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Nurhidayah, Suhartini und Dewi Retno Puspitosari. „The Influence of Health Education About Dental Health on The Attitudes of Parents in Maintaining the Dental Health of Preschool Children in Paud Lentera Alam Campurdarat Village, Tulungagung District“. Journal of Scientific Research, Education, and Technology (JSRET) 1, Nr. 2 (30.12.2022): 558–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.58526/jsret.v1i2.277.
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The children’s dental hygiene is an effort of parents to keep the children’s teeth healthy and run its functions normally. The hygienic teeth was clean and no porous. The dental care was important, since some dental problems caused by unclean teeth such as dental plaque, dental caries, gum infection and dental porous. So the health education is very important. The design of this research was comparative analysis with pe-pascates approach in a group (One-group pre-test post-test design), the population was all parents of PAUD Lentera Alam Campurdarat Villlage Tulungagung Sub District, 40 respondents were taken a samples by total sampling technique. The independent variable was the health education about dental hygiene and the dependent one was the parents’ behavior to care the pre-school children’s dental hygiene. The data was obtained from questionnaires, analyzed with “Willcoxon Signed Rank Test” with Mean value p < 0,05. The research result was 29 respondents (73%) had good behavior, and there was an effect of health education about dental hygiene towards the parents’ behavior to care the pre-school children’s dental hygiene, (Willcoxon Signed Rank Test, p value 0.000 < 0.05, and then H0 was rejected). The conclusion was the health education in this research could changes the respondent’s’ behavior to care the pre-school children’s dental hygiene at present and in the future.
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Mueller, Maxi, Sarah Schorle, Kirstin Vach, Armin Hartmann, Almut Zeeck und Nadine Schlueter. „Relationship between dental experiences, oral hygiene education and self-reported oral hygiene behaviour“. PLOS ONE 17, Nr. 2 (24.02.2022): e0264306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264306.
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Many preventive approaches in dentistry aim to improve oral health through behavioural instruction or intervention concerning oral health behaviour. However, it is still unknown which factors have the highest impact on oral health behaviours, such as toothbrushing or regular dental check-ups. Various external and internal individual factors such as education, experience with dentists or influence by parents could be relevant. Therefore, the present observational study investigated the influence of these factors on self-reported oral heath behaviour. One hundred and seventy participants completed standardized questionnaires about dental anxiety (Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS), and dental self-efficacy perceptions (dSEP)). They also answered newly composed questionnaires on oral hygiene behaviours and attitudes, current and childhood dental experiences as well as parental oral hygiene education and care. Four independent factors, namely attitude towards oral hygiene, attitude towards one’s teeth, sense of care and self-inspection of one’s teeth were extracted from these questionnaires by rotating factor analysis. The results of the questionnaires were correlated by means of linear regressions. Dental anxiety was related to current negative emotions when visiting a dentist and negative dental-related experiences during childhood. High DAS scores, infantile and current negative experiences showed significant negative correlations with the attitude towards oral hygiene and one’s teeth. Dental anxiety and current negative dental experiences reduced participants’ dental self-efficacy perceptions as well as the self-inspection of one’s teeth. While parental care positively influenced the attitude towards one’s teeth, dental self-efficacy perceptions significantly correlated with attitude towards oral hygiene, self-inspection of one’s teeth and parental care. Dental anxiety, dental experiences, parents’ care for their children’s oral hygiene and dental self-efficacy perceptions influence the attitude towards oral hygiene and one’s own oral cavity as well as the autonomous control of one’s own dental health. Therefore, oral hygiene instruction and the development of patient-centred preventive approaches should consider these factors.
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Christophel, Ruth. „Keeping your teeth for life?“ Open Access Government 36, Nr. 1 (10.10.2022): 174–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.56367/oag-036-10436.
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Keeping your teeth for life? Who doesn’t care about their health? But do you know that systemic health is related to oral health? In fact, the mouth is the gateway for external attacks by bacteria and viruses entering the body. Poor oral hygiene is typically characterized by signs of redness of the gingiva, bleeding gums, pain, caries, etc. subjecting the body to multiple systemic risks. Here authors, Dr. Neha Dixit and Dr. Marcel Donnet explore that Professional teeth cleaning is essential for maintaining oral hygiene and reducing risk of caries, any tooth decay, periodontal or peri-implant disease. To boost the health of the oral cavity, it is strongly recommended that we perform regular oral hygiene, which includes professional teeth cleaning. Dental prevention combines daily home care and regular professional teeth cleaning. The main objective is to keep the oral cavity healthy and reduce the risk of caries, any tooth decay or periodontal or peri-implant disease.
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Abdunosirovich, Raximberdiyev Rustam, Ruzimuradova Zilola Shuhratovna und Baratova Shoira Norjigitovna. „A Comprehensive Approach To The Prevention Of Caries Of Permanent Teeth In Children“. American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research 03, Nr. 09 (17.09.2021): 138–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajmspr/volume03issue09-22.
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In the article Non-drug care is aimed at ensuring adequate oral hygiene in order to prevent the development and progression of the carious process, it includes three main components: oral hygiene training, controlled dental cleaning and professional oral and dental hygiene.
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van Stiphout, Marjolein A. E., Johan Marinus, Jacobus J. van Hilten, Frank Lobbezoo und Cees de Baat. „Oral Health of Parkinson’s Disease Patients: A Case-Control Study“. Parkinson's Disease 2018 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9315285.
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The aim of the study was to examine the oral health status of Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients, to compare their oral health status to that of a control group, and to relate it to the duration and severity of PD.Materials and Methods. 74 PD patients and 74 controls were interviewed and orally examined. Among PD patients, the duration and the Hoehn and Yahr stage (HY) of the disease were registered.Results. More PD patients than controls reported oral hygiene care support as well as chewing/biting problems, taste disturbance, tooth mobility, and xerostomia, whereas dentate patients had more teeth with carious lesions, tooth root remnants, and biofilm. Both longer duration and higher HY were associated with more chewing problems and, in dentates, more teeth with restorations. In dentates, longer duration of the disease was associated with higher number of mobile teeth. Higher HY was associated with more oral hygiene care support as well as biting problems and, in dentates, more teeth with carious lesions and tooth root remnants.Conclusions. Comparatively, PD patients had weakened oral health status and reduced oral hygiene care. Both duration and severity of the disease were associated with more oral health and hygiene care problems.
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Viebranz, Stephanie, Marco Dederichs, Anja Kwetkat und Ina Manuela Schüler. „Effectiveness of Individual Oral Health Care Training in Hospitalized Inpatients in Geriatric Wards“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, Nr. 5 (28.02.2023): 4275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054275.
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Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of individual oral health care training (IndOHCT) on dental plaque removal and denture cleaning in hospitalized geriatric inpatients. Background: The literature reveals neglect of hygiene and oral care in people aged over 65 years, especially in persons in need of care. Hospitalized geriatric inpatients have poorer dental health than those non-hospitalized. Furthermore, the existing literature reporting on oral healthcare training interventions for hospitalized geriatric inpatients is scarce. Materials and Methods: This pre-post-controlled intervention study dichotomized 90 hospitalized geriatric inpatients into an intervention group (IG) and a control group (CG). Inpatients in the IG received IndOHCT. Oral hygiene was assessed using the Turesky modified Quigley–Hein index (TmQHI) and the denture hygiene index (DHI), at baseline (T0), at a second examination (T1a), and after supervised autonomous tooth brushing and denture cleaning (T1b). The influence of the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), and Barthel Index (BI) scores on oral hygiene was examined. Results: There was no significant plaque reduction on teeth or dentures between T0 and T1a in either group. Between T1a and T1b, plaque reduction on the teeth was more effective in the IG than in the CG (p < 0.001). Inpatients with 1–9 remaining teeth removed significantly more dental plaque than inpatients with 10 or more remaining teeth. Inpatients with lower MMSE scores (p = 0.021) and higher age (p = 0.044) reached higher plaque reduction on dentures. Conclusions: IndOHCT improved oral and denture hygiene in geriatric inpatients by enabling them to clean their teeth and dentures more effectively.
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Ramachandran, M., Chinnasami Sivaji und Soniya Sriram. „An Overview of Dental Implant and Its Bio Mineralization Screening“. Pharmaceutical Sciences and Resarch 1, Nr. 1 (01.07.2022): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.46632/psr/1/1/6.
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Dental and oral health is yours overall health and well-being are an essential part. Poor oral hygiene cavities and gums lead to diseases and are associated with heart disease, cancer and diabetes. Healthy teeth and maintaining the gums is a lifelong duty. Brushing, brushing and sugar intake if you quickly learn proper oral hygiene habits such as restraint, Expensive dental treatments and long-term health problems can be easily avoided. And may include the following: Keeping mouth and teeth clean to prevent. Dental care is the maintenance of healthy teeth; Oral hygiene is a dental problem in maintaining healthy teeth and gums, proper brushing, plaque removal, oral hygiene. A specialized tooth the office runs where you can brush your teeth for free and get a 20 percent discount on other dental related services. Tooth decay is caused by eating too many sweets and not brushing your teeth afterward. The dental hygienist assists the dentist in cleaning patients' teeth before doing any other work.
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Chun, Yanghyun, und Taeseok Kim. „Survey of Oral Health for Old People in Elderly Care Facility“. Journal of The Korean Dental Association 62, Nr. 3 (31.03.2024): 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22974/jkda.2024.62.3.003.
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Elderly care faciliities and welfare services are becoming more important as the aging tendancy accelarates and the proportion of the elderly population increases. However, in long-term care ratings for elderly care services, evaluation criteria for oral health or oral hygiene managing ability are insufficient. In this study, we surveyed the teeth condition of the elderly in long-term care facilities located in Korea, and compared with the results of KNHANES. Correlation analysis was performed between collected data about teeth condition and other factors of patients including other oral hygiene conditions, information about long-term care, and systemic diseases.The above can be summarized as results and proposals as follows.1. Teeth conditions including natural teeth of elderly in long-term care facilities are worse than general people. The elderly in long-term care facilities were proven to have less natural teeth, less percentage of natural teeth more than 20, and be more edentulous than general people.2. Three indices about natural teeth also had correlation with periodontal condition, xerostomia, and temporomandibular disorders. Also, number of prosthesis and dental caries had correlation with each other, and had relation with salivary function.3. Since maintaining the natural teeth is nationally considered as infortant factors to maintain the quality of life, management of natural teeth, and eventually, general oral health should be performed necessarily in the elderly of long-term care facilities.
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Filonenko, V., und N. Bidenko. „Evaluate the quality of oral hygiene care in children with congenital cleft lip and palate in the course of orthodontic treatment“. SUCHASNA STOMATOLOHIYA 118, Nr. 1 (2024): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33295/1992-576x-2024-1-42.
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Introduction. Systematic monitoring of the of oral hygiene and professional hygiene with the use of modern, individually selected basic and additional hygiene products and items during orthodontic treatment is a mandatory component of the comprehensive rehabilitation of children with congenital cleft lip and palate (CLP). The aim: to evaluate the quality of individual oral hygiene care of children with congenital unilateral cleft lip and palate in the course of orthodontic treatment in the period of transitional dentition. Materials and methods. The determination of the hygienic condition of the oral cavity in the course of orthodontic treatment was done using the «Differentiated index for determining the indicator of individual oral hygiene, adjusted to take into account the different quality of hygiene on the upper and lower dental rows (DIOH). Results and their discussion. Prevention of diseases of hard tissues of teeth and periodontal tissues in children is important from birth and is especially necessary in the course of orthodontic treatment using removable and fixed orthodontic designs. Children with CLP have an increased risk of developing dental caries for a variety of reasons. Differential examination of the state of dental hygiene on the upper and lower jaws allows giving more targeted recommendations regarding oral hygiene, i.e. personify them. Conclusions. The use of hygiene indices, in particular those that reflect the difference between the level of hygiene on the jaw where the orthodontic appliance is placed and where it is absent, is appropriate for assessing the state of oral hygiene in children with dentognathic anomalies and providing recommendations for its improvement. Key words: congenital unilateral cleft lip and palate, hygiene index, prevention, diseases of hard tissues of teeth and periodontal tissues.
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Alqomaria, Eka. „Personal hygiene pada odgj dengan defisit perawatan diri di kelurahan Padang harapan kecamatan Gading Cempaka kota Bengkulu, 38225“. Pengabdian Masyarakat Cendekia (PMC) 3, Nr. 1 (09.01.2024): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.55426/pmc.v3i1.281.
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Personal hygiene is an independent self-care activity, including maintaining the cleanliness of body parts consisting of hair, clean eyes, nose, mouth, teeth and skin. Self-care deficit is a situation where a person experiences a lack of technological level to carry out individual personal hygiene activities including bathing, hygiene and defecation (Abdul, 2015). According to Orem, lack of self-care is an individual's inability to carry out personal hygiene adequately, so several systems are needed that can help clients meet their self-care needs (Erlando, 2019).
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PALTINEAN, Gertrud-Alexandra, Diana Alexandra FLOREA, Gheorghe TOMOAIA, Sorin RIGA, Stela ROSOIU, Aurora MOCANU und Maria TOMOAIA-COTISEL. „PERSPECTIVES OF ORAL DENTAL CARE“. Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Series on Biological Sciences 11, Nr. 2 (2022): 140–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.56082/annalsarscibio.2022.2.140.
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This research focuses on debating the negative impact on dental enamel produced by unhealthy diet, some alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks, smoking, drug use, inadequate hygiene conditions due to poor lifestyle and physical-chemical activities. These factors denature the quality of dental enamel, and the demineralization process begins resulting in caries and periodontal diseases. Caries are the most common diseases of the oral cavity that, if not treated in time, lead to dysfunctional mastication, impaired smile, gingival inflammation, abscess, and unbearable pain. The research also addresses the remineralization of dental enamel using materials and composites based on hydroxyapatite that are capable of producing beneficial effects for strong and healthy teeth. Evaluating caries prevention methods is absolutely essential, but the most important of all is educating children from an early age that healthy teeth require proper personal hygiene.
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Plyska, O. M., und O. V. Legenchuk. „THE USE OF DENTAL PLAQUE DYES AS A MOTIVATING FACTOR FOR IMPROVING INDIVIDUAL ORAL HYGIENE“. Medical Science of Ukraine (MSU) 20, Nr. 1 (30.03.2024): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.32345/2664-4738.1.2024.13.
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Background. Insufficient motivation for high-quality tooth brushing is an important factor that causes poor oral hygiene.
Various dyes are used to assess the state of oral hygiene. The use of two-phase indicators is particularly interesting. It makes it possible not only to detect plaque, but also to determine its "age". This makes it possible to evaluate the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of brushing teeth.
The effectiveness of using two-phase plaque indicators has been the subject of many studies. However, the question of the effectiveness of their use as a motivating factor for high-quality tooth brushing is not covered in the available literature.
Aim: to study the effectiveness of using two-phase plaque dye to motivate children to improve their brushing skills using it at home to improve oral hygiene.
Materials and methods. 37 children aged 10-12 years who sought help at the O.O. Bogomolets Dental Medical Center of NMU participated in the study.
The studies were divided into two groups - the basic (19 children) and control (18). These groups were balanced for baseline plaque index and baseline gingivitis index. Children were given recommendations on oral care. In the main group, it was recommended to use "Mira-2-Ton" tablets (Miradent, Germany) at home for 1 week after brushing teeth to detect the remains of dental plaque. Individual preventive measures were carried out according to the generally accepted methodology in several visits.
A control assessment of the state of oral hygiene was carried out - after 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 and 3 months.
Results. After 1, 2 weeks, a statistically significant difference was found in the dynamics of mastering oral hygiene skills between the two observation groups - the basic and control groups (р<0.001), oral hygiene in the children of the basic group was significantly better. It is obvious that the use of a dye after brushing teeth to detect the remains of dental plaque by the children of the basic group contributes to better brushing of teeth and faster formation of the correct skill of the method of brushing teeth.
After 1, 3 months of observation, good hygiene was found in both groups. Data from the study of the hygienic condition of the oral cavity show that the differences in the level of mastering the skill of brushing teeth are not statistically significant. The improvement in the level of hygiene during these periods in the children of the control group indicates the effectiveness of controlled tooth brushing under the supervision of a dentist.
Conclusion: The use of a two-phase dye to detect dental plaque at home provides visual motivation to improve skills and abilities when conducting individual oral hygiene and contributes to the faster formation of the correct skill of brushing teeth. It has been established that controlled tooth brushing under the supervision of a doctor, by correcting brushing skills, also contributes to the formation of correct hygienic habits.
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YERKIBAYEVA, Zh U., D. B. ABDUKALIKOVA, G. T. YERMUKHANOVA, K. Z. SADUAKASOVA, YU A. MENCHISHEVA, M. M. DURUMBETOVA und A. S. BEGIMKULOVA. „MODERN TECHNOLOGY INTERGRATION IN DETERMINATION OF ORAL HYGIENE CONDITION IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM“. Farmaciâ Kazahstana, Nr. 6 (13.01.2024): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.53511/pharmkaz.2024.42.98.003.
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The article analyzes sanitary and hygienic knowledge and the quality of oral hygiene in children with autism spectrum disorders using modern technologies. The integration of modern technologies are shown to increase the efficiency of assessing the oral hygiene in children with ASD. Due to the behavioral features of children of autism spectrum disorders, parent’s role in initial care of oral cavity of a child and establishing habits of brushing their teeth independently is undeniable. Thus, the integration of the Qscan Plus in determining the oral condition and evaluating the literacy of parents about knowledge on oral health of ASD children helped to develop practical recommendations for oral hygiene in children with autism.
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Güneri, Pelin, Joel B. Epstein, Judith E. Raber-Durlacher, Hülya Çankaya, Hayal Boyacıoğlu und Andrei Barasch. „Patient-reported outcomes for immediate identification of dental care needs“. Forum of Clinical Oncology 6, Nr. 2 (01.06.2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fco-2015-0006.
