parameters, the asymptotic variance of the item parameter estimators can be calculated. Examples show that a more reliable variance estimator yields much larger estimates of the variance than commonly used variance estimators.

To produce a good test is very important. Why is this so important? For one thing, good evaluation of our tests can help us measure student skills more accurately. It also shows that we are concerned about those we teach. For example, test analysis can help us remove weak items even before we record the results of the test. This way we don’t penalize students, because of bad test questions. Students appreciate an extra effort like this, which shows that we are concerned about the quality of our exams. And a better feeling toward our tests can improve class attitude, motivation and even student performance. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31138

The language, themes and imagery of the Bible have been read and re-written in texts across time. In the Revelation of John, the Hebrew Bible echoes and is re-invented just as, in James Hogg's The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner (1824), many explicit and implicit readings and interpretations of the Bible are offered. In this thesis, these readings of the Bible, and the ways in which Revelation and Hogg's Confessions have themselves been read, are considered from two postmodern perspectives. The validity of reading the Bible as literature is defended in the Introduction to the thesis by demonstrations that many of the problems which might prevent such a reading, such as the multiplicity of available manuscripts and the undefined role of the author/editor, also have to be overcome by those working in the field of literary studies. In the following chapters I suggest that postmodern ideas of marginalisation and deconstruction offer new contexts in which to read both Revelation and Hogg's Confessions. In Part 1 of the thesis (Chapters 2 and 3), I argue that readings of the Confessions which are sensitive to the "ex-centricities" of the text enable new readings of Revelation from the same perspective. In Part 2 (Chapters 4 and 5), I suggest that readings of Revelation from the perspective of deconstruction open up new possibilities for readings of the Confessions. Chapter 2 argues that Hogg's understanding of the Bible and its interpretations may be regarded as marginal in a postmodern sense. Readings of the Bible offered in the Confessions, and in other examples of Hogg's work, demonstrate this "ex-centricity". When, in Chapter 3, Revelation is read in a way which highlights its marginalised status within society, its readings of the Hebrew Bible take on new significance. Both texts are shown to offer readings which are subversive and sceptical of the claims of the dominant master narratives of their time. The insights of postmodernism illuminate these previously silenced "ex-centricities". In Part 2 of the thesis, various modern readings of Revelation and the Confessions are discussed, and their inadequacies are demonstrated from the perceptive of deconstruction. In Chapter 4, a reading of Revelation from the perspective of the "abyss" makes possible a reading of the Confessions in which Robert's assumed culpability is questioned and Gil-Martin's role is redeemed. When the burden of explanation of every ambiguity in the novel is lifted, the horror of the text stands without any natural and supernatural explanation, and is placed within the locus of everyday experience. A new reading of Revelation is offered in Chapter 5 which foregrounds the nightmarish aspects of the text, and re-considers the conflicting roles assigned to the Christ character. When Revelation is read as a nightmare, the text is robbed of its status as scripture. When the text's apparent message about the necessity of choosing God over Satan is deconstructed, the boundary between the lost and the saved is blurred.

Le thème général est celui des tests de spécification. On entend par là un ensemble de procédures apparues récemment dans la littérature économétrique permettant une validation (ou un rejet) des hypothèses de spécification d'un modèle : choix de variables, caractère exogène de certaines d'entre elles, choix de la structure dynamique. . . Il s'agit, plutôt que de tester une hypothèse assignant une valeur spécifique aux paramètres, de se demander si la famille de probabilités retenues contient la "vraie" loi ayant engendre les données. Le travail se présente dans la forme suivante: un détour théorique destiné à exposer un cadre de travail rigoureux où les principales définitions relatives à la spécification d'un modèle statistique sont présentées en se plaçant de façon privilégiée dans un cadre bayesien. - une synthèse de la littérature récente des tests classiques de spécification en insistant sur leurs propriétés asymptotiques. - une présentation d'une approche bayesienne des tests de spécifications - un exemple d'application relative à un modèle macro-économique dynamique du marché du travail en France dans lequel est testée l'exogénéité du salaire réel dans les fonctions d'offre et de demande de travail
The main theme of this work concerns specification tests. What is meant by that is a set of procedures which has been used in the econometric literature since recent times and which allows validity or rejection of the specification hypothesis of a model : choice of variables, exogenous characteristics of some of them, choice of the dynamics structure. . . Rather than testing a hypothesis giving a specific value to parameters, one tries to find out whether the set of selected probabilities contains the "genuine" law from which data is issued. The work is organised in the following manner : - a theoretical section aimed at giving a rigorous framework where the main definitions concerning the specification of statistical model are presented within the privileged framework of a bayesian structure - a survey of recent literature on classical tests of specification with a special emphasis on their asymptotic properties. - a presentation of a bayesian approach of specification tests. - an example of application to a dynamical macro-economic model of the labour market in France in which exogeneity of the real salary is tested in the functions of labour search and supply

