Dissertationen zum Thema „Technosoils“
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Hostyn, Guillaume. „Contribution des fractions granulométriques grossières au fonctionnement des sols très anthropisés“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0088.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe approaches of requalification of degraded sites increasingly answer the double challenge of depollution and valorization. The soils of these sites, known as "highly anthropized soils", are often characterized by a disturbed functioning due to anthropogenetic impacts. In particular, anthropic actives are responsible for the presence in these soils of exogenous materials, from both technogenic or natural origins, in varying quantities and natures. In this context, all the diagnoses and considerations regarding their management are carried out on the fine fraction, obtained after sieving at 2 mm, and ignore the so-called "coarse" fraction, which is often overrepresented (up to 50-60% by mass). This fraction, considered as inert, may not necessarily be so and its presence may have important consequences on the functioning of ecosystems and their future management.A dedicated methodological approach was developed. First, the dimensions and nature of the objects to be studied were precisely defined using an appropriate granulometric scale and the construction of a typology. This approach coupled to physico-chemical characterizations confirmed the efficiency of the tested screening strategy and fully enabled a precise and meaningful discrimination among coarse materials. The typology was thus implemented with composition characteristics of the material categories. On this basis, five reference materials (anthracite, brick, limestone, petroleum coke and blast furnace slag) were selected in order to allow for the generalization of the results. An adaptation process of standard soil analysis methods was then developed in order to assess the reactivity of coarse granulometric fractions. Results showed that coarse fractions are not inert. Their reactivity, although reduced compared to the fine fraction from a mass point of view, is only dependent on the type of material and the surface of the particles. Taken alone, the selected model materials present an insufficient level of fertility for plant development and are only marginally at the origin of toxicity. In an overall soil system, the coarse fraction constitutes a perennial stock of elements of interest that can be mobilized over time through the weathering processes generated by pedogenesis. The direct contribution of coarse fractions to plant nutrition was confirmed both under controlled conditions in the laboratory and in lysimeters at the pilot field scale. They also significantly contribute to water retention and storage. The type of material is the main factor governing the intensity of these effects.This thesis work has thus positioned the coarse granulometric fractions as being an active part of the functioning of highly anthropized soils. The results obtained provide new knowledge for stakeholders involved in soil engineering and highly anthropized soils management. To this end, a systematic procedure of diagnosis of coarse granulometric fractions has been proposed, the effects of which should serve two purposes, i) to enrich the knowledge related to the constituents of coarse fractions and ii) to allow an insightful decision-making process, based on a complete knowledge of the reality of a highly anthropized soil, authorizing an optimal and sensible management according to the targeted type of renaturation
Allory, Victor. „Contribution des Technosols au stockage de carbone et rôle des artéfacts“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0119.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTechnosols are soils strongly impacted by human activities and whose surface is continuously increasing since the beginning of the Anthropocene. They are characterized by their significant concentrations of artefacts (i.e. parent materials of anthropogenic origin) whose origin, nature and reactivity are extremely variable. Artefacts influence largely the properties and pedogenesis of Technosols, and thus also the carbon dynamics in these soils. Nevertheless, the recent character of the study of Technosols and their strong heterogeneity imply that the current level of knowledge on carbon storage is very limited. The first part of this work aims at creating the first database on carbon stocks in Technosols. It shows that Technosols are among the soils in the world with the highest carbon stocks, even if they are characterized by a very high variability, without equivalent for other soils. The database also highlights the influence of factors such as climate and land use. In a second part, an experiment under controlled conditions allowed to evaluate the mineralization potential of a range of organic artefacts alone or with natural organic matter. The results underline the recalcitrance of certain artefacts frequently encountered in Technosols (coke, coal, biochar). These artefacts also interact with the natural organic matter and can limit its mineralization. Finally, the monitoring and characterization of carbon stocks in Technosols have been carried out. While some stocks remain stable over time, others decrease continuously and one of the Technosols shows a two-phase kinetic: a short decrease, followed by a continuous increase of the stock. In connection with the previous results, the nature of the artefacts and the associated processes appear essential in these dynamics. It also shows that the soil biomass management is a factor controlling the evolution of the stock
Rokia, Sarah. „Contribution à la modélisation des processus d'agrégation et de transfert d'éléments nutritifs dans les Technosols construits à partir de déchets“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0009/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGreening of urban spaces requires large amounts of arable soil which is a non-renewable resource. To preserve this resource, a strategy is proposed to build fertile Technosols from wastes and by-products by pedological engineering. The properties of Technosols are highly influenced by their constitutive technogenic materials. In order To create favourable mixtures of materials for urban plant growth a preliminary scientific analysis is required. The fertility of the mixtures and their evolution can be assessed by the study of the aggregation process and nutrients transfer during the first stage of pedogenesis. An experimental model of constructed Technosol is proposed in this work. From this model a methodology is developed for the selection of eleven constitutive materials (e.g. bricks, compost made of sludge and green waste, concrete, demolition rubble, excavated earth materials, green wastes, paper mill sludge, sewage sludge, street sweeping wastes, track ballast). Each of these materials is representative of wastes deposits listed European wide and they are suitable candidates for the construction of fertile soils. The fertility of each pure material and of selected mixtures has been determined. Thereafter, experiments under controlled conditions enabled to assess the impact of different pedogenesis factors (e.g. anthropogenic, climatic and biological) involved in the definition of the fertility of constructed Technosols. The results demonstrate (i) the feasibility of the formulation of fertile constructed Technosols exclusively with two or three wastes presenting contrasted physico-chemical properties; and (ii) that the properties of selected mixtures can be modelled using the initial properties of their constitutive parent materials ; (iii) that during the first stage of pedogenesis of the mixtures, depending on parent materials nature and properties, stable aggregates can be formed, (iv) that nutrients transfer are highly dependent on organic matter nature and the process of particles mixing. The delivery of nutrients (e.g. phosphorus) seems to be related to the amounts and size of the formed aggregates and, consequently, to the established porosity. The understanding of the functioning and evolution of Technosols constructed with waste materials provides new knowledge for the development of pedological engineering. The methodology of wastes selection and the mixing process developed in this work enables us to propose mixtures and constructed soils favourable to various uses. The evolution models of the mixtures developed in this work allow the prediction of the physico-chemical fertility of constructed Technosols. The results acquired during this thesis are the main basis of a decision support tool for green spaces operators developed in the framework of the research program SITERRE-ADEME (2010-2015). The use of this decision support tool for plant biomass production, has to be associated with an expertise in soil construction
Jangorzo, Salifou Nouhou. „Quantification du processus d'agrégation dans les Technosols“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0004/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTechnosols form a new class of soils, which is characterized by a strong anthropogenic influence of which functioning is less studied. Aggregates can be considered as an integrator of soil history and an indicator of soil bio functioning, therefore studying the process of aggregation is a relevant way to understand how technosols operate and states towards which they will evolve. Through samples collected on a hone hectare plot, a protocol of none destructive direct quantification of aggregates and porosity by thin sections images analysis has been performed. Results showed that this Technosol is compacting with a decrease of pores with an equivalent diameter >2000 µm and an increase of those <25µm. Despite this compaction, the aggregation increases with time. To study the dynamics of porosity and aggregation of this constructed Technosol as function of pedogenetic factors, a dispositive of in situ soil visualization has been developed. Results of images analysis showed that, during the early stage of soil evolution, porosity and aggregation increase significantly in all modalities. Then, they significantly decrease in ?wetting drying cycle? modality but continued increasing in ?plant? and ?plant-earthworm? modalities. This increase is proportional to the age of plants roots and intensity of earthworm?s activity. The ?constructed Technosol? is therefore an experimental soil model whose organomineral contents and function are well controlled compared to so-called ?natural soils?. In these evolved natural soils, the starting point is quite systematically unknown
Kanso, Ali. „Optimisation des cultures d’agromine du Cd et du Zn sur des Technosols construits“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0065/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the context of the increasing scarcity of non-renewable natural resources, the soil engineering has already allowed to build fertile Technosols exclusively from the recycling of abandoned industrial byproducts. However, it has also been shown that plant growth can be limited by various constraints related to the presence of inorganic contaminants in the used materials. Therefore agromining, which aims to recycle strategic metals from the environment, represents a promising strategy for ecological and sustainable management of these agricultural systems. To better understand the processes controlling pedogenesis and evolution of Technosols and the potential of agromining on these soils, a series of experiments in controlled conditions and field were performed with (i) Noccaea caerulescens, a hyperaccumulator species of Cd and Zn, (ii) on Technosols constructed from abandoned materials (iii) amended or not with organic compounds (compost or biochar). At the field scale, the results attest that Technosols properties are strongly influenced by the used parent materials. Industrial by-products used in soil construction can have an adverse effect for the initial plant biomass production due to the increase in soil salinity. A detailed characterization of metal speciation highlighted a very rapid evolution of Technosols in particular the dissolution and leaching of soluble mineral phases and the formation of new sorbent phases (Fe oxides and Mn) reducing the chemical availability metals. Under controlled conditions, biochar or compost amendments tend to improve nutrient availability. This can be attributed to the increase in enzyme activities and microbial diversity, at both structural and functional level, particularly in case of compost addition. This results an increase of essential elements content in the aerial parts of the plant. Regarding trace elements, adding to the soil biochar leads to a decrease of their availability, while an opposite effect was observed during compost addition. However, the two amendments increase the concentration of metals in shoots with a superior effect of compost with respect to biochar. Thus, hyperaccumulator species Noccaea caerulescens has shown its ability to establish on low fertility Technosols and concentrate high levels of Cd and Zn above the threshold of hyperaccumulation demonstrating then the feasibility of agromining of these metals. Moreover, both amendments appeared relevant to improve phytoextraction from abandoned industrial materials
Pascaud, Gregoire. „Etude des processus pédogénétiques de technosols miniers : De l'analogue naturel à la stratégie de remédiation“. Thesis, Limoges, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIMO0067.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe Technosols include soils subject to strong anthropogenic pressure and particularly to the soil influenced by human-made materials. In this context, abandoned mine sites can contain a large amount of transformed waste materials often enriched with metals and metalloïds. Compared to natural soils, the singularity of mining Technosols naturally developed from mining waste corresponding to their parental material made by fine-grained mineral waste. Unlike their poorly anthropized homologous, Technosols are not enough well known. So, the overall objective of this study is to increase knowledge of soil processes of Technosols after spontaneous vegetation impact. Thus, different profiles were sampled respectively corresponding to different abandoned mine exploitation type: W, Pb-Ag, Sn and Au. Their pedogenic way have therefore been studied to determine potential linkages and levers guiding their evolution. This preliminary study is based on the contemporary picture of a natural rehabilitation (by simple solum formation) for a period of about 75 years on average. Secondly several rehabilitation techniques have been studied respectively: (i) the phytoremediation by growing Douglas plant and (ii) the reused of waste by mine sediment based geopolymer synthesis
Bouzouidja, Ryad. „Fonctionnement hydrique d'un Technosol superficiel - application à une toiture végétalisée“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0232/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe sealing in cities highly degrades the buffer and filter functions of soils which generates and/or emphasizes major environmental issues (e.g. urban heat island, flooding, pollution of the runoff water). Among other technologies, advances in green roof engineering provide solutions for the management of urban rainwater. Indeed, green roofs can highly contribute to water regulation service by delaying run-off peaks and decreasing water fluxes to storm water collection network. The purpose of this work is to quantify and model the hydric performances of such an urban Technosol by taking into account the seasonal variations and the aging of the green roof. Physic and hydric measurements were conducted on the green roof constituents. Then, water fluxes and meteorological parameters were monitored in four green roofs parcels – including two with an innovative water storage structure – both at the lab and the building scales. Finally, the hydrodynamics of green roofs was modeled and numerically investigated with HYDRUS-1D in the framework of the Richards equations and the van Genuchten-Mualem model that describe unsaturated flows. As a result: i) the water flows inside these complex porous media were physically characterized, ii) the hydric performances of different parcels over three years, under Lorraine climate, were evaluated, iii) the model approach reached to a good description of the hydraulic behavior at the lab-scale but tends to underestimate in situ water fluxes. Beyond that, this work can provide a robust approach to simulate water transfer in green roofs under different climates or situations and may also contribute to further technological development
Smart, Kyle E. „Exploring Physical and Chemical Trends in a Chronosequence of Technosols“. Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1626086766577196.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDagois, Robin. „Vers une modélisation du statut de polluants organiques de Technosols sous influences climatiques contrastées“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0333/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTechnosols linked with the end of industrial activities depict contrasted properties from those of natural soils and may contain high concentration of organic pollutants (e.g. polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC)). Their neglect led to the apparition of pedogenetic processes particularly under the influence of climate which potentially contribute to the natural attenuation phenomenon. Hence, we suggest a new method to predict the evolution of PACs’ availability over time and under the influence of climate. The first step was to build a transcription model to predict the pedoclimate evolution derived from weather datasets and under the influence of climate location, climate change scenarios (IPCC), soil properties and depth. The effect of pedoclimatic events on the evolution of PAC availability was then tested in controlled conditions and on 11 contrasted industrial soils (coking plant and gas plant). This allowed predicting the frequency and occurrence of major pedoclimatic events (e.g. freeze-thaw, wetting-drying cycles and periods of high temperature) that drive pedogenesis. The consequence of these availability variation on toxicity were then tested using a growth test of Zea mays L. on aged soils, confirming that PAC availability and soil phytotoxicity are linked. The aging results were then incremented into the pedoclimate model to predict the evolution of PAC availability over time. As the current climatic conditions lead to a decrease in PAC availability (natural attenuation), the opposite effect is observed under the warmer climate of 2100. We described this phenomenon as natural amplification which underlines the upcoming threat of climate change on soils
Hafeez, Farhan. „Characterization of microbial communities in Technosols constructed for industrial wastelands restoration“. Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00859362.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHafeez, Farhan. „Characterization of microbial communities in Technosols constructed for industrial wastelands restoration“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Dijon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012DIJOS029.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIncreasing soil degradation and its consequences on overall ecosystem services urge for restoration strategies. Construction of Technosols through assemblage of treated soil and industrial wastes is an innovative technology for the restoration of polluted land and re-use of industrial by-products. Recent studies have evidenced that Technosols could support ecosystemic services such as primary production but the knowledge about other soil functions, such as biogeochemical cycling, is limited. Due to the significant contribution of microbial communities to soil functioning, this PhD work was carried out to study the effect of the type of Technosol on microbial communities with a focus on functional guilds involved in N cycling. For this purpose, the abundance and diversity of the total bacterial community and the abundance of crenarchaeal community together with the abundance and activities of the nitrifying and denitrifying communities were investigated in two types of Technosols. Results demonstrated that diversity and composition of the bacterial community were similar to ‘natural soils’ and were not significantly different between the two Technosols with Proteobacteria being the dominant phylum (50-80%). The bacterial ammonia oxidizers were greater in number than crenarchaeal ammonia oxidizers but also correlated to the potential nitrification activity suggesting that bacteria are the dominant ammonia oxidizers in Technosols. The abundance of both the ammonia oxidizers and the denitrifiers were in the same range than that observed in other soil systems. Analyses of the vertical distribution of the activity and abundance of N-cycling communities in the Technosols showed a significant depth-effect, which was more important than the Technosol type-effect. Technosols physicochemical properties and the abundance of the bacterial ammonia oxidizers were the main drivers of the nitrification activity whereas the denitrification activity was controlled mainly by the Technosols physicochemical properties and, to a minor extent, by the abundances of the nirS denitrifiers. The estimation of the functional stability of the denitrification process against the heat-drought stresses revealed that Technosol exhibited the high resistance and resilience in comparison to the thermally treated soil. This work highlighted the potential of constructed Technosols to ensure the N cycling ecosystem services, along with a high capacity to resist and recover from environmental stresses, suggesting that construction of Technosols is a promising technology and a solution for the restoration of industrial wastelands and waste recycling
Pruvost, Charlotte. „Potentiel de la Biodiversité dans la construction de Technosols à partir de déchets urbains“. Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1161/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTopsoil requirements for the development of urban green spaces induce a harvest of agricultural or natural soils. On the other hand, huge volumes of deep horizons excavated during the construction of buildings are dumped on the outskirts of cities, with an impact on the environment. The recycling of these inert wastes for the construction of soils for green spaces appears as a promising solution. However, it is necessary to ensure that these constructed Technosols are suitable for plant and animal diversity, and can deliver ecosystem services, as proposed by this thesis. The composition of the material mixes (deep horizons, urban green waste compost, crushed concrete) was manipulated in a 4000 m² experiment in collaboration with the company ECT and CD 93. A four-year monitoring showed that the compost used was responsible for the death of some trees, but associated with concrete, it greatly increased their growth rate and macrofaunal colonization. In the meadow land use, the addition of compost increased biomass production and altered the assemblage of the plant community, favoring competitive species, but no effect on macrofauna assemblage was observed. In a mesocosm experiment aiming at studying the link between plant diversity and productivity, complementarity between species was observed for one of the three communities, at an intermediate level of fertility. It is therefore possible to improve the primary productivity of new ecosystems by manipulating the composition of the mixtures of materials while avoiding the dominance of certain species, in order to preserve diversified communities
Pey, Benjamin. „Contribution de la faune du sol au fonctionnement et à l'évolution des Technosols“. Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPL090N/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTechnosols are soils whose properties and pedogenesis are influenced by technical materials which take part in their constitution. The experimental model used here is a constructed Technosol which is deliberately composed of technical materials in a soil profile. The scientific objective is to evaluate the contribution of soil fauna to processes implied in soil functioning and evolution. Experiments in laboratory (cosms) and in climatic conditions (lysimeters, field) are conducted from ultrastructural scale to soil profile scale. Results indicate that (i) constructed Technosol can support soil fauna, (ii) the model of ecosystem engineer: Lumbricus terrestris, by macroporosity and by stables biogenic structures, contribute to the structuration, the aggregation and the decomposition of organic matter of the Technosol, (iii) when several groups of organisms implied in differents soil functions are used, effects are observed on organic matter decomposition. The huge availability of resources in the Technosol allow the presence of soil fauna but its effects and reduce soil fauna interactions which can have effects on soil functioning. A model whose objective is to evaluate effect of Lumbricus terrestris on macroporosity is proposed. In terms of soil engineering, a project of decision support model results of scientific experiences. Soil fauna inoculation in soil engineering could contribute to initiate and accelerate mechanisms of Technosol evolution
Séré, Geoffroy. „Fonctionnement et évolution pédogénétiques de Technosols issus d'un procédé de construction de sol“. Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPL033N/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHuman activities induce growing impacts on soils. This has produced derelict lands that need thorough reclamation to minimize their negative effect on the environment. A better knowledge and control of the evolution of highly anthropized soils is needed in order to achieve a sustainable management of these sites. This work emphasizes on both the development of a process of soil construction with wastes and by-products (paper sludge, treated industrial soil, compost) and the study of the functioning and pedogenic evolution of the constructed soils. The project relies on both in situ pilot scale application and lab-scale experiments. The characterization of the parent materials and their compounding highlighted their properties and their originalities compared to geological or pedological materials. The study of the functioning of constructed soils demonstrated that they could fulfil the soil basic functions. In this way, the process has been able to achieve the reclamation of the pedological cover and initiate the ecological resilience. The nature, the intensity and the kinetics of the pedogenic processes have been identified. It appeared that the reactions were very fast and that they sometimes strongly differ from the natural local pedo-climate (e.g. dissolution of gypsum, amorphous silica). We suggest that they will spontanuously evolve to analogous natural form of soils. Our results are confronted with the present classification of the Technosols and some propositions are made in favour of a more genetic-oriented way. Some thoughts about the modelling of the pedogenesis of very anthropized soils are proposed. At last, this work evocates the basis for the development of a decision tool for the pedo-engineering approach
Séré, Geoffroy Morel Jean-Louis. „Fonctionnement et évolution pédogénétiques de Technosols issus d'un procédé de construction de sol“. S. l. : S. n, 2007. http://www.scd.inpl-nancy.fr/theses/2007_SERE_G.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHbaieb, Rania. „Restauration de friches minières : phytomanagement et voie d'inertage“. Thesis, Limoges, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIMO0111.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSince the beginning of industrialization, many wastes contaminated with metal(loid)shave been released into the environment without any management. Mining has generated huge quantities of fine, unconsolidated waste, rich in metal(loid)s, stored in tailing or in settling ponds and then left to be abandoned in the open air without any development or protection. This waste remains on site exposed to strong wind and water erosion leading to the spread of contaminated particles in the various environmental compartments (soil/sediment/water/atmosphere). First, the study of the fate of metal(loid)s in contaminated soils related to mining activity revealed the presence of associated environmental and health risks. The results highlight that (i) the geochemical behaviour of the three elements (cadmium, zinc and lead) is different, (ii) the speciation of these elements clearly changes between tailings and soils, (iii) Pb lead can cause adverse health effects for children. In a second step, two techniques for the rehabilitation of contaminated sites were apprehended: (i) in the context of soil refunctionalization, the potential for phytostabilization assisted by organic and inorganic amendments of plots contaminated with Douglas fir, as well as (ii) ex-situ recovery by attacking mining waste by alkaline way, which involves reducing the pollution source
Qasim, Bashar Hussein. „Détermination, spéciation et biodisponibilité des éléments traces métalliques dans les sols contaminés et technosols“. Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2069/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis dealt with the determination and study of the ecodynamics of trace metals in technosols highly contaminated in metals and metalloids in the context of natural revegetalisation or phytoremediation. Two sequential extraction schemes were used jointly with selective extractions in parallel with the determination of the total metals concentration in soils, the total dissolved metals concentration in the soil pore water, the metals labile pool (DGT) and germination tests with dwarf beans to investigate the speciation, mobility and phytoavailability of (Zn, Pb, Cd, As and Sb) for technosols of two post-mining (La Petite Faye) and industrial (Mortagne du Nord) sites. Additionally, young plants of P. euramericana Dorskamp were cultivated in rhizobox on Mortagne du Nord technosols to investigate the rhizospheric effect on the mobility of metals. Moreover, the effect of nitrogen addition under nitrate and ammonium on the behavior of these metals has been investigated for P. euramericana Dorskamp for the same soils. Despite the high total metals and metalloids concentration in the La Petite Faye soils, the mobility of these potentially toxic elements is limited because of their association with the residual fraction. The phytoavailability is also limited and correlated with the labile pool of technosols. The culture of P. euramericana Dorskamp generated a rhizospheric effect characterized by an increase of the pH and concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the soil pore water and a decrease in the total dissolved concentration of metals (Zn, Pb et Cd) in the soil pore water. The addition of nitrogen under nitrate or ammonium respectively increased and decreased the soil pore water pH and in the case of ammonium the DOC also increased and stabilized metals in the rhizosphere in comparison to control soils
Grard, Baptiste. „Des Technosols construits à partir de produits résiduaires urbains : services écosystémiques fournis et évolution“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLA043/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCities are becoming denser at the expense of nature spaces that are correspondingly decreasing, as are the ecosystem services associated with them. Faced with this observation, the greening of buildings appears as a valuable alternative. Nowadays, green roofs have become a planning tool in urban planning. These roofs take different forms, adapting to urban constraints and challenges. In recent years, a new form of green roof has emerged: productive green roofs (i.e. of edible biomass). Despite a growing interest, rooftop farming is still poorly developed and known. Their design, their development and especially, the ecosystem services they could deliver are still poorly understood and need to be known. Keystone to green roofs, the soil in place directly and indirectly influences the provided ecosystem services. Despite, it’s key role, soil is still poorly studied. Furthermore, non-renewable products such as pozzolan or expanded clay or peat are today mostly used in their composition. In this work we have studied constructed soils, named Technosols, for productive roofs made only of urban wastes. The objectives of this thesis were: (i) to achieve a quantitative assessment of delivered ecosystem services (ii) analyze the first stages of Technosol pedogenesis. In order to do so, three experimental devices were implemented on the “Bertrand Ney” rooftop of the technical University AgroParisTech in Paris. The experimental devices consist of multiple plots filled with different disposal of five urban wastes: green waste compost, shredded woods, crushed tiles and bricks, spent coffee grounds used to grow mushroom and a biowaste compost. The impact of the different Technosols on (i) ecosystem services, (ii) food production (quality and quantity), (iii) fertility) and (iv) temporal evolution, were assessed. Constructed Technosol are fertile and allow a consistent food production over one to five years. The level of food production was equivalent to that of a professional producer and food quality regarding trace metal element was below existing norms. The quantitative assessment of ecosystem services (food production, urban waste recycling, rainwater retention and overflow quality (C and N)), highlighted the multifunctional nature of productive green roofs. However, we identified an ecosystem disservice which is an alteration in the quality of the leachates due to carbon leaching and presumably other elements. A first phase of rapid and strong pedogenesis was observed marked by an intense biodegradation and lixiviation of the Technosols. Our works identified two trade-offs in the design of a productive Technosol: between (i) the biodegradation or organic materials (ensuring the supply of mineral nutrient to plants) and the maintenance of the structure and porosity of the Technosol (i.e. its physical fertility) and (ii) the supply of nutrients by biodegradation and leaching, resulting in a loss of these elements and an alteration of the quality of percolation waters on the other hand. Knowledge of the properties of the materials used to build Technosols and on their link with the expected ecosystem services already makes it possible to design multifunctional productive rooftop based on urban waste and manage them sustainably
Huot, Hermine. „Formation, fonctionnement et évolution d'un Technosol sur des boues sidérurgiques“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0133/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWith the aim of better understanding pedogenetic processes occurring in Technosols, a former settling pond of iron industry containing metal-rich sludge and covered by a deciduous forest of temperate region was thoroughly characterized, from a 2-m profile and in lysimeter experiments under the influence of climate and vegetation. The Technosol developing on iron industry sludge resulted from several stages of pedogenesis with areas of more intense changes. Main pedogenesis drivers were, first, drying-wetting cycles and involved changes of physical and chemical conditions, then biological activity, especially related to organic matter input at the surface and root colonization. The development of diversified vegetation despite high contents of toxic metals can be explained by the nature of mineral constituents and chemical (alkaline pH, high CEC) and physical (high porosity, high water retention capacity) properties which have limited metal availability until now. The Technosol resulted from a combination of processes which occurred usually in natural soils with distinct pedogenetic evolution (e.g. Andosols, carbonated soils) due to the diversity of technogenic parental materials and the original mixture of constituents they contained. This simultaneity of processes coexisting rarely in natural environments could be a genetic particularity of Technosols formed on complex materials and could be called 'technosolization'
Deeb, Maha. „Influence des plantes, des vers de terre et de la matière organique sur la structure de technosols construits“. Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1014.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleConstructed Technosols are mixtures of technogenic materials used to create a new soil dedicated to growing plants. Constructed Technosols provide an opportunity to recycle and optimally use urban waste, and are an alternative to the use of agricultural soils for producing urban soils. This work is assessing in particular the influence of the OM levels and interactions with earthworms and plants on the physical properties of Constructed Technosols. The materials used to build our Technosols are compost and excavated deep horizons. In a first experiment, we tested the influence of OM rates on hydrostructural properties of Technosols, realizing 6 Mixtures of increasing volume proportions of compost (0 to 50%). The shrinkage and retention curves show that the hydrostructural properties of Technosols are similar to those of natural soils. Increasing the amount of organic material is accompanied with a positive effect on micro and macro porosity, as well as on the water available for plants.Secondly, these mixtures were incubated in a growth chamber with or without earthworms (Aporrectodea caliginosa) and with or without plants (Lolium perenne). After 5 month of experiment, we measured hydrostructural properties, aggregation, and distribution of carbon in each fraction. The presence of plants and / or earthworms explains 19% of the variance of hydrostructural properties of the soil, and compost dose affects 14%. The interaction between organisms and compost further explains the variance (40%) than the effects of these individual factors. Compost and plants play a positive role in the available water by acting on both macroporosity and microporosity, while earthworms play a positive role only on the latter. Furthermore, the proportion of aggregates >3 mm is more important in the treatments control and earthworms, while the proportion of aggregates <3mm is greater in the presence of plants, regardless of the presence of earthworms. Organisms have a stronger effect on the structural stability (77%) than compost (4%). All have a positive effect on the amount of Corg in the different fractions of aggregates. Finally, mineralization of Corg increases in the presence of worms or compost, but decreases in the presence of plants. Our results demonstrate the interest of enhancing urban materials such as excavated deep horizons and compost to build Technosols. A summary of the results allows us to recommend a volume content of compost between 20 and 30% for a good structure, without increasing much the cost induced by compost. Noting the positive effect of earthworms, plants and earthworms/plants interactions on porosity, structural stability and carbon storage, it seems appropriate to favor the presence of organisms
Sauvageon, Thibaud. „Caractérisation et valorisation de fibres de chanvre issues de sols et de matériels délaissés : cas du traitement par explosion à la vapeur“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0211/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHemp plants have been cultivated for their usable fibers for thousands of years. The fibers are long and resistant and can be utilized for creation of textile and composite materials, relevant to burgeoning industrial sectors. However, due to their lack of homogeneity and the complexity of their refining, hemp fibers are unable to compete with synthetic and cotton fibers. But fine hemp fibers could be successfully produced from technical fibers using a steam explosion treatment at a low cost, a low energy consumption and with a low environmental impact. To optimize the parameters of this process, a morphological, chemical, and mechanical characterization was performed before and after steam explosion using a design of experiments methodology. These experiments showed that this process can be used to produce hemp fibers with the standards defined by the textile and composite materials industries. Some features have also suggested some prospects in the industrialization of steam explosion for fibers production. These results showed that this process could be industrially competitive in terms of costs, water and energy consumption and yield. Finally, phytoremediation-borne hemp fibers were produced from soils contaminated with trace elements. The metals concentrations in plant components and in the fibers were measured before and after steam explosion treatment. The results offer new insights and prospects for a sustainable use of Technosols (in particular brownfield sites) by the production of hemp fibers
Colombini, Gabin. „Étude multi-échelle des interactions saprophages-matières organiques et de leurs implications dans le fonctionnement des humipedons de Technosols : approche fondamentale vers l’ingénierie écologique“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0277.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn a context of soil degradation and erosion of biodiversity resulting from anthropogenic activities, understanding the role of edaphic fauna in the functioning of humipedons is of growing interest. The development of reclamation strategies on anthropized soils, based on the concepts of ecological engineering, could be based on the actions of transformation of organic matter carried out by saprophagous organisms. The objective of this thesis was (i) to characterize the ecological functions performed by saprophagous organisms through the production of biostructures on anthropized soils and (ii) to assess their potential for the reclamation of brownfields Technosols. To do so, an integrative approach, based on the changes of spatial scale, was carried out on an industrial brownfield of interest. First, it was demonstrated that Technosols physicochemical characteristics can represent an abiotic filter limiting the colonization of edaphic fauna, especially highlighted by the absence of anecic and endogeic earthworms in Technosols. Secondly, at the scale of the humipedon, the results showed that the dynamics of organic matter formed by vegetation also depends on the nature of the substrate used during the rehabilitation of the brownfield. Indeed, under the action of epigeic saprophagous arthropods, a series of ectorganic horizons, similar to the ones of a Moder, developed on the technogenic horizon of Technosols. The term "Techno-moder" has thus been proposed to describe this new humus form. The chemical and ultrastructural features of the Techno-moder zOH horizon, made up of biostructures produced by saprophagous, also confirmed this classification proposal. Finally, feces produced by the saprophagous isopod Porcellio scaber, studied under controlled conditions, allowed to demonstrate that their physicochemical characteristics depend on the Technosol substrate and on organic matter chemical features. In agreement with the conclusions at the humipedon scale, it seems that feces traits produced by the epigeic saprophagous arthropods are an intrinsic characteristic of the ecosystem, which results from the Technosols humipedons composition. The development of Technosols reclamation strategies using coupled inoculation of saprophagous and organic matter could thus improve Technosols humipedons physicochemical characteristics while requiring the specific interactions of organisms with the substrate to be taken into account
Nandillon, Romain. „Phytostabilisation des éléments métalliques d'un technosol minier végétalisé par le genre Salix assistée par du Biochar“. Thesis, Orléans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ORLE2007.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe mining activity has significantly contributed to the pollution of the environment by metals and metalloids. The mining site of Roure-les-Rosiers (Pontgibaud district, Puy de Dômes), due to the high lead and arsenic concentrations in the mine wastes, can contribute to the contamination of surrounding ecosystems. It is therefore necessary at least to limit the transfer of pollutants, and, ideally, to consider the long-term stabilization of the wastes. In such context, phytomanagement appears as an ecological and inexpensive approach, alternative to the conventional techniques. In view of the particular characteristics of the studied mining technosol (high toxicity and low agronomic quality), amendments addition (biochar, compost and iron sulphate) was necessary. To this end, mesocosm tests were conducted to assess the impact of these amendments on pollutant bioavailabilities. The results showed that biochar and compost addition decreased lead concentration in the soil pore water by more than 90%. For its part, iron sulphate has helped to control the arsenic mobilization caused by the supply of compost added in order to improve the agronomic quality of the technosol. Thus, arsenic concentrations in soil pore water have been kept below the usual limit value for release into the environment (100 μg.L-1). All these benefits related to the amendments made possible, on the experimental plot, to set up a vegetation cover, combining different species of willows and clover. Monitoring of this vegetation over two years of growth validated the adopted approach, with the observation of a very low lead and arsenic accumulation in the aerial parts of the studied species, taking into account the pollutants concentrations found in the technosol. In addition, the analysis of the soil microbiological compartment showed that compost improved the diversity of microorganisms suggesting a refunctionalization process. Monitoring the experimental plot over several plant growth cycles will validate the phytomanagement strategy developed at various scales, from the laboratory to the site
Monsérié, Marie-France. „Processus d’agrégation dans un technosol : contribution des constituants anthropiques (oxydes de fer, laitiers, HAP, ETM) à la formation des associations organo-minérales“. Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPL065N/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe increasing number of sites affected by the presence of technogenic materials makes necessary the study of (bio)functioning of Technosols, developed there. A technogenic material, resulting from an old industrial coking plant and presenting a multipollution of HAP and metals was laid out in lysimetric pieces for an “in situ” study (site of Homécourt, www.gisfi.fr). The morphological and analytical characterization at different scales of initial material enabled us to define, in analogy with standard pedological classification, the presence (1) of primary constituents such as quartz, iron oxides, gypsum and anthropic organic matters, (2) of technogenic pseudo-sands, like slags, (3) of water-stable technogenic aggregates (12% of the soil mass), generated through the aggregating role of the fine fraction (0-20 µm). Anthropic organic matter and ETM (Zn Pb, Ba) contribute to the formation of these organo-mineral associations. This material of anthropic origin, while it is specific, contains mineral and organic components able to aggregate and is thus, as well as natural soils, able to develop under the influence of pedogenic factors to form a Technosol. If the two years of experimentation were not sufficient to highlight a modification of the structural stability of this young Technosol, the results underline there the impact of the colonizing plants and the rhizospheric microflora on the formation of organo-mineral associations. The biological activity is thus a key factor of evolution of these soils
LEBRUN, Manhattan. „Biogeochemical and microbiological processes involved in the rhizospheric area of Salicaceae grown on an amended technosol polluted by inorganic toxic elements: a phytostabilization study“. Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi del Molise, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11695/99451.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHanumesh, Mithun. „Impact of ageing of green roof substrates on their hydrological and thermal performances“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0368.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe green roof system is a complex system that could be described by its “properties”, considering on the nature and physical, chemical, and thermal properties of its abiotic components (i.e., substrate and drainage layers) and on the other hand its biotic components (i.e., vegetation, spontaneous fauna, and microbiota). As in all biotic/abiotic systems, complex interactions happen. First, the external system—here described as “factors”—induces an ageing effect that results in the evolution of “properties” over time (e.g., rain may induce leaching of fine particles; cold temperature may alter the vegetation development). Moreover, interactions between abiotic and biotic components may also induce evolution of “properties” (e.g., plant litter may increase the organic matter content in the substrate; decrease of the substrate physico-chemical fertility can decrease the biomass production). Eventually, such inter-relations and interactions between all “factors” and “properties” can control the level of performances that could be submitted to changes over time. Though the system is complex, our approach sheds light on the potential of simplifying each Factor property performance relations and hence understanding the system evolution and performances better. This research need originated from the fact that most of the relevant studies conducted to date have neglected these temporal dynamics of green roof evolution and their high reactive technosol properties. This PhD aimed to reach a crossroad point between ageing -of inert materials and pedogenesis- that describes evolution of living media and to evaluate the performance evolution of green roof over time. To evaluate this, first, a meta-analysis was conducted whose main findings highlighted that most factors and properties have a positive influence on the performances of green roofs, showing there are many existing levers to enhance the green roof performances and tackle some of the main urban environmental issues. But, considering that these lists were far from exhaustive, it was noted that a huge potential in determining green roof performances remains unearthed. Thus, experiments were designed and conducted with the purpose to reproduce certain factors considered as influential (i.e. rain, vegetation and freeze/thaw alternation), under controlled conditions, on mesocosms of 3 different green roof substrates chosen based on composition and granulometry. Their substrate properties were monitored over time through self-designed artificial aging over a period of 2 months to mimic real time evolution. Our results showed evidence of early pedogenesis especially for the finer substrate. Depending on the substrate: i) vegetation stimulates or maintains microbiology; ii) rain modifies granulometry through leaching processes; iii) frost modifies granulometry through fractionation. There was also change in the poral structure thus modifying the water retention performance. Other than that, the changes in the performance of other studied properties seem more due to the temporal evolution rather than factorial based. It was also noted in monitoring of the reference samples which revealed: a decrease or increase in pH depending on the substrate, small variations in microbiology and in organic carbon and total nitrogen concentrations. As a final step, in situ aged property evolution measurements from 7 substrates originating from two different sites of different ages and 3 different vegetation, revealed that the evolution is mainly driven by the age where the younger substrates (3 years) could be seen undergoing a rapid pedogenisis compared to the older substrates (10 years) whose evolution seem to have comparatively settled. Considering the results overall, it can be said that within the first years, the pedogenesis trajectories of green roof substrates are mostly dominated by the nature and composition of their parent materials. Then, after a while, the factors could take the lead
Carabassa, i. Closa Vicenç. „Valorització de residus orgànics en tecnosols i avaluació de la restauració d’espais degradats“. Doctoral thesis, TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670431.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEsta tesis pretende contribuir a dar respuesta a las necesidades que se plantean desde la práctica de la restauración ecológica de espacios degradados, así como desde la gestión sostenible de los residuos urbanos. En un primer trabajo se valida la utilidad del protocolo OCDE-217, basado en la actividad respiratoria del suelo, para estudiar la toxicidad de algunos de los metales pesados habitualmente presentes en mayor proporción en algunas de las enmiendas orgánicas utilizadas en restauración, especialmente los lodos de depuradora urbana. En este sentido, el protocolo OCDE-217 ha sido una metodología válida para la detección de efectos adversos (y también beneficiosos) de los tres metales estudiados, Cr, Zn y Cu, sobre la respiración del suelo inducida por sustrato. La magnitud de los efectos inhibidores observados es coherente con las referencias consultadas, siendo el Cu el metal más tóxico después de 28 días de exposición. También se ha comprobado que la adición de materia orgánica fresca enmascara el efecto de los metales pesados sobre la respiración del suelo ya que incrementa la biomasa microbiana, así como la adsorción y la inmovilización de los metales. En un segundo trabajo de la tesis se entra en la caracterización de diferentes tipos de enmiendas orgánicas procedentes de residuos urbanos, así como en la evaluación de sus efectos sobre el suelo y la vegetación cuando son usados en la construcción de tecnosoles para la restauración de canteras, vertederos o taludes de carretera. Así se evalúan los efectos de la aplicación de lodos de depuradora urbana a corto (2 años) y medio plazo (10 años), en una selección de tipos de actuaciones de rehabilitación representativas. Se ha demostrado que el uso de lodos de depuradora permite mejorar los resultados de la rehabilitación de suelos degradados, a la vez que se valorizan residuos orgánicos y minerales. A medio plazo (una década), los suelos enmendados con lodos de depuradora favorecen el enriquecimiento del suelo en materia orgánica y el secuestro de carbono, ya que hemos comprobado que contienen hasta cinco veces más carbono orgánico que los suelos homólogos no enmendados. Este enriquecimiento es el resultado del aumento de la producción primaria debido a los nutrientes aportados por los lodos, que todavía es evidente después de diez años. Este aumento de la producción primaria se traduce también en una mayor cobertura vegetal que protege el suelo de la erosión. En cuanto a los bioestabilizados, resultantes de la estabilización aeróbica de la fracción orgánica de residuos municipales, se ha constatado que existe una importante heterogeneidad en relación a los principales parámetros estudiados. Esta heterogeneidad se da entre diferentes plantas de tratamiento de residuos, pero también entre diferentes lotes de una misma planta, lo que supone una importante restricción a la hora de hacer generalizaciones para su uso. Los digestatos, procedentes de la digestión anaeróbica de la materia orgánica obtenida por la separación mecánica de la fracción resto de los residuos urbanos, presentan un contenido bajo de impurezas y una mayor concentración de N que los bioestabilizados, lo que los hace más adecuados para a ser aplicados al suelo. El último trabajo de la tesis se dedica al establecimiento y validación de un protocolo para la evaluación de la restauración de actividades extractivas, llamado RESTOQUARRY. El protocolo RESTOQUARRY permite identificar problemas críticos que ponen en riesgo el éxito de la restauración y que requieren de cambios profundos en el diseño y la ejecución de los trabajos. La mayor parte de las restauraciones evaluadas con RESTOQUARRY requieren de medidas correctoras para mejorar algún aspecto de la restauración.
This thesis aims to contribute to respond to the needs that arise from the practice of ecological restoration, as well as from the sustainable management of urban waste. In a first study, the usefulness of the OECD-217 protocol is validated for studying the toxicity of some of the heavy metals usually present in a greater proportion in some of the organic amendments used in restoration, especially sewage sludge. In this sense, the OECD-217 protocol has been a valid methodology for the detection of adverse (and also beneficial) effects of the three metals studied, Cr, Zn and Cu, on substrate-induced soil respiration. The magnitude of the inhibitory effects observed is consistent with the references consulted, with Cu being the most toxic metal after 28 days of exposure. The addition of fresh organic matter has also been shown to mask the effect of heavy metals on soil respiration as it increases microbial biomass, as well as the adsorption and immobilization of metals. A second thesis work is focused on the characterization of different types of organic amendments from urban waste, as well as the evaluation of their effects on the soil and vegetation when used in the construction of technosols for the restoration of quarries, landfills or road slopes. Thus, the effects of the application of urban sewage sludge in the short (2 years) and medium term (10 years) are evaluated, in a selection of representative types of rehabilitation actions. The use of sewage sludge has been shown to improve the results of the rehabilitation of degraded soils, at the same time that organic and mineral wastes are valorized. In the medium term (one decade), soils amended with sewage sludge favor the enrichment of the soil in organic matter, and consequently carbon sequestration, since we have found that they contain up to five times more organic carbon than non-amended homologous soils. This enrichment is the result of the increase in primary production due to the nutrients provided by the sludge, which is still evident after ten years. This increase in primary production also translates into greater plant cover that protects the soil from erosion. As for the biostabilized (Compost-Like-Output), resulting from the aerobic stabilization of the organic fraction of municipal waste, it has been found that there is significant heterogeneity in relation to the main parameters studied. This heterogeneity occurs between different waste treatment plants, but also between different batches of the same plant, which is an important restriction when making generalizations for its use. The digestates, derived from the anaerobic digestion of organic matter obtained by the mechanical separation of the remaining fraction of urban waste, have a low content of impurities and a higher concentration of N than the biostabilized, which makes them more suitable for being applied to the soil. The last work of the thesis is devoted to the establishment and validation of a protocol for the evaluation of the restoration of extractive activities, called RESTOQUARRY. The RESTOQUARRY protocol allows the identification of critical problems that put the success of the restoration at risk and that require profound changes in the design and execution of the work. Most of the restorations evaluated with RESTOQUARRY require corrective measures to improve some aspects of the restoration.
Wechtler, Laura. „Amélioration de la phytoremédiation par Miscanthus x giganteus d’un technosol contaminé construit à partir de sédiments : co-culture avec Trifolium repens L. et bioaugmentation avec des microorganismes endémiques“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0221.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEvery year, 50 million cubic meters of sediments are excavated in France. Among them, some are contaminated and solutions must be found to valorize them. In this study, excavated sediments were mixed with the host-site soil, both contaminated with trace metals and PAHs, in order to create a technosol, then treated by phytoremediation with Miscanthus x giganteus (MxG). The objective was to improve the rhizodégradation of PAHs and the phytostabilisation of trace metals as well as to improve the quality of the technosol to increase the productivity of MxG with the aim of valorizing its biomass. Thus, two experiments were carried out. The first associated MxG in co-culture with white clover, and the second combined phytoremediation with a mono- and a co-culture of MxG with bioaugmentation by the endemic hydrocarbonoclast microorganisms of the technosol. According to the results obtained, co-culturing of MxG and white clover appears to be the most note-worthy technique to improve the phytoremediation of PAHs and trace metals and the quality of the technosol compared to phytoremediation assisted by bioaugmentation. In addition, planting white clover for co-culturing is more cost-effective, faster and easier to implement than bioaugmentation. These results will have to be confirmed in situ and other plant species could also be tested in association with MxG in order to combine rhizodegradation with phytoextraction
Thouin, Hugues. „Transfert de polluants inorganiques dans un technosol de brûlage d’armes organo-arséniées soumis à un apport de matière organique et à des cycles de saturation/désaturation : expérimentation en mésocosme“. Thesis, Orléans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ORLE2069/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe thermal destruction of chemical munitions from World War I, on the site of “Place-à-Gaz”, induced intense local top soil contamination by arsenic and heavy metals. The heat treatment mineralized As from organoarsenic warfare agents, resulting in a singular mineral assemblage, composed of Zn, Cu and Fe arsenates and of an amorphous phase rich in Fe, As, Zn, Cu and Pb. The amorphous material was the principal carrier of As and metals in the central part of the site. The site undergoes environmental changes which may alter the stability of inorganic contaminants. To assess the impact of water saturation episodes and input of bioavailable organic matter on the biogeochemical cycles of metal(loid)s, a mesocosm study was conducted. Results showed that amorphous phase was instable in saturated conditions, and released contaminants in soil water. As previously observed on site, the most mobile contaminants were Zn and As. The addition of organic matter induced the immobilization of As by trapping of As V onto hydrous ferric oxides in the saturated soil. Microbial characterizations including counting, bacterial community structure, respiration, and determination of As IIIoxidizing activities were performed. Results showed that microorganisms actively contribute to the metabolisms of C and As.The addition of organic matter induced the increase of As III-oxidizing and As V-reducing microorganisms concentrations and modified the bacterial diversity. However, a negative effect of organic matter on the activity of As III oxidation was observed resulting in higher As III concentration in soil water. This study showed that the natural deposition of forest organic litter on the site, induced antagonist effects on the transfer of inorganic pollutants did not immobilize all the Zn and As and even contributed to As III transport to the surrounding environment. These results provide more information about the environmental impact of the Great War and more generally about the processes driving the behavior of metals/metalloids on polluted sites
Fourvel, Gaetan. „Valorisation agronomique des sédiments fins de retenues hydroélectriques en construction d’Anthroposols fertiles“. Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NSARD084/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFine sediments naturally accumulate upstream of hydropower facilities. For technical or environmental reasons, they occasionally have to be dredged and land managed. Using dredged sediment to construct fertile soils and set up green spaces or rehabilitate degraded land is one the ways dredged sediment can be valorized. This use of sediment as an alternative soil-building material helps preserve the topsoil resource, but its agronomical value and environmental safety first has to be demonstrated. We used an experimental approach (a 3-month greenhouse trial and a 24-month in situ lysimeter test) to assess the physical, chemical, and biological parameters of soil fertility from 6 sediments that were either pure or mixed with 40 % (v:v) of green waste compost.The results showed that sediment aggregation capacity is a key factor of their fertility. The monitoring of vegetation cover development on the constructed soil demonstrated that all six sediments could support vegetation. High organic matter (OM) content sediments (> 30 g kg-1) are suitable to grow plants with potentially high water and nutrient requirements. Low OM content sediments (< 30 g kg-1) appear to be more suitable for use in restoration operations where plant requirements are generally lower. This work leads to the proposal of environmental and agronomical criteria for directing sediments towards soil construction and propose adapted uses