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Abstract Aim: Dental treatment is necessary in oncology patients since pre-existing oro-dental disease may influence cancer treatment and prognosis. This study investigated the applicability of two indices in reflecting the actual oral health status of 100 non-cancer patients who were admitted for dental complaints/routine controls. Methods: The radiographic examination results and the decayed, missed, filled teeth score represented the ‘actual oro-dental status’. The simplified oral hygiene index was utilised for oral hygiene determination, and general oral health assessment index was used to establish the self-perceived oral health. Results: No correlation was observed between actual oro-dental status and the simplified oral hygiene index (p = 0.27), but the relationship between oro-dental status and general oral health assessment index was significant (p = 0.026). Items 9, 5 and 1 (How often were you concerned about problems with your teeth, gums or dentures? How often were you able to eat anything without feeling discomfort? How often did you limit the kinds or amounts of food you eat because of problems with your teeth or dentures?) presented correlation (r = −0.285, r = 0.268, and r = −0.248). Conclusion: Three items of GOHAI (Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index) may be used to identify the requisite of dental treatment in patients and to aid in immediate dental treatment planning.
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John, James Rufus, Breena Daniel, Dakshaini Paneerselvam und Ganesh Rajendran. „Prevalence of Dental Caries, Oral Hygiene Knowledge, Status, and Practices among Visually Impaired Individuals in Chennai, Tamil Nadu“. International Journal of Dentistry 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9419648.
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Aim. To assess the prevalence of dental caries, oral hygiene knowledge, status, and practices among visually impaired individuals in Chennai, Tamil Nadu.Materials and Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 404 visually impaired individuals in Chennai city, Tamil Nadu. Four schools were randomly selected for conducting the study. The oral hygiene status, prevalence of caries, and knowledge and attitude towards oral care among visually impaired individuals were collected and analysed.Results. In the present study, whilst 42% of individuals had fair oral hygiene status, 33% had good hygiene followed by 25% having poor oral hygiene. The overall mean number of DMFT was estimated to be4.5±2.7. The mean number of decayed teeth was3.1±2.2, mean number of missing teeth was0.8±1.4, and mean number of filled teeth was0.5±1.3.Conclusion. Whilst oral hygiene status was found to be relatively fair, there was a high rate of dental caries among the sample population. This shows that there is lack of knowledge regarding oral health maintenance. Therefore, early identification of caries coupled with effective oral health promotion programs providing practical knowledge to visually impaired students would prove beneficial.
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Ramus, A. M., D. M. Korol, M. O. Ramus und V. O. Kurylo. „FLUORESCENT DIAGNOSTIC METHOD AS A TOOL FOR COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF THE HYGIENE OF NATURAL TEETH AND FIXED DENTAL PROSTHESIS CONSTRUCTIONS“. Ukrainian Dental Almanac, Nr. 2 (26.06.2024): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2409-0255.2.2024.12.
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This study focuses on the critical need for an oral care, especially when using fixed bridge prostheses. The analysis and impact of insufficient care for oral hygiene on the development of dental diseases and the need to develop effective methods for its assessment have been carried out. The research consists of the improvement of fluorescent diagnostics in orthopedic dentistry, as well as, in the development of an index for the assessment of the hygiene of natural teeth and fixed denture structures based on an in vivo experiment. This aims to improve the diagnosis of the condition of the oral cavity in patients with fixed prostheses, contributing to the improvement of the quality of their orthopedic treatment. Materials and methods: The use of fluorescent diagnostics with Rhodamine G dye allows to identify the presence of dental deposits under the influence of ultraviolet light. The technique involves treating teeth and dentures with a solution that enhances the visibility of dental plaque under ultraviolet light. Research results: The obtained research data confirm the high efficiency of the fluorescent technique in the detection of dental deposits, both on natural teeth and on the surfaces of fixed prostheses. Digital analysis allows you to visualize the specific graphic characteristics of the biofilm, which facilitates the adaptation of an individual approach. Conclusions: The conducted study demonstrates that the improved fluorescent method was extremely effective in determining the state of oral hygiene, effective both for the analysis of natural teeth and fixed prostheses. The proposed method allows you to determine the hygienic condition in detail, makes a significant contribution to the prevention of dental diseases and improves the optimization of medical interventions. The technique is easy to use, and the corresponding software is available for dentists. Further expansion of observations for the use of this technique in patients with a different orthopedic spectrum of needs is expected.
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Luciana Pedroso, Camila Zucuni, Letícia Westphalen Bento, Juliana Yassue Barbosa da Silva und Bianca Zimmermann Santos. „Oral rehabilitation of patient with severe early childhood caries: a case report“. RSBO 11, Nr. 1 (30.03.2015): 100–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.21726/rsbo.v11i1.825.
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Severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) is very common in pre-school children and shows a pattern of development which is defined and symmetrical, beginning on the cervical third of labial surface of maxillary anterior teeth. Accordingly, it can damage speech, swallowing, feeding, development, esthetics and self-esteem of the child. Objective: To report a case of a 5-year-old female patient with S-ECC on teeth #51, #52, #61 and #62. Case report: The patient came to dental clinic of the university with her mother for dental care. During the interview, the mother reported that her daughter used to drink milk in baby bottle at day and night with sugar content. Moreover, oral hygiene was not performed after bottle feeding at night. On clinical examination, the teeth #51, #52, #61 and #62 presented coronal destruction, and the mucosa associated at these teeth was very inflamed. Radiographically, it was found that carious lesions were limited to inner dentin. The treatment plan included education on oral hygiene and diet guidance. Rehabilitation with acetate matrixes was the treatment chosen for teeth destroyed by caries. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the use of acetate matrixes is an effective alternative to return aesthetics and functionality to teeth of patients with severe early childhood caries.
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T.A., Deepak, und Avinash Tejasvi M.L. „Correlation Between Teeth Alignment and Oral Diseases in New India“. International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 11, Nr. 4 (29.12.2023): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v11i4.61163.
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Systemic Health goes together with oral health. In India, Oral health remains a big challenge. It is connected tightly to overall individual’s health. Basic oral hygiene such as brushing teeth twice a day is still foreign to most, while such practices are widely practiced in the west. In India, economic factors, coupled with normally accepted behavior and acceptance of poor oral hygiene, prevention of awareness contributed to vast populace with dental issues, like cavities, gum diseases, premature teeth loss, and oral cancers in some cases. With almost 60% of 1.4 billion living in rural areas, initiatives like oral hygiene awareness, preventative care, lifestyle changes and increased dental facilities including universities, colleges and dental care facilities are needed today.
We investigate whether there is an association between awareness of teeth alignment, good oral health to overall systemic health. We developed a questionnaire for dental patients falling between the age of 13 - 21 years. This range was selected as most of the patients are old enough to know their oral habits, and other health issues. The patient’s data was collected over a range of 8 months (April 2023 to November 2023) between two states in southern India. The research had 191 patients who were from rural areas, and their awareness on oral hygiene activities were found to be far worse than their urban counterparts (both genders). Based on the data collected, we establish a close relationship between awareness of teeth alignment, to gum bleeding, caries, and pollinosis in young Indians.
Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 11(4): 209-216.
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Dem'yanenko, Svetlana, Larisa Duryagina, Ludmila Degtyareva, Natalia Prijma, Tatiana Dubrovina-Parus, Olga Dorofeeva und Yulia Tofan. „THE STATE OF HYGIENE AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF DISEASES OF THE ORAL MUCOSA IN PATIENTS WITH COVID-19“. Actual problems in dentistry 18, Nr. 2 (18.08.2022): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18481/2077-7566-2022-18-2-61-67.
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The purpose of the research: to study the hygienic condition of the oral cavity and clinical manifestations of diseases of the oral mucosa in patients with COVID-19 in a hospital setting and to justify the need to motivate early hygienic measures using a toothbrush and toothpaste in this contingent of patients.
Material and methods. We observed 43 patients of the infectious diseases department of the Simferopol clinic aged 21–25 years with COVID-19 of mild and moderate severity.
All patients underwent a comprehensive dental examination with the determination of the Green–Vermillion index, the PMA index. Particular attention was paid to the hygiene products used and the regime of hygienic measures before and during hospital stay.
Results and their discussion. It was found that 67.44% of the surveyed brushed their teeth with different frequency of use of a toothbrush and toothpaste. Before admission to the hospital, 93.02% of patients brushed their teeth regularly 2 times a day. 27.91% used cleaning tampons and a mouthwash, 4.65% of the surveyed did not brush their teeth. A significant increase in the hygiene index and the PMA index was revealed in patients of groups 1 and 2 who do not use a toothbrush and paste for oral care (p < 0.001).
In 27.91% of patients, changes in the lips and oral mucosa was noted: 4.65% – recurrent labial herpes, 4.65% – desquamative glossitis, aphthous rashes – 16.28%, lichenoid manifestations – 2.32% of the examined. Healing of aphthous lesions of oral mucosa in patients who brushed their teeth was noted on the day 5–10, and in patients who did not brush their teeth – on 15th day.
Conclusions. The data obtained in our research indicate the need for active motivation of patients with COVID-19 in a hospital setting for early hygienic measures with the mandatory use of a toothbrush and toothpaste.
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Gus’kov, Aleksandr V., Dmitry N. Mishin, Sergey I. Kalinovskiy, Tatyana S. Rodina, Aleksandra V. Smirnova und Abbas Osman. „The study of the impact of the introduction of self-isolation and the mandatory wearing of personal protective equipment on oral hygiene“. Russian Journal of Dentistry 26, Nr. 3 (29.09.2022): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/1728-2802-2022-26-3-247-256.
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BACKGROUND: The availability of medical facilities, and as a result, the possibility of receiving medical care has decreased due to the announcement of quarantine in several countries. An untimely request for dental care entails a change in the CPI index (the sum of teeth on which caries, a filling or a tooth has been removed), resulting in partial or complete loss of teeth. The complete absence of teeth is accompanied by morphofunctional changes in all elements of the dental system, a significant decrease in chewing ability. Thus, the decrease in public attention to dental hygiene and treatment in dental clinics for examination and treatment negatively affected dental health.
AIM: The aim is to assess the impact of the introduction of selfisolation and mandatory wearing of personal protective equipment on oral hygiene of students of higher educational institutions of Ryazan and the Ryazan region and foreign universities (universities).
MATERIAL AND METHODS: The research materials were the results of a survey conducted among Russian students and students living outside the Russian Federation. A total of 397 students (English speakers mainly India, Egypt, Canada; French speakers mainly Morocco, Lebanon, Tunisia), who were divided into several study groups. In total, 397 students took part in our study (42% were girls, 58% were young people), 123 of them were Russian-speaking students, 120 English-speaking students and 154 French-speaking students.
RESULTS: A comparative assessment of the results of the study showed a positive state of oral hygiene in the majority of respondents, and there was an increase in interest in the use of additional personal hygiene products of the oral cavity (chewing gum, irrigators, rinses, single-stick brushes, toothpicks, etc.).
CONCLUSION: In general, oral hygiene, being an integral part of daily care, was not forgotten during self-isolation. Students regularly brushed their teeth, used additional means, but, as the study showed, students went to the dentist less often due to compliance with the self-isolation regime.
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Ramus, A. M., D. M. Korol, M. O. Ramus und V. O. Kurylo. „INDEX-BASED ASSESSMENT ALGORITHM FOR ORAL HYGIENE IN WEARERS OF FIXED DENTAL BRIDGES“. Актуальні проблеми сучасної медицини: Вісник Української медичної стоматологічної академії 24, Nr. 2 (20.05.2024): 92–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2077-1096.24.2.92.
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Introduction: The study focuses on the importance of maintaining oral hygiene, especially in wearers of fixed dental bridge. The impact of inadequate oral hygiene care on the development of dental diseases and the necessity for developing effective methods for its assessment are examined. Research objective: The aim of this study is to refine the fluorescent diagnostic method in orthopedic dentistry and to develop an index for assessing the hygienic status of natural teeth and fixed dental prostheses through an in vivo experiment. This method is intended to improve the diagnosis of oral conditions in wearers of fixed prostheses, ultimately enhancing the quality of their orthopedic treatment. Materials and methods: The study is based on the application of fluorescent diagnostics using Rhodamine B dye, which, when exposed to ultraviolet light, allows for the detection of dental deposits. The technique involves treating the surfaces of teeth and prostheses with a special solution that enhances the visibility of dental plaque under ultraviolet illumination. Research results: The experimental results demonstrated the high efficiency of the fluorescent method in detecting dental deposits both on the enamel of natural teeth and on the ceramic surface of fixed dentures. The digital analysis method allows for obtaining specific graphical indicators of the biofilm area, enhancing the relevance of an individual approach. Conclusions: Conclusions: The experimental study confirmed the high efficiency of the refined fluorescent method for assessing the hygienic status of the oral cavity, applicable to both natural teeth and fixed orthopedic constructions. This technique enables accurate assessment of hygiene status, facilitating effective prevention of dental diseases and optimization of treatment procedures. The method is convenient to use, and the software is accessible for clinicians. Further observations on the outcomes of this technique in patients with various orthopedic profiles are planned to expand its applicability.
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Bains, Vivek Kumar, und Rhythm Bains. „Is oral hygiene as important as hand hygiene during COVID-19 pandemic?“ Asian Journal of Oral Health and Allied Sciences 10 (30.06.2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/ajohas_8_2020.
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Oral hygiene is an integral part of personal hygiene practices and should not be neglected. Similar to hand hygiene, oral hygiene is essential in reducing infection from the oral cavity, and thus, its transfer to the upper and lower respiratory tract. Although there is no randomized clinical trial, oral hygiene may imply to reduce the morbidity and mortality related to coronavirus disease pandemic potentially. At present, standard oral hygiene measures consist of thorough cleaning of all surfaces of teeth, interdental areas, and tongue daily. Oral health-care providers should emphasize its importance. Thorough toothbrushing for “Two Times For Two Minutes” in a day is an easy key to remember.
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B Kanmani. „Effect of Oral Care on Oral Hygiene among Children in Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu“. Nursing Journal of India CII, Nr. 12 (2011): 274–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.48029/nji.2011.cii1207.
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Oral debris is most commonly seen in children with poor oral hygiene. Thorough brushing of the teeth at least twice a day is basic to an effective oral hygiene programme. Around a million new cases of poor oral hygiene (i.e. one child every minute) are diagnosed each year. Hence the investigator ended up using a simple procedure brushing technique to prevent poor oral hygiene. The objectives of this study were to assess the effectiveness of oral care with a view to improve oral hygiene among children between five to eight years of age. Demonstration of brushing procedure was done among school children with poor oral hygiene, knowledge regarding oral care, attitude and practice were assessed. The pre and post-test assessment was done by using debris index simplified assessment scale. After analysis the results showed that health education and proper brushing technique are very effective among children in improving the knowledge and awareness about maintenance of good oral hygiene.
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KOÇAK-BÜYÜKDERE, Ayşe, Sarkis SÖZKES und Melisa BOZKURT. „Oral Health Care Behavior Differences Between Dental and Biomedical Engineering Students Comparing Oral Care of Dental and Engineering Students“. Volume 5 - 2020, Issue 9 - September 5, Nr. 9 (03.10.2020): 906–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20sep590.
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The aim of the study was to compare the oral hygiene habits of students from different provinces and universities, from the dental faculty and biomedical engineering. Another aim was to analyze development of dental care habits during growth in relation to education both the parent and the student himself. University students were asked to answer the survey on voluntary basis. 244 students have answered the questions; gender, year of birth, study level, education of their parents, their toothbrushing habit and oral health level awareness were questioned in detail. Of the 244 volunteers, 122 study at the faculty of dentistry, whereas the other 122 study at the biomedical engineering faculty. While 53.7% of all participants brush their teeth after breakfast and 94.3% brush before bedtime, 81.1% of dentistry students brush twice a day, whereas the ratio of biomedical students brushing twice a day is 59.8%. On the one hand, 99.2% of dentistry students brush their teeth before going to bed whereas, biomedical students were 89.3%, which indicates a significant difference. Dental floss utilization among dental students was higher than the biomedical students, and the difference was statistically significant. For self-assessment of their oral hygiene habits, both groups have evaluated themselves between ordinary and well. Tooth brushing habit is initially adopted from the family. Correct brushing is established upon the guidance of the dentist. Therefore, teaching proper toothbrushing techniques to the families should be aimed. This will enable socially healthier oral hygiene, thus creating high awareness communities
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Timoshina, M. D., A. V. Sevbitov, V. V. Borisov, P. A. Zaborskaya und O. T. Zangieva. „Assessment of the level of oral hygiene and the condition of the hard tissues of the teeth in ballet dancers of different age groups“. Medical alphabet 1, Nr. 1 (17.03.2023): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2023-1-24-27.
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The profession of ballet dancers is always associated with excessive physical exertion, which in turn leads to increased muscle tension in all parts of the body, including the muscles of the facial skeleton. This, in turn, can lead to injuries and increased abrasion of the hard tissues of the teeth and, as a result, to various occlusive disorders. Against the background of an excessively busy training schedule, a ballet dancer may lack time for oral hygiene. All of the above can affect the level of oral hygiene and the condition of the hard tissues of the teeth. The purpose of the study is to improve the efficiency and quality of dental care for ballet dancers of various age groups based on the identified features of oral hygiene and the condition of hard dental tissues and the need for dental treatment. Materials and methods: 75 ballet dancers were assessed for oral hygiene OHI-S and tooth erasability, determination of the area of occlusal contacts and registration of supracontacts. Results and conclusions: the age and work experience of a ballet dancer directly affects the level of oral hygiene and the condition of the hard tissues of the teeth. Ballet dancers have average satisfactory and high unsatisfactory indicators of the level of oral hygiene, as well as increased tooth abrasion and occlusive disorders of varying severity.
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Ehsan, Aliya, Jawwad Iqbal Afridi, Hina Abid und Muhammad Yusuf. „Dental Caries and the Influence of Associated Factors – A Cross-Sectional Study“. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, Nr. 21 (24.05.2021): 1616–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/336.
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BACKGROUND The study was carried out to determine the prevalence of dental caries among urban and suburban population in Pakistan to assess the association of dental caries with oral hygiene status, socioeconomic status, and dental service availability. METHODS A total of 200 patients was enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Decayed, filled, and missing teeth (DMFT), oral hygiene status, socioeconomic status (SES), and presence / absence of dental care facility were recorded. A specially designed proforma was used to record the data regarding oral hygiene practices, dental treatment availability and socioeconomic background, for the study. The data obtained was statistically analysed using SPSS version 15 software. Chi-square test was applied for association between categorical variables. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done to test the difference in DMFT scores of various age groups. Student t test was applied to test the difference in DMFT scores in both sexes. RESULTS Comparison of mean D, M and F status revealed a high tendency towards decayed teeth. Mean DMFT score was found to be 4.41. Maximum DMFT was recorded among 50 years and above age group, followed closely (2.39) by 40 - 49 years. Increased caries prevalence was seen in people with poor oral hygiene and belonging to low socioeconomic status. Caries rate was also high in areas with lack of dental care facilities. CONCLUSIONS Oral hygiene practices, dietary habits, and access to dental care services played an important role in prevalence of dental caries. Socio-economic status has been found to play an important role in access to dental care facilities. From the current report, importance for public health was noted; the socioeconomic status, educational status of parents, and family structure, affect oral health in under-privileged communities. The prevalence of dental caries also plays an important role in oral hygiene procedures, eating patterns, and access to dental care services. KEY WORDS Dental Caries, SES, Oral Hygiene, Dental Care Facility, DMFT.
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Taormina, Marion, Sylvie Montal, Yoann Maitre, Paul Tramini und Estelle Moulis. „Perception of Dental Caries and Parental Difficulties in Implementing Oral Hygiene for Children Aged Less Than 6 Years: A Qualitative Study“. Dentistry Journal 8, Nr. 3 (30.06.2020): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dj8030062.
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Background: Despite extensive prevention programs, dental hygiene remains inadequate, particularly among children under the age of six, and early childhood caries (ECC) are still a concern. Oral hygiene behavior and preventive practices seem difficult to change at a family level. Aim. The present study aimed to better understand the reasons behind this behavior and to identify the different barriers to the implementation of adequate preventive measures. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted in the pediatric dentistry service of the Montpellier University Hospital (France) in 2019. A thematic analysis concerning three domains was performed: family environment, dental literacy, and oral hygiene. Results. The main barriers encountered by the parents were, respectively, (1) a weakness in the organization of familial life, together with a low-medium family income and a lack of authority, (2) ignorance of the necessity of treating carious primary teeth, and (3) a lack of time for brushing or supervising their children’s teeth. Conclusion: These results showed that oral hygiene and primary teeth care could not be easily achieved in the family environment of the participants, and oral health strategies should be focused not only on children but also on their parents.
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Paramita, Windya Kartika. „Systematic Review: Affecting Behaviour of Hygiene and Health Care of the Eldery“. Jurnal PROMKES 9, Nr. 1 (30.03.2021): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jpk.v9.i1.2021.69-78.
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Background: The Elderly is an age group that has decreased organ function which is susceptible to various diseases. The elderly also experience physical decline which can affect personal hygiene and health care behavior. Objective: To determine the factors that affect the personal hygiene and health care of the elderly. Method: Personal hygiene referred to in this study was hygiene to care for the whole body including skin, feet, teeth, nails, and hair. This study was a systematic review of studies with primary data related to factors affecting personal hygiene and health care for the elderly. The study was conducted on 35 international journals. Results: Personal hygiene of the elderly are feet. Factors that influence their hygiene on demographic factors include residence, education, source of income, gender, age, and knowledge. Factors affecting elderly hygiene on personal characteristic factors include need assistance, perceived benefits, disease, frequency of cleansing, self-efficacy, physical change, degree of independence, mobility, and self-motivation. Factors affecting them on facilities and infrastructure factors supporters include equipment, care services facilities, equipment, distance to care service facilities, social support, and practical conditions. Factors affecting on healthy program factors include training, education caregiver, motivation caregiver, health promotion, health information seeking, satisfaction, informal care, behavioral programs, utilization, and functional health literacy. Conclusion: Factors affecting personal hygiene and health care for the elderly include demographics, characteristics of the elderly, supporting facilities, and infrastructure and health programs. Dominant factor affecting personal hygiene and health care for elderly are educational, residence, and income source.
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Iordanishvili, A. K. „Prevention of teeth hyperesis using domestic oral cavity care products“. Medical alphabet 3, Nr. 23 (21.11.2019): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2019-3-23(398)-8-13.
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The evaluation of the effectiveness of the prevention of hyperesthesia of teeth in middle-aged people using the complex of domestic oral care products manufactured by JSC WERTEKS (St. Petersburg, Russia) has been carried out. It was shown that the best clinical result was achieved when using special toothpaste ASEPTA Plus Remineralization, mouthwash ASEPTA Parodontal Fresh and vitamin-mineral complex ASEPTA Parodontal containing coral calcium, coenzyme Q10, green tea extract and vitamins D3, C, A, B3, B6, B9 during individual oral hygiene.
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Leon-Ayala, Ricardo, und Laberiano Andrade-Arenas. „Mobile Application Design: Caries Health Care for Children“. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) 16, Nr. 21 (15.11.2022): 183–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v16i21.33967.
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Tooth decay is a problem that occurs in every person. However, children are the most vulnerable due to their diet, the consumption of foods high in sugar and poor oral hygiene. Due to this problem, the design of a mobile application was developed with the objective of preventing tooth decay in children, encouraging good oral hygiene habits in children. The mobile application basically teaches the child with the help of 3D modeling the correct way to brush his or her teeth. In addition, of using the smartphone camera to capture a photograph of the teeth. In this way it performs the analysis applying artificial intelligence to diagnose if the patient presents symptoms of caries. Also, creates a dependency of the child on the application each time he/she brushes correctly. The application provides bonuses for progressing and unlocking new interactive features; this way, attention is captured and a good habit is maintained. The agile Scrum methodology was used because it presents an orderly structure and allows adaptability. Also, offers a wide variety of graphical tools and strategies capable of displaying information in a structured way.
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Syukaisih, Syukaisih, Elmia Kursani, Alhidayati Alhidayati und Dita Novia. „Pengabdian Masyarakat Tentang Personal Hygiene Di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Kelas II A Pekanbaru“. COMSEP: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 3, Nr. 2 (23.06.2022): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.54951/comsep.v3i2.190.
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Personal hygiene is an action to maintain one's cleanliness and health for physical and psychological well-being, lack of self-care is a condition where a person is unable to carry out hygiene care for himself. Seeing this, personal hygiene is defined as personal hygiene which includes all activities aimed at achieving body hygiene including washing, bathing, caring for hair, nails, teeth, and gums, and cleaning the genital area. If someone is sick, usually less attention to personal hygiene. This happens because they think that cleanliness is a trivial problem, even though if it is not paid attention to it it can affect personal health problems in terms cleanliness which will lead to skin diseases. The correctional institution is a correctional business unit that accommodates, treats, and fosters prisoners. A skin disease that usually occurs in prisoners is scabies. This is due to the condition of the correctional facilities not being fully optimal, the habits are not clean and personal hygiene is not maintained.
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Kressin, N. R., U. Boehmer, M. E. Nunn und A. Spiro. „Increased Preventive Practices Lead to Greater Tooth Retention“. Journal of Dental Research 82, Nr. 3 (März 2003): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910308200314.
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Prior research has rarely examined the impact of ADA-recommended preventive practices on tooth retention. We hypothesized that better oral hygiene leads to increased tooth retention. We examined the association of cross-sectional and long-term assessments of preventive practices, as well as various combinations of hygiene practices, with tooth retention. Among 736 male participants in the VA Dental Longitudinal Study, we utilized cross-sectional and longitudinal self-reports of toothbrushing, dental floss use, annual prophylaxis, and combinations of such behaviors, and examined their association with clinically assessed numbers of teeth. Baseline and long-term hygiene behaviors (except brushing) were associated with an increased baseline number of teeth and decreased subsequent tooth loss. Use of multiple hygiene behaviors was associated with greater tooth retention, cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Adherence to ADA recommendations for preventive care leads to better oral health, and consistently practicing preventive behaviors over the long term confers greater benefits than doing so over the short term.
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Ankhi, Rumana Nahid, Mohima Benojir Hoque, Md Amanul Islam Bhuiyan, Mahmuda Akter und Sujoy Saha. „Oral Health Status and Dental Care of Disable Children“. ENVIRO Dental Journal 4, Nr. 2 (30.01.2023): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/edj.04.02.05.