Are computer-administered versions of a multiple choice paper-pencil test equivalent? This study determined whether there were any significant differences between taking a traditional pencil-paper test and taking the same test using a computer. The literature has shown that there are intervening variables that have caused differences when not controlled. To prove equivalency between test modes, scores have to have similar means, dispersions, and shapes; the ranked-order of the scores must also be similar. Four tests were given over the course of a 16-week semester. The sample was divided, half taking paper-pencil tests and half taking the same test administered by a computer. The mode of administration was switched with each test administration. The analysis showed that, when the intervening variables were controlled, the two modes of administration were equivalent. The analysis used a 2x4 ANOVA, which showed no difference between test modes, but showed that each test administration was significantly different. The Levene statistic was used to test whether dispersions were equivalent and confidence intervals were established to test the kurtosis and skewness statistics. Finally, each of the test scores were transformed into their Normal Curve Equivalents so that Pearson's coefficient could be used to determine the equivalency of the ranked-orders.

Full Tenis Perú nace en la Universidad de Lima en el curso de Proyecto de Especialidad el cual les permite a los alumnos llevar a cabo algún proyecto que tengan en mente, además de asesoramiento en el proceso a realizar. Nos dimos cuenta que la situación del tenis necesitaba apoyo. La idea nace con el propósito de crear una web integral ya que existía la carencia de una plataforma que esté al alcance de todos y sea completa; que incluya contenido tanto de tenis nacional como internacional, que brinde todo tipo de consejos relacionados a este deporte, información sobre academias nacionales y, sobre todo, que reconozca a los tenistas más destacados para así brindarles apoyo, darles valor y de cierta manera promover este deporte.
Trabajo de suficiencia profesional

Cette thèse porte sur l'estimation de fonctions à l'aide de tests dans trois cadres statistiques différents. Nous commençons par étudier le problème de l'estimation des intensités de processus de Poisson avec covariables. Nous démontrons un théorème général de sélection de modèles et en déduisons des bornes de risque non-asymptotiques sous des hypothèses variées sur la fonction à estimer. Nous estimons ensuite la densité de transition d'une chaîne de Markov homogène et proposons pour cela deux procédures. La première, basée sur la sélection d'estimateurs constants par morceaux, permet d'établir une inégalité de type oracle sous des hypothèses minimales sur la chaîne de Markov. Nous en déduisons des vitesses de convergence uniformes sur des boules d'espaces de Besov inhomogènes et montrons que l'estimateur est adaptatif par rapport à la régularité de la densité de transition. La performance de l'estimateur est aussi évalué en pratique grâce à des simulations numériques. La seconde procédure peut difficilement être implémenté en pratique mais permet d'obtenir un résultat général de sélection de modèles et d'en déduire des vitesses de convergence sous des hypothèses plus générales sur la densité de transition. Finalement, nous proposons un nouvel estimateur paramétrique d'une densité. Son risque est contrôlé sous des hypothèses pour lesquelles la méthode du maximum de vraisemblance peut ne pas fonctionner. Les simulations montrent que ces deux estimateurs sont très proches lorsque le modèle est vrai et suffisamment régulier. Il est cependant robuste, contrairement à l'estimateur du maximum de vraisemblance.

