Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Tenant owners’ association“

The Mew Gull Larus canus is both a coastal and inland breeder and can be found on many different substrates, including man-made structures. It is known since long to nest in urban areas of Sweden, but neither the number of urban breeding pairs nor their behaviour have been well documented. We made some observations of breeding Mew Gulls in the city of Malmö in south Sweden and asked the chair of the tenant owners’ association that comprised one of the buildings with Mew Gull nest about the tenants’ experience of the species. Some perceive Mew Gulls as harmful because they dirty the roofs, leave a bad smell, are noisy, and defend their young with aggressive behaviours. Given the often-conflicting interests of gulls and humans, a better documentation of the nesting population in urban areas of Sweden, as well as their behaviour and interaction with people, is called for.

British housing policy has, since 1979, been dominated by a shift from collectivist to market-oriented strategies. The single most important element of this policy shift has been the sale of public-sector dwellings to sitting tenants. The patterns of such sales have been well documented, but the longer-term effects on the broader housing market are less well understood. This paper is a report of the results of a research project into the resale by purchasing tenants of Scottish Special Housing Association dwellings over the period 1979–90. The findings are placed in the broader context of the general government housing policy aimed at widening the access to owner occupation for lower-income households. The authors conclude that the long-term impact of the sale of public-sector dwellings is more likely to widen choice for existing owners rather than to increase access to owner occupation.

Climate change: the question is not anymore if it happens, but what the impact is of its effects such as drought, heat waves and increased precipitation on the quality of our lives in cities, offices and houses. A significant share of the Northern European housing stock is owned and maintained by large stock owners, such as housing associations. It is their responsibility to be aware of changes and risks that might challenge the quality of life of their tenants. Moreover, in order to provide housing with a good market value in the future, adaptation to climate change can no longer be overlooked. With the aim to discover the level of awareness of climate change adaptation among Dutch housing associations, a content analysis was undertaken on the policy plans and the annual reports of the 25 largest housing associations. Subsequently they were classified according to their level of awareness. The analysis returned no topics that directly referred to climate change adaptation, which implies that all housing associations are categorised as being ‘unaware’. Therefore, in order to reach higher levels of awareness and to incentivize the implementation of adaptation measures, appropriate governance strategies need to be developed. Future research will define the characteristics of these strategies in relation to the level of awareness of the housing associations. Adoption of the measures could be easier if adaptation measures are combined with maintenance activities, as this has been the case with mitigation measures.

LEED Canada for Existing Buildings: Operations and Maintenance (LEED Canada EB:O&M) and Building Owners and Managers Association's Building Environmental Standards (BOMA BESt) are complex green rating systems that offer owners, managers, consultants, and tenants distinct value propositions for existing buildings. Upon close examination, significant variations between the systems are evident in certification process, cost, rigor, engagement, marketing, accessibility, transparency, management, and program philosophy. Despite the many differences between the systems, they are often seen to be complementary programs and are sometimes used in tandem for the same building. This paper reports on a survey of the industry perceptions of the value and strengths of the LEED Canada EB:O&M and BOMA BESt rating systems with respect to the above criteria. As a result of the fundamentally different nature of the programs, preferences for LEED Canada EB:O&M and BOMA BESt are determined by stakeholder values and the programs are used for a variety of reasons.

AbstractThe historical-comparative study of social democracy and cooperative organization are the foster children of historical sociology. This article offers a first account of systematic ideological differences in social-democratic ideology regarding private ownership and different cooperative traditions in the housing sphere of Northern European and continental German-speaking countries. The long-run trajectory of housing welfare regimes in these two country groups has been one of divergence: Nordic countries have moved to Anglo-Saxon levels of high homeownership, high levels of mortgage indebtedness, and house price increases, whereas private tenancy, lower indebtedness, and lower price increases still characterize their German counterparts. Based on historical case studies of Germany and Norway, we argue that the divergence in these two countries can be understood by the different social-democratic and cooperative solutions to the urban housing question from the 1920s onward. Supported by a pro-ownership social democracy, Norway started to develop housing cooperatives of the owner cooperative type, whereas German social democracy was in favor of associations of the tenant cooperative type. The differential growth of these two types of cooperatives and disparities in social democratic party ideology contributed to the urban housing divergence between the two country groups that has been observed ever since. We argue, more generally, that varieties of social democracy and welfare-anticipating cooperative organizations are important in helping us understand the welfare differences between countries.

AbstractComparative welfare and production regime literature has so far neglected the considerable cross-country differences in the sphere of housing. The United States became a country of homeowners living in cities of single-family houses in the twentieth century. Its housing policy was focused on supporting private mortgage indebtedness with only residual public housing. Germany, on the contrary, remained a tenant-dominated country with cities of multi-unit buildings. Its housing policy has been focused on construction subsidies to non-profit housing associations and incentives for savings earmarked for financing housing. The article claims that these differences are the outcome of different housing institutions that had already emerged in the nineteenth century. Germany developed non-profit housing associations and financed housing through mortgage banks, both privileging the construction of rental apartments. In the United States, savings and loan associations favored mortgages for owner-occupied, single-family house construction. When governments intervened during housing crises in the 1920/1930s, they aimed their subsidies at these existing institutions. Thus, US housing policy became finance-biased in favor of savings and loan associations, while Germany supported the housing cooperatives.

Abstract The transition to a fossil fuel free society is expected to affect the way we live considerably. As part of Dutch Climate Agreement (Klimaatakkoord) which aims to reduce CO2 emissions, the Dutch government has expressed the ambition to gradually move towards a ‘natural-gas-free’ built environment in 2050. This decision will eventually affect all citizens in the Netherlands, both home owners and tenants. In this paper we study the extent of public support for this policy ambition. We aim to unravel differences between groups, and factors explaining those differences. Data were collected in the LISS-panel, with an online questionnaire, in May 2019 (Verkenning Energietransitie 2019; VET’19). We performed data analyses in this large population study of Dutch residents, using structural equation modeling (SEM). Results show significant differences by financial position, education, age, and gender, with higher support in those financially better off, with a higher level of education, younger adults (18-34 years), and women. These associations could be partly explained by psycho-social and contextual factors included in the model.

SummaryRelationships between migration and fertility are examined, using data from the OPCS Longitudinal Study of England and Wales, including linked information from the 1971 and 1981 Censuses and birth registration data for the period 1971–80. The results showed that the proportion moving between the 1971 Census and the first subsequent birth was higher among tenants than owner occupiers, particularly for women in shared accommodation in 1971. The association between tenure and moving was more consistent than the relationship between moving and the husband's social class. Differences in the proportions moving between the censuses were positively associated with fertility in the same period particularly for women in potentially crowded accommodation in 1971. Moving in 1970–71 was not associated with differences in parity progression ratios 1971–81. There were, however, differences in the timing of births, suggesting that long distance migration was associated with a postponement of the first or second child, probably because both longer distance migration and fertility behaviour are associated with other characteristics such as education.

Abstract: A financial management eficiently begin, primarily, with an accounting record kept in the best possible conditions, this being conditioned on the adoption of a uniform forms, rational, clear and simple accounting. Throughout history, there have been known two forms of accounting: the simple and double entry. Romanian society after 1990 underwent a substantial change in social structure, the sector on which put a great emphasis being private, that of small manufacturers, peddler, freelance, who work independently and authorized or as associative form (family enterprises, various associations (owners, tenants, etc.), liberal professions, etc.). They are obliged to keep a simple bookkeeping, because they have no juridical personality. Companies with legal personality are required to keep double entry bookkeeping; therefore, knowledge and border demarcation between the two forms of organisation of accounting is an essential. The material used for this work is mainly represented by the financial and accounting documents, by the analysis of the economic, by legislative updated sources, and as the method was used the comparison method, using hypothetical data, in case of an authorized individual and a legal entity. Based on the chosen material, an authorized individual (who perform single entry accounting system) and a juridical entity (who perform double entry accounting system) were selected comparative case studies, using hypothetical data, were analysed advantages and disadvantages in term of fiscal, if using two accounting systems, then were highlighted some conclusion that result.

Energimarknaden förändras till följd av den alltmer aktuella klimatfrågan. En ökad efterfrågeflexibilitet är en förutsättning för omställningen till förnyelsebara energikällor. Energilagring i batterier ses som en nyckellösning i framtidens elförsörjning. Ett alternativ är implementering av batterilager i byggnader hos slutkonsumenten. Uppsatsen undersöker vilka incitament som finns för en bostadsrättsförening att investera i batterilager. Resultaten visar att ekonomiska aspekter är avgörande för beslutet. Potential till minskade elkostnader samt investeringsstöd är möjligheter som värderas högst. Även hållbarhetsaspekter och miljöperspektiv ger incitament. Störst hinder för investeringen i batterilager är brist på utrymme i byggnaderna.
The energy market is changing due to the current climate issue. Increased demand flexibility is a prerequisite for the transition to renewable energy sources. Energy storage in batteries is seen as a key solution in the ectricity supply of the future. An alterantive is the implementation of battery storage in buildings at the end consumer. The thesis examines the incentives for a Swedish tentant-owner association to invest in battery storage. The results show that financial aspects are crucial for the decision. Potential for reduced electricity costs and investment support are opportunities that are highly valued. Sustainability aspects and environmental perspectives also provide incentives. The biggest obstacle to the investment in battery storage is the lack of space in the buildings.

The conversion of rental apartments to tenancy-owned housing has been a common phenomenon in the housing market in Stockholm during the last two decades. Rental apartment-tenants have the opportunity to purchase their unit for a hefty discount. The existence of the discount has further resulted in banks providing a mortgage that allows the tenant to purchase the apartment with full leverage and without any cash contribution. The households have been able to sell their apartment with high profit and then reinvest it in other housing alternatives at better locations, in better technical condition and with larger living space. The main reason for the discount can be explained by the difference in the valuation methods used by property investors and private households. The property owners value the rental property through the yield method that results in a price that other property investors would be willing to pay. The return generated in a rental property consists of rental revenues. These rental revenues are state regulated according to the use-value method, which means that rents, especially in primary locations, are reduced in order to minimize the segregation in the Swedish society. A price gap appears and consists of the price difference between the present value of the running rental income and the price of each individual apartment on the secondary housing market. The tenant owned association that is willing to buy the property and the private property investor who is willing to sell, usually negotiates a price that both parties are satisfied with. The negotiated price usually results in both parties sharing the profit that arises from the price gap. This study aims to investigate how large the price gap is between the conversion price and price generated through sales of the individual units on the open housing market. The study includes completed conversions in Stockholm within the city customs during the period of January 2010 and January 2016 and condominiums sold in the same associations during the same period. The discount results to an average of 44 % in relation to conversion price and 57 % in relation to the deposit (Sw. Bostadsrättsinsats). On average, the difference between the value of the property during conversion and the value of tenant owned-housing units on the open property market results to 24,444 SEK/m². The difference between the conversion price and the market value of the deposit on the open housing market amounts to 31,231 SEK/m². This means that the average discount that an apartment holder receives amounts to SEK 1,924,025. Among the converted properties, 38 % of the total gross floor area have been sold on the open housing market within the two first years after the conversion. The value difference has resulted in a total realized discount amounting to SEK 5,279,523,434 in relation to conversion price and SEK 6,672,510,151 in relation to the deposit value.
Ombildningar har under de senaste två decennierna varit ett vanligt förekommande fenomen på Stockholms bostadsmarknad, där hyresgästerna erbjudits köpa sin hyresrätt till ett kraftigt rabatterat pris. Rabatten har inneburit att hyresgästerna sällan behövt betala kontantinsats och därmed kunnat köpa lägenheten till full belåning. Efter genomförd ombildning har hushållen haft möjlighet att sälja sin lägenhet på andrahandsmarknaden med hög vinst, vilken sedan har kunnat återinvesteras i bostäder med ett bättre geografiskt läge, skick och med större boarea. En av anledningarna till att rabatten uppstår är att fastighetsägaren värderar hyresfastigheten enligt avkastningsmetoden. Avkastningsmetoden resulterar i ett pris som en annan hyresfastighetsägare skulle vara beredd att betala. Den avkastning som genereras i en hyresfastighet består av hyresintäkterna. Dessa hyresintäkter är statligt reglerade enligt bruksvärdesmetoden vilket innebär att hyrorna, framförallt i primära lägen, är reducerade med syftet att minska segregation i samhället. En prisdifferens skapas av skillnaden mellan värdet av de löpande hyresintäkterna och priset på varje enskild lägenhet på andrahandsmarknaden. Den bostadsrättsförening som vill köpa fastigheten och den privata fastighetsägaren som vill sälja förhandlar fram ett pris som båda parter är tillfreds med. Det framförhandlade priset brukar oftast resultera i att båda parterna delar på vinsten som uppstår av prisdifferensen. Denna uppsats har till syfte att utreda storleken på prisdifferensen mellan förvärvspriset vid ombildning, jämfört med individuella bostadsrättsförsäljningar på andrahandsmarknaden. Studien omfattar genomförda ombildningar i Stockholms innerstad (innanför tullar) mellan januari 2010 och januari 2016 och bostadsrätter som är sålda i föreningarna under samma tidsperiod. Den genomsnittliga rabatten är 44 % för bostadsrättsföreningar och 57 % för individuella hushåll. I genomsnitt är skillnaden mellan förvärvspriset vid ombildningsdatum och bostadsrättens försäljningspris 24 444 kr/m² (bostadsrättsföreningarnas rabatt). Jämförs försäljningspriset med bostadsrättsmedlemmars insats blir rabatten 31 231 kr/m² (hushållens rabatt). Detta innebär att ett hushåll som är med om en ombildning får en rabatt som motsvarar 1 924 025 kr jämfört med förvärvspriset, och 2 431 673 kr jämfört med bostadsrättsmedlemmarnas insats. Av den totala ombildade boytan har 38 % sålts vidare på andrahandsmarknaden inom 24 månader efter ombildningsdatum. Den realiserade rabatten har totalt uppgått till 5 279 523 434 kr för bostadsrättsföreningar och 6 672 510 151 kr för individuella hushåll.

Internet  has  given  possibilities  to  a  whole  new world within communication. Nowadays  the communication  inside organisations and companies  takes place  through  the Internet. The  idea  of  this paper  arose when one of  the  authors discussed  the  general  involvement of  the  tenant-owner’s association  in  the committee. Providing a new channel  for  communication  through a homepage  could  affect  the  attitude  of  the  tenants.  We  were  curious  of  what  effect  on communication  introducing a homepage would give. Also how you would  reach  the proposed effect, which is to increase the communication in the association. Through feasibility study we examined  the way of how the members communicated. After  the production of  the homepage we could see the effect of communication by having personal interviews.   Our  conclusion  is  that  the  communication  has  been  simplified  for members  and  for  the committee. Unfortunately not all members have used  the new  service,  this has been analysed. We  think  that  a  more  intensive  marketing  would  lead  to  more  interest.  The  user  must  be motivated and see the benefit of the product.

After numerous failed state-led initiatives to stem the exodus of middle-income residents in postwar New York, in the late 1960s landlords and major real estate associations proposed their own solution to increase homeownership and retain the middle class: converting rental housing into cooperatives. The middle-income tenants of this housing, however, initially widely rejected apartment ownership, preferring the security of rent-regulated housing. This set off a decade-long battle over the control and nature of moderate- and middle-income housing. This chapter traces how over the 1970s middle-income tenants came to embrace apartment ownership, a shift that pushed the housing stock toward market-rate condominiums and cooperatives and exacerbated the city’s mounting affordable housing crisis.

This chapter assesses the socio-spatial, organisational, and ideological nature of resistance to estate demolition in London. It begins by analysing housing activism with reference to council housing, and situates recent anti-demolition campaigns in relation to earlier campaigns against stock transfer to housing associations. The anti-demolition campaigns are not solely based on council tenants via a politics of tenure, but instead embrace owner-occupiers (in some cases middle-class) and exemplify a politics of place based upon maintaining existing homes and communities. Campaigners’ prior activism is assessed and these are revealed as being mainly novices to the world of housing politics. Despite such vibrant activism, lack of engagement was also prominent as some tenants felt that resistance was a waste of time, because ‘they’ (social landlords) had already decided that demolition will happen, indicative of felt working-class and tenant powerlessness. Contestation is often long-term – a form of trench warfare – reflecting the interminable nature of regeneration itself. The final section assesses what success might mean in these long-running campaigns, and illustrates this with reference to both ‘big wins’ and ‘little victories’. Anti-demolition campaigns have become prominent and are in the front-line of London’s struggles over the right to the city (Harvey).

This chapter discusses how residents of Stuyvesant Town received a colorful missive from Gerald Guterman, a real-estate speculator, which attacked and directly undermined the Tenants Association and Brookfield, the new partner of the complex buildings. It explores Guterman's plan of converting the Stuy Town property to a co-op and selling units to tenants at $130,000 per unit. It also points out how Guterman's plan sparked an anxious debate about who would become the owner of units that were not sold to the tenants who lived in them. The chapter mentions Guterman's intention to sell occupied rent-stabilized units to individual outside investors, a scenario most longtime rent-stabilized renters objected to. It also elaborates Daniel Garodnick's concerns on Guterman's model of short-term ownership that lacked any long-term affordability protections.

This chapter describes the feeling of stability in the community of Stuyvesant Town after the buildings have been passed from owner to owner for nearly a decade. It discusses how the property had been sold for the last time and set on the terms of the Tenants Association, with the new owner promising to bring back normalcy and calm to the day-to-day lives of the residents. It also mentions Rick Hayduk, the new manager, who earned a reputation for responsive, steady leadership. The chapter stresses how Hayduk established a cordial yet firmly organized approach in running the property in a very short time. It cites that the Brick Underground did an analysis to assess the twelve best landlords in Manhattan in 2017 and Stuy Town Property Management Services came as number one on the list.