Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Teknikundervisning i förskolan“

In recent years technology has become increasingly emphasized as educational content in the Swedish preschool, not the least with the introduction of the latest curriculum in 2010 (revised in 2016). Since preschool teachers have not had any formal technology education until just recently, it is of importance to investigate how they conceive of and experience technology in the daily activities of the preschool. The purpose of this study is therefore to describe and analyze Swedish preschool teachers’ views and experiences of technology and technology education in the preschool, focusing on what opportunities and obstacles that they see. The data consists of transcripts from focus group interviews with sixteen teachers in two Swedish preschools, and the data was coded and categorized with a thematic analysis. The results show that when it comes to opportunities, the teachers consider technology to permeate all preschool activities, and the challenge here is rather to make technology visible. In terms of obstacles, however, the teachers are also uncertain about what technology is and want to have more knowledge of technology themselves, for example, relevant concepts for various technologies or activities. They also want to know more about technology education in order to be able to educationally convey knowledge of technology to the children and to make the children conscious of the technology that surrounds them.

This study contributes knowledge about how preschool teachers perceive the concept technology and how they experience technology teaching in preschool. The collection of the empirical material has been done through interviews with six active preschool teachers and through a questionnaire that was sent out to all a municipality preschool teachers and babysitters. 25 people answered the survey. Studies material was transcribed and processed by a phenomenograpic analytical model.    The results show that the participants in the study largely have a varying understanding of what the term technology means. Some have difficulty distinguishing the technology concept from the physical concept. Participants experience of technology teaching is that the lack of materials to some extent limits the teaching of technology. It turns out that a large part of the participants does not have planned technology lessons every week. The participants also emphasize that the corona pandemic has to some extent affected the operations. Most of the participants consider themselves to have technical competence bur that they want more continuing education in the subject.

The aim of the study is to contribute insights into digital tools in technology education in preschool. The study examines preschool teachers’ perceptions of digital tools and their impact on children's interest in teaching. In order to find this out, the study also examines preschool teachers’ different knowledge and experiences since it can have an impact on how they see and work with these tools. The study's scientific approach is based on a hermeneutic perspective that forms the basis for the qualitative method choice in the form of interviews. It can be stated that the preschool teachers' knowledge varied despite the fact that they had received further education. It was possible to identify some uncertainty about the use of digital tools in technology education. Furthermore, it can be stated that the informants considered several different advantages of digital tools. They saw opportunities to use digital tools through educational development. These opportunities were for example when preschool teachers considered that digital tools added a depth for the education and as a reinforcement of what the children were doing.

Syftet med denna studie är att uppmärksamma attityder till Teknik hos förskollärare, lärare, skolledare och näringslivsrepresentanter och försöka ta reda på tänkbara orsaker bakom dessa attityder för att se möjligheter och svårigheter i arbetet med ämnet. Den forskningsfråga jag kommer att försöka besvara lyder: – Hur ser några ”tidigarelärare” förskollärare och representanter från näringslivet på barns tidiga möten med Teknik? De empiriska data som studien bygger på kommer från 83 enkäter och 2 intervjuer. Enkäterna besvarades av 28 förskollärare, 30 lärare och 25 anställda i näringslivet. Intervjuerna hölls med en person ur ledningen på ett större företag och en skolledare. Analysen av datan skedde genom att jag jämförde svaren med varandra, delade in dem i grupper och sedan jämförde dem igen. Allt detta för att se mönster och hitta skillnader och likheter mellan svaren. Studien visar att de flesta informanterna anser att Teknik är ett viktigt ämne i skolan även om åsikterna varför det är viktigt skiljer sig åt. Även när barnen bör börja med Teknik har informanterna skilda tankar kring. Informanterna var ganska överens om att våra attityder påverkade utbildningen i Teknik. Personer med egen teknisk utbildning hade en något mer positiv syn på Tekniken i skolan än de utan utbildning i Teknik.

The aim of this study is to se and note attitudes to technology among pre-school teachers, teachers, the school management and employees of the commercial and industrial life and trough that try to discover conceivable causes behind these attitudes to find possibilities and difficulties with the work of technology in pre-school and the early years of the education. The following research question was used to try to discover this: -How do some teachers in the early years, pre-school teachers and exponents of the commercial and industrial life se on children's early meetings whit technology? The empirical data is provided by 83 questionnaires and 2 interviews. The questionnaires where answered by 28 pre-school teachers, 30 teachers and 25 employees of the commercial and industrial life. The interviews were held whit one person from the management of a big company and whit one person from the school management. The analysis of the data was made by comparing the answers to each other and categorise them into groups and then compare the answers again to try to find patterns, similarities and differences between them. The study shows that according to the persons concerned technology is an important subject in school even if the standpoints on when children shall start to learn technology are unequal. The persons concerned is mostly of the believe that our attitudes towards technology influence on the education in the subject, even if some don’t think its matter. The persons concerned with own technology education had a slightly more positive view on the subject than the persons without own education in technology

Det har satsats på teknik inom det svenska skolväsendet senaste åren, vilket bland annat lett till att förskolan fått fyra punkter som rör teknik i den nuvarande läroplanen. Den här undersökningens syfte är att samla in tankar och idéer från pedagoger som har ett tydligt teknikintresse och som tillsammans har en stor erfarenhet av teknik i förskolan. Studien ämnar till att förmedla pedagogernas erfarenhet och inspirera andra pedagoger i hur man kanarbeta med teknik i förskolans verksamhet för att tidigt utveckla barns förståelse och lärande av ämnet. Genom kvalitativa intervjuer har vi undersökt vad våra pedagoger har för tankar om teknik i förskolans verksamhet samt vad de har för tips på aktiviteter där barnen utvecklar sin teknikkunskap. Resultatet av studien visar en del likheter som de intervjuade pedagogerna har i tankar om hur man som pedagog ska förhålla sig till teknik och vilka aktiviteter som är lämpliga att göra med barn i förskola. Det som lyfts fram som ett centralt förhållningssätt äratt pedagogen själv börjar se tekniken, tar på sig teknikglasögonen, och sedan är delaktig ochnyfiken på barnens egna upptäckter samt att genom aktiviteter som till exempelkonstruktioner, experiment och undersökningar utmana barnens problemlösningsförmågautan att ge ett direkt svar på lösningen.

I förskolans läroplan finns tre mål som rör ämnet teknik. Forskning visar dock att förskolor behandlar ämnet teknik mer eller mindre omfattande ute i verksamheterna. Syftet med vår studie var att undersöka vilka förutsättningar fyra förskollärare från två olika förskolor hade för att arbeta med förskolans läroplan gällande strävansmålen i teknik samt hur dessa förutsättningar nyttjades. Genom deltagande observationer, det vill säga observationer och intervjuer, fick vi fram vilka förutsättningar förskollärarna hade i form av kunskap, material, utbildning, kompetensutveckling och intresse. Dessa förutsättningar valde vi att analysera utifrån implementeringsteori genom Lundquists (1992) kriterier förstå, kunna och vilja. Resultatet visade att det inte enbart var resurserna i form av kompetensutveckling och materialtillgång som styrde omfattningen av teknikundervisningen utan även viljan och intresset. En av slutsatserna blev att kompetensutveckling och kunskap inom teknik i sin tur kan leda till ett intresse för ämnet.

Abstract

In this study. I have compared four different schools, two preschools and two compulsory schools. My purpose has been to get a view of, to which extent they use technology in their education.I have also compared boys and girls.

The result has been achieved with the aid of questionnaires.It shows that the pedagogues in the preschool, think they use technology every day. They use it in their games, experiments, food situations and even when the children are dressing them selves.

The pedagogues in the compulsory schools work with technology, without reffering to the actual concept. They use the nature and experiments, to involve the children in technology.

One of the schools has a film project. They also learn the children how to use computers and cameras.The compulsory schools take the children to workplaces, where they can see how technology can be used , in the everyday existence.

I have studied the workplans for the schools,and found out that there are none,or just a few objectives inscribed,in the compulsory school.The preschools however have their own plans how to reach the objectives in technology.

From the teachers point of view,all of them think it is important to include technology, in early ages. The children will increase the desire to investigate und understand.

There is no lack of creative material such as paper,bottles,beads and glue. In constructions and experiments, they use material from the activity or the nature.

Half of the pedagogues keep their attitude toward boys and girls actively in mind.They are also positive to teach and conduct technology. Insufficient amount of time and resources in order to develop the technology,is however a problem in the compulsory school.

Keywords: technology, compulsory school, preschool, preschool teachers, compulsory school teachers, local work plan, technology education, genus.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur undervisningen i teknik, kopplat till digitaliseringen, kan gestaltas i förskolan. För att ta reda på detta har intervjuer utförts med fyra pedagoger, dessa pedagoger har även fått svara på en mindre enkätundersökning om digitala verktyg. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att pedagogerna kopplar bygg, konstruktion, skapande, datorer och olika tekniker, exempelvis bak-tekniker till ämnet teknik. När det kommer till användandet av digitala verktyg, visar resultatet att samtliga pedagoger använder digitala verktyg och refererar då främst till lärplattan. Resultatet visar också att digitala verktyg används i låg utsträckning när det kommer till pedagogiska aktiviteter. Resultatet visar också att pedagogerna har olika förutsättningar för att kunna använda digitala verktyg i verksamheten. Detta visar sig när pedagogerna exempelvis berättar om chefernas kunskaper och intresse, tillgängligt material och sina egna kunskaper om digitala verktyg och dess funktioner.
The purpose of this study is to investigate how teaching in technology, linked to digitalisation, can be portrayed in the preschool. In order to find this out, interviews have been conducted with four preschool-educators, these educators have also answered a small questionnaire on digital tools. The result of the study shows that the preschool-educators connects building, construction, creation, computers and various technologies, for example, baking-techniques to the subject of technology. When it comes to the use of digital tools, the result shows that all preschool-educators use digital tools and then refer mainly to the learning tablet. The result also shows that digital tools are used to a limited extent when it comes to educational activities. The result also shows that the preschool educators have different conditions for being able to use digital tools in the preschool. This turns out when the preschool educators, for example, talk about the managers' knowledge and interest, available material and their own knowledge of digital tools and their functions.

This study investigates what preschool staff include in the technology subject in preschool education, what content they view as relevant and how the teaching of this content can be organized. This is motivated by the fact that technology as subject have not been clearly defined, leaving the teachers insecure and unconfident about what to teach and how to teach it. In addition, preschool do not have a tradition of addressing teaching and learning the way they are now obliged to do according to the curriculum and many studies have shown subject teaching to be a challenge in preschool. Thus, the preschool staff’s challenge is twofold regarding the teaching of technology. The aim is addressed by a mixed methods design, starting with questionnaires and followed by interviews with preschool staff (daycare attendants and preschool teachers). The questionnaire was completed by 102 preschool staff members and interviews were held with seven of these participants. A key results is that technology in preschool involves building and creating. Emphasized is that children should be offered much and varied materials and that it should be available in the environment and inspire creative activities. Another key result is that every-day use of artifacts is viewed as part of technology education. Children should learn to handle artifacts by using them, e.g. pulling up the zipper to close the jacket or cut with scissors. These are activities preschool have always engaged children in, which the staff now name technology. However, there are variations in the result and there are preschool staff members who express a more conscious teaching where children are able to learn about things like the purpose of technology, what parts an object consist of and how these parts are connected, and about technological systems, e.g. how the water get from the lake to the tap and how it is purified on the way. But there are also examples where technology activities are used as a means for working towards the striving goals of other areas, such as math, science and social behavior. Implications are that preschool staff need to develop their teaching in order to work in accordance with the curriculum. A relevant first step is to strengthen their content competence in technology, but also, they need tools for how to teach subject matter like technology in a practice characterized by children’s own choice and influence.

The purpose of this study is to contribute to the knowledge about youngerchildrens exploring of building- and construction materials in free play and seewhat knowledge is constructed and shared between the children. In this study,video observations are used as a method and six children, between the ages ofone and two, were observed in their free play with building materials.The results show that the childrens previous experiences play a big role in theirchoice of materials and their ability to construct. The preschool teacher role isimportant because the children sometimes ends up in conflict with each otherand they need the support from the teacher who asks questions, encourage themand helps them physically. The children try different solutions in theirconstructions, they interact with each other and their focus lays in that thematerial is going to “be something”.The verbal aspect is noticeable when the children interact with other childrenand adults. It shows that the children who are more verbally developed getmore attention than the children that are younger, more withdrawn and lessverbally developed.The recommendation for future work is to not be afraid of wrongdoing andinstead learn from it, to video observe yourself and your colleagues for laterdiscussions and let the free play have a bigger role in the technology education
Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskap kring hur 1-2 åringar utforskaroch undersöker olika bygg- och konstruktionsmaterial i den fria leken samtvilken kunskap som uppstår och delas mellan barnen. Videoobservationer haranvänts i studiens metod och sex barn, i åldrarna ett och två år, observeradesunder sin fria lek med olika materialiteter.Resultatet visar att barnens tidigare erfarenheter har betydelse för deras val avmaterial samt deras konstruerande. Förskollärarens roll blir viktig då de yngrebarnen ibland hamnar i konflikter med varandra och behöver stöttning genomatt förskolläraren ställer frågor, uppmuntrar och hjälper dem fysiskt. Barnenprovar olika lösningar i sina konstruktioner, de interagerar med varandra ochdelar sina upplevelser och de håller tålamodet uppe då de är fokuserade på attdet ska ”bli någonting” av materialet.Språket har en tydlig roll när barnen interagerar med andra barn och vuxna.Det visar sig tydligt att de barn som är mest verbala får mer bekräftelse än debarn som är yngre, mer tillbakadragna samt saknar det verbala.Rekommendationer för framtida arbete kan bestå av att inte vara rädd för attgöra misstag utan istället lära sig utav dem, att videoobservera sig själv ochsina kollegor för senare diskussion samt att den fria leken får en större roll iteknikundervisningen.