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Now a days disability has becomes a great problem. But in dental care, facilities for them are very rare. For the purpose of doing something for disable children a study on oral health status and dental care of disable children was conducted in CRP, Mirpur, Bangladesh. To identify the oral health status of disable children in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. A cross sectional study to assess the oral health condition of disable children was conducted. Data were collected from 125 disable children attending in CRP, Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh through purposive sampling technique. Study shows that there was very poor knowledge on brushing technique. 55% brushed their teeth like brush upper teeth from above downward, lower from below upward and side to side movement.64.8% brushed their teeth before breakfast and 17.4% before breakfast and after dinner and others brushes their tooth in other times. 60% had halitosis, and caries rate was 49%. Most of them had abnormal oral habit.80% children had bruxism, 75% had multiple abnormal oral habit. 38.9% had mouth breathing. 63% never visit to a dentist and 20% had visit dentist when they suffered from dental pain.12% visit dentist once a year and only 4% visited dentist for regular check-up. 34% of respondents did not follow proper oral health hygiene. They took care of their teeth by their own method. 20% informed by dental health professional, 18.4% by dentist, 1.6% by radio, 24% by television and 0.8% from printed materials. Most of the participants did not have proper hygienic knowledge as a result they did not take proper dental care. Caries rate was increased with the increase of their age because they did not brush their teeth regularly. Dental health professionals and dentist should work to aware people about oral health status and proper dental care especial program should be arranged for disable children.
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Neo, Kevin Chee Pheng, und Albira Sintian. „Five parapremolars in a non-syndromic patient: A case report“. IIUM Journal of Orofacial and Health Sciences 5, Nr. 1 (29.02.2024): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/ijohs.v5i1.245.
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Supernumerary teeth or hyperdontia are additional or an excessive number of teeth present in normal deciduous or permanent dentition. The prevalence of supernumerary teeth is between 0.1 and 3.8% in permanent dentition and between 0.3 and 0.8% in deciduous dentition. In Sabah, the prevalence of supernumerary teeth is 10.32% among orthodontic patients. The condition is more common in male patients. A case report involved a fit and healthy 19-year-old male student who presented with multiple supernumeraries. Upon clinical examination, there were three erupted supernumeraries on the bilateral mandibular premolar region, and additional two impacted supernumeraries being discovered after further radiographic investigation. This anomaly was found during an annual dental school checkup program. The patient had congenital absence of the lower left third molar. Primary dental care was carried out such as filling for carious teeth, scaling, oral hygiene reinforcement and regular monitoring. The patient declined any other dental treatment options such as extraction of the non-functioning supernumerary parapremolar teeth, or orthodontic treatment to improve his malocclusion. Currently, the patient is under oral hygiene maintenance with regular dental follow-ups. In a nutshell, the importance of regular dental follow-ups and review is crucial to monitor any signs and symptoms of pathology such as cystic formation of unerupted supernumeraries. Reinforcement of oral hygiene and caries risk assessment should be carried out during reviews to improve and maintain the patient’s quality of life.
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Qian, Y., B. Wu und C. Sim. „Self-reported Oral Hygiene Care and Natural Teeth Retention among Older Singaporeans“. Annals of Global Health 83, Nr. 1 (07.04.2017): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2017.03.400.
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Vasudevan, Sruthi, Pradeep K. Kumar und Visakh M D. „AN AYURVEDIC APPROACH TO ORODENTAL CARE: A REVIEW“. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy 12, Nr. 4 (28.08.2021): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.1204123.
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Ayurveda being an ancient science of medicine places great emphasis on prevention of disease and encourages the maintenance of health. Now a day’s people are giving more importance to cosmetic care among that dental care plays an inevitable role. Dental care refers to maintenance of healthy teeth and oral hygiene. Good oral and dental hygiene can help to prevent bad breath, tooth decay and can help to keep your teeth as you get older. Your mouth can reflect the overall health of the body, showing signs of infection or disease before you experience other symptoms. Dentistry is included under Shalakya Tantra, which is one among the Ashtangas of Ayurveda. Different regimens which are explained under Dinacharya, various Ayurvedic drugs and Ayurvedic preparation can improve the Orodental health and existing damage can usually be repaired. Dantadhavana, Jivhanirlekha, Kavala, Gandusha, Pratisarana, Nasya and Tambulasevana are highly effective daily procedure for the maintenance of Orodental health. Diet is one of the major aetiological factors for many dental diseases and Ayurveda has explained Pathya Aharas for maintaining proper dental health. An Ayurvedic view of prevention of Orodental diseases through different regimens, Pathyapathyas and drugs are discussed in this article for giving the best possible Orodental health for the individual.
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Djeri, Aleksandra, Irena Kuzmanovic-Radman, Budimka Novakovic, Dejan Bozic, Milkica Grabez, Alma Prtina und Slavoljub Zivkovic. „Dental status of children with special needs in Banjaluka“. Serbian Dental Journal 60, Nr. 1 (2013): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sgs1301007d.
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Introduction. Dental status in people with special needs is generally non satisfactory. Children with special needs have difficulties in maintaining oral hygiene, they require special conditions for dental care and because of previous negative experience they often show emotional vulnerability. Development of oral and dental diseases in these subjects is the consequence of insufficient knowledge about the causes of these diseases, poor eating habits, low level of oral hygiene and inadequate number of visits to dentist. The aim of this study was to determine dental status and the prevalence of dental caries in children with special needs in the institution ?Zastiti me? in Banjaluka. Material and Methods. The study included 82 children (53 boys and 29 girls) with mixed and permanent dentition age 5-15 years. They were divided into four groups according to their diagnosis. The first group included children with combined disorders of speech development and hearing, in the second group were children who had neurological disorders without mental retardation, third group included children with mild mental retardation and fourth group comprised children with moderate mental retardation. For each patient the number of teeth, the presence of caries and restorations, the number of extracted teeth, the presence of residual roots and the presence and number of fixed restorations were recorded. Results. Mean DMFT of all teeth was 9.77. Detailed analysis showed the greatest number of decayed teeth (83.83%), and filled teeth (9.52%) whereas the least number was for extracted teeth (6.65%). The highest percentage of children (79.27%) did not have any class I composite filling or one amalgam filling class I (82.92%). Only one child had a fixed restoration. Conclusion. The status of teeth in children with special needs in the institution ?Zastiti me? in Banjaluka indicated high percentage of carious teeth, small percentage of restorations and extracted teeth, and inadequate oral hygiene.
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Shvetsov, Mikhail M., Igor I. Bobyntsev und Andrey K. Iordanishvili. „Pathophysiological aspects of dental hyperesthesia and ways to eliminate it in elderly patients after a new coronavirus infection COVID-19“. Человек и его здоровье 26, Nr. 2 (2023): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21626/vestnik/2023-2/08.
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Currently, there is no scientifically substantiated information on the occurrence of dental hyperesthesia and its causes in patients who have undergone a new coronavirus infection COVID-19. Objective: to study the occurrence of dental hyperesthesia, to analyze the causes and to find ways to eliminate it in elderly patients after a new coronavirus infection COVID-19. Material and methods. The incidence of dental hyperesthesia was studied in 175 elderly people (from 61 to 75 years old) who had a new coronavirus infection COVID-19 2-4 months ago. As a control group, 125 elderly people were examined, who had not suffered from a new COVID-19 coronavirus infection before their examination. Functional resistance of hard tissues of teeth was assessed using the index of enamel resistance test (TER-test) according to V.R. Okushko and oral hygiene using the simplified index of oral hygiene of Green-Vermillion OHI-S. Results. It has been established that in the postcovid period, dental hyperesthesia is more common in elderly patients, the cause of which is the demineralization of tooth enamel due to the deterioration of individual oral hygiene. Generally accepted oral hygiene in elderly people suffering from dental hyperesthesia contributes to the normalization of the TER-test indicators with a period of 3 to 6 months of regular dental and oral care. The additional use of remineralizing ASEPTА gel for teeth by patients during dental care made it possible to achieve high structural and functional resistance of tooth enamel during the quarter. Conclusion. In people who have undergone a new coronavirus infection COVID-19, due to the deterioration of the hygienic condition of the oral cavity, there is a decrease in the mineralization of hard tooth tissues, which is a factor in the occurrence of dental hyperesthesia and confirms the crystal chemical theory of this pathology. The additional use of remineralizing ASEPTА dental gel for individual dental and oral care makes it possible to achieve high caries resistance of tooth enamel in a shorter time.
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Kim, Andrey V., Alexander L. Rubezhov, Tatiana M. Koloskova und Sergey I. Bezhenar. „Modern forms of dental preventive care for children“. Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 8, Nr. 4 (15.08.2017): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped8473-77.
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Diseases of teeth and oral cavity have a high prevalence in pediatric population. In adolescents of 15-17 years, the incidence of caries in permanent teeth is higher than in children of 0-14 years. Epidemiological studies of dental health of children in various regions of the Russian Federation in 2010-2015 years showed no tendency to decrease the level of diseases of mouth and teeth. Prevalence and intensity of diseases remains at a high level. More than 80% of the surveyed children are in need of complex dental treatment. The current situation of pathology of teeth and mouth in children is due to several reasons such as low level of hygiene education, environmental degradation, poor nutrition, presence of chronic diseases, among older children, the presence of harmful habits, health-care organizations lack of effective preventive work. In turn, untreated inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity and teeth, being the source of the infection, may lead to somatic pathology of different organs and systems. The existing organization of children dental care is focused more on treatment than on prevention of diseases of teeth and oral cavity. As a rule, parents bring children to dental clinic for treatment of already developed disease. Referrals to the dentist for preventive measures are rare. In this regard, it is necessary to develop new organizational forms of dental care, from the point of view of the preventive orientation, close to children's educational organization.