Trabalho apresentado no âmbito do Mestrado em Engenharia Informática, como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Informática
Alignment of parallel texts (texts that are translation of each other) is a required step for many applications that use parallel texts, including statistical machine translation, automatic extraction of translation equivalents, automatic creation of concordances, etc. This dissertation presents a new methodology for parallel texts alignment that departs from previous work in several ways. One important departure is a shift of goals concerning the use of lexicons for obtaining correspondences between the texts. Previous methods try to infer a bilingual lexicon as part of the alignment process and use it to obtain correspondences between the texts. Some of those methods can use external lexicons to complement the inferred one, but they tend to consider them as secondary. This dissertation presents several arguments supporting the thesis that lexicon inference should not be embedded in the alignment process. The method described complies with this statement and relies exclusively on externally managed lexicons to obtain correspondences. Moreover, the algorithms presented can handle very large lexicons containing terms of arbitrary length. Besides the exclusive use of external lexicons, this dissertation presents a new method for obtaining correspondences between translation equivalents found in the texts. It uses a decision criteria based on features that have been overlooked by prior work. The proposed method is iterative and refines the alignment at each iteration. It uses the alignment obtained in one iteration as a guide to obtaining new correspondences in the next iteration, which in turn are used to compute a finer alignment. This iterative scheme allows the method to correct correspondence errors from previous iterations in face of new information.

Regional variety tests were conducted at Maricopa, and Marana Agricultural Centers in continuing cooperation with the beltwide testing program. The national standards included in this test were Coker 139, Deltapine 50, and Paymaster 145. Lint yields for each variety, at both locations, are given in Table 1.

Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 95-98).
Automated unit tests are essential for the construction of reliable software, but writing them can be tedious. If the goal of test generation is to create a lasting unit test suite (and not just to optimize execution of system tests), it is essential that generated tests can be understood by the developers that will be running them, so that they can tell the difference between real and spurious failures. amock is a system which automatically generates human-readable JUnit regression tests that use mock objects to simulate the behavior of individual objects dynamically observed during a system test execution.
by David Samuel Glasser.
M.Eng.

The initial objective of this work was to test the effect of a general treatment on three-dimensional surfaces. The analysis of three-dimensional surfaces has several problems of different nature. Firstly ordinary statistical tests are not directly pplicable to collected data on the surface using laser scans for two reasons: the number of collected points is not the same for all subjects, moreover the points are not synchronized in the sense that points related to different subjects, but having the same position in the digital sequence, can be related to different areas of the surface. This problem has been solved by using Radial Basis Functions that provide coefficients to which statistical procedures can be applied directly applied. The problem is complicated by the fact that the treatment may generate on some coefficients positive effects on some subjects and negative effects on others and also the number of coefficients obtained from the representation is far greater than the number of subjects. The multi-sided test is born to solve the first of these problems. Its development in onparametric environment has helped also to solve the second problem. The use of the multi-sided test has proved to be useful in many situations, where the effect of a treatment can be positive on some individuals and negative on the rest. Such a situation is essentially different from that of the traditional two-sided test, in which the alternative is assumed being active on only one of two directions, but not on both. The ultisided-test allows the two sides alternative to be jointly active although in different subjects. In order to face such an atypical situation, one can first apply two goodness-of-fit tests, one for the positive effects and the other for the negative, and then to proceed with their nonparametric combination within a permutation framework. The use of permutation test is also useful in the context where the number of variables is muchlarger than the number of subjects, since it can be proven that, if some conditions are satisfied,the power function of permutation tests monotonically increases as the related noncentrality parameter increases. This property also holds for multivariate situations. Finally, with appropriate multiplicity control techniques we can identify the areas of surfaces that are mostly affected by the treatment.
L'interesse iniziale di questo lavoro era testare l'effetto di un generico trattamento applicato a superfici tridimensionali. L'analisi di superfici tridimensionali presenta diversi problemi di varia natura. Innanzi tutto, ai dati rilevati sulle superfici per mezzo di scansioni laser non sono direttamente applicabili test statistici per almeno due motivi: il numero di punti rilevati non èlo stesso per tutti i soggetti, i punti non sono sincronizzati nel senso che punti riferiti a soggetti diversi, ma aventi la stessa posizione nella sequenza digitale, possono essere riferiti ad aree diverse della superficie. Questo problema è stato risolto utilizzando Funzioni a Base Radiale che forniscono dei coefficienti a cui è possibile applicare direttamente le procedure statistiche. Il problema è complicato dal fatto che il trattamento può generare, per alcuni coefficienti, degli effetti positivi su alcuni soggetti e negativi su altri e inoltre il numero dei coefficienti fornito dalla rappresentazione è notevolmente superiore al numero delle osservazioni. Per risolvere il primo di questi problemi è nato il multi-sided test. Il suo sviluppo in ambiente non parametrico ha contribuito a risolvere il secondo problema. Questo test è applicabile nelle situazioni in cui l'effetto di un trattamento può essere positivo su alcuni individui e negativo sugli altri. Tale situazione è sostanzialmente diversa da quella considerata nei tradizionali test bilaterali nei quali si assume che solo una delle due alternative può essere attiva, non entrambe. Il test multi-sided considera attive congiuntamente le due direzioni anche se in soggetti diversi. Al fine di affrontare questa situazione atipica, si possono applicare prima due ``goodness-of-fit'' tests, uno per gli effetti positivi e l'altro per quelli negativi e procedere poi con la loro combinazione non parametrica per via permutazione. Nelle situazioni in cui il numero di variabili è maggiore del numero di osservazioni, come nell'analisi di superfici, è conveniente utilizzare i test di permutazione poiché la potenza del test globale che si ottiene dalla combinazione dei test parziali, fatte salve alcune condizioni, aumenta monotonicamente al crescere della noncentralità. Infine, con opportune tecniche di correzione per la molteplicità è possibile identificare zone delle superfici maggiormente interessate dal trattamento.

Statistische Tests beim Vorliegen unscharfer Daten (Fuzzy-Daten) und zum Testen unscharfer Hypothesen werden untersucht. Tests für den (unscharfen) Erwartungswert einer unscharfen Zufallsvariable (Fuzzy-Zufallsvariable) werden konstruiert. Die Gütefunktionen werden zum Vergleich der verschiedenen Tests bestimmt. Die angegebenen Tests sind dabei zum Teil optimal. Es wird aufgezeigt, wann bei Tests für scharfe Daten deren Verunschärfung nicht mit in die Testentscheidung einbezogen werden muss und wann die Einbeziehung zu einer Verbesserung der Testentscheidung führt. Weiter wird gezeigt, wie und wann die Erweiterung der Teststatistik, des P-Wertes und des zum Test gehörigen Konfidenzintervalles zur gleichen unscharfen Testfunktion führen. Beim Testen unscharfer Hypothesen werden klassische Begriffe wie maximale Wahrscheinlichkeit für den Fehler 1.Art zum einen scharf zum anderen unscharf verallgemeinert. Für beide Fälle ist, mit diesen verallgemeinerten Begriffen und unter gewissen Voraussetzungen, ein optimaler Test bestimmbar.

The main purpose of this study was to develop a three-tier test for assessing tenthgrade students&rsquo
difficulties about kinematics graphs. In a three-tier test, first tier is classical multiple-choice question, the second tier is also classical multiple-choice question but presents reasons for answers given to the first tier and the third tier asks existence of confidence about the first two tiers. To develop a three-tier test, Turkish translation of the Test of Understanding Graphs in Kinematics (TUG-K) developed by Beichner (1994) was used. One more essay type question of asking students&rsquo
reasons of their answers and blank alternatives to write any suggestion different from choices were added to the each item of Turkish translation of this test translated by Delialioglu (2003). Finally, Kinematics Graphs Test Requesting Reasoning (KGTRR) was developed and administered to 253 students. To determine the distracters of the second-tiers of the Kinematics Graphs Three-Tier Test (KGTTT), answers on each item in KGTRR were categorized according to similarities in their meanings. Considering the frequency of these categories, the KGTTT was developed and administered to 495 students. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to determine the validity of the KGTTT. A positive correlation coefficient was calculated between student scores for the first two tiers and confidence levels for the third tiers. Also, percentages of false positives and false negatives were estimated. Cronbach alpha reliability coefficients of correct answers and difficulties of the students for all three tiers together were calculated as 0.84 and 0.69, respectively.

General Relativity (GR) has long been acclaimed for its elegance and simplicity, and has successfully passed many stringent observational tests since it was introduced a century ago. However, there are two regimes in which the theory has yet to be fully challenged. One of them is in the neighbourhood of very strong gravitational fields, and the other is the behaviour of gravity on cosmological scales. While strong field gravity has challenged theorists because of the desire to find consistency between GR and quantum mechanics, cosmology has motivated extensions to GR via the empirical discoveries of dark matter and dark energy. In this thesis, we study a diverse range of modifications to GR and confront them with observational data. We discuss how a generic theory of modified gravity can be parameterized for studies within cosmology, and we introduce a general parameterization that is simpler than those that have been previously considered. This parameterization is then applied to investigate a specific theory, known as ``gravitational aether''. The gravitational aether theory was created to solve one of the theoretical inconsistencies that exists between GR and quantum mechanics, namely the fact that vacuum fluctuations appear not to gravitate. Cosmology is unique in testing this theory, and we find that the gravitational aether solution is excluded when all of the available cosmological data are combined. Nevertheless, a generalization of this theory provides a consistent way to describe the strength of coupling between pressure and gravity, and we present the most accurate measurements of this coupling parameter. In addition, we discuss the constraints that can be placed on modified gravity models using the latest data from cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies, combined with several other probes of large-scale structure. Currently the most accurate CMB anisotropy measurements come from the Planck 2015 CMB power spectra, which we use, along with other cosmological data sets, to perform an extensive study of modified theories of gravity. We find that GR remains the simplest model that can explain all of the data. We end with a discussion of the prospects for future experiments that can improve our understanding of gravity.
Science, Faculty of
Physics and Astronomy, Department of
Graduate

Dans ce travail, nous proposons des procédures de test paramétriques et nonparamétrique localement et asymptotiquement optimales au sens de Hajek et Le Cam, pour trois modèles d'asymétrie.

La construction de modèles d'asymétrie est un sujet de recherche qui a connu un grand développement ces dernières années, et l'obtention des tests optimaux (pour trois modèles différents) est une étape essentielle en vue de leur mise en application.

Notre approche est fondée sur la théorie de Le Cam d'une part, pour obtenir les propriétés de normalité asymptotique, bases de la construction des tests paramétriques optimaux, et la théorie de Hajek d'autre part, qui, via un principe d'invariance permet d'obtenir les procédures non-paramétriques.

Nous considérons dans ce travail deux classes de distributions univariées asymétriques, l'une fondée sur un développement d'Edgeworth (décrit dans le Chapitre 1), et l'autre construite en utilisant un paramètre d'échelle différent pour les valeurs positives et négatives (le modèle de Fechner, décrit dans le Chapitre 2).

Le modèle d'asymétrie elliptique étudié dans le dernier chapitre est une généralisation multivariée du modèle du Chapitre 2.

Pour chacun de ces modèles, nous proposons de tester l'hypothèse de symétrie par rapport à un centre fixé, puis par rapport à un centre non spécifié.

Après avoir décrit le modèle pour lequel nous construisons les procédures optimales, nous obtenons la propriété de normalité locale asymptotique. A partir de ce résultat, nous sommes capable de construire les tests paramétriques localement et asymptotiquement optimaux. Ces tests ne sont toutefois valides que si la densité sous-jacente f est correctement spécifiée. Ils ont donc le mérite de déterminer les bornes d'efficacité paramétrique, mais sont difficilement applicables.

Nous adaptons donc ces tests afin de pouvoir tester les hypothèses de symétrie par rapport à un centre fixé ou non, lorsque la densité sous-jacente est considérée comme un paramètre de nuisance.

Les tests que nous obtenons restent localement et asymptotiquement optimaux sous f, mais restent valides sous une large classe de densités.

A partir des propriétés d'invariance du sous-modèle identifié par l'hypothèse nulle, nous obtenons les tests de rangs signés localement et asymptotiquement optimaux sous f, et valide sous une vaste classe de densité. Nous présentons en particulier, les tests fondés sur les scores normaux (ou tests de van der Waerden), qui sont optimaux sous des hypothèses Gaussiennes, tout en étant valides si cette hypothèse n'est pas vérifiée.

Afin de comparer les performances des tests paramétriques et non paramétriques présentés, nous calculons les efficacités asymptotiques relatives des tests non paramétriques par rapport aux tests pseudo-Gaussiens, sous une vaste classe de densités non-Gaussiennes, et nous proposons quelques simulations.
Doctorat en sciences, Orientation statistique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished