Dissertationen zum Thema „Teeth Abrasion“

This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of an 8% arginine and calcium carbonate in-office desensitizing prophylaxis paste with that of a home-use toothpaste having the same active ingredients in reducing dentine hypersensitivity. The study was a randomized controlled clinical trial involving 55 subjects who had at least one tooth with sound exposed dentine on the cervical region of the buccal surface displaying hypersensitivity. The subjects were recruited from students and staff, other than those from the Faculty of Dentistry, of The University of Hong Kong. After receiving scaling performed by a dental hygienist at baseline, subjects were randomly assigned to either the in-office desensitizing prophylaxis paste treatment group or the home-use desensitizing toothpaste group. Clinical assessments of dentine hypersensitivity to tactile and to thermal stimuli were performed prior to the treatment at baseline, week 4 and week 12 by a blinded examiner and subjective global assessments of dentine hypersensitivity were recorded. The responses of the subjects to both stimuli were recorded by using a pain score scale from 0 to 10 (from no pain to unbearable pain). Reponses to both tactile and thermal hypersensitivity assessments in the home-use desensitizing toothpaste group showed statistically significant differences between baseline and week 12 (tactile: 2.4 vs. 0.9; cold: 5.8 vs. 3.5, both p<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in the tactile assessment scores (1.8 vs. 1.0, p<0.05) but not in the thermal hypersensitivity assessment scores (5.5 vs. 5.3, p>0.05) for the in-office desensitizing prophylaxis paste group. There was also a statistically significant difference in the change in thermal assessment scores between the two groups (in-office: -0.2 vs. home-use: -2.3, p<0.05) but not in the tactile hypersensitivity assessment scores (in-office: -0.9 vs. home-use: -1.2, p>0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in global subjective responses to external stimuli in the telephone interviews. Daily use of an 8% arginine and calcium carbonate toothpaste was able to reduce dentine hypersensitivity over 12 weeks but a single in-office application of prophylaxis paste of similar content was not able to provide instant and long-lasting benefits for subjects with a mild-to-moderate degree of dentine hypersensitivity.
published_or_final_version
Dentistry
Master
Master of Philosophy

Orientador: Lourenço Correr Sobrinho
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do método de polimento na rugosidade e na dureza Vickers de doze cerâmicas utilizadas para cobertura, após serem submetidas ao desgaste abrasivo. Foram confeccionados quarenta discos de cada cerâmica, cor de esmalte, com 8 mm de diâmetro e 2 mm de espessura. O pó cerâmico de cada marca comercial (CERAMCO, CERCON, FINESSE, IPS D.SIGN, IPS ERIS, VINTAGE HALO, VISION, VISION ESTHETIC, VITA VM7, VITA VM9, VITA VM13 e WILL CERAM) foi aglutinado com o líquido modelador indicado e aplicado em uma matriz metálica bipartida. Após a sinterização e o esfriamento, os discos foram desgastados, simulando uma situação de ajuste oclusal, com ponta diamantada 3098 F e 3098 FF (KG Sorensen), e divididos em 4 grupos (n=10): Grupo P - polimento com abrasivos do sistema Shofu; Grupo PP - polimento com sistema Shofu + pasta diamantada (6 mm - KG SORENSEN); Grupo PG - polimento + glaze e Grupo G - glaze (Controle). Os corpos-de-prova foram levados ao rugosímetro Surf-Corder para mensuração da rugosidade de superfície, utilizando o parâmetro Ra. Foram feitas três mensurações em cada corpo-de-prova. A dureza Vickers foi efetuada no aparelho HMV-2 (Shimadzu), calibrado com carga de 9,8 N atuando por 15 segundos. Cinco penetrações foram feitas em cada corpo-de-prova e a média calculada. Os dados foram submetidos à Análise de Variância e ao teste de Tukey (5%) e mostraram que as cerâmicas Finesse, VM7, VM9, VM13 e IPS Eris não tiveram influência do método de polimento na dureza Vickers. Os menores valores de dureza Vickers foram obtidos pelas cerâmicas Vintage Halo e VM7 no grupo P; Cercon, Vintage Halo, VM9 e Ceramco no grupo PP; Cercon no grupo PG e Ceramco, Cercon, Will Ceram e Vision Esthethic no grupo G. Os métodos de polimento tiveram influência na rugosidade em todas as cerâmicas utilizadas. Os menores valores de rugosidade foram obtidas pelas cerâmicas VM9, VM13, VM7, IPS Eris, Ceramco e Vintage Halo, no grupo P; Will Ceram, VM7, VM13 e Vintage no grupo G e Will Ceram, VM7 e Vision no grupo PG. O grupo PP promoveu os menores valores de rugosidade não diferindo entre as cerâmicas utilizadas.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the polish method influence on surface roughness and Vickers hardness number of the twelve dental ceramics, after abrasive grinding. Forty enamel ceramic disks with 8 mm in diameter and 2.0mm thickness were made. The ceramic powder for each brand (CERAMCO, CERCON, FINESSE, IPS D.SIGN, IPS ERIS, VINTAGE HALO, VISION, VISION ESTHETIC, VITA VM7, VITA VM9, VITA VM13 and WILL CERAM) was agglutinated with the appropriate modeling liquid and applied on a bipartite metallic matrix. After the sinterization and cooling, the disks were submitted to a simulation of oclusal adjustment with 3098 F and 3098 FF diamonds burs (KG SORENSEN), and divided into four groups (n=10): Group P - Shofu polishing system; Group PP - Shofu polishing system + diamond paste (6mm - KG SORENSEN); Group PG - Shofu polishing system + glaze; and, Group G - glaze (control). The roughness was measured on a Surf-Corder machine using Ra parameter. Three measurements were made for each specimen and the average calculated. The Vickers hardness number was measured with HMV 2 microhardness tester (Shimadzu), with a load of 9,8 N applied for 15 seconds. Five measurements were made for each specimen. The dates were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test (5%) and showed that only the ceramics FINESSE, VM7, VM9, VM13 and IPS ERIS weren't the influence of surface treatment on Vickers hardness. The lowers hardness values were obtained by Cercon, Vintage Halo and VM7, in group P; Cercon, Vintage Halo, VM9 and Ceramco in Group PP; Cercon, in Group PG; Ceramco, Cercon, Will Ceram and Vision Esthetic, in Group G. The roughness suffered the influence of the surface treatment in all the ceramics that were used. The lowers roughness values were obtained by VM9, VM13, VM7, IPS Eris, Ceramco and Vintage Halo, in Group P; Will Ceram, VM7, VM13 e Vintage in Group G and Will Ceram, VM7 e Vision in Group PG. The Group PP promoted the lowers roughness averages that didn't show any difference statistic among all the ceramics.
Doutorado
Materiais Dentarios
Doutor em Materiais Dentários

Summary: Some 250 Australian aboriginal skulls were studied to ascertain differences in tooth dislocation and wear in this ethnic group as compared with those manifested in the pre-European Maori, with consideration of the differences in cultural and botanical background as contributing factors. Other features were studied, including the crowding of anterior teeth, the incidence of caries and abscesses, and of mottled enamel and tooth fracture. Aspects of physical anthropology and biology were found to be relevant to this study, since they offered explanations for some previously unsolved problems such as edge-to-edge bite, and crowding of incisors in well-formed jaws. The work is supported by 28 illustrations of the dentition selected from various sources, and described in the text. Reprints of 18 other published papers reporting various dental studies of relevance to the above major publication are included in this presentation.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves [1-20]). A systematic analysis of wear involving the in vitro analysis of the wear of standard composite resin and glass ionomer cements restorations under controlled conditions; and, the qualitative and quantitative investigation of wear over a range of pH's and loads which might be encountered clinically in order to develop a "wear map" of the micromorphology of wearing teeth and restorations and a systematic modeling of wear rates.

Esse estudo avaliou in vitro o efeito dos desafios erosivo ou erosivo/abrasivo sobre materiais restauradores contendo fluoreto ou cálcio e sobre as estruturas dentárias adjacentes às restaurações realizadas com esses materiais. Fragmentos de esmalte e de dentina bovinos (4 mm × 4 mm × 2 mm), foram incluídos em resina acrílica e planificados. Uma cavidade padrão com dimensões 1,2 mm × 4 mm × 1,5 mm foi preparada nos espécimes, e restaurada de acordo com o material a ser testado: 1. Z350 - resina composta (Filtek Z350, 3M ESPE); 2. VB - compósito experimental contendo apenas vidros de bário; 3. DCPD30% - compósito experimental contendo 10% de vidros de bário e 30% partículas de fosfato di-cálcio di-hidratado (DCPD) funcionalizadas com dimetacrilato de dietilenoglicol (DEGDMA); 4. DCPD60% - compósito experimental contendo 60% partículas de DCPD funcionalizadas com DEGDMA; 5. Beautifil - GIOMER (Beautifil II, Shofu Dental Corporation); 6. Fuji IX - cimento de ionômero de vidro convencional de alta viscosidade (Fuji IX, GC Corporation); 7. Fuji II LC - cimento de ionômero de vidro modificado por resina (Fuji II LC, GC Corporation). Na sequência, os espécimes foram polidos e submetidos a dois tipos de tratamentos: erosão somente (n=10) ou erosão mais abrasão por escovação (n=10). A erosão foi realizada pela imersão dos espécimes em ácido cítrico a 0,3% (pH~2,6) por 5 min, seguido de 60 min de imersão em saliva artificial. Esse procedimento foi repetido 4×/dia, por 5 dias. A escovação foi realizada com uma suspensão de dentifrício padrão (Colgate Total 12 Mint Clean; 1450 ppm F-, como NaF) por 15 s (2 min de exposição total a suspensão de dentifrício), 2×/dia, 30 min após o primeiro e o quarto desafios erosivos. Ao final da ciclagem, a perda superficial (em ?m) do esmalte, da dentina e dos materiais restauradores foi determinada com um perfilômetro ótico. Para cada modelo (erosão e erosão-abrasão), os dados de perda superficial de esmalte, dentina e restauração foram analisados de maneira independente. Os dados foram analisados pelos testes de Kruskal-Wallis e Tukey. O nível de significância utilizado foi de 5%. No modelo de erosão, para esmalte, ambos cimentos ionoméricos apresentaram menor perda superficial do que o compósito Z350, apesar de Fuji II LC não ter se diferenciado significativamente dos grupos Beautifil e DCPD30%. Os outros grupos não foram diferentes de Z350 nem entre si. Para dentina, nenhum dos grupos foi diferente de Z350, com exceção de DCPD60%, o qual apresentou a maior perda superficial. Ambos cimentos ionoméricos apresentaram menor perda do que DCPD30%, Beautifil e DCPD60%. Em relação à restauração, os materiais Z350, Beautifil, VB, DCPD30% apresentaram perda superficial mínima, sem diferenças entre eles. Os cimentos ionoméricos apresentaram os maiores valores de perda, não se diferenciando de DCPD60%. No modelo erosão-abrasão, para esmalte, a menor perda superficial foi observada em Fuji II LC, sem diferença da Beautifil. Os outros grupos não se diferenciaram entre si nem da Beautifil. Para dentina, os grupos DCPD60%, Beautifil, Fuji II LC, Z350 e Fuji IX não se diferenciaram e, apresentaram menor perda superficial do que VB. Os cinco grupos citados também não foram diferentes de DCPD30%, com exceção de Fuji IX. Em relação à restauração, a maior perda foi observada para Fuji IX, sem diferenças de Fuji II LC e Beautifil. DCPD30%, Z350, VB e DCPD60% apresentaram valores mínimos de perda superficial, sem diferenças entre si. Concluiu-se que o cimento ionomérico Fuji II LC foi único capaz de proteger o esmalte adjacente à restauração contra desafios erosivos e erosivos/abrasivos, apesar de ter sido um dos materiais mais susceptíveis ao desgaste por ambos desafios. Para dentina, nenhum material exibiu efeito protetor.
This in vitro study evaluated the effect of erosive or erosive/abrasive challenges on restorative materials containing fluoride and calcium, and on the dental hard tissues adjacent to restorations performed with these materials. Enamel and dentin specimens (4 mm × 4 mm × 2 mm), obtained from bovine incisors, were embedded in acrylic resin, flattened and polished. In the specimens, a standard cavity of 1,2 mm × 4 mm × 1,5 mm was prepared and restored with the following materials: 1. Z350 - Composite resin without actives, Filtek Z350 (3MESPE); 2. VB - experimental composite containing barium glass only; 3. DCPD30% - experimental composite containing 10% of barium glass and 30% of DCPD particles functionalized with DEGDMA; 4. DCPD60% - experimental composite containing 60% of DCPD particles functionalized with DEGDMA; 5. Beautifil - GIOMER (Beautifil II, Shofu Dental Corporation); 6. Fuji IX - high viscosity glass ionomer (Fuji IX, GC Corporation); 7. Fuji II LC - resin-modified glass ionomer (Fuji II LC, GC Corporation). The specimens were polished again and then submitted to one of the two treatments: erosion only (n=10) or erosion plus toothbrushing abrasion (n=10). Erosion was performed by immersing the specimens in 0.3% citric acid solution (p~2.6), for 5 min, followed by 60 min exposure to artificial saliva. This procedure was repeated 4 times a day, for 5 days. Toothbrushing was performed with a slurry of a standard dentifrice (Colgate Total 12 Mint Clean; 1450 ppm F, as NaF), for 15 s (2 min total exposure time to the slurry), 2 times a day, 30 min after the first and last erosive challenges. At the end of cycling, enamel, dentin and restorative material surface loss (in ?m) were determined by optical profilometry. Data were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Tukey tests. The level of significance was 5%. In the erosion model, for enamel, both ionomeric cements presented lower surface loss than the Z350, although Fuji II LC did not differ significantly from Beautifil and DCPD30% groups. The other groups were no different from Z350 and from each other. For dentin, none of the groups were different from Z350, except for DCPD60%, which presented the highest surface loss. Both ionomeric cements presented lower loss than DCPD30%, Beautifil and DCPD60%. Regarding the restoration, the materials Z350, Beautifil, VB, DCPD30% showed minimal surface loss, with no differences between them. The ionomeric cements had the highest loss values, not differing from DCPD60%. In the erosion-abrasion model, for enamel, the lowest loss was observed for Fuji II LC, with no difference to Beautifil. The other groups showed no difference among them and from Beautifil. For dentin, the groups DCPD60%, Beautifil, Fuji II LC, Z350 and Fuji IX were no significant different and presented lower loss than VB. These five groups were also no different from DCPD30%, except Fuji IX. Regarding the restoration, the highest loss was observed for Fuji IX, with no difference from Fuji II LC and Beautifil. DCPD30%, Z350, VB and DCPD60% presented minimum values of surface loss, without differences between them. It was concluded that Fuji II LC ionomeric cement was the only material able to protect the enamel adjacent to the restoration against erosive and erosive/abrasive challenges, although it was one of the materials that was most susceptible to be wear off by both challenges. For dentin, no material exhibited a significant protective effect.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar in vitro a resistência a abrasão, a microdureza superficial e a estabilidade de cor de dentes artificiais de resina acrílica. Sete grupos (1- Biolux, 2- Trilux, 3- Blue Dent, 4- Biocler, 5- Orthosit-Vivodent, 6- Postaris-Antaris, 7- Gnathostar-Ivostar), compostos de 12 pre-molares superiores de cada fabricante, sendo 6 contra antagonistas metálicos (Ni-Cr) e 6 contra antagonistas de resina indireta (Solidex), foram delineados em um perfilômetro, antes e após serem submetidos ao ensaio de abrasão. A diferença linear entre a primeira e a segunda leitura foi medida com um paquímetro digital (precisao 0,01mm). Após a análise estatística (análise de variância, teste de Tukey-Kramer, nível de significancia em p<0,05), observou-se que houve diferenças estatísticas significantes entre os grupos e que a marca Postaris apresentou os menores valores de desgaste contra ambos os antagonistas (R=2,33±0,91µm e M=1,78±0,42µm). Para a análise da microdureza superficial Vickers, foram utilizados 6 incisivos laterais superiores de cada marca e 3 leituras (terços incisal, médio e cervical) foram feitas com o auxílio de um microdurômetro. As médias de microdureza superficial Vickers foram submetidas a análise estatística (nível de significancia p<0,05) e com os resultados obtidos concluiu-se que o grupo Biolux (22,1±0,91VHN) seguido do Antaris (21,9±1,58VHN), Ivostar (21,1±0,98VHN) e Biocler (21,0±1,80VHN) apresentaram maiores valores de dureza diferenciando-se do Vivodent (19,1±0,99VHN) e Blue Dent (18,9±1,54VHN), menos duros. Para o ensaio de estabilidade de cor foram utilizados 6 incisivos centrais superiores direitos de cada marca comercial (n=42), submetidos ao processo de envelhecimento artificial acelerado. O aparelho de leitura de cor utilizado foi um Espectrocolorímetro Portátil Modelo Color Guide 45/0 (BYK-Gardner, Alemanha). Cada dente teve sua cor lida antes e imediatamente após o ensaio de envelhecimento artificial. Os valores de ΔE foram submetidos a análise estatística com auxílio do programa JMP 5.1 (SAS Institute, EUA) e mostraram que houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes entres os grupos e que apenas a marca Blue Dent (4,37±0,32) apresentou valores de ΔE>3,3 considerado, segunda a literatura, clinicamente inaceitável. Para os grupos que tiveram alterações clinicamente aceitáveis, o grupo Antaris/Postaris teve a maior variação de cor (ΔE=2,73±0,96) e o grupo Biolux apresentou a menor variação de cor (1,39±0,27). Dentro das limitações da metodologia empregada, concluiu-se que o antagonista utilizado (metal ou resina) influencia a escolha do dente artificial, e que os dentes artificiais testados tem comportamentos diferentes quanto a resistência a abrasão, microdureza superficial e estabilidade de cor.
The objective of this work was to evaluate in vitro the abrasion resistance, the superficial microhardness and the color stability of acrylic resin artificial teeth. Seven groups (1-Biolux, 2 - Trilux, 3 - Blue Dent, 4 - Biocler, 5 - Orthosit-Vivodent, 6 - Postaris-Antaris, 7 - Gnathostar-Ivostar), composed of 12 upper premolar for each manufacturer\'s, being 6 against metallic antagonists (Ni-Cr) and 6 against indirect resin (Solidex) antagonists, were delineated in a perfilometer, before and after the abrasion test. The linear difference between the first and the second readings was measured with a digital calliper (0,01mm precision). After the statistical analysis (variance analysis, Tukey-Kramer\'s test, p<0.05), it was observed that there were significant differences among the groups and that the trademark Postaris presented the smallest wear values against both antagonists (R=2,33±0,91µm and M=1,78±0,42µm). For Vickers superficial microhardness, 6 lateral upper incisors of each mark and 3 readings were used (incisal, medium, and cervical thirds) done with the microdurometer. The averages of Vickers superficial microhardness were submitted to the statistical analysis (p<0.05) and the obtained results show that the group Biolux (22,1±0,91VHN) followed by Antaris (21,9±1,58VHN), Ivostar (21,1±0,98VHN) and Biocler (21,0±1,80VHN) presented higher values, differing from Vivodent (19,1±0,99VHN) and Blue Dent (18,9±1,54VHN), less harders. For the color stability test 6 upper right central incisors of each commercial mark were used (n=42), submitted to the accelerated artificial aging process. The apparel for color reading was a Portable Spectruncolorimeter Model Color Guide 45/0 (BYK-Gardner, Germany). Each tooth had his color read before and immediately after the artificial aging. The ΔE values were submitted to the statistical analysis with JMP 5.1 (HEALTHY Institute, USA) software and show that significant differences were found among the groups and that only Blue Dent (4,37±0,32) presented clinically unacceptable values of ΔE (ΔE>3.3). For the groups that had clinically acceptable color alterations, the Antaris/Postaris group had the largest color variation (ΔE=2.73±0.96) and the Biolux group presented to smallest color variation (ΔE=1.39±0.27). Within the limitations of the methodology, was concluded that the antagonist (metal or resin) influence the choice of the artificial tooth, and that the tested artificial teeth have different behaviors for the abrasion resistance, superficial microhardness and color stability.

Orientador: Regina Maria Puppin Rontani
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: A cavidade bucal é considerada um ambiente agressivo onde a estrutura dentária e os materiais restauradores estão constantemente sujeitos a desafios térmicos, mecânicos e químicos. A associação destes fatores está diretamente relacionada à longevidade/estabilidade das restaurações, bem como à preservação da estrutura dentária. A exposição da estrutura dentária e dos materiais restauradores resinosos aos agentes da dieta pode causar erosão dental, amolecimento e aumento da rugosidade de restaurações resinosas, deixando-as mais susceptíveis ao desgaste. Dessa forma, os objetivos desta tese fundamentada em três capítulos foram: (1) avaliar o efeito do armazenamento em longo prazo em diferentes soluções simuladoras da dieta na rugosidade superficial de materiais restauradores resinosos; (2) avaliar o efeito da associação dos desafios erosivo e abrasivo no desgaste do esmalte decíduo e permanente; (3) avaliar o efeito da associação dos desafios corrosivo e abrasivo no desgaste de materiais restauradores resinosos. No capítulo 1, sessenta amostras de diferentes materiais restauradores (Filtek Z250, Esthet X, Filtek Flow, Dyract AP e Vitremer) foram armazenadas em 5 líquidos simuladores da dieta (água destilada, ácido lático, ácido cítrico, refrigerante a base de cola (Coca-Cola) e álcool) por até 6 meses. A rugosidade superficial das amostras foi mensurada após o polimento (baseline), 1 semana, 1 mês, 3 meses e 6 meses de armazenamento. Houve aumento significativo na rugosidade superficial apenas para Esthet X armazenado em Coca-Cola e em ácido cítrico após 1 e 3 meses, respectivamente; e para Dyract AP armazenado em água destilada após 6 meses. No capítulo 2, foram obtidas amostras planas de esmalte decíduo e permanente (n=10), as quais foram submetidas ao desgaste (100.000 ciclos a 1,9 Hz) em meio neutro (água deionizada) e meio ácido (ácido cítrico). Antes e após o desgaste, as amostras foram analisadas em perfilÃ'metro (MTS 3D Profiler). A alteração do volume e a profundidade máxima do desgaste foram quantificadas utilizando o software Ansur 3D. O esmalte decíduo apresentou maior desgaste que o esmalte permanente, independentemente do meio. O meio ácido proporcionou maior desgaste do que o meio neutro (p<0,05). Diferença significativa entre meio neutro e ácido foi observada apenas para o esmalte decíduo. No capítulo 3, dez amostras de cada material [Filtek Supreme (S), Point 4 (P), Dyract AP (D) e Fuji II LC (F)] foram confeccionadas e submetidas ao desgaste (100.000 ciclos a 1,9 Hz) em meio neutro (água) e meio ácido (ácido cítrico). Antes e após o desgaste, as amostras foram analisadas em perfilÃ'metro (MTS 3D Profiler). A alteração do volume e a profundidade máxima do desgaste foram quantificadas utilizando o software Ansur 3D. Diferença significativa no desgaste dos materiais foi observada (S=PAbstract: The oral cavity can be considered a hostil environment. The dental structure and the restorative materials are constantly subjected to thermal, mechanical and chemical stresses. The interplay of these factors is directly related with the longevity/stability of the restorative treatment, and also with the dental structure preservation. The effect of diet constituents on dental structure and restorative materials can be dental erosion, softening and roughening of resin-based restorations. These phenomena increase the susceptibility of tooth and material wear. This way, the objectives of this work are: (1) to evaluate the effect of long-term storage in different food-simulating media on surface roughness of resin-based materials; (2) to evaluate the effect of the association of erosive and abrasive challenges on deciduous and permanent wear; (3) to evaluate the effect of the association of corrosive and abrasive challenges on resin-based materials wear. In the first chapter, sixty specimens of different material categories (Filtek Z250, Esthet X, Filtek Flow, Dyract AP, and Vitremer) were stored in five food-simulating solutions (distilled water, lactic acid, citric acid, carbonated soft drink (Coca-Cola), and ethanol) for 6 months. The surface roughness was measured after polishing (baseline), 1 week, 1, 3, and 6 months of storage. Significant difference was observed for Esthet X specimens stored in Coca-Cola and in citric acid after 1 and 3 months, respectively; and for Dyract AP specimens stored in distilled water after 6 months. In the second chapter, deciduous and permanent flat enamel specimens (n=10) were obtained. The specimens were subjected to the wear test (100,000 cycles at 1.9 Hz) in neutral (water) or acidic (citric acid) media. Specimens were profiled before and after the wear test using the MTS 3D Profiler. Volume loss and maximum depth were quantified by the Ansur 3D software. Deciduous enamel showed more wear than permanent enamel, regardless the media. The acidic media produced more wear than the neutral media (p<0.05). Significant difference was observed between neutral and acidic conditions only for deciduous enamel. In the third chapter, ten specimens were produced from each material [Filtek Supreme (S), Point 4 (P), Dyract AP (D), and Fuji II LC (F)]. The specimens were submitted to the wear test (100,000 cycles at 1.9 Hz) in neutral (water) and acidic (citric acid) media. Specimens were profiled before and after the wear test using the MTS 3D Profiler. Volume loss and maximum depth were quantified by the Ansur 3D software. Significant differences were observed for the material wear (S=PDoutorado
Materiais Dentarios
Doutor em Materiais Dentários

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Dissertacao [Mestrado]
IEA/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
FAPESP:98/01953-0

For many years, buckets have been equipped with teeth to help penetrate, gouge and breakout materials. The teeth also works as wear parts and can be replaced when they are worn down, and thus increase the service life of the bucket. The first teeth were made like a one-piece design and to replace such tooth required both cutting and welding which was very time consuming. Today’s modern teeth consist of an adapter that is welded on the bucket and a tooth with a locking system that makes it easy to replace the tooth when needed. The teeth on the market today are cast, which means that the hardness cannot be guaranteed through the whole cast and the hardest tooth is measured to be around 500 HB.   SSABs brand Hardox is the toughest steel on the market. It is extremely wear resistant and has a three time longer service life than ordinary steel. To increase the use of Hardox the possibility to manufacture bucket teeth of three or more plates are examined.   This thesis has applied a product development process to mainly develop concepts of the locking system that holds the adapter and tooth together. The locking systems main requirement is to be hammerless, meaning that it is not hammered in, due to the high risk of injury and longer assembly time. Apart from, the geometry of the tooth will be developed to give a better wear resistance.   The result is a tooth with at least twice as long service life than the cast competitors and two concepts of locking system. Both locking systems meet the requirement of being hammerless and the sustainability is ensured with calculations of shear force. The geometry of the tooth is design to be self-sharpening, which allows it to stay sharper throughout its service life. Wear test using DEM analysis assure a positive outcome.

The blue duiker, Philantomba monticola and common or grey duiker, Sylvicapra grimmia represent two of the three duiker genera as well as two of the three species occurring in Southern Africa. The two species have not been adequately studied in their habitats within the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, and this thesis centres around their biology with focus on diet and dental microwear. Faecal analysis was used to study the diet of blue duiker at Salem in the Albany district, and of common duiker on two farms, one a predominantly cattle farm at Kasouga and the other a farm for cultivation of chicory at Grants valley, both in the Bathurst district. The validity of faecal analysis was reviewed, and its applicability to blue and common duiker assessed. The method was appropriate for diet analysis of both species, as the common duiker is shy and secretive and the blue duiker is a rare and protected species which does not habituate readily. Results showed that the blue duiker was mainly folivorous with a seasonally stable diet of 79 percent dicot foliage and only 17 percent fruit. Common duiker diet at both study sites comprised mostly dicot foliage, with only two monocotyledonous plant species. Twenty-seven and nineteen plant species were identified in the diets of common duiker at Kasouga and Grants valley respectively and the annual percentage occurrences of dicot foliage in the diets were about 99 percent at both study sites. The predominantly browsing common duiker, therefore offered negligible competition for food resources to the grazing cattle on Kasouga farm. Both blue and common duiker fed selectively, with approximately one third of the total number of plant species identified in their diets providing at least 50 percent of the food eaten annually. Ehretia rigida was the most important plant species in the diets of both duiker species. Chicory, Chichorium intybus provided more than one third (35.6 percent) of the winter diet and a substantial proportion (14.4 percent) of the spring diet of common duiker at Grants valley, thereby confirming earlier reports of this species feeding on chicory and other cultivated crops. The diet of common duiker at Kasouga did not vary seasonally but that of common duiker at Grants valley did vary and this was attributed to utilisation of chicory. Results from the dental microwear analyses did not show any significant differences in dental microwear between blue and common duiker, but supported and confirmed that the two were browsing species, characterised by many pits and few scratches on their dental surfaces. A high incidence of pits was found on the dental surfaces of both duiker species, and was attributed to utilisation of fruit in the diet.

Abrasive wear occurs when a contact associated with stress between a metal surface and a herd particle (frequently of mineral origin) leads to friction between the two. In a very wide range of industrial applications, abrasive wear is the main reason for component and equipment repair or replacement. In most of these applications, especially those of earth moving, construction and mining equipment, digger teeth are used to improve equipment performance. Digger teeth can be produced in different shapes and sizes (mainly by casting) and a wide range of materials are used. This project is concerned with both a field trial of the wear of digger teeth fixed to the front of a bucket used in a gravel pit, and also a laboratory investigation of abrasive wear mechanisms. It was found that the wear of digger teeth increased with increasing working hours, but the wear rate eventually decreased. The dimensions and shape of the front of the tooth changed and gravel removal became more inefficient. Plastic deformation and phase transformation were observed in the worn surfaces of the teeth. In the laboratory study, many parameters were investigated utilising a pin-on disc technique. Wear rate increases linearly with load and decreases with sliding distance. The effect of attack angle on abrasive wear showed that wear volume increases with increasing attack angle up to a certain value (90°) and then decreases. Corrosion increases the initial wear rate, and the amount of material removed in the wet corrosive test was higher than the corresponding dry test. It was difficult to reproduce the same results from the field trial in the laboratory because of the difference in the conditions in the two cases. Optical and scanning electron microscopy were used to study the worn surfaces, abrasive papers and wear debris. Different abrasive wear mechanisms were observed throughout this investigation. A cutting mechanism associated with spiral debris was observed during short pin-on disc tests and with higher attack angles. A ploughing action associated with plate-like debris was observed during longer tests and at lower attack angles. Fragmentation was observed in brittle materials.

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Dissertacao (Mestrado Profissionalizante em Lasers em Odontologia)
IPEN/D-MPLO
Intituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN-SP; Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo

Baigiamajame magistro darbe apžvelgti laboratoriniai ir praktiniai abrazyvinio dėvėjimosi tyrimų metodai. Sumontuotas ekskavatoriaus kaušo dantų abrazyvinio dėvėjimosi stendas, sudaryta nauja tyrimo metodika. Tyrimas buvo atliktas su šešiais ekskavatoriaus kaušo dantimis: trys aplydyti „Anykščių vario“, du ESAB firmų elektrodais, vienas dantis neaplydytas. Darbe ištirtos neaplydyto ir aplydytų skirtingais elektrodais ekskavatoriaus kaušo dantų abrazyvinio dėvėjimosi charakteristikos, pateiktos išvados ir rekomendacijos.
The final magistracy work review laboratory and field abrasive wear test methods. New excavator bucket teeth abrasive wear tester was mounted and new research method was created. Research was developed with six excavator bucket’s teeth: three teeth were coating with “Anyksciu varis” company electrodes, two teeth were coating with ESAB company electrodes and one tooth wasn’t coating. In this work are analysing teeth that are coating with several types electrodes or without them, abrasive wear performances. It was present conclusion and recommendation.

O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar o comportamento de desgaste das camadas correspondentes ao esmalte e à dentina. Foram utilizados incisivos centrais superiores de seis modelos comerciais de dentes artificiais para confecção dos corpos de prova (Premium, Magister, Vivodent PE, Biotone, Artiplus IPN e Trilux). O número total de amostras foi igual a cinco para cada marca comercial Para analisar o coeficiente de desgaste dos dentes artificiais o ensaio de desgaste micro-abrasivo foi em função da Distância de deslizamento (S) e da Força normal (N), sob condições de N constante. As crateras de desgaste foram realizadas sem paradas intermediárias para obtenção da evolução do diâmetro da cratera em função do tempo de ensaio. Os tempos de ensaio foram: 5; 8,33 e 11,66 minutos, os pontos para realização dos ensaios foram escolhidos aleatoriamente. Para cada condição de ensaio foram realizadas cinco repetições. As crateras foram analisadas por meio de microscópio óptico e as medições foram realizadas por meio do software ©Leica Microsytems. Para todas as análises, a normalidade da distribuição dos dados e a homogeneidade foram testadas. Análise de Variância (ANOVA) 2-fatores e o Teste de Tukey para comparações múltiplas foram calculados a partir dos valores obtidos no t3. O menor e maior valor obtido de k foram respectivamente k=22,60.10?? (Ar) e k=47,8.10?? (Ma). Para os fatores marca (p=0.0012) e região (p=0.028) as diferenças foram estatisticamente significantes, no entanto para marca x região (p=0.16) não houve diferença significante. De acordo com os resultados apresentados, conclui-se que o comportamento observado do coeficiente de desgaste em todas as amostras, esmalte e dentina, teve como mecanismo o riscamento. Também, foi possível estabelecer diferenças do comportamento ao desgaste dos dentes artificiais de resina acrílica de diferentes marcas comerciais e suas camadas. E o ensaio de micro abrasão com esfera rotativa fixa é apropriado para o estudo de materiais poliméricos utilizados na Odontologia.
The aim of this study was to analyze the wear behavior of the layers of artificial teeth corresponding to the enamel and dentine by means of micro-abrasive wear with \"ballcratering\". Upper central incisors of six artificial teeth commercial brands were used to confection of the test specimens (Premium, Magister, Vivodent PE, Biotone, Artiplus IPN e Trilux). The total number of samples was five to each commercial brand. To analyze the artificial teeth wear coefficient, the micro-abrasive wear testing was performed according to Distance sliding (S) and normal Force (N), under conditions of constant N. The wear craters were made without intermediate stops in order to obtain the evolution of craters diameter in accordance to in the experiment duration. The testing times were: 5; 8,33 and 11,66 minutes, the points to the testing execution were chosen randomly. Three repetitions were used for each testing condition. Craters were analyzed with optical microscopes and measurements were taken with the software ©Leica Microsytems. For all analyses data distribution normality and homogeneity were tested. \"Analysis of Variance\" (ANOVA) 2- factors and Tukey Test to multiple comparisons were calculated from the obtained values in t3. The lowest and biggest values obtained of k were k=22,60.10?? (Ar) and k=47,8.10?? (Ma), respectively. In relation to brand factors (p=0.0012) and region (p=0.028) the differences were statistically significant, however regarding to brand x region (p=0.16) there was no significant difference. According to the results, it can be concluded that the behavior of the wear coefficient in all samples, enamel and dentin presented grooving abrasion. Also, it was possible to observe differences in wear behavior of brands of acrylic resin artificial teeth and its layers. The micro-abrasive wear with \"ball-cratering\" test is appropriate for the study of polymeric materials in Dentistry.

Orientador: Carlos Rocha Gomes Torres
Coorientadora: Alessandra Bühler Borges
Banca: Taciana Marco Ferraz Caneppele
Banca: Eduardo Bresciani
Banca: Carlos Eduardo Francci
Banca: Ricardo Amore
Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de agentes remineralizantes contendo silicato de cálcio / fosfato e flúor ou fluoreto de sódio somente, sobre a redução da microdureza do esmalte causada pelo clareamento dental, cor dos dentes e perda de estrutura resultante da abrasão. Duzentos e quarenta amostras circulares de esmalte bovino foram preparadas, embutidas e polidas. Em seguida foram realizados testes iniciais de cor, microdureza e perfilometria. As amostras foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em 6 grupos (n=40): Grupo C -(controle negativo) - nenhum tratamento; Grupo CL (controle positivo)- Aplicação do agente clareador a base de peróxido de hidrogênio a 40% (Opalescence boost, Ultradent); Grupo CL/Rs - Aplicação do agente clareador seguido da aplicação do gel remineralizante a base de silicato de cálcio/fosfato (Regenerate Boosting serum- Unilever); Grupo Rs/CL - Aplicação do gel de silicato de cálcio/fosfato seguido da aplicação do agente clareador; Grupo Rs/CL/Rs - Aplicação do gel de silicato de cálcio/fosfato seguida da aplicação do agente clareador e aplicação novamente do gel de silicato de cálcio/fosfato; Grupo CL/F - Aplicação do agente clareador seguida da aplicação do gel de fluoreto de sódio a 2%. Após a etapa de clareamento (3 aplicações de 20 min) foram novamente realizadas as leituras de cor e microdureza. Em seguida os espécimes foram submetidos a 100.000 ciclos abrasivos em máquina de escovação. Cada grupo foi dividido em dois subgrupos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the application of remineralizing agents containing calcium/phosphate silicate and fluoride or only sodium fluoride on the reduction of enamel microhardness caused by tooth bleaching, tooth color and loss of structure resulting from abrasion. Two hundred and forty circular bovine enamel samples were prepared, embedded and polished. After that, initial tests of color, microhardness and profile were performed. Samples were randomized into six groups (n=40): Group C - (negative control) - no treatment; Group CL (positive control) - application of 40% hydrogen peroxide bleaching agent (Opalescence boost, Ultradent); Group CL/Rs - Application of bleaching agent followed by remineralizing gel based on calcium/phosphate silicate (Regenerate Boosting serumUnilever); Group Rs/CL - Application of calcium/phosphate silicate gel followed by bleaching agent; Group Rs/CL/Rs - Application of calcium/phosphate silicate gel followed by bleaching agent and new application of calcium/phosphate silicate gel; Group CL/F - Application of bleaching agent followed by 2% sodium fluoride gel. After bleaching stage (3 applications/20 min), color and microhardness readings were performed. Then, the specimens were subjected to 100.000 abrasive cycles in a brushing machine. Each group was divided into two subgroups according to the dentifrice used (n=20): Subgroup Cp -Close Up bioactive protection toothpaste (Unilever); Subgroup Rp- Regenerate toothpaste (Unilever). Final profiles of enamel surface were evaluated and the wear was calculated. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey variance analysis. Significant differences were observed for color variation (∆E) (p=0.000). Tukey test results were: C (1.31±0.58)a, Rs/CL/Rs (3.72±1.28)b, CL (3.75±1.04)b, CL/Rs (3.87±0.91)b, Rs/CL (3.88±0.94)b, CL/F (4.03±1.22)b. Statistically significant differences were ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Doutor

Copies of author's previously published articles inserted.
Bibliography: leaves 136-155.
xxi, 180 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm.
Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
Examines tooth-to-tooth contact under controlled experimental conditions that simulate bruxism. Focuses on the wear characteristics of enamel and factors influencing the nature and extent of human enamel wear.
Kaidonis, John Aristidis
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Dentistry, 1995?

Copies of author's previously published articles inserted.
Bibliography: leaves 136-155.
xxi, 180 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm.
Examines tooth-to-tooth contact under controlled experimental conditions that simulate bruxism. Focuses on the wear characteristics of enamel and factors influencing the nature and extent of human enamel wear.
Kaidonis, John Aristidis
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Dentistry, 1995?

Includes bibliographical references (leaves [1-20]).
xxi, 168, [20] leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm.
A systematic analysis of wear involving the in vitro analysis of the wear of standard composite resin and glass ionomer cements restorations under controlled conditions; and, the qualitative and quantitative investigation of wear over a range of pH's and loads which might be encountered clinically in order to develop a "wear map" of the micromorphology of wearing teeth and restorations and a systematic modeling of wear rates.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Dentistry, 2001