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Lyubomirskiy, G., und R. Matveev. „Evaluation of the efficiency of application of president sensitive toothpaste in dental hyperesthesia after professional diode laser whitening“. Medical alphabet 1, Nr. 38 (24.12.2021): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2021-38-30-34.
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Taking into account the high demand for professional teeth whitening in patients, as well as a significant high percentage of hyperesthesia after this medical manipulation, the urgency of solving this problem becomes obvious. Our study was carried out in 17 patients aged 20 to 35 years with complaints of hyperesthesia after professional teeth whitening with a diode laser with a wavelength of 810 nm using President Sensitive toothpaste with potassium nitrate and strontium chloride at home. All patients underwent professional oral hygiene before teeth whitening, recommended toothpaste and a brush, and received training in home care and teeth cleaning. According to our research, the toothpaste with potassium nitrate and strontium chloride has a pronounced desensitive effect and corresponds to the declared parameters. Thus, after professional whitening with a diode laser with a wavelength of 810 nm and subsequent application of toothpaste with potassium nitrate and strontium chloride, a decrease in tooth sensitivity, remineralization of hard tissues and suppression of bacterial growth were revealed. However, the selection should be individualized, taking into account all medical indications and properties of hygiene products.
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Hattab, Faiez. „Occupational Hazards for Workers in The Battery Factories and Phosphate Fertilizers: Brief Review and Case Presentation“. Indonesian Journal of Community and Occupational Medicine 3, Nr. 2 (23.12.2023): 82–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.53773/ijcom.v3i2.111.82-7.
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Background: Workers in the battery factory and phosphate fertilizer industry are exposed to harmful sulfuric acid and metal vapors in manufacturing units. Aims: To describe dental, oral, and general health hazards to underappreciated workers in these industries and factors associated with the occurrence and severity. Methods: Dental and oral conditions of workers in the production lines were determined by using indices for teeth erosion, oral hygiene, and gingival health. Interviews and questionnaires were used to assess the general health problems, habits, oral hygiene practices, years of service, protective and safety measures, etc. Results: Results: Surveys show that 67%–86% of production line workers experience symptoms of tooth sensitivity, dry mouth and nose, dysgeusia, burning/itchy eyes, and abdominal discomfort. They also complain of loss of appetite, fatigue, irritability, and muscle or joint pain. Examinations revealed that nearly all workers had poor hygiene and periodontal problems, with 78% experiencing gum bleeding on probing (33%) and spontaneous bleeding (45%). More than two-thirds (79%) of workers had dental erosion on anterior teeth and occlusal abrasion of the posterior teeth. A dense teeth discoloration on the eroded anterior and tartar deposits was obvious. Conclusions: Overexposure to hazardous vapors generated in the manufacturing processes associated with the unsafe workplace, lack of self-protection, poor personal health care, and inadequate medical services are factors strongly involved in the deterioration of workers’ health.
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Kaskova, L. F., K. M. Popik, L. P. Ulasevych, I. U. Vaschenko und E. E. Berezhnaya. „AGE SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ORAL HYGIENE LEVEL OF SCHOOLCHILDREN“. Ukrainian Dental Almanac, Nr. 2 (19.06.2019): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2409-0255.2.2019.14.
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One of the most important reasons of dental caries appearance in children is improper oral hygiene which results in the accumulation of plaque containing significant amount of pathogenic microflora. Its vital activity products cause demineralization of tooth hard tissues. This is relevant for children of all ages but the most important in first years after teething as teeth are poorly mineralized and have tendency to the appearance of carious process.
Totally 412 children aged 6 to 16 years old attending organized children's collectives (schoolchildren from 1st to 11th year of studying) were examined. Oral cavity examination was carried out according to the generally accepted method. The level of oral hygiene was determined by Fedorov-Volodkina’s and Green-Vermillion’s indices. The research was conducted in the each age period separately and in age groups corresponding to 6-9 years (group I - elementary school), 10-13 years (group II - secondary school), 14-16 years (group III - high school). Statistical processing of the obtained data was carried out using the Student’s method. The results were considered significant at p <0.05.
Analysis of oral hygiene level according to Fedorov-Volodkіna’s technique revealed that children aged 6 to 9 years (I group) had “unsatisfactory” oral hygiene level. The research of each age period reveals that only children of 9 years old take care after their oral cavities properly. We have detected significant differences of oral hygiene level of children with caries and with intact teeth. The worst oral hygiene level was observed in children of 6 years old affected by caries.
In children 10-13 years old (Group II) the average index of oral hygiene is 2.20 ± 0.08 points which corresponds to unsatisfactory level. This is a slightly better index comparing to the previous age group. At the every age, the hygiene index in children affected by caries is worse comparing to those who aren’t affected by it (p <0,05). In children from the high school affected by caries the level of of the oral cavity hygiene ranges from 2,27 ± 0,09 in 11 years to 2,60 ± 0,21 in 10 years. These results correspond to the unsatisfactory level, but probable age differences were not discovered. Children without caries have “satisfactory” level of oral hygiene in 10 years and 11 years old and “good” level at 12 and 13 years. Thus, we observe the improvement of oral hygiene level in children with increasing of their age, especially for those with intact teeth comparing to the primary schoolchildren.
High school children (Group III) also had an unsatisfactory average hygiene index (2.34 ± 0.10 points) and unsatisfactory rates of caries for children, which corresponded to the indices of I and II observed groups. In children who had no carious lesions detected the level o oral f hygiene at 14, 15 and 16 years was “good”. This fact indicates improvement of manual skills on oral health care of high school children.
For more objective study concerning the oral hygiene cavity of different children, the Green-Vermillion’s index was also used. It makes possible assessment the state of the entire oral cavity.
The average index of oral hygiene in children of the Ist group corresponds to the average value and is evaluated as “satisfactory” state of oral hygiene (Table 2). In children with caries (1.29 ± 0.09 points) and with intact teeth (0.99 ± 0.04 points) we observe the corresponding clinical situation. Significant changes were found in children of 9 years with intact teeth comparing to 6, 7 and 8 years old children. Thus, we observe an improvement of oral hygiene skills in children from elementary school.
Children without caries lesions of the ІІnd and ІІІrd research groups have “satisfactory” and “good” of oral hygiene level. For those with caries in all age periods the result is “satisfactory”. The index of oral hygiene for children with and without caries have significant difference.
In order to assess the level of oral hygiene objectively the preference should be given to Green-Vermillion’s index. Particular attention should be paid to the level of oral hygiene of children from elementary school pupils, since it is worse comparing to the oral hygiene level of children from secondary and high school. We do not observe a significant improvement in oral hygiene in senior children comparing to ones from secondary school. This causes the necessity in constant education and control over oral cavity care in schoolchildren.
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Niakurniawati und Herry Imran. „Overview of Knowledge Level and Status of Oral Hygiene in Aceh Besar State Elementary School Students“. Community Medicine and Education Journal 4, Nr. 2 (06.06.2023): 282–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/cmej.v4i2.311.
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Teaching children about the importance of dental and oral hygiene from an early age is a long-term investment in their health. Parents and caregivers have an important role in guiding children to maintain regular dental and oral hygiene. Good dental care habits should be taught from an early age, including brushing teeth twice a day, using age-appropriate fluoride-containing toothpaste, flossing teeth, and visiting the dentist regularly. This study aimed to provide an overview of aspects of knowledge and status of students' dental and oral hygiene in state elementary schools in Aceh Besar, Indonesia. The descriptive observational study, where as many as 44 research subjects participated in this study. Observation of knowledge and oral health status was carried out univariately using SPSS. In conclusion, the knowledge of Aceh Besar, state elementary school students, is still relatively poor regarding oral health. The dental and oral health status of Aceh Besar state elementary school students is classified as moderate.
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Raskiliene, Asta, Vilma Kriaucioniene, Jolanta Siudikiene und Janina Petkeviciene. „Self-Reported Oral Health, Oral Hygiene and Associated Factors in Lithuanian Adult Population, 1994–2014“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, Nr. 15 (24.07.2020): 5331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155331.
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This study aimed to examine 20-year trends (1994–2014) in self-reported oral health and oral hygiene and to assess the associated factors in a Lithuanian population aged 20–64 years. Nationally representative cross-sectional data on 8612 men and 11,719 women were obtained from 11 biennial postal surveys of Lithuanian health behavior monitoring. Dentate status was assessed by asking about the number of missing teeth. Over the study period, the proportion of men with all teeth increased from 17.5% to 23.0% and the same proportion increased in women—from 12.5% to 19.6%. The prevalence of edentulousness was 2.8% in 2014. The proportion of individuals brushing teeth at least twice a day increased from 14.6% to 31.9% in men and from 33.0% to 58.8% in women. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that older age, lower education, living in rural areas, daily smoking, confectionary consumption (only in women), obesity, no visits to a dentist during the past year, toothache and brushing teeth less than twice a day increased the odds of missing six or more teeth. Efforts should be made to promote good oral hygiene habits, prevent and control behavioral risk factors and increase access to dental care among risk groups.