Burrow, Coralie. „Influence des modalités de restauration de sols dégradés sur leur colonisation par une faune du sol fonctionnelle“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10173/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSoil construction appears to be a tempting way to restore, lastingly, contaminated urban soils provided that they can become fertile with a functional biodiversity capable of assuring essential ecosystem services. To ensure this, the recolonisation of newly established technosols composed of a mixture of compost and deep alluvion was monitored using judiciously chosen bioindicators: springtails, mites, earthworms, carabid beetles and woodlice. Thus, three experiments were carried out: (i) an experimental plot located inside the future “Ecoquartier de l’Union” (Roubaix, France) (ii) smaller mesocosms with an introduction of earthworms and woodlice and (iii) laboratory microcosms studying the evolution of collembolan populations. The results show that, if the connection of the technosols with an element of the local landscape (in this case a railway hedgerow) plays a part chiefly in aiding the first stages of recolonisation, notably for earthworms and springtails, technosols' management has a lasting impact on the colonization dynamics and the implantation of the different taxa. Establishing an herbaceous cover (flowering meadow, lawn) or a hedge was especially profitable to the pedofaunic communities, which were richer and more abundant, as well as to the technosols functioning (better litter degradation, diversified collembolan communities with regards to functional traits). The same is true for the addition of RCW (Ramial Chipped Wood) which benefits earthworm and mesofauna through the organic components released and the associated fungal development. Therefore, urban planners could use these results in their sustainable rehabilitation projects
Vincent, Quentin. „Étude des paramètres abiotiques, biotiques et fonctionnels, et de leurs interactions dans des sols délaissés“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0015/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDue to industrial activities intensification, large surfaces of degraded soils, with low fertility and sometimes contamination, are derelict. In the context of land depletion and economic pressure, the rehabilitation of these derelict anthropogenic soils could be a key issue. However, these derelict soils needs to be better characterized before to consider their potential use. Soil quality studies rarely take into account the biodiversity and the biological functioning. Thus, the aim of this PhD work was to characterize derelict soils by considering their abiotic, biotic and functional parameters. To this end, six derelict strongly anthropogenic soils from north-eastern France, resulting from different industrial activities, were studied in situ and in laboratory. Several biotic components (bacteria, fungi, mesofauna, macrofauna and flora) were studied to have an almost complete approach of the soil biodiversity. Taxonomical and functional (trait-based approach) study of biodiversity was performed for fungi, meso- and macrofauna. Moreover, the in situ evolution over time of abiotic and biotic parameters was taken into account in one of the six studied derelict soils. Lastly, biotic interactions between a species of Collembola, of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and of herbaceous plant were studied in two derelict soils, in a growth chamber. We showed that derelict soils were characterized by a significant biodiversity, comparable case to case with other kinds of soils like forest, grassland or crop. Nevertheless, differences in terms of density, richness and taxonomical and functional structure community were observed between soils and depend on considered biotic group. These differences were notably linked with contrasting physico-chemical parameters between soils. Thus, a compost-amended constructed soil was the less disturbed among the six studied soils, in contrast with a heavy metal-contaminated constructed soil. We showed that abiotic parameters, notably biotic parameters, evolved quickly (within one year) in the metal-contaminated constructed soil. In the two derelict soils where interactions between Collembola and mycorrhizal fungi were studied, biotic interactions were affected by several parameters like soil volume, time of interaction, indigenous microflora presence etc. Finally, we have shown that these derelict soils support ecosystems services such as biodiversity reserve and could be functional, allowing potential re-use
Carvalho, Ana Luísa Pereira de. „Revegetation of abandoned copper mines: The role of seed banks and soil amendments“. Master's thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/25017.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTerras contaminadas, quer com poluentes orgânicos ou inorgânicos, são um problema muito comum. As áreas mineiras são uma das principais causas de entrada de metais pesados no ambiente, além de terem um forte impacto visual. A revegetação é o método mais eficaz para prevenir a erosão e a consequente disseminação de contaminantes para áreas circundantes. No entanto, o crescimento das plantas é condicionado por factores limitantes dos solos de mina tais como o baixo pH, a baixa fertilidade, o baixo teor de nutrientes, as elevadas concentrações de metais pesados e um banco de sementes reduzido para iniciar o processo de estabelecimento de plantas. Em muitos casos, para este estabelecimento ser bem-sucedido é necessário melhorar as propriedades físicas e químicas dos parâmetros do solo. Na mina de cobre de Touro (Galiza, Espanha), a nossa área de estudo, decorre um projecto de larga escala de alterações de solo com o uso de technosols, uma mistura de vários resíduos orgânicos, para melhorar as condições dos solos mineiros. Duas experiências foram realizadas. A primeira para avaliar o potencial de banco de sementes e o desenvolvimento destas em vários tipos de technosols comparativamente a um controlo fora da mina e ao solo de mina original. O número de plantas foi contado e as espécies identificadas. A segunda experiência foi realizada com solo de mina para avaliar o papel das alterações no solo, especificamente o aumento do conteúdo de nutrientes e pH, na performance de duas gramíneas e duas leguminosas em um estudo individual e em uma mistura de espécies. A altura e o número de folhas foram registados ao longo da experiência e a biomassa final determinada. Os solos de mina revelaram um potencial muito baixo para a germinação e crescimento de plantas, enquanto os technosols, em geral, facilitam a germinação e podem ter um bom impacto na revegetação. Lolium perenne parece ser a espécie com maior capacidade para suportar as condições adversas de solos de mina. O melhor melhoramento de solo para o crescimento das plantas nas quatro espécies testadas foi a mistura de solo de jardim com solo de mina original. Assim, não é suficiente aumentar o pH, é também necessário adicionar nutrientes para melhorar a germinação e o estabelecimento de plantas. Em conclusão, a principal razão pela qual as plantas não germinam nem se desenvolvem em solos de minas é o baixo pH e o baixo conteúdo em nutrientes e não tanto devido à não existência de um banco de sementes, tendo em conta que ao redor das áreas mineiras existe vegetação que pode constituir uma fonte de sementes para a área. O aumento do pH reduz a solubilidade dos metais pesados, mitigando um dos problemas associados aos solos de minas. Assim, para garantir e acelerar o estabelecimento de plantas nestes solos, as propriedades destes devem ser melhoradas. É também importante ter uma base de dados das espécies locais e mais comuns dos diferentes grupos funcionais para enriquecer a qualidade e quantidade do banco de sementes. As gramíneas, com o seu sistema de raízes altamente desenvolvido são importantes para estabilizar e reduzir a erosão do solo e as leguminosas, a longo prazo, enriquecem os solos com azoto, devido ao processo de fixação de azoto, preparando a entrada de espécies mais típicas de fases de sucessão ecológica tardia.
Lapierre, Esther. „Accumulation et translocation de cinq éléments traces dans la biomasse aérienne de végétaux d’intérêt dans un contexte de phytoremédiation“. Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21607.
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