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1
Pansiera, Alberto Fritsch, und Nicolau Fonseca Milano. „Morfologia endodôntica dos segundos molares inferiores“. Revista da Faculdade de Odontologia de Porto Alegre 36, Nr. 1 (21.07.2021): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/2177-0018.111086.
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Considering that the second inferior molar is a tooth of large anatomic variation, we have proposed ourselves to anatyse some aspects of the internal and external morphology of its roots. The external morphology, 67,64% was visually evaluea, gathering the teet with differentiated, fused or single roots. The internal morphology was examinea after wear of mesial and distal roots to altow examination in the mesiodistalginge. One hundred and two teeth have been examined. As for the external morphology we found that 75,49% show differentiated roots, 18,62% fused roors and 5188% single roots. As for the internal morphology we found that 5,88% with one root canal 7,84% with two root canals, 67164% with three root canals and 18,62% with four root canals.
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Bokindo, Isaac Kipyator, Fawzia Butt und Francis Macigo. „Variant root morphology of third mandibular molar in normal and impacted teeth“. Anatomy Journal of Africa 6, Nr. 3 (30.11.2017): 1052–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/aja.v6i3.163510.
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The mandibular third molar poses a challenge to dental surgeons due to it’s unpredictable morphology which leads to increased difficulty during its extraction. The root morphology of the third molar is considered to be the most variable in the human dentition. The study aims to document these variations which will be useful while undertaking procedures on the third molar. Three hundred and fifty nine panoramic views of the mandible were obtained from the Radiology division for patients seeking treatment in the School of Dental Sciences since 2010. The prevalence of third molar impaction was found to be 27%, with mesioangular being the commonest at 21.9% using the Winter’s classification. Dilacerations of roots was recorded at 44%, with a ratio of normal to dilacerated of 1:1 seen in impacted teeth while, non impacted teeth had a ratio of 1.3:1. Most teeth had 2 roots (85.5%), with one root seen in 12.1%. Partially fused roots was also observed in 2.4% of cases with only one case showing three roots. The total mean distance from the tips of roots to the mandibular canal was -0.5mm. Higher negative means of -1.5mm was recorded in impacted teeth than in normal teeth (-0.2mm). Teeth with dilacerated roots also showed closer proximity to mandibular canal than straight rooted teeth. The left side of the jaw also showed higher negative means. Present findings suggest that careful considerations should be made on impacted teeth. In addition to the type of impaction, proximity to the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN), number of roots and shape of the roots should be assessed. Similar considerations should also be made to non impacted teeth due to the high unpredictability observed in root morphology.Keywords: Third molar, root morphology, impaction
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Khattak, Munawar Aziz, Sana Arbab und Syed Amjad Shah. „Frequency of number of roots and root canals of maxillary first premolar teeth.“ Professional Medical Journal 28, Nr. 10 (30.09.2021): 1513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2021.28.10.6290.
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Objective: To determine the frequency of the number of roots and root canals in a sample of 250 extracted maxillary first premolar teeth of patients visiting Peshawar Dental College and Hospital Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Study Design: Cross Sectional. Setting: Department of Oral Biology, Peshawar Dental College and Hospital Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Period: April 2016 to December 2016. Material & Methods: A total of 250 extracted human maxillary first premolars were collected from the Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Peshawar Dental College, and Hospital Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. All teeth were visually inspected to count the number of roots. Subsequently, the access cavity was prepared, and pulp extirpated from each tooth. Endodontic explorer was used to locating the canal orifice(s) at the pulp chamber floor. Later the root canal orifices were injected with India ink to stain the canals. After that roots of teeth were sectioned at different levels to note down the number of canals. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 19. The statistical significance of the variations from mean values was considered significant if the p-value was less than 0.05. Results: Out of 250 maxillary first premolar teeth, 44.8% had one root, 40.4% had two separate and 12.8% had two fused roots. Three roots were seen in 2.0% teeth. Two root canals were present in the vast majority (70.4%), whereas one and three root canals were seen in 27.6% and 2.0% teeth, respectively. The correlation between the number of roots and root canals of maxillary first premolar teeth was highly significant. Conclusions: There was a high frequency of maxillary first premolars with two roots and two root canals.
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Arnbjerg, Jens. „Idiopathic Dental Root Replacement Resorption in Old Dogs“. Journal of Veterinary Dentistry 13, Nr. 3 (September 1996): 97–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089875649601300301.
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The roots of the teeth of 33 large dogs aged 10 years or older were radiographed. These dogs were euthanized for reasons other than oral diseases; dogs with obvious dental or periodontal diseases were excluded. The dogs had shown no clinical signs related to the teeth and the teeth were macroscopically normal. Of the 33 dogs, six had one or more teeth that had abnormally shaped and partially resorbed roots, with replacement of root structure by radiographically normal trabecular bone. Histological examination of radiographically abnormal roots revealed mid-root resorption, without signs of inflammation or hypercementosis. These findings are similar to the condition known as idiopathic dental root replacement resorption in the human dental literature. Possible etiologies of root resorption are discussed.
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Al-Ghananeem, Muna M. F., Khattar Haddadin, Abeer Salem Al-Khreisat, Moeen Al-Weshah und Nidal Al-Habahbeh. „The Number of Roots and Canals in the Maxillary Second Premolars in a Group of Jordanian Population“. International Journal of Dentistry 2014 (2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/797692.
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Objectives. The aim of this study was to investigate the number of roots and root canals in the maxillary second premolar in a group of Jordanian population.Materials and Methods. A total of 217 patients, 100 female (46%) and 117 male (54%), received root canal treatment of maxillary second premolar from January 2012 to January 2014. The mean age of the patients was 32.7, ranging from 18 to 60 years. The teeth included in the study were examined clinically and radiographically for the number of roots and root canals using magnifying loupes.Results. Out of the total of 217 maxillary second premolars, 120 teeth had one root (55.3%), 96 teeth had two roots (44.2%), and one tooth had three roots (0.46%). Regarding root canal configuration, 30 teeth (13.8%) had one canal, 54 teeth (24.9%) had two canals shared in one apical foramen, 132 teeth (60.8%) had two canals with two separate apical foramina, and one tooth (0.46%) had three canals with separate apical foramina.Conclusion. The incidence of two canals (either with shared or separate apical foramina) is very high in the maxillary second premolars in Jordanian population; therefore inspection should be done for the presence of second canal whenever endodontic treatment is planned for this tooth.
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Kim, Joon Hee, Hyuntae Kim, Teo Jeon Shin, Hong-Keun Hyun, Young-Jae Kim, Jung-Wook Kim, Ki-Taeg Jang und Ji-Soo Song. „Root and Canal Morphology of Maxillary Primary Molar using CBCT and 3D CT“. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY 48, Nr. 4 (30.11.2021): 437–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5933/jkapd.2021.48.4.437.
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The purpose of this study is to analyze morphological characteristics of maxillary primary molar’s root and root canal. 268 children aged 3 - 7 years (175 boys, 93 girls) who had CBCT (152 children) and 3D CT (116 children) taken in Seoul National University Dental Hospital from January 2006 to April 2020 were included. The number of roots and root canals were analyzed in 1002 teeth without any root resorption or periapical pathologies. Curvature, angulation, length of root and root canal, as well as cross-sectional shapes of the root canal were analyzed in 218 teeth. By using Mimics and 3-Matics software, volume, surface area, and volume ratio of root canal was analyzed in 48 teeth. More than half of maxillary primary molars have 3 roots and 3 root canals. The degree of symmetry of root canal type was about 0.63 (Cohen’s kappa coefficient). The most frequent shape of roots and canals was linear in 1st primary molars and curved in 2nd primary molars. Angulation, length of root and root canals was the largest on palatal roots. Most teeth showed ovoid or round shapes at apex. The largest root canal volume, surface area, volume ratio was found in the palatal roots.
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Siddiq, Maimoona, Junaid Shakeel, Bushra Naeem Khan, Syed Zuhair Mehdi, Shoaib Hameed und Farooq Ahmad Chaudhary. „Root morphology of maxillary 1st premolar teeth in orthodontic extraction cases presenting in a tertiary care hospital: Taxilla Cantt.“ Professional Medical Journal 28, Nr. 7 (01.07.2021): 1013–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2021.28.07.6209.
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Objective: To observe pattern and variation of root morphology of maxillary 1st premolar teeth in orthodontic extraction cases among local population. Study Design: Prospective Observational study. Setting: Dental College-HITEC Institute of Medical Sciences-Taxilla Cantt. Period: 1st January 2017 to 31st December 2019. Material & Methods: A total of 120 patients and 320 maxillary 1st premolars were studied clinically for gross root morphology after orthodontic tooth extraction, variation of gross root morphology was studied among extracted teeth, frequency distribution was observed on basis of gender and both quadrants in each patient, a critical analysis is also made about variation of root morphology among various populations across the world. Result: Out of 160 patients, 49 were males and 111 were females. 151 patients had bilateral similar root morphology, out of 320 clinically examined teeth 206 had two roots, and 123 teeth had fused root morphology, 83 teeth had two bifurcated (separate) roots while 114 teeth were single rooted. Conclusion: Maxillary 1st premolar is unique in terms of wide variation in root morphology which is evident among various population studies. Two roots with fused root morphology is most prevalent in Pakistani population.
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Khattak, Imran, Munawar Aziz Khattak, Yusra Jamil Khattak, Sana Arbab, Momena Rashid und Syed Amjad Shah. „USE OF TOOTH CLEARING TECHNIQUE TO DETERMINE ROOT AND CANAL MORPHOLOGY OF PERMANENT MANDIBULAR THIRD MOLARS IN POPULATION OF PESHAWAR: AN IN VITRO CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY“. KHYBER MEDICAL UNIVERSITY JOURNAL 14, Nr. 4 (31.12.2021): 216–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.35845/kmuj.2021.21653.
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OBJECTIVE: To find out number of roots, root-canals and canal configuration in permanent mandibular third molars through tooth clearing technique.
METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 193 extracted human mandibular permanent third molars with completely formed apical foramen and intact roots were collected from both genders treated at dental hospitals in Peshawar, Pakistan from 1st July to 31st December 2019. After collection teeth were visually inspected to count number of roots, followed by access cavity preparation, pulp extirpation and canal staining with black Indian ink. Decalcification was done by placing teeth in nitric acid for 5 days followed by dehydration in ascending concentrations of alcohol. Complete transparency was achieved by immersing teeth in methyl-salicylate for 72 hours. Transparent teeth were inspected again for number of roots and root-canals.
RESULTS: Among 193 extracted mandibular third molars, (n=161; 83.4%) had two-roots and (n=24; 12.4%) were single-rooted. Two-canals were present in vast majority (n=142; 73.6%) whereas three and one-canal were seen in (n=37; 19.2%) and (n=13; 6.7%) teeth respectively. Most common type of root canal pattern was Vertucci’s Type-I in mesial-roots (n=79; 63.7%) and distal-roots (n=120; 96.8%). Vertucci’s Type-II and Type-IV were (n=15; 12.1%) and (n=12; 9.7%) in the mesial-roots respectively. Mandibular third molars didn’t present with any configurations that didn’t fullfill Vertucci’s criteria. Correlation between number of roots and root-canals of mandibular third molars was non-significant.
CONCLUSION: Two-roots and two-canals were common patterns for mandibular third molars. Mesial and distal roots were predominant in Type-I followed by Type-II and Type-IV Vertucci’s classification.
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Jafarzadeh, Hamid, Zahed Mohammadi und Sousan Shalavi. „Extra Roots and Root Canals in Premolar and Molar Teeth: Review of an Endodontic Challenge“. Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 14, Nr. 5 (2013): 980–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1437.
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ABSTRACT The main goal of endodontic treatment is healing of the periapical tissues which are gained by elimination of bacteria and their byproducts from the canal and prevention from reinfection. Understanding of root canal anatomy is an essential part in endodontic treatment. Anatomic forms and variations in special teeth should be well known, one of them is extra roots/ canals. Although possible aberrations of canal anatomy should be considered for all teeth, some teeth should be highlighted. This review addresses the prevalence, diagnosis (clinical and radiographic), and endodontic management of teeth with extra roots/canals. How to cite this article Mohammadi Z, Shalavi S, Jafarzadeh H. Extra Roots and Root Canals in Premolar and Molar Teeth: Review of an Endodontic Challenge J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(5):980-986.
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Angerame, Daniele, Matteo De Biasi, Massimiliano Lenhardt, Lorenzo Bevilacqua und Vittorio Franco. „Survival study on teeth after successful endodontic surgical retreatment: influence of crown height, root length, crown-to-root ratio and tooth type“. Giornale Italiano di Endodonzia 32, Nr. 2 (20.02.2019): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/j.gien.2018.4.
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Aim: To assess the influence of the crown height, root length, crown-to-root ratio, and tooth type on the survival of teeth subjected to surgical endodontic retreatment and classified as periapically healed. Methodology: A single operator performed endodontic microsurgery interventions between 2008 and 2018 on teeth with refractory apical periodontitis. The present analysis selected the teeth classified as ‘‘complete periapical healing’’ according to the scale suggested by Molven. The postoperative periapical radiographs and those taken at the last recall visit were analysed by two independent calibrated examiners, who measured crown height and root length in a blind manner. The crown-to-root ratio was calculated as the ratio of the two variables. The level of inter- and intra-operator agreement was tested with Bland—Altman plots with 95% limits of agreement. An independent statistician conducted a survival analysis using Kaplan—Meier plots and a log-rank test (a = 0.05) to assess the significance of the differences among the subgroups defined by the following criteria: (a) crown height median; (b) root length median; (c) crown-to-root ratio <1 vs. >1; (d) crown-to-root ratio median; (e) single-rooted teeth vs. multi-rooted teeth. Results: At the end of the analysis, 42 patients were evaluated, each one contributing to the study with a single tooth. The mean follow-up period was 4.2 2.4 years. Survival estimates were significantly improved for the teeth with roots longer than 8 mm, in comparison with that with shorter roots ( p < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences among the remaining considered subgroups. Conclusions: Under the conditions of this retrospective study, teeth with longer residual roots after apical surgery exhibited better chances of survival when compared to teeth with roots shorter than 8 mm. The other considered variables did not seem to affect the survival of apically resected teeth.
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Haider, Irsam, Saqib Naeem Siddique, Sobia Masood Tirmazi, Muhammad Moazzam, Usman Sana, Mubashir Rasheed und Imza Batool. „Evaluation of Root Canal Morphology of Maxillary First Premolars by Cone Beam Computed Tomography“. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, Nr. 12 (30.12.2021): 3663–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2115123663.
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Aim. The study aimed to evaluate the root and canal system in maxillary 1st premolar teeth in our patients using cone-beam computed tomography in subpopulation of Pakistan in Lahore. Material & methods. This retrospective study in vivo assessed Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) imaginings of maxillary 1st premolars from February 2017 to January 2019. This study determined the number of roots, canals and root canal conformation as described by Vertucci’s classification. Results. 150 subjects aged 17-75 years were enrolled with 90 females and 60 males. From 200 1st maxillary pre-molars, 75% of the teeth had two roots. 21% had one root. 4% had three roots. 94% teeth had two canals. Three canals were detected in 4% teeth. One canal in 2% teeth. Regarding canal configuration, type I canal in 72% cases and type V canal in 13% of cases. Conclusion. The Cone-beam computed tomography system is par excellence diagnostic modality than radiographic diagnosis providing improved and exact knowledge of root and canal variations plus configuration. Keywords: CBCT, Maxillary premolars, Endodontic treatment, Vertucci’s classification, root canal.
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Atieh, Momen A. „Root and Canal Morphology of Maxillary First Premolars in a Saudi Population“. Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 9, Nr. 1 (Januar 2008): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jcdp-9-1-46.
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Abstract Aim The aim of this study was to determine the root and canal morphology of maxillary first premolars collected from an indigenous Saudi population. Methods and Materials A total of 246 extracted teeth were collected and washed immediately after extraction then stored in 10% formalin solution. The teeth were debrided then dehydrated with ascending concentrations of alcohol and cleared by immersion in methyl salicylate. Visual and radiographic examinations were done to determine the number of roots and canals, and the teeth were transversely sectioned to examine the internal anatomy. Results Forty-four teeth (17.9%) had one root, 199 (80.9%) had two roots, and three (1.2%) had three roots. The incidence of Type I canals (one canal) was 8.9% (22 teeth), 89.8% (221 teeth) had two canals (Type II and III), and 1.2% (three teeth) had three canals (Type IV). Conclusion This study showed a high incidence of two-rooted and two-canal maxillary first premolars in Saudis. Clinicians should be aware of the different variations in root morphology and canal configuration when performing an endodontic treatment. Citation Atieh MA. Root and Canal Morphology of Maxillary First Premolars in a Saudi Population. J Contemp Dent Pract 2008 January; (9)1:046-053.
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Yoshpe, Margarita, Nikita Ruparel, Shmuel Einy, Shilpa Ganatra und Arieh Y. Kaufman. „Treatment of Necrotic Anterior and Posterior Teeth with Regenerative Endodontic Procedures Using PRF as a Scaffold: A Retrospective Study“. Applied Sciences 12, Nr. 13 (04.07.2022): 6774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12136774.
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We assessed the impact of regenerative endodontic procedures (REP) using a platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) scaffold on necrotic immature permanent anterior and posterior teeth based on the following parameters: periapical healing, changes in root development, and associations between increases in the radiographic root area (RRA), and degree of root to apical closure. The study included 50 teeth consisting of 57 roots (36 anterior and 21 posterior) treated between 2017 and 2019, with an average follow-up of two years. Complete periapical healing was achieved in 91.2% teeth, and uncertain healing was achieved in 8.8%. RRA increased in 95% of teeth and root lengthening was achieved in 86% teeth (without any mutual effect). Apical closure was significantly associated with tooth location (89% and 30% of the posterior and anterior roots, respectively). Trauma was the most common aetiology of necrotic anterior teeth, whereas caries was the only aetiology of necrotic posterior teeth. REP using PRF scaffold achieved a high success rate for periapical healing and root maturation in both anterior and posterior necrotic immature teeth. The favourable results obtained in posterior teeth may encourage the use of REP for treating necrotic immature permanent posterior teeth.
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Zogheib, Lucas Villaça, Jefferson Ricardo Pereira, Accácio Lins do Valle, Jonas Alves de Oliveira und Luiz Fernando Pegoraro. „Fracture resistance of weakened roots restored with composite resin and glass fiber post“. Brazilian Dental Journal 19, Nr. 4 (2008): 329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-64402008000400008.
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This study evaluated the fracture resistance of weakened roots restored with glass fiber posts, composite resin cores and complete metal crowns. Thirty maxillary canines were randomly divided into 3 groups of 10 teeth each: teeth without weakened roots (control); teeth with partially weakened roots (PWR) and teeth with and largely weakened roots (LWR). The control group was restored with glass fiber posts and a composite resin core. Teeth in the PWR and LWR groups were flared internally to standardized dimensions in order to simulate root weakness. Thereafter, the roots were partially filled with composite resin and restored in the same way as in the control group. The specimens were exposed to 250,000 cycles in a controlled chewing simulator. All intact specimens were subjected to a static load (N) in a universal testing machine at 45 degrees to the long axis of the tooth until failure. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Dunnett's test for multiple comparisons (p=0.05). There were statistically significant difference differences (p<0.01) among the groups (control group = 566.73 N; PWR = 409.64 N; and LWR = 410.91 N), with significantly higher fracture strength for the control group. There was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) between the weakened groups. The results of this study showed that thicker root dentin walls significantly increase the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth.
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Al-Gharrawi, Hikmet A. Sh. „The Incidence of Three Roots and Four Root Canals in Endodontically Treated Mandibular First Molars in Iraqi Population“. Mustansiria Dental Journal 3, Nr. 1 (15.04.2018): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32828/mdj.v3i1.612.
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It is of utmost importance that the clinician be familiar with the variations in root canal anatomy and the characteristics features in various racial groups, since such knowledge can aid location and negotiation of canals as well as their subsequent management. The aim of the present study is to investigate the incidence of three roots and four root canals in the mandibular first molar in Iraqi population. A total of 327 endodontically treated mandibular first molars were investigated in this study. Radiographs of working length determination and canal obturation at different angles of each tooth were mounted, projected and evaluated. The clinical records were reviewed and the findings for the number of roots and root canals were then recorded and tabulated. Roots with multiple canal systems were categorized according to whether the canals exited the root by a common apical foramen or by separated apical foramina. The results showed that 81.96% of the examined teeth had three root canals and the remaining 18.04% had four root canals. Most of the teeth ( 99.08% ) had two roots. Only three teeth ( 0.92% ) had three roots. There was no significant differences between males and females in the incidence of three roots and four root canals ( P > 0.05 ).
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Santos, Genivaldo dos, Alberto Consolaro, Fernanda Meloti, Mauricio de Almeida Cardoso, Ertty Silva, An Tien Li und Monikelly do Carmo Chagas Nascimento. „Negligible tooth resorptions after anterior open bite treatment using skeletal anchorage with miniplates“. Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 25, Nr. 4 (August 2020): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2177-6709.25.4.016-022.oin.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: When miniplates are used as anchoring for orthodontic mechanics for anterior open bite correction by retraction of anterior teeth and posterior teeth intrusion and retraction, orthodontically induced inflammatory external apical root resorption is clinically negligible. Methods: A homogeneous sample of 32 patients was used, and the roots of the teeth were compared on CT scans performed before and after orthodontic treatment. Results: The observed root resorption was minimal, and this can be explained by the uniform distribution of forces in several teeth, simultaneously, in the set of the dental arch and in the bone that supports the teeth. Conclusion: The most important thing to prevent root resorption in orthodontic practice, besides being concerned with the intensity of the applied forces, is to be careful with its distribution along the roots of each tooth, in the dental arch and in the bone that supports the teeth.
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Castro, Iury, José Valladares-Neto und Carlos Estrela. „Contribution of cone beam computed tomography to the detection of apical root resorption after orthodontic treatment in root-filled and vital teeth“. Angle Orthodontist 85, Nr. 5 (13.11.2014): 771–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/042814-308.1.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate whether root-filled teeth are similar to vital pulp teeth in terms of apical root resorption (ARR) after orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: An original sample of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 1256 roots from 30 orthodontic patients were analyzed. The inclusion criteria demanded root-filled teeth and their contralateral vital teeth, while teeth with history of trauma had to be excluded to comply with exclusion criteria. CBCT images of root-filled teeth were compared before and after orthodontic treatment in a split-mouth design study. Tooth measurements were made with multiplanar reconstruction using axial-guided navigation. The statistical difference between the treatment effects was compared using the paired t-test. Results: Twenty posterior root-filled teeth and their contralaterals with vital pulp were selected before orthodontic treatment from six adolescents (two boys and four girls; mean [SD] age 12.8 [1.8] years). No differences were detected between filled and vital root lengths before treatment (P = .4364). The mean differences in root length between preorthodontic and postorthodontic treatment in filled- and vital roots were −0.30 mm and −0.16 mm, respectively, without any statistical difference (P = .4197) between them. Conclusion: There appears to be no increase in ARR after orthodontic treatment in root-filled teeth with no earlier ARR.
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Иващенко, Александр, Alexander Ivashchenko, Игорь Федяев, Igor Fedyaev, Алексей Яблоков, Aleksey Yablokov, Егор Баландин und Egor Balandin. „FEATURES OF REGENERATION OF BONE TISSUE IN THE PERIAPICAL ZONE OF THE REPLANTED TEETH“. Actual problems in dentistry 14, Nr. 2 (25.07.2018): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.18481/2077-7566-2018-14-2-74-77.
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Subject. In this article, the problem of integrating the repaid teeth has been studied. Data on the fibroosteointegration of the replanted teeth were obtained on the basis of clinical and additional research methods.
Goal. To study the features of the regeneration of bone tissue in the periapical zone of the implantable teeth.
Methodology. The patient, C., 41, complained of a partial absence of teeth. As a result of examination of the mouth and analysis of the orthopantomogram, significant destruction of the crown part of the teeth of the upper and lower jaws was revealed. Based on the data obtained, a decision was made to remove them with subsequent replantation. Three months after the implantation, an orthopantomogram was performed. According to the data of roentgenography, uniform filling of the root canal with cement along the entire length was revealed, trabecular bone tissue in the region of the tips of the roots of the resplanted teeth is consistent. With the support of the implantable teeth, non-removable cermet structures were installed. Later, prosthetics was performed with removable orthopedic prostheses.
Results. After 2 years as a result of a follow-up examination, there was no pathological mobility in the resplanted teeth, the patient did not present any complaints. On intraoral virological images of the teeth 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 3.4, the trabecular bone tissue in the projection of the apex of the roots is consistent, the inflammatory foci are not revealed. On the whole surface of the roots of the teeth 1.1-1.3 periodontal space can be traced throughout the root. Bone tissue in the region of the roots of these teeth without pathology. This observation may allow us to make an assumption about fibroosteointegration of these teeth.
Conclusions. Based on the results of the treatment and analysis of X-ray data from two-year follow-up, we found no abnormal mobility in the resplanted teeth, bone tissue in the apex of these teeth is well-founded, orthopedic structures supported by the resplanted teeth are stable.
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DuPont, Gregg. „Crown Amputation with Intentional Root Retention for Advanced Feline Resorptive Lesions - A Clinical Study“. Journal of Veterinary Dentistry 12, Nr. 1 (März 1995): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089875649501200101.
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Whole tooth extraction is generally considered to be the treatment of choice for teeth with advanced feline external odontoclastic resorptive lesions. These teeth often have both a weakened, brittle crown and radicular ankylosis. These two factors cause frustration and sometimes complications during attempts at extraction. This study investigated the alternative of intentionally leaving part or all of non-pathologic tooth roots in situ to prevent iatrogenic trauma to the patient, loss of alveolar bone, and prolonged healing of surgical defects. Fifty one roots from 23 teeth were radiographed 5–36 months following elective root retention; continued resorption without surrounding bony reaction was seen in almost all cases. In one cat, the roots retained normal periodontal ligament one year later, and in another cat that developed severe stomatitis, the intentionally retained roots were extracted at the same time that the remaining molar teeth were extracted.
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Popovic, Milica, Milos Papic, Aleksandar Acovic, Suzana Zivanovic und Tatjana Kanjevac. „Cone-beam computed tomography study of root number and root canal configuration of premolars in Serbian population“. Medical review 71, Nr. 3-4 (2018): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns1804100p.
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Introduction. The aim of this study was to establish the number of roots and present the root canal configuration in the maxillary and mandibular premolar teeth, and evaluate the relations among these characteristics with gender and teeth position in the Serbian population using cone-beam computed tomography. Material and Methods. Cone-beam computed tomography images of 570 teeth of 150 patients were evaluated. Teeth were classified into the following groups: maxillary first premolars, maxillary second premolars, mandibular first premolars and mandibular second premolars, and the number of roots and root canals per tooth, whereas root canal configurations were examined along with the tooth position and patients? gender. The root canal configuration was classified using Vertucci?s classification. Statistical significance was obtained using Chi square test. Results. In maxillary first premolars, two roots (53.5%) and two root canals (84.5%) were the most prevalent, as well as type IV configuration (58.9%). In maxillary second premolars, most teeth had one root (88.1%) and one root canal (59.6%). In regard to gender, complex configurations with multiple canals were more prevalent in males. Higher incidence of type IV configuration in maxillary first premolars was present on the right side of the jaw (70.2%). Most mandibular first premolars had one root (98.5%). In mandibular second premolar, all teeth had one root and most had type I configuration (96.2%). Males showed higher incidence of two canals in mandibular first premolars. Conclusion. Cone-beam computed tomography is a useful tool for obtaining valuable information on root canal morphology of premolar teeth. Patient?s gender should be considered when performing the preoperative assessment of endodontic treatment.
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Ferro, Mariana Carolina de Lara, Vivian Colucci, Artur Gaiotto Marques, Ricardo Faria Ribeiro, Yara T. C. Silva-Sousa und Erica Alves Gomes. „Fracture Strength of Weakened Anterior Teeth Associated to Different Reconstructive Techniques“. Brazilian Dental Journal 27, Nr. 5 (Oktober 2016): 556–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201602452.
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Abstract This study evaluated the fracture strength of endodontically treated teeth submitted to reconstructive techniques through dynamic and static tests. Forty human anterior teeth were divided into 4 groups (n=10): GNW (non-weakened) - root restored with glass fiber post (GFP), GW - weakened root restored with GFP, GDA - weakened root restored with direct anatomic GFP, and GIA - weakened root restored with indirect anatomic GFP. The teeth were endodontically treated considering that experimental groups (GW, GDA and GIA) simulated weakened roots for restoration with GFP using different techniques. The GFP was luted with resin cement and the coronal portion was restored with composite resin and metallic crowns. All samples were submitted to chewing simulation at 60 cycles/min in a total of 300,000 cycles. The survival samples were further exposed to compressive loading at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min in a universal testing machine. The load was applied at 135° to the long axis of the tooth until failure. Data were analyzed by ANOVA (a=0.05). After chewing simulation were observed: GNW: 100% of survival roots; GW: 70% of survival roots, and GDA and GIA: 80% of survival roots. The mean fracture strength values (N) were 280.6 (GNW), 239.0 (GW), 221.3 (GDA), and 234.1 (GIA) without significant difference among the groups (p=0.7476). The results suggested similar fracture strength in both weakened and non-weakened teeth regardless the reconstructive technique of root internal wall. Higher incidence of catastrophic fracture was observed in weakened teeth without restoration of the root internal wall.
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Al-obiedy, Dr Amer Al-obiedy. „Evaluation of permanent premolars intended for endodontic treatment in term of root number & form, condition of periapical area and state of lamina dura (Radiographic survey).“ Mustansiria Dental Journal 5, Nr. 4 (25.01.2018): 323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32828/mdj.v5i4.552.
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The radiographic film serves an extremely important need in detecting disease process that affects the tooth and its surrounding structures. The aim of the present study is to take a radiographic view to determine root number and form, condition of the periapical area and state of the lamina dura for permanent premolar teeth intended for root canal therapy. One hundred ninety radiographs representing the step of working length determination for permanent premolars intended for root canal therapy were selected from a number of private clinics in Baghdad. Results of this study shows that 52.1 % of the endodontically treated teeth having curvature free roots, while 47.9 % of them were presented with curved roots, most of teeth 94.2% were free of periapical lesions and lamina dura was absent in 65.8 % of the teeth.
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Sana, U., I. U. Niazi, R. S. Din, M. Rasheed, I. Haider und O. Yousaf. „Root. Canal. Morphology. of Mandibular. First. Permanent. Molars. in a Pakistani. Sub-population“. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, Nr. 6 (30.06.2021): 1314–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211561314.
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Aim : To investigate the number and. patterns of. root canals. of mandibular. first. molars.. Methods.: Descriptive observational study to investigate the canal morphology using clearing technique. The duration of the study was one year from 1st February 2020 to 1st February 2021.Non purposive sampling technique was used and 200 mandibular first molar were collected. Data collected was analysed using the SPSS Vr 10. Study variables include Number and pattern of the roots in mandibular teeth. Descriptive statistics were used; frequencies of the root canals and their canal pattern were calculated. Results: In the mesial root, 14 teeth had a one root canal,186 possessed double root canals were observed. Distal root of 160 teeth possessed one canal, 40 teeth possessed two root canals with type 1 pattern mostly observed. Conclusion: Like other populations Pakistani population may have a diverse root canal system in the mandibular molars that ultimately affect endodontic therapy. Keywords: Roots, canals, anatomy, tooth clearing technique, demineralization
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Haghanifar, Sina, Ehsan Moudi, Ali Bijani und Mohammad Kazemi Ghanbarabadi. „Morphologic assessment of mandibular anterior teeth root canal using CBCT“. Acta Medica Academica 46, Nr. 2 (11.01.2018): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5644/ama2006-124.193.
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<div class="WordSection1"><p><strong>Objective</strong>. The aim of this study was to evaluate the number and mor- phological characteristics of the roots and root canals in mandibular anterior teeth, using cone beam computed tomography. <strong>Methods and materials. </strong>In this cross-sectional study, 1053 anterior mandibular teeth from 200 CBCT scans were evaluated. The teeth were complete- ly developed and should have had no fillings in the root or crown. The teeth were investigated in terms of the number of roots and root canals, the location of the apical foramen, the distance of the apical foramen to the anatomical apex, root length, crown length, dilacera- tions and the type of canals according to Vertucci’s classification. <strong>Re- sults</strong>. 87.9% of teeth had one root canal and of all of the teeth, three canines (0.3%) were found that had two roots. In 80.3% (n: 848) of cases the foramen apical location was central, then the buccal (9.3%), lingual (3.9%), distal (3.8%), and mesial (2.7%). The type of root ca- nals, according to Vertucci’s classification, with respect to prevalence, included type I (88.2%), type III (8.1%), type II (3.3%), type V (0.3%), and type VI (0.1%), respectively. In terms of the characteristics inves- tigated, bilateral symmetry was observed. Dilaceration was not seen in any of the teeth. <strong>Conclusion</strong>. The root canal morphology of mandibu- lar anterior teeth has great diversity that may differ between different races, and should be considered by all dentists in order to achieve the best dental treatment.</p></div><br clear="all" /><p> </p>
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Choi, Yoomin, Seonmi Kim und Namki Choi. „Assessment of Root and Root Canal Morphology of Human Primary Molars using CBCT“. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY 47, Nr. 1 (29.02.2020): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5933/jkapd.2020.47.1.25.
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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the morphological characteristics of the roots and roots canals of primary molar teeth using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT).<br/>A total of 68 CBCT images of children aged 4 - 5 years was used for this study. A total of 160 molar teeth were analyzed. Various parameters such as the number of roots and canals, length of root and root canal, and the angulation and shape of the roots were analyzed.<br/>All maxillary primary molars had 3 roots. The presence of 2 root canals in 1 root was only observed in the mesiobuccal root of maxillary primary second molars. Most mandibular primary molars had 2 roots, and most mesial roots had 2 root canals.<br/>Concerning the length of the roots, the palatal root of the maxillary primary molar was found to be longest whereas the distobuccal root was shortest. In mandibular primary molars, the mesial root was longer than the distal root. In maxillary primary molars, the palatal root had the greatest angulation whereas the distal root has the greatest in mandibular molars. The root and root canals of maxillary primary molars were more curved in shape whereas mandibular primary molars were straight.
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Stošić, Nenad, Stefan Dačić, Marina Ranđelović, Andrijana Jovančić, Ivana Đorđević, Maja Cvetković, Dušan Ilić, Aleksandra Petrović und Dragica Dačić Simonović. „Morphometric Analysis of the Upper Premolars“. Acta Facultatis Medicae Naissensis 33, Nr. 1 (01.03.2016): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afmnai-2016-0003.
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Summary Morphological and anatomical characteristics of the tooth are of great importance for clinical dentistry. These aspects of the tooth can be better conceptualized from the perspective of external and internal morphology of dental crowns and roots. The aim of this study was to determine the average total length of the upper first and second premolars, the average length of crowns, the average length of roots and to determine the most common number of the roots and root canals of these teeth. We used 41 first and 48 second extracted upper premolars.The length of these teeth was measured by a digital micrometer. The number of roots was determined visually, and each tooth was longitudinally dissected across the vestibular-palatal plane for determining the number of root canals. The average total length of the upper first premolars was 22.5 mm, the average crown length was 8.8 mm, the mean root length was 13.7 mm. The upper first premolars usually have two roots in 53.7% and two root canals in 82.9%. The average total length of the upper second premolars was 22.5 mm. The average crown length was 8.4 mm and the mean root length was 14.1 mm. The upper second premolars usually have one root in 89.6% and one root canal in 79.2%. The determined average values of the length of these teeth and the length of their crowns and roots were similar to the values of the same population reported by other authors.
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Estrela, Carlos, Mike R. Bueno, Gabriela S. Couto, Luiz Eduardo G. Rabelo, Ana Helena G. Alencar, Ricardo Gariba Silva, Jesus Djalma Pécora und Manoel Damião Sousa-Neto. „Study of Root Canal Anatomy in Human Permanent Teeth in A Subpopulation of Brazil's Center Region Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography - Part 1“. Brazilian Dental Journal 26, Nr. 5 (Oktober 2015): 530–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201302448.
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Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of roots, root canals and apical foramina in human permanent teeth using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). CBCT images of 1,400 teeth from database previously evaluated were used to determine the frequency of number of roots, root canals and apical foramina. All teeth were evaluated by preview of the planes sagittal, axial, and coronal. Navigation in axial slices of 0.1 mm/0.1 mm followed the coronal to apical direction, as well as the apical to coronal direction. Two examiners assessed all CBCT images. Statistical data were analyzed including frequency distribution and cross-tabulation. The highest frequency of four root canals and four apical foramina was found in maxillary first molars (76%, 33%, respectively), followed by maxillary second molars (41%, 25%, respectively). The frequency of four root canals in mandibular first molars was 51%. Mandibular first premolars had two root canals and two apical foramina in 29% and 20% of the cases, respectively. Mandibular central and lateral incisors and canines presented two root canals in 35%, 42% and 22% of the cases, respectively. The navigation strategy in CBCT images favors a better identification of frequency and position of roots, root canals and apical foramina in human permanent teeth.
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Nasim, Naisi, T. P. Padmakumar, Midhulaj Azeez, Harikrishnan B. Pillai und Aswathy S. Sudhakar. „Root amputation- An alternative to tooth extraction: A case report with one year follow up“. IP International Journal of Periodontology and Implantology 7, Nr. 1 (15.03.2022): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijpi.2022.008.
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Compromised teeth are challenging to the dentist which complicate the treatment plan and affects the long-term prognosis. Advances in dentistry, as well as the increased desire of patients to maintain their natural dentition, have led to treatment and preservation of teeth that once would have been removed. The most commonly extracted teeth due to dental caries and periodontal disease are mandibular molars. These teeth are the major standpoint for occlusion, and also have a wide pericemental area. Root resection is the treatment option for preserving molars with furcation involvement. It is the process by which one or more of the roots of teeth are removed at the level of furcation while leaving the crown and remaining roots in function. The procedure of root amputation was first introduced by Farrar in 1884. It is a suitable treatment option when the resorption, perforation, or periodontal damage is restricted to one root while the other root is relatively healthy. This case report describes, root amputation as a successful treatment method to save a mandibular first molar which would have been extracted.
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Singh, Shishir, und Mansing Pawar. „Root canal morphology of South Asian Indian maxillary molar teeth“. European Journal of Dentistry 09, Nr. 01 (Januar 2015): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.149662.
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ABSTRACT Objective: The objective was to study the root canal morphology of South Asian Indian Maxillary molars using a tooth clearing technique. Materials and Methods: Hundred teeth each comprising of first, second, and third molars collected from different dental schools and clinics in India were subjected to standard dye penetration, decalcification and clearing procedure before being studied. Results: The first molar mesiobuccal roots exhibited 69% Type I, 24% Type II, 4% Type IV, 2% Type V, and 1% exhibited a Vertuccis Type VIII canal anatomy. In the group with three separate roots the second molar mesiobuccal roots in exhibited 80.6% Type I, 15.3% Type II, 2.7% Type IV, and 1.4% Type V canal anatomy while the third molars mesiobuccal roots exhibited 57.4% Type I, 32% Type II, 2.1% Type III, 8.5% Type IV, 1% had a Type V canal anatomy in the similar group. Conclusion: A varied root canal anatomy was seen in the mesiobuccal root canal of the maxillary molars.
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Kuzekanani, Maryam, und Saadollah Parvazeh. „Root canal anatomy and morphology of permanent maxillary Lateral Incisors in an Iranian population“. Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology 125, Nr. 1 (29.04.2022): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/ijae-11653.
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A meticulous knowledge of the root canal anatomy and morphology of the teeth is imperative to achieve successful root canal and also many other dental and surgical treatments on them. The purpose of this study was to study the root canal anatomy and morphology of permanent maxillary Lateral incisors in Kerman. 100 extracted intact permanent maxillary Lateral incisor teeth were collected from different dental clinics in Kerman. The anatomic and morphologic characteristics of the selected samples such as the number of roots, the apical root curve direction and the length of the teeth were determined by macroscopic evaluation and length assessment of each sample. After staining, decalcification and clearing of each tooth the existence and location of additional and lateral canals was also carefully explored by using magnifying tools. All maxillary Lateral incisors had just one root and one root canal and the average length for this tooth was 22.5 mms in this study. The curvature of the roots in 67% of the samples was distally, in 5%; bucally, in 2%; palatally and in 3%; mesially. 23% of the teeth had straight roots and root canals. Also, 29% of the teeth had lateral canals that in 89% of the cases were located in the apical thirds, in 11%; in the middle and in none of the cases in the coronal thirds. As a conclusion lateral canals and curved apex which are thorough challenges in dentistry are prevalent in maxillary lateral incisors among this south eastern Iranian population.
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Al-Amery, Samah M., Phrabhakaran Nambiar, Jacob John, Kathiravan Purmal, Wei Cheong Ngeow, Nor Himazian Mohamed und Subramaniam Vellayan. „Unusual Dental Morphology in a Chimpanzee: A Case Report Utilizing Cone-Beam Computed Tomography“. Journal of Veterinary Dentistry 35, Nr. 2 (Juni 2018): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898756418776448.
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This case report illustrates the teeth morphology of a chimpanzee and its anatomical variations. A well-preserved skull of a male Pan troglodytes troglodyte chimpanzee was scanned using a cone-beam computed tomography machine. Measurements included tooth and crown height, root length, root canal length and width (posterior teeth), and pulp cavity length (anterior teeth). Nonmetrical parameters included number of canals and foramina per root of every root. Interestingly, the mandibular central incisor was longer than the lateral incisor, and all the mandibular anterior teeth presented with a solitary flame-shaped or conical-calcified structure in their pulp cavity. The premolars are usually dual rooted except for the first maxillary premolar that displayed 3 roots. Other unusual discoveries were the presence of bilateral radicular dens invaginatus in the mandibular first premolars and the possibility of having 2 canals and 2 foramina in the roots of the posterior teeth. The presence of conical stone mineralizations at the pulp cavity and the presence of dens invaginatus were of particular interest.
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Gioso, M. A., T. Knobl, M. A. F. A. Venturini und H. L. Correa. „Non-Apical Root Canal Ramifications in the Teeth of Dogs“. Journal of Veterinary Dentistry 14, Nr. 3 (September 1997): 89–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089875649701400302.
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The roots of 130 extracted teeth were examined for non-apical ramifications from the main canal. Following decalcification and dehydration, the root canals were identified with an Indian ink gel. Secondary canals were found in 4 of the 130 teeth (2.4%), and stumps that may represent incomplete lateral canals were identified in two teeth. We conclude that non-apical root canal ramifications are much less common in dogs compared to humans.
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da Silva Filho, Omar Gabriel, Olívia de Freitas Mendes, Terumi Okada Ozawa, Flávio Mauro Ferrari Junior und Tatiana Mattosinho Correa. „Behavior of partially formed roots of teeth submitted to orthodontic movement“. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 28, Nr. 2 (01.01.2005): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.28.2.56n643558770p763.
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The occurrence of root resorption in orthodontically treated permanent incisors with partially formed roots was investigated using periapical radiographs taken before and after the orthodontic leveling in the mixed dentition. The mean age at the beginning of treatment was 9 years and the mean treatment time was 7.1 months. The findings showed that the orthodontic movement during root formation causes no root resorption. The longitudinal follow-up showed that incompletely formed roots developed normally.
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Porciúncula, Hélio Ferraz, Mariana Machado da Porciúncula, Elizangela Partata Zuza und Benedicto Egbert Corrêa de Toledo. „Biometric analysis of the maxillary permanent molar teeth and its relation to furcation involvement“. Brazilian Oral Research 18, Nr. 3 (September 2004): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-83242004000300002.
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A high rate of root exposure and consequently the exposure of the furcation area is usually observed in multirooted teeth. In maxillary molar teeth, this fact may endanger the three existent furcations (buccal, mesial and distal), causing serious problems. In this research, distance measures from the buccal furcation to the mesial (F1M) and distal (F1D) surfaces of the mesio-buccal and disto-buccal roots; from the mesial furcation to the buccal (F2B) and palatal (F2P) surfaces of the mesio-buccal and palatal roots and from the distal furcation to the buccal (F3B) and palatal (F3P) surfaces of the disto-buccal and palatal roots, respectively were established. One hundred maxillary first molar teeth were used, 50 of the right and 50 of the left side. Reference marks and demarcations were determined on the furcations and also on the root surfaces involved in the measures. We concluded that these measurements are important because they may effectivelly contribute to diagnosis, prevention and treatment of periodontal problems.
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Trimeridou, Angeliki Sofia, Aristidis Arhakis und Konstantinos Arapostathis. „Presentation of a Case of Short Root Anomaly in an 11-Year-Old Child“. Case Reports in Dentistry 2023 (04.01.2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/1766133.
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Short root anomaly (SRA) is a developmental anomaly in which the affected teeth present morphologically normal crowns and short, round roots. The exact cause of SRA is unknown. A case of an 11-year-old female patient with SRA is described. The patient presented short, round roots of all permanent teeth but first molars. Maxillary lateral incisors presented severe root resorption and mobility. Treatment plan included preservation of the maxillary lateral incisors by splinting them to their adjacent teeth using a stainless steel coaxial wire. A custom mouthguard for dental trauma protection was also constructed using a computer-aided design - computer-aided manufacturing (CAD–CAM) system in order to fabricate 3D-printed dental casts. At 2-year follow-up, the mobility of maxillary lateral incisors decreased, and the patient’s dentition remained stable. Considerations regarding differential diagnosis, orthodontic management, and treatment options after an eventual loss of teeth are thoroughly discussed.
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Cui, Xuanyou, Naiyu Cui, Xuehan Li, Xin Du, ShuXin Zhang, Changchun Wu, Dong-Hyuck Kim, Ho-Kyung Lim und Eui-Seok Lee. „Effect of Root Canal Therapy on the Success Rate of Teeth with Complete Roots in Autogenous Tooth Transplantation“. Scanning 2021 (14.04.2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6675604.
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Background. Autogenous tooth transplantation is a reliable method for repairing missing teeth. Although it recently became a recognized and feasible treatment method in dentistry, the long-term efficacy of root canal therapy (RCT) has not been well confirmed. This study is aimed at determining whether RCT has a good effect on the success rate of teeth with complete roots in autogenous tooth transplantation. Materials and Methods. Data were collected from the Korea University Guro Hospital. Data of patients who underwent autogenous tooth transplantation within 9 years were collected. We selected 29 teeth with complete roots as the research subjects in our study. None of the patients had any systemic diseases. All cases in this study were obtained with patient permission. Results. According to the tooth vitality test, the autogenous teeth tested negative in dental pulp test and function. Nine of the 29 teeth with autogenous tooth transplantation were treated with RCT and survived throughout the observation period. However, 20 autogenous teeth were not treated with RCT, and eight of them did not survive. All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS 20.0. The null hypothesis was rejected ( p < 0.05 ). Conclusion. For complete root teeth, the success rate after autogenous tooth transplantation after RCT is higher than that of teeth not treated with RCT.
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Eid, Hossam A., Khalid M. Abdelaziz und Refaat A. Eid. „Effect of Bioconditioning on Surface Characteristics of Periodontally-affected Roots of Diabetic Patients“. World Journal of Dentistry 5, Nr. 2 (2014): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1264.
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ABSTRACT Objective Advanced glycosylated end products (AGEs) in type II diabetic patients are usually precipitated on the periodontallyaffected root surfaces. The presence of periodontopathic microbes, at the same time, may also add a negative impact on the prognosis of the regenerative periodontal surgery. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the effect of chemical conditioning on surface characteristics of periodontally-affected roots of diabetic patients. Methods Three groups (n = 25) of freshly-extracted teeth were collected from the outpatient clinics, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University. In group 1, teeth were collected from healthy individuals for orthodontic purpose. Teeth of group 2 were collected from healthy patients with chronic periodontitis, while those of group 3 were collected from diabetic patients with chronic periodontitis. Roots of the collected teeth were examined using the scanning electron microscope (SEM) before and after mechanical surface planning and chemical treatment using normal saline, EDTA gel, Tetracycline HCL (TC) or citric acid (CA) each for 4 minutes (n = 5 from each group). Results Interpretation of SEM images revealed undesirable etching effect of the chemicals used on the surfaces of healthy roots. Although EDTA showed an effective cleanse of the smear debris, it seemed to have no power on surface cuticles existed on roots of diabetic individuals. Tetracycline HCl provided acceptable conditioning of periodontally-affected root surfaces. Citric acid showed a powerful removal of both smear debris and cuticle layers off the periodontally-affected roots of diabetic individuals. Conclusion Topical application of EDTA, TC or CA shows sensible effect on the periodontally affected root surfaces. However, each of these chemicals exhibits different conditioning power. Citric acid is a promising agent to biomodify the periodontally-affected root surfaces of diabetic patients. Clinical relevance Citric acid is an acceptable biomodifier for the periodontally-affected root surfaces. This approach may improve the prognosis of periodontal therapies especially in type II diabetic patients. How to cite this article Abdelaziz KM, Eid HA, Eid RA. Effect of Bioconditioning on Surface Characteristics of Periodontally- affected Roots of Diabetic Patients. World J Dent 2014;5(2):81-86.
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Beliniuc, Sergiu, und Gabriela Motelica. „Coronectomy of the wisdom teeth: the dental extraction alternative“. Journal of Stomatological Medicine 3, Nr. 59 (Oktober 2021): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.53530/1857-1328.21.59.02.
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Background. Coronectomy of the wisdom teeth is an alternative surgical procedure to tooth extraction, which aims to preserve the roots of the wisdom teeth in the dental socket after surgical separation of the crown, in order to avoid the injury of the inferior alveolar vascular-nervous bundle. Purpose. Minimizing the damage to the inferior alveolar nerve when extracting lower third molars caused by the intimate relationship between the nerve and the roots of the teeth, by using the technique of coronectomy, or intentional root retention. Material and Methods. Patients who reported to University Dental clinic during the period 2020–2021 for surgical removal of impacted L3M were screened for nerve–root relationship with OPG or CBCT. 15 patients underwent coronectomy as a procedure to remove the crown and upper third of the roots of a lower third molar to reduce the risk of damage to the inferior alveolar nerve. Results. 15 patients were enrolled in this study, with a total of 17 lower third molars. Sixteen sites healed primarily, but in 1 case the sockets on both sides opened and failed to close secondarily. In this case, the root fragments were later removed and found to be mobile. Conclusion. Coronectomies are safer to perform than complete extractions in situations in which the third molar is in close proximity to the mandibular canal. The technique appears to be associated with a low incidence of complications and the removal of remaining roots is required in around 6-7% of cases due to the mesial migration of the fragment and not any symptoms or reinfection.
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Kaskova, L. F., O. E. Berezhna, N. V. Yanko und K. A. Lazareva. „CLINICAL CASE OF DENTINE DYSPLASIA TYPE I“. Ukrainian Dental Almanac, Nr. 2 (29.06.2021): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2409-0255.2.2021.19.
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Developmental dental hard tissues disorders are rarely diagnosed both in children and adults, and their treatment is a problem for dentist. Despite the fact that molecular genetics studies allow to discriminate some dentine disorders, pathogenesis of radicular dentin dysplasia is still obscure. Type I dentin dysplasia is characterized by normal or slightly coloured crowns with no roots or only rudimentary roots, reduced pulp space in permanent teeth and incomplete or total obliteration of the pulp chambers, and periapical radiolucent areas or cysts which might result in premature loss of tooth. Fortunately, teeth demonstrate higher resistance to caries than normal teeth do.
Dentin dysplasia type II is characterized by yellow, brown, grey, translucent primary teeth with complete pulpal obliteration. Permanent teeth are normal or might be slightly coloured. Roots are normal in size, but pulp chamber has pulp stones. A third type of dentine dysplasia or focal odontoblastic dysplasia has radiographic aspects of the other two types of disease.
Also dentine dysplasia type I has subtypes Ia, Ib, Ic and Id. Dentine dysplasia Ia is characterized by complete obliteration of the pulp, disorder of root development, and many periapical radiolucent areas. A single small horizontally oriented and half-moon shaped pulp is presented in case of dentine dysplasia Ib, roots have a few millimetres length and frequent periapical radiolucencies. Dentine dysplasia Ic is characterized by the presence of two horizontal or vertical semicircle-shaped pulpal remnants which surround dentine in pulp chamber. Also teeth have shortened roots and variable periapical radiolucencies. Dentine dysplasia Id is characterized by the distinct pulp chambers with pulp stones in the coronal third of the root canal; periapical radiolucencies are possible as well. Aim of this study was to analyse clinical case of dentine dysplasia in 8,5-year-old boy.
A 8,5-year old boy patient with parents came to a dental office due to caries cavity in tooth 62. Shape of tooth crowns was not changed and teeth with no signs of mobility; white lines and spots on teeth are were detected. Based on age, the decision of orthopantomogram was made to evaluate status of primary and permanent teeth. The image showed almost obliterated pulp chamber in both erupted and developing teeth and considerably shortened, blunted and malformed roots without a visible lumen of root canals in primary teeth. Periapical lesions were found about roots of primary molars and follicles of teeth 12 and 14 without caries lesions.
Patient's medical history revealed no disturbance in general health. Clinical examination of the patient's mother did not show dental hard tissues disorders, but radiograph examination revealed such disorder in the orthopantomogram. Thus, history, clinical and radiographic findings revealed this case as dentine dysplasia type I subtype 1c inherited from mother.
Oral rehabilitation of patients with dentine dysplasia type I require effective prevention and a complex approach. Thus, meticulous oral hygiene measures and dietary instructions, regular check-ups twice a year were established for this patient; orthodontic consultation was recommended. Varnish «Ftoplen-LC» was applied on the permanent teeth 3 times. To prevent early exfoliation, plan of preventive measures was developed included application of fluoride varnish twice a year and fissure sealing in the premolars in 9-10 years and in the second premolars in 12-13 years.
Treatment of dentine dysplasia I type that depends on patient age and severity of disease may include also filling of carious teeth, orthodontic, surgical and orthodontic treatment. In this regard, dentist has to know developmental dental hard tissues disorders and select measures to prolong the retention of affected teeth maintaining them as long as possible.
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Pilipenko, N. D., und S. Yu Maksyukov. „Root resorption in orthodontic treatment with application of aligners. A retrospective study using cone-beam computed tomography“. Stomatology for All / International Dental review, Nr. 2019 4 (89) (Dezember 2019): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35556/idr-2019-4(89)46-50.
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he aim of this work is to study the coverage and severity of the inflammatory resorption of the root of the maxillary incisors caused by orthodontic treatment with aligners using CBCT to determine possible risk factors. Measurement of the length of the root of the maxillary incisors was carried out on orthodontic images of CBCT in the pre- and post-therapeutic periods in 80 patients who received complex orthodontic treatment with aligners The average value of the absolute reduction of the root length varied between 0.47±.061 mm and 0.55±0.70 mm, and the difference between the central and lateral upper incisors was not significant. The defeat of the root reduction of more than 25%, amounted to 1.25% of cases. Potential risk factors included gender, malocclusion, crowding of teeth, and the approach of the tops of the roots of the teeth to the cortical plate in the post-therapeutic period. Complex treatment with aligners gives minimal root resorption. Sex, malocclusion, crowding of teeth, and the approach of the tops of the roots of the teeth to the cortical plate in the post-therapeutic period significantly affect the likelihood of changes in the length of the root.
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Mahajan, Pardeep, Ruma Grover, Shikha Baghi Bhandari, Prashant Monga und Vanita Keshav. „Management of Mandibular Lateral Incisor with Two Roots: a Case Report“. International Journal of Medical and Dental Sciences 5, Nr. 1 (17.01.2016): 1093. http://dx.doi.org/10.19056/ijmdsjssmes/2016/v5i1/83583.
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Successful outcome of endodontic treatment depends on the identification of all root canals which in turn guarantee complete extirpation of pulp tissue, proper chemo-mechanical cleaning and shaping and three dimensional obturation of the root canal system with an inert filling material. However endodontic treatment can fail for many reasons, such as diagnostic errors, persistence of the infection in the root canal system, errors in debridement and shaping of the root canal systems, instrument fractures, poor restorations and extra roots or canals if not detected are the reasons for failure. Undetected extra roots or root canals have been considered as a major reason for failure of root canal treatment. Many of the challenges faced during root canal treatment may be directly attributed to an inadequate understanding of the canal morphology of teeth. A broad knowledge of both the external and internal anatomy of teeth is of great importance for adequate endodontic treatment. We present a case report of 2 roots in mandibular lateral incisor.
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Mashyakhy, Mohammed, Mohammed Awawdeh, Abdulaziz Abu-Melha, Bushra Alotaibi, Nada AlTuwaijri, Nouf Alazzam, Rahaf Almutairi und Reuof Alessa. „Anatomical Evaluation of Root and Root Canal Configuration of Permanent Maxillary Dentition in the Population of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia“. BioMed Research International 2022 (15.01.2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3428229.
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Aim. This study is aimed at combining the sample sizes of all studies on permanent maxillary teeth conducted in different regions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) to obtain a large sample size that represents the population of the KSA. The outcome of these combined studies is compared with international studies in terms of the number of roots, number of canals, and canal configurations on the basis of Vertucci’s classification. Methodology. The studies were systematically reviewed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis chart. Studies were included in the analysis if they were conducted in the KSA, involved permanent human maxillary teeth, and had a sample of more than 10 teeth (power). By contrast, studies were excluded if they involved deciduous teeth in the sample size, investigated nonhuman teeth, were not conducted in the KSA, and were case reports, case series, review studies, and anomalies. Relevant literature was searched from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane, and Direct Science by two calibrated teams, starting in August 2020, without time limits or language restrictions. Results. The database searches and cross-referencing identified a total of 19 relevant studies. All maxillary canines ( N = 1,018 ) had one root, whereas 98.4% had one canal and 98.3% had Vertucci type I. Moreover, 63.2% of the maxillary first premolars had two roots, and 91.4% had two canals. The most common Vertucci root canal configuration was type IV (64.6%). The maxillary second premolars mostly had one root (84.4%) and one canal (50.4%). The most common canal configuration was Vertucci type I (47.1%). The majority of maxillary first molars had three roots (98.9%), 48.7% of which had three canals, and 46.4% had four canals. The most prevalent feature of the canal morphology of mesiobuccal roots was Vertucci type II (35.3%). The investigated maxillary second molars had three roots, 88.0% of which had three canals. Conclusion. This systematic review represents the Saudi population since samples were combined from different studies from different regions of the country. Variations in findings were observed in the same group of teeth from different regions and the same region, while the overall combined samples results fell within the range of other international studies.
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Uehara, Sawako, Aya Maeda, Hiroshi Tomonari und Shouichi Miyawaki. „Relationships between the root-crown ratio and the loss of occlusal contact and high mandibular plane angle in patients with open bite“. Angle Orthodontist 83, Nr. 1 (16.08.2012): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/042412-341.1.
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Abstract Objective: To determine the root-crown (R/C) ratio and dental root length of teeth in patients with open bite and seek any relationships with occlusal contact (OC) and the mandibular plane (Mp) angle. Materials and Methods: Thirty-one patients with open bite with negative overbite of at least four anterior teeth and 31 control patients with clinically normal overjet and overbite were enrolled. R/C ratios, dental root length, OC, and Mp angle were measured using panoramic radiographs, dental casts, and cephalograms, respectively. Mean differences between the groups, and variations between the R/C ratio or root length and Mp angle in patients with open bite were statistically analyzed. Results: R/C and OC ratios from the incisors to premolars were significantly lower for patients with open bite than for controls, and some teeth had short dental roots. Relationships between low R/C ratio or root length and high Mp angle were significant in patients with open bite. Conclusion: Patients with open bite, especially those with a high Mp angle, have an unfavorable R/C ratio and short dental roots in some teeth, which may be related to the loss of OC.
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Al-Falahi, Bilal, Ahmad Mohammad Hafez und Maher Fouda. „Three-dimensional assessment of external apical root resorption after maxillary posterior teeth intrusion with miniscrews in anterior open bite patients“. Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 23, Nr. 6 (Dezember 2018): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2177-6709.23.6.056-063.oar.
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ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the external apical root resorption (EARR) of the maxillary posterior teeth after intrusion with miniscrews. Methods: Fifteen patients (13 females and 2 males) with age ranging from 14.5 to 22 years (mean 18.1 ±2.03 years) were selected to participate in this study. All patients presented with anterior open bite of 3 mm or more. An intrusion force of 300 g was applied on each side to intrude the maxillary posterior teeth. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were taken pretreatment and post-intrusion and were analyzed to evaluate the EARR. Results: The maxillary posterior teeth were intruded in average 2.79 ± 0.46 mm (p< 0.001) in 5.1 ± 1.3 months, and all examined roots showed statistically significant EARR (p< 0.05) with an average of 0.55 mm, except the distobuccal root of the left first permanent molars and both the palatal and buccal roots of left first premolars, which showed no statistically significant changes. Conclusions: The evaluated teeth presented statistically significant EARR, but clinically, due to the small magnitude, it was not considered significant. Moreover, the CBCT provided a good visualization of all roots in all three planes, and it was effective in detecting minimal degrees of EARR.
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Ribeiro, Rodrigo Gonçalves, Melissa Andreia Marchesan, Ricardo Gariba Silva, Manoel D. Sousa-Neto und Jesus Djalma Pécora. „Dentin permeability of the apical third in different groups of teeth“. Brazilian Dental Journal 21, Nr. 3 (2010): 216–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-64402010000300007.
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This ex vivo study evaluated dentin permeability of the root canal in the apical third of different human groups of teeth. Eighty teeth were used, 8 from each dental group: maxillary and mandibular central incisors, lateral incisors and canines, maxillary first premolars (buccal and palatal roots), mandibular first premolars, and maxillary and mandibular second premolars, totalizing 88 roots that were distributed in 11 groups. The root canals were instrumented, irrigated with 1% NaOCl and 15% EDTA. Roots were immersed in 10% copper sulfate for 30 min and then in 1% rubeanic acid alcohol solution for the same period; this chemical reaction reveals dentin permeability by the formation of copper rubeanate, which is a dark-colored compound. Semi-serial 100-µm-thick cross-sections were obtained from the apical third of the roots. Five sections of each apical third were washed, dehydrated, cleared and mounted on glass slides for examination under optical microscopy. The percentage of copper ion infiltration and the amount of tubular dentin were quantified by morphometric analysis. The penetration of copper ions in the apical third ranged from 4.60 to 16.66%. The mandibular central and lateral incisors presented the highest dentin permeability (16.66%), while the maxillary canines and mandibular second and first premolars presented the lowest dentin permeability (4.60%, 4.80% and 5.71%, respectively; p<0.001). The other teeth presented intermediate permeability. In conclusion, dye penetration into dentin tubules at the apical region is strongly dependent on the group of teeth evaluated.
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Carlos, Roopak Bose, Suman Makam, Vamsi Kalyan Yaragonda, H. Murali, Anukriti Tyagi und Rajani Rose. „A Comparative in vitro Evaluation of Vertical Root Fracture Resistance of Endodontically Treated Teeth using Different Obturating Materials“. World Journal of Dentistry 5, Nr. 2 (2014): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1270.
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ABSTRACT Aim To compare the vertical root fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth obturated using different obturating materials. Materials and methods Decoronated roots of 75 single canal lower second premolar teeth were divided randomly into 5 groups. The first group (Group I) served as a negative control. The remaining four Groups were cleaned and shaped using ProTaper Endodontic rotary files and obturated with guttapercha + TubliSeal EWT sealer (Group II), ThermaFil + AH Plus sealer (Group III), RealSeal + RealSeal sealer (Group IV) and GuttaFlow obturating system (Group V). The roots were then embedded in acrylic resin blocks and subjected to vertical load until fracture with a spreader in a universal testing machine and the forces were recorded. Results Fracture resistance of group I > group IV > group V > group III > group II, which were statistically significant. Conclusion Obturation of roots with resin based obturation material—RealSeal had increased VRF resistance compared to the gutta-percha obturation systems. Clinical significance Obturation of the root canals with resin based obturation system—Resilon reinforces the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth and contributes to the overall success of the endodontic treatment. How to cite this article Carlos RB, Makam S, Yaragonda VK, Murali H, Tyagi A, Rose R. A Comparative in vitro Evaluation of Vertical Root Fracture Resistance of Endodontically Treated Teeth using Different Obturating Materials. World J Dent 2014;5(2):113-117. Acronyms and abbreviations VRF: Vertical root fracture; ANOVA: Analysis of variance.
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Yadav, Vijay, Sidhartha Sharma, Vijay Kumar, Amrita Chawla und Ajay Logani. „Cone beam computed tomographic characterization of short root anomaly in chloroquine-induced Stevens-Johnson Syndrome – a case report“. Folia Medica 64, Nr. 1 (28.02.2022): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/folmed.64.e58178.
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Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) is a rare medical condition with severe mucocutaneous reaction due to infection or adverse drug reaction. The present case reports the impact of chloroquine-induced SJS on the tooth root development. A 20-year-old Indian male reported to conservative dentistry and endodontics speciality clinic with the chief complaint of food lodgement and sensitivity in maxillary and mandibular posterior teeth. He had a past medical history of severe cutaneous reaction after taking Tab. Lariago (chloroquine) for treatment of malarial fever at the age of 8 years. The acute inflammatory immune response was managed by hospitalization and administration of steroids and anti-inflammatory drugs. Clinical examination revealed dry mucosa, carious teeth with adequate oral hygiene. Panoramic X-ray showed multiple teeth with short roots. A detailed cone beam computed tomographic scan (CBCT) demonstrated a healthy bone trabecular pattern with the absence of any periapical radiolucency. Short, blunt roots with immature apex were seen in many teeth. Based upon the measurement of root to the crown ratio on the CBCT scan and correlating the development status of teeth with the medical history, a diagnosis of short root anomaly (SRA) after chloroquine-induced SJS was made. This is the first report to describe the three-dimensional features of teeth with SRA in a patient with SJS. Diagnostic, restorative, and endodontic implications of SJS are highlighted.
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Chieruzzi, Manila, Stefano Pagano, Carlo De Carolis, Stefano Eramo und José M. Kenny. „Scanning Electron Microscopy Evaluation of Dental Root Resorption Associated With Granuloma“. Microscopy and Microanalysis 21, Nr. 5 (03.08.2015): 1264–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927615014713.
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AbstractThe inflammatory resorption of dental root apex (i.e., the process of removal of cementum and/or dentine through the activity of resorbing cells) may show different configurations and damage the apical root structure. As knowing the morphology of resorption areas of human teeth is essential for the success of endodontic treatments, we investigated the apical resorption by scanning electron microscopy, focusing on roots with granulomas. A total of 30 teeth (with penetrating carious lesions and chronic periapical lesions) were examined, the apical third of the roots were removed and analyzed to estimate periforaminal and foraminal resorption, shape and morphology of foramen resorption, centering of the periforaminal resorption area, and diameters of each apical foramen. Periforaminal resorption was present in all samples, whereas foraminal resorption was present in 92% of cases (mainly funnel shaped). Lacunae were observed in the foraminal resorption area with an average diameter of 35±14 μm. The major and minor diameters of the foramina in teeth with resorption were 443 and 313 μm, respectively (higher than in healthy teeth). This result indicates an expansion of the apical diameters caused by the pathology, which could encourage a different clinical instrumentation for these teeth.
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Bardini, Giulia, Davide Musu, Silvia Mezzena, Claudia Dettori und Elisabetta Cotti. „Combined Management of Apical Root Fracture and Avulsion of Two Maxillary Permanent Central Incisors: A Case Report“. Dentistry Journal 9, Nr. 4 (01.04.2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dj9040039.
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As a result of a skiing accident, a ten-year-old girl suffered combined injuries to both maxillary central incisor teeth (#1.1 and #2.1). The injuries were uncomplicated crown fractures, apical horizontal root fractures, and a severe extrusive luxation of the coronal segments of the teeth. Her mother repositioned the teeth immediately, resulting in good initial healing. Nine months later, the patient was referred to a specialist to manage the endodontic consequences of the trauma. The apexification treatment of the fractured roots, using a preformed apical barrier technique with bioactive cement, was the treatment of choice, administered to both the avulsed roots at two separate recall visits. The best option for managing the fractured apical segments was to continue with the follow-up, which was conducted to assess the overall case at 30 months. The fractured apexes remained normally positioned inside the socket and were asymptomatic (as they presumably maintained a physiological vascular-nerve supply and, consequently, their vitality), while the apexification treatment led to the healing of the periodontal tissues and to hard tissue formation in the area of the interrupted roots in the avulsed portion of the teeth. The management of traumatic injuries in teeth often requires multiple treatment approaches, because these injuries rarely represent one single type of trauma.
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Davidović, Brankica, Ljiljana Bjelović, Igor Radović, Bojana Davidović, Svjetlana Janković und Smiljka Cicmil. „Analysis of anatomy and configuration of the canal system of the maxillary second premolar in the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina“. Биомедицинска истраживања 12, Nr. 1 (2021): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bii2101009d.
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Introduction. Successful endodontic treatment depends upon the clinician's knowledge and ability to recognize and diagnose the presence of anatomical and morphological variations of the root and canal system. The aim of this study was to establish the number of roots and root canal configurations of the maxillary second premolar in the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Methods. The study sample was comprised of 150 maxillary second premolar teeth extracted for orthodontic or prosthetic reasons. Endodontic drills were used for trepanation of cavum dentis, and the number and patency of each root canal were determined by Kexpander # 15. Then, the samples were decalcified, made transparent and colored, to enable 3D viewing of the canal system. Decalcified teeth were observed from two projections (clinical and approximal) and analyzed in detail with a magnifying glass under 3 × and 5 × magnification in order to determine the number of roots, number of canals, root canal configuration using Vertucci's classification and number of anastomoses between canals. Statistical significance was obtained using Chi-square test. Results. The results obtained by decalcification of the teeth showed that, by radiographic analysis from the clinical projection, all the teeth had a single root. While, by the analysis from the approximal projection, 94.0% had one, 6.0% two roots. From the approximal projection, 70.7% with a single root canal and 29.3% with two root canals are visualized. The most common type of root canal configuration in the maxillary second premolars was Type I in both clinical (87.9%) and approximal projection (40.7%). Conclusion. These results emphasize the importance of knowing the variations in root canal morphology, because excluding the possibility of morphological variations can lead to failure of endodontic therapy