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Nunes, Diana, Ana Pinto, Teresa Albuquerque, Henrique Luís, Sandra Graça und Fátima Bizarra. „Oral health status and oral habits: A study on 33 rare diseases“. Revista Portuguesa de Estomatologia, Medicina Dentária e Cirurgia Maxilofacial 65, Nr. 2 (27.06.2024): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24873/j.rpemd.2024.06.1221.
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Objectives: To analyze the patient profile and characterize the oral health status, oral habits, and daily oral hygiene difficulties of individuals with rare diseases. Methods: Data were collected from records of the clinic for people with disabilities at the Faculdade de Medicina Dentária da Universidade de Lisboa, using the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth index, the simplified debris index, and the bleeding index. Results: The sample comprised 64 individuals with 33 different rare diseases, with a mean age of 31.5(±10.29) years, predominantly male (54.7%). Most could move without difficulty (51.6%), required assistance in activities of daily living (60.9%), and were cooperative in oral hygiene (54.7%). Also, 40.6% could not communicate. Half of the sample brushed their teeth twice a day, with 18.8% being independent in this activity, and the most common toothbrushing difficulty was not being able to rinse (53.1%). The Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth index was 8.81 (±7.54), with a higher number of filled teeth (4.47; ±5.35). The bleeding index had a mean of 1.23 (±0.56), and the simplified debris index had a mean value of 1.62 (±0.78). Conclusions: The population studied expresses care for oral health and treatment.
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Chang, Yoonkyung, Ho Geol Woo, Jin Park, Ji Sung Lee und Tae-Jin Song. „Improved oral hygiene care is associated with decreased risk of occurrence for atrial fibrillation and heart failure: A nationwide population-based cohort study“. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 27, Nr. 17 (01.12.2019): 1835–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2047487319886018.
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Aims Poor oral hygiene can provoke transient bacteremia and systemic inflammation, a mediator of atrial fibrillation and heart failure. This study aims to investigate association of oral hygiene indicators with atrial fibrillation and heart failure risk in Korea. Methods We included 161,286 subjects from the National Health Insurance System-Health Screening Cohort who had no missing data for demographics, past history, or laboratory findings. They had no history of atrial fibrillation, heart failure, or cardiac valvular diseases. For oral hygiene indicators, presence of periodontal disease, number of tooth brushings, any reasons of dental visit, professional dental cleaning, and number of missing teeth were investigated. Results During median follow-up of 10.5 years, 4911 (3.0%) cases of atrial fibrillation and 7971 (4.9%) cases of heart failure occurred. In multivariate analysis after adjusting age, sex, socioeconomic status, regular exercise, alcohol consumption, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, current smoking, renal disease, history of cancer, systolic blood pressure, blood and urine laboratory findings, frequent tooth brushing (≥3 times/day) was significantly associated with attenuated risk of atrial fibrillation (hazard ratio: 0.90, 95% confidence interval (0.83–0.98)) and heart failure (0.88, (0.82–0.94)). Professional dental cleaning was negatively (0.93, (0.88–0.99)), while number of missing teeth ≥22 was positively (1.32, (1.11–1.56)) associated with risk of heart failure. Conclusion Improved oral hygiene care was associated with decreased risk of atrial fibrillation and heart failure. Healthier oral hygiene by frequent tooth brushing and professional dental cleaning may reduce risk of atrial fibrillation and heart failure.
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Sri Pandu Utami und Atikah Putri Sakinah. „Knowledge of Mothers' Behavioral Training About Oral Hygiene of Elementary School Children at RSGM Baiturrahmah“. DENTA 17, Nr. 1 (06.03.2023): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30649/denta.v17i1.4.
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Background Parents need to know, how to teach and train their children to take care of their teeth from early age because because early age child have reached motor maturity followed by intellectual development. Parents who have low knowledge children's care tend to ignore and not support their children's dental health. Parents and children must work together to maintain good oral hygiene.It can be seen that poor parental attitudes generally reflect poor oral health in children and vice versa. Objectives: to describe mothers’ knowledge about oral hygiene attitudes and practices out how the role of mothers in maintaining children's teeth and to determine the health of children's teeth. Methods: using questionnaires and descriptive analysis of probability sampling approach by combining aspects of stratification and cluster sampling in the IKGA (Ilmu Kedokteran Gigi Anak) lab room, Baiturrahmah University, around 30 respondents were sampled in each place and randomly selected. Results: from the results of the study, it was found that mothers who graduated from school were 34.72% and mothers who graduated from diploma/bachelor were 65.28% of the population, 10 (35%) have only attended elementary school and 20 (65%) mothers who graduated. Conclusion: Mothers are less aware of dental disease prevention measures, the importance of brushing teeth, and visits to the dentist. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the government and health service providers to provide knowledge on oral health to mothers, because they are role models for their children.
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Kandanarachchi, R. „Teetoy – teeth cleaning device for children revolutionizing children’s dental care with nature-Inspired precision“. Bolgoda Plains 3, Nr. 2 (2023): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/bprm.v3(2).2023.13.
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Addressing the intricacies of dental hygiene in the critical 3-5 age range has presented a persistent challenge, marked by discomfort, taste aversion, and a general lack of enthusiasm. Acknowledging the formative nature of this age for establishing lifelong oral health habits, an exhaustive research initiative unfolded to comprehend the nuanced dental hygiene struggles faced by this demographic and craft an innovative solution. Through direct interviews and comprehensive Google surveys involving 30 children and their parents, a notable 59.1% of children expressed a distinct disinterest in the teeth-brushing ritual. Reasons varied from the perceived hardness of bristles to the monotonous nature of the process, coupled with elements of fear and a lack of parental supervision. Armed with this nuanced data, the research delved into the realm of nature for inspiration, focusing specifically on how animals’ inherent cleanliness habits could in- form a groundbreaking approach to children’s dental care. This journey of inspiration culminated in the conceptualization of “Teetoy” – a visionary teeth cleaning device designed to infuse playfulness, enjoy- ment, and efficacy into the brushing process for children. The device com- prises three integral parts: the head, neck, and handle.
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Suyatmi, Dwi, und Dwi Eni Purwati. „Evaluasi Kegiatan Pelayanan Asuhan Kesehatan Gigi Dan Mulut Terhadap Pengetahuan Sikap Status Kesehatan Gigi Dan Mulut Siswa Sekolah Dasar“. Jurnal Teknologi Kesehatan (Journal of Health Technology) 14, Nr. 2 (30.11.2018): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.29238/jtk.v14i2.370.
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Service Activities Dental and Oral Health Care is part of the School Dental Health Enterprises (UKGS) which aims to improve the knowledge, attitude and the ability to behave in the field of healthy living oral health. These activities include outreach, shared toothbrushes and dental examinations, but oral health care has no knowledge, so the researchers are interested to know the difference before and after the service activities of oral health care on knowledge, attitude, oral health status elementary students. The purpose of this research is to know the difference before and aftercare service activities against oral health knowledge, attitudes, and oral health status of elementary school students. This study used a quasi-experimental method with the design of One Group Pre-test - Post-test Design. The population in this study were elementary school students in the area of Gamping Sleman Yogyakarta with a sample of 179 students. Sampling techniques using saturation sampling. Results: Based on the analysis of different test (paired sample t-test) showed significant differences in knowledge, attitudes, oral hygiene, decay and Decay students between the before and after care service oral health (p<0.05). Conclusions: 1). Knowledge, attitude and degree of oral hygiene students after health care services increased oral better 2). There was a decrease in rate-test decay (teeth better ) and Decay (permanent teeth ) on the student after the service of oral health care.
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Tauhid, F., Md A. Rahman, J. Nessa, S. Begum und Md Saifuddin. „Prevalence of Dental Caries Among Paediatric Patients in Holy Family Red Crescent Medical College Hospital“. Journal of Medical Science & Research 20, Number 1 (01.01.2013): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.47648/jmsr.2013.v2001.03.
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A cross sectional, descriptive study was done to find the incidence of dental caries among paediatric patients by age, oral hygiene and correlation to the parent's occupation, education status. Total 400 children aged 2-12 years who attended the Holy Family Red Crescent Medical College Hospital, Dhaka during the study period were included in the study. Among them the number of boys and girls were 194 (48.5%) and 206 (51.5%) respectively. The children of 6-7 years old had the highest caries score both for primary and permanent teeth. It indicated that children at this age group were more vulnerable to dental caries. It may be because they were too young to take care of their teeth at the same time their parents may not aware about the information regarding eruption time of permanent teeth in the mouth. The study results also revealed that parent's occupation had a great impact on their oral hygiene status where the business and teaching occupation had a negative and positive influence on their children respectively. Therefore, education may have a great role about maintaining better life-style.