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Andrieu, Bernard. „Disparition du sujet dans son corps“. Figures de l'Art. Revue d'études esthétiques 4, Nr. 1 (1999): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/fdart.1999.1188.
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Le corps est devenu le moyen pour le sujet de trouver son identité. La fin des utopies collectives aura rabattu le sujet sur une économie et une esthétique de la surface et de la profondeur. Le retour en Occident des techniques de percement et de tatouage n’ est pas seulement un goût exotique du tribalisme. Il indique la naissance de nouveaux modes d’incarnation du corps. Mais cette incarnation novatrice est attaquée par les penseurs du déchantement qui ne cessent d’annoncer la disparition du sujet.
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Neatrour, Matthew A., Robert H. Jones und Stephen W. Golladay. „Assessment of Nutrient Limitation in Floodplain Forests with Two Different Techniques“. Research Letters in Ecology 2008 (2008): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/260754.
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We assessed nitrogen and phosphorus limitation in a floodplain forest in southern Georgia in USA using two commonly used methods: nitrogen to phosphorus (N:P) ratios in litterfall and fertilized ingrowth cores. We measured nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in litterfall to determine N:P mass ratios. We also installed ingrowth cores within each site containing native soil amended with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), or nitrogen and phosphorus (N + P) fertilizers or without added fertilizer (C). Litter N:P ratios ranged from 16 to 22, suggesting P limitation. However, fertilized ingrowth cores indicated N limitation because fine-root length density was greater in cores fertilized with N or N + P than in those fertilized with P or without added fertilizer. We feel that these two methods of assessing nutrient limitation should be corroborated with fertilization trials prior to use on a wider basis.
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Monette, Julie, und France Gravelle. „Perspectivas y retos de la relación pedagógica en la enseñanza a distancia: Resumen de la tesis de máster de Monette (2022)“. Médiations et médiatisations, Nr. 17 (22.04.2024): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.52358/mm.vi17.405.
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Cette note de lecture résume les principales conclusions d’un mémoire de maîtrise portant sur la relation pédagogique en formation à distance (FAD). Les résultats de cette recherche démontrent qu’en contexte de FAD, bien que plus de la moitié du corps enseignant (n = 73) considère la relation comme satisfaisante, la majorