Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Techniques de transmission“

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Techniques de transmission"

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Fliege, Norbert J. „Multicarrier transmission techniques“. Annales Des Télécommunications 52, Nr. 1-2 (Januar 1997): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03001043.

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Rajagopalan, S. K. „Digital Transmission Techniques“. IETE Journal of Education 33, Nr. 1 (Januar 1992): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09747338.1992.11436349.

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Gerstacker, Wolfgang, Fumiyuki Adachi, Hyung Myung und Rui Dinis. „Broadband single-carrier transmission techniques“. Physical Communication 8 (September 2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phycom.2013.05.003.

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Rani, Jansi J., S. Anusuya, B. Vidhya und Benedict M. Tephila. „A Study on Techniques of Underwater Optical Communication“. Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 16, Nr. 2 (01.02.2019): 525–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2019.7763.

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In recent years, the higher data rate and a higher degree of accuracy in transmissions have been achieved through wireless communication technology. The underwater communication is one of the trending technologies in wireless communication. The underwater data transmission is carried out by the acoustic waves which produce vibrations of sounds during its transmission. These vibrations have disturbed the creatures present underwater and additionally it may cause some noise. The results of many recent researches have concluded that the vibrations produced by the acoustic waves cause the disturbances in the earth plates and due to which the natural calamities like tsunami, earthquakes etc., have been occurring. The underwater communication is mostly used for military applications and for the transmission of sensitive information within the shortest distance of a particular area. The use of acoustic waves produces a low data rate and increased time delay. In addition to that, these waves are unreliable and complex due to multipath propagations in water. The acoustic waves employ modulation techniques like FSK, PSK and OFDM for the data transmission and consume more energy and power. So lately, the transmission of data in underwater is carried out by using the optical waves. ON–OFF keying technique is most commonly used modulation technique with attractive features such as high data rate, less delay, low power consumption, energy saving, and better accuracy than the other techniques.
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Yuan, Chunmiao, und Qingyong Yang. „A Survey on Video Transmission Techniques“. Open Electrical & Electronic Engineering Journal 8, Nr. 1 (31.12.2014): 397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874129001408010397.

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Common video transmission system includes the following work like video collection and encoding of sending end, network transmission and reception, decoding and analysis of receiving end. This paper mainly focuses on elaborating and concluding principles and related techniques involved in video transmission system, such as rate control, transmission control mechanism, video retrieval, intelligent video analysis and error processing of video etc. In conclusion, it points out existing problems of video transmission techniques at present and future development direction of the researches.
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Hoshino, Toshio. „Color figure production and transmission techniques.“ JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 40, Nr. 2 (1986): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.40.180.

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Cardoso, Filipe, Sven Petersson, Mauro Boldi, Shinji Mizuta, Guido Dietl, Rodolfo Torrea-Duran, Claude Desset, Jouko Leinonen und Luis Correia. „Energy efficient transmission techniques for LTE“. IEEE Communications Magazine 51, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2013): 182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2013.6619582.

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Jevtovic, Milojko, und Boban Pavlovic. „Analysis techniques for flow data transmission“. Vojnotehnicki glasnik, Nr. 1 (2006): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vojtehg0601059j.

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Santhoshkumar, S., und P. Ponmuthuramalingam. „A Message Transmission on WiMAX Techniques“. International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology 19, Nr. 6 (25.01.2015): 296–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22315381/ijett-v19p252.

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Hanker, J. S., und B. L. Giammara. „Basic techniques for transmission electron microscopy“. Micron and Microscopica Acta 18, Nr. 1 (Januar 1987): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0739-6260(87)90019-0.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Techniques de transmission"

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Tan, B. T. „Digital transmission using transform techniques“. Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384556.

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Qi, Yinan. „Single relay cooperative transmission/reception techniques“. Thesis, University of Surrey, 2009. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843759/.

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One of primary objectives of future wireless systems is to provide uniform high rate coverage. Essentially, a wireless system must take multipath fading, path loss and shadowing effect into consideration. In the pursuit of schemes that will provide a solution to these problems, various granular and distributed network architectures based on relaying techniques are emerging. In particular, three basic relaying schemes have been proposed including amplify-and-forward (AF), decode-and-forward (DF) and compress-and-forward (CF). This thesis has investigated the performance of various single-relaying schemes from the theoretical point of view and established a fundamental understanding of relay-assisted communication systems. An improved version of DF - Soft DF - has been evaluated through the derived upper bounds of Bit-Error-Rate (BER) and Block-Error-Rate (BLER). For the most complicated relaying scheme - CF, we proposed some novel techniques to efficiently improve its performance. Moreover, both theoretic and simulation results have shown that one single-relaying scheme cannot always outperform the others over all channel conditions. In this regard, the relaying schemes need to be deployed in a hybrid fashion to adapt to the current channel realization. We have provided two hybrid relaying schemes in this thesis and investigated the integration of the hybrid relaying schemes with hybrid retransmission protocols. The proposed integrated technique is named as H2-ARQ-Relaying schemes. Moreover, we have proposed two H2-ARQ-Relaying strategies that efficiently exploit a hybrid CF/DF forwarding scheme, where the relay, based on its decoding status, could dynamically switch between CF and DF and analyzed the performance analysis has been performed for both strategies mainly in terms of the obtained outage probabilities and throughputs. Considering the availability of Channel State Information (CSI) at the relay in practical implementations, we have proposed modified CF/DF-based H2-ARQ-Relaying strategies with limited CSI feedback accordingly.
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Marple, Steven Robert. „Improved error control techniques for data transmission“. Thesis, Lancaster University, 2000. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/8074/.

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Error control coding is frequently used to minimise the errors which occur naturally in the transmission and storage of digital data. Many methods for decoding such codes already exist. The choice falls mainly into two areas: hard-decision algebraic decoding, a computationally-efficient method, and soft-decision combinatorial decoding, which although more complex offers better error-correction. The work presented in this Thesis is intended to provide practical decoding algorithms which can be implemented in real systems. Soft-decision maximum-likelihood decoding of Reed-Solomon codes can be obtained by using the Viterbi algorithm over a suitable trellis. Two-stage decoding of Reed-Solomon codes is presented. It is an algorithm by which near-optimum performance may be achieved with a complexity lower than the Viterbi algorithm. The soft-output Viterbi algorithm (SOVA) has been investigated as a means of providing soft-decision information for subsequent decoders. Considerations of how to apply SOVA to multi-level codes are given. The use of SOVA in a satellite downlink channel is discussed. The results of a computer simulation, which showed a 1.8dB improvement in coding gain for only a 20% increase in decoding complexity, are presented. SOVA was also used to improve the decoding performance when applied to an RS product code. Several different decoding methods were evaluated, including cascade decoding, and a method where the row and columns were decoded alternately. A complexity measurement was developed which allows accurate comparisons of decoding complexity for trellis-based and algebraic decoders. With this technique the decoding complexity of all the algorithms implemented are compared. Also included in the comparison are the Euclidean and Berlekamp-Massey algorithms.
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Lee, Y. W. A. „Advanced optical techniques for high capacity transmission“. Thesis, Aston University, 2003. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/8001/.

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This thesis presents several advanced optical techniques that are crucial for improving high capacity transmission systems. The basic theory of optical fibre communications are introduced before optical solitons and their usage in optically amplified fibre systems are discussed. The design, operation, limitations and importance of the recirculating loop are illustrated. The crucial role of dispersion management in the transmission systems is then considered. Two of the most popular dispersion compensation methods - dispersion compensating fibres and fibre Bragg gratings - are emphasised. A tunable dispersion compensator is fabricated using the linear chirped fibre Bragg gratings and a bending rig. Results show that it is capable of compensating not only the second order dispersion, but also higher order dispersion. Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) are studied and discussed. Different dispersion maps are performed for all Raman amplified standard fibre link to obtain maximum transmission distances. Raman amplification is used in most of our loop experiments since it improves the optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) and significantly reduces the nonlinear intrachannel effects of the transmission systems. The main body of the experimental work is concerned with nonlinear optical switching using the nonlinear optical loop mirrors (NOLMs). A number of different types of optical loop mirrors are built, tested and implemented in the transmission systems for noise suppression and 2R regeneration. Their results show that for 2R regeneration, NOLM does improve system performance, while NILM degrades system performance due to its sensitivity to the input pulse width, and the NALM built is unstable and therefore affects system performance.
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Ramirez, Gutierrez Raymundo. „Transmission and detection techniques for MIMO systems“. Thesis, University of Leeds, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/8119/.

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It is well-known that Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) wireless systems are disposed by two conclusive goals: high data rate and high performance. This thesis is concerned with transmission and detection techniques of MIMO systems, particularly on Spatial Modulation (SM). SM is a lately developed transmission technique for multiple antenna systems. The idea behind SM is to map a block of information bits into two parts, carried separately by the index of the active transmitter and the symbol chosen from constellation points. All four transmission techniques presented in this thesis are based on the SM principle. The first system, called spatial phase shift keying (SPSK) modulation, follows the idea of SM but uses multiple active transmitters and it shows a gain of 2 dB over a transmission technique based on SM. Antenna beam pattern modulation (ABPM) is the second proposed technique. In this technique, the antenna beam patterns are utilised to transmit information. The contribution of this scheme is to improve the data rate utilizing different beam patterns in order to generate another dimension to the constellation diagram. Optimization of the beam pattern design results in improved system performance. In addition to all the benefits of ABPM at the transmission design, a sub-optimal detection method based on lattice reduction (LR) is used to reduce the computational complexity in comparison to the optimal maximum likelihood (ML) method. The aim of this proposed sub-optimal detection method (LR) is to achieve performance similar to that of the ML scheme at affordable complexity. ABPM shows a gain of more than 2 dB over transmission techniques based on SM. The third scheme is called antenna pattern shift keying (APSK) modulation. This scheme combines the idea of SPSK and ABPM because the antenna beam patterns and the indices of the active transmitters carry the symbol chosen from a constellation diagram. APSK improves the data rate and the overall system performance. APSK has similar performance as a spatial multiplexing scheme but APSK reduces the number of RF chains and it has a gain of 3.5 dB in comparison to that of a technique based on SM. The last scheme included in this thesis, is a precoder technique based on LR. This novel LR pre-coder is applied to the generalised pre-coding aided spatial modulation (GPSM) scheme to improve the system’s performance and it shows a gain of more than 1 dB over the traditional GPSM. Additionally, a suboptimal detector scheme is proposed to achieve performance similar to that of the ML detector but with lower complexity. Using that in combination with the LR pre-coding technique means that the performance of the GPSM scheme is preserved with a much lower detection complexity.
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Taylor, Alistair James Eden. „Techniques for power system simulation using multiple processors“. Thesis, Durham University, 1990. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5963/.

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The thesis describes development work which was undertaken to improve the speed of a real-time power system simulator used for the development and testing of control schemes. The solution of large, highly sparse matrices was targeted because this is the most time-consuming part of the current simulator. Major improvements in the speed of the matrix ordering phase of the solution were achieved through the development of a new ordering strategy. This was thoroughly investigated, and is shown to provide important additional improvements compared to standard ordering methods, in reducing path length and minimising potential pipeline stalls. Alterations were made to the remainder of the solution process which provided more flexibility in scheduling calculations. This was used to dramatically ease the run-time generation of efficient code, dedicated to the solution of one matrix structure, and also to reduce memory requirements. A survey of the available microprocessors was performed, which concluded that a special-purpose design could best implement the code generated at run-time, and a design was produced using a microprogrammable floating-point processor, which matched the code produced by the earlier work. A method of splitting the matrix solution onto parallel processors was investigated, and two methods of producing network splits were developed and their results compared. The best results from each method were found to agree well, with a predicted three-fold speed-up for the matrix solution of the C.E.G.B. transmission system from the use of six processors. This gain will increase for the whole simulator. A parallel processing topology of the partitioned network and produce the necessary structures for the remainder of the solution process.
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Kempson, C. N. „Statistical techniques for digital modulation recognition“. Thesis, Cranfield University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.277938.

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Automatic modulation recognition is an important part of communications electronic monitoring and surveillance systems where it is used for signal sorting and receiver switching. ' This thesis introduces a novel application of multivariate statistical techniques to the problem of automatic modulation classification. The classification technique uses modulation features derived from time-domain parameters of instantaneous signal envelope, frequency and phase. Principal component analysis (PCA) is employed for data reduction and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) is used to investigate the data and to construct a discriminant function to enable the classification of modulation type. MANOVA is shown to offer advantages over the techniques already used for modulation recognition, even when simple features are used. The technique is used to construct a universal discriminator which is independent of the unknown signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the received signal. The universal discriminator is shown to extend the range of signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) over which discrimination is possible, being effective over an SNR range of 0-4OdB. Development of discriminant functions using MANOVA is shown to be an extensible technique, capable of application to more complex problems. i
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Bejile, Brian. „Bi-level lossless compression techniques“. Diss., Connect to the thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/1481.

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Thornton, Louise. „Error robust coding techniques for mobile video transmission“. Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248727.

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VALE, EDUARDO RODRIGUES. „TECHNIQUES FOR VOICE TRANSMISSION IMPROVEMENT IN UMTS SYSTEMS“. PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2006. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=8933@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
A partir da necessidade do transporte de informação multimídia, foram desenvolvidos os Sistemas Celulares de Terceira Geração, ainda em fase de padronização, cujo candidato mais promissor é o UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System). De forma consonante com a tendência mundial de utilização crescente da tecnologia IP (Internet Protocol) nas redes fixas, o UMTS veio a incorporar este protocolo, que apresenta uma maior flexibilidade para a introdução de novos serviços. Assim, na arquitetura do UMTS existem atualmente dois modos de transmissão, a Comutação de Circuitos e a Comutação de Pacotes. Esta Tese de Doutorado descreve, inicialmente, os processos de estabelecimento de chamadas de voz no UMTS, tanto na modalidade de Comutação de Circuitos como na de Comutação de Pacotes. Em seguida, procura fazer uma avaliação comparativa da eficiência na execução de chamadas de voz nestas duas modalidades, com ênfase de aplicação no sentido uplink de transmissão. Neste processo, são desenvolvidas várias formas de otimização de desempenho da transmissão na interface aérea do UMTS, em particular na Comutação de Pacotes, visando tornar este modo de transmissão competitivo com o modo de Comutação de Circuitos em termos de eficiência na transmissão de voz. Embora o tratamento aqui apresentado se refira ao UMTS-FDD (UMTS Frequency Division Duplex), as técnicas aqui desenvolvidas também encontram aplicação em outros Sistemas Celulares de Terceira Geração congêneres, tal como o CDMA 2000.
With the advent of multimedia traffic, Third Generation mobile systems were introduced, with the UMTS as the most promissor candidate. In consonance with the global trend of utilization of the IP technology in fixed networks, the UMTS developers decided to incorporate this protocol, which presents more facilities for the introduction of new services. Therefore, the UMTS architecture has two transmission modes: Circuit Switching and Packet Switching Modes. This Doctoral Dissertation initially describes the call setup processes (call flows) for those transmission modes. It follows a comparative evaluation of the efficiency aspect related to calls executed in both modes, considering the case of uplink transmission. In this process, several optimization techniques are introduced, aiming at the improvement of energy consumption in the air interface. The final objetive is to turn the Packet Switching Mode competitive with the Circuit Switching Mode, relative to the energy consumed for the transmission of voice calls. Though the treatment here presented refers to the UMTS-FDD technology, all the results are equally applicable to other similar systems, like the CDMA- 2000.
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Bücher zum Thema "Techniques de transmission"

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Gi Lee, Byeong, und Seok Chang Kim. Scrambling Techniques for Digital Transmission. London: Springer London, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3231-8.

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1964-, Kim Seok Chang, Hrsg. Scrambling techniques for digital transmission. London: Springer-Verlag, 1994.

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Lee, Byeong. Scrambling Techniques for Digital Transmission. London: Springer London, 1994.

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Blair, Robin. Digital techniques in broadcasting transmission. Boston: Focal Press, 2002.

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Hayat, M. A. Basic techniques for transmission electron microscopy. Orlando: Academic Press, 1985.

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Basic techniques for transmission electron microscopy. Orlando: Academic Press, 1986.

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Steward, D. D. Digital telephony transmission. Chelmsford: Essex Institute of Higher Education, 1985.

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Rainer, Martin, Heute Ulrich und Antweiler Christiane, Hrsg. Advances in digital speech transmission. Chichester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons, 2008.

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Faria, J. A. Brandão. Multiconductor transmission-line structures: Modal analysis techniques. New York: Wiley, 1993.

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Coben, Robert. Neurofeedback and neuromodulation techniques and applications. London: Academic, 2011.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Techniques de transmission"

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Ilčev, Stojče Dimov. „Transmission Techniques“. In Global Mobile Satellite Communications Theory, 189–300. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39171-7_3.

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Guimarães, Dayan Adionel. „Wideband Transmission Techniques“. In Digital Transmission, 585–687. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01359-1_7.

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Bengtsson, Lars. „Transmission Lines“. In Electrical Measurement Techniques, 85–109. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8187-8_5.

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Williams, David B., und C. Barry Carter. „Other Imaging Techniques“. In Transmission Electron Microscopy, 511–32. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-76501-3_29.

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Williams, David B., und C. Barry Carter. „Other Imaging Techniques“. In Transmission Electron Microscopy, 529–49. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2519-3_31.

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Smith, David R. „Digital Modulation Techniques“. In Digital Transmission Systems, 239–82. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1185-1_6.

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Smith, David R. „Digital Modulation Techniques“. In Digital Transmission Systems, 363–436. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8933-8_6.

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Ardakani, M., G. Colavolpe, K. Dostert, H. C. Ferreira, D. Fertonani, T. G. Swart, A. M. Tonello, D. Umehara und A. J. H. Vinck. „Digital Transmission Techniques“. In Power Line Communications, 195–310. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470661291.ch5.

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André, Paulo, Cristina Arellano, Carlos Bock, Francesc Bonada, Philippe Chanclou, Josep M. Fàbrega, Naveena Genay et al. „Enhanced Transmission Techniques“. In Next-Generation FTTH Passive Optical Networks, 65–109. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8470-6_4.

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Dostert, K., M. Girotto, L. Lampe, R. Raheli, D. Rieken, T. G. Swart, A. M. Tonello, A. J. H. Vinck und S. Weiss. „Digital Transmission Techniques“. In Power Line Communications, 261–385. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118676684.ch5.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Techniques de transmission"

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Sharma, Ankit, und Manisha J. Nene. „Qubit Transmission Techniques“. In 2021 International Conference on Intelligent Technologies (CONIT). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/conit51480.2021.9498406.

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Vasile, Irina B., Luminita E. Filip und Alexandru Vasile. „Optical transmission techniques“. In SPIE Proceedings, herausgegeben von Ovidiu Iancu, Adrian Manea, Paul Schiopu und Dan Cojoc. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.639771.

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Miller, M. F., A. K. Pandey und R. E. Randle. „Corrosion Detection Techniques for Buried Steel Components“. In Electrical Transmission Conference 2006. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40790(218)24.

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NOSU, KIYOSHI, und KATSUSHI IWASHITA. „Coherent FDM transmission techniques“. In Optical Fiber Communication Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ofc.1987.tug2.

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DARCIE, T. E. „Lightwave analog video transmission techniques“. In Optical Fiber Communication Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ofc.1990.wh1.

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Salsi, Massimiliano. „Techniques for Subsea Transmission Systems“. In Optical Fiber Communication Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ofc.2021.m3i.3.

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Bowles, Gary E., und Blaine Thibodeaux. „Survey Techniques Used to Rate Transmission Lines“. In Electrical Transmission in a New Age Conference. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40642(253)43.

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Ong, Choo Keong, Shen-en Chen, Colby Galloway, Charles Munden und Dennis Mize. „Innovative Application of Geophysical Techniques for Design of Direct-Embedded Pole Structures“. In Electrical Transmission Conference 2006. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40790(218)19.

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Mohajer, Soheil, Suhas N. Diggavi, Christina Fragouli und David Tse. „Transmission techniques for relay-interference networks“. In 2008 46th Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/allerton.2008.4797595.

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AIT SAB, Omar. „FEC techniques in submarine transmission systems“. In Optical Fiber Communication Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ofc.2001.tuf1.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Techniques de transmission"

1

Schilling, Donald L., Tarek Saadawi und Daniel L. Walk. Transmission Techniques Tactical Switched Network Services. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, Juni 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada296443.

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2

Seamans, Thomas, und Allen Gosser. Bird dispersal techniques. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, August 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7207730.ws.

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Conflicts between humans and birds likely have existed since agricultural practices began. Paintings from ancient Greek, Egyptian, and Roman civilizations depict birds attacking crops. In Great Britain, recording of efforts at reducing bird damage began in the 1400s, with books on bird control written in the 1600s. Even so, the problem persists. Avian damage to crops remains an issue today, but we also are concerned with damage to homes, businesses, and aircraft, and the possibility of disease transmission from birds to humans or livestock. Bird dispersal techniques are a vital part of safely and efficiently reducing bird conflicts with humans. The bird must perceive a technique as a threat if it is to be effective. No single technique can solve all bird conflicts, but an integrated use of multiple techniques, each enhancing the other, generally provides relief.
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3

Ali, M. A., S. A. Ahmed und L. Roytman. Novel Multiplexing Techniques for High-Speed Optical Transmission Systems Using Optical Amplifiers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, Mai 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada325673.

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4

Bolgert, Peter J. A Comparison of Image Quality Evaluation Techniques for Transmission X-Ray Microscopy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1049731.

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5

Gray. L51594 Review Pipe Integrity--Stress State Measurement Techniques. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), April 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010566.

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Presents a state-of-the-art review of the technologies available for stress measurement in buried pipelines and recommendations regarding further development of such technologies appearing to have favorable application for natural gas transmission service. The technologies are grouped in terms of internal inspection devices, devices requiring external access to the pipe, and those that may be inserted from the ground on the pipeline right of way.
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6

Kumar, T. M. Manoz, Mohan Gangadurai, Vinayak Kathare und V. Pattabiraman. Optimization of a Manual Transmission Gear Ratios for a Small Cargo Carrier using Statistics-Based Simulation Techniques. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, Oktober 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-32-0001.

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Henderson, A. PR-273-07202-R01 Gas Turbine Driven Compressor Station Efficiency Improvement Study. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), August 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011005.

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8

Clyde, Greiner Woodward. L51818 Microtunneling Design Guidelines for the Gas Transmission Industry. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), Mai 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010297.

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Microtunneling is an underground method of constructing pipelines using a sophisticated, remotely controlled, laser guided, steerable boring machine to install a pipe or casing using pipe jacking techniques. The line can either be installed directly by microtunneling or it can be installed inside a casing that is installed using microtunneling methods. This report discusses the following key topics relative to the design of a pipeline to be installed using microtunneling methods: Microtunneling methods and equipment. Case histories of similar pipelines installed using microtunneling methods. Project planning considerations. Geotechnical investigation and laboratory testing recommendations. Microtunneling design considerations. Design criteria for casings and jacking pipes. Shaft design considerations for jacking and receiving pits. Contract documents and contracting approaches. Guidelines for developing preliminary construction cost estimates. Recommendations for construction monitoring. This report contains comprehensive design guidelines in sufficient detail to address the design considerations typically involved with a routine microtunneling project. Use of these guidelines will result in the most cost effective microtunneling design and minimize costs and risks to your microtunneling project. The numerous references cited should be consulted for additional information when needed.
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Bruce. L51642 Field Nondestructive Examination of ERW Pipe Seams. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), Juni 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010587.

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Electric resistance welded (ERW) pipe has been used in the natural gas transmission industry for many years. The Department of Transportation (DOT) has recently expressed interest in the integrity of the weld seam in pipelines made from ERW pipe that was manufactured prior to 1970. Specifically, the DOT has requested that natural gas transmission and hazardous liquid pipeline operators determine whether or not their pipelines that meet this description require hydrostatic proof testing. The initial concern from the DOT was for seam weld selective corrosion, although reference has since been made to growth of manufacturing discontinuities in the ERW seam. Early ERW pipe was manufactured using either direct current or low-frequency alternating current, processes that were prone to producing incomplete fusion discontinuities. These discontinuities (also referred to as cold welds, penetrators, etc.), if present in a pipeline, can grow under normal service or under upset operating conditions resulting in leaks or ruptures. There exists a need for a method that a pipeline operator could use to demonstrate the integrity of pipelines that were made from this older ERW pipe other than hydrostatic testing, which is expensive and potentially harmful to pipeline integrity. The use of a nondestructive-examination (NDE) technique would enable an operator to sample the integrity of a suspect pipeline during other routine in-service maintenance operations without the need for hydrostatic testing. The detection of incomplete fusion discontinuities is difficult if not impossible with conventional NDE techniques. The intimate mechanical contact between compressed surfaces causes a small amount of reflection and a large amount of transmission of ultrasonic signals. Recently however, several ultrasonic techniques have been introduced to study these types of discontinuities in resistance spot welds and inertia friction welds. These new techniques are based on ultrasonic spectroscopy, that is, the frequency dependence of the various ultrasonic interfacial parameters. These parameters include reflection and transmission coefficients and the frequency dependence of ultrasonic volumetric parameters (e.g., velocity and attenuation).
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Alexander, Chris. PR652-184505-R01 Evaluating Installation Techniques for Pipeline Repair Methods. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), Februar 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012029.

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A testing program was conducted to evaluate the effects of internal pressure during the installation of composite and steel sleeves repair systems on pipelines with plain dents. The testing program included cyclic pressure testing a group of 12.75-inch OD x 0.188-inch WT, Grade X42 pipe samples with plain dents having residual dent depths on the order of 3% to 4% of the pipe's outside diameter. The dent samples were repaired using four (4) different composite repair systems, type-A steel sleeves, and steel thermal compression sleeves. The composite repair systems included a carbon fiber wet-layup, an E-glass wet-layup, a system with precured plies, and a hybrid composite-steel repair system. To determine the effect internal pressure has on repair installation for dents, all repairs were installed with an internal pressure of 64% SMYS (793 psig) in the pipe sample. The dent samples were then pressure cycled between 8 - 80% SMSY ( and Delta;P = 900 psig) until failure or reaching the runout condition of 250,000 cycles. Only three (3) out of the fourteen (14) repaired dents reached the 250,000 pressure cycle runout condition and these samples were all repaired using steel sleeves. The maximum number of cycles reached by any composite repair was approximately 200,000 cycles while the least number of cycles reached was approximately 24,000 cycles. In addition to the dent repairs, two (2) 12.75-inch OD x 0.375-inch WT, Grade X42 pipe samples with a 6-inch x 8-inch corrosion defect were repaired with an E-glass wet-layup. These two (2) samples were a continuation of a previous study that investigated the effects of a 50% SMYS (1,235 psig) installation pressure on the fatigue performance of corrosion repairs. Both samples reached the runout condition of 250,000 cycles. The body of work is seminal in that it is the first time that industry was evaluated a wide range of repair technologies to determine the effects of pressure during installation in reinforcing plain dents. It has been speculated for some time that internal pressure present during installation of composite repair technologies has an impact on fatigue performance. Although corrosion features do not appear to be a concern, the reinforcement of dents with internal pressure requires careful consideration. Because gas transmission pipelines do not experience aggressive pressure cycling, the effects of pressure present during installation are not a major concern. However, liquid transmission pipeline operators should be cognizant of the pressure effects and respond accordingly. Namely, pressure should be reduced during installation as much as possible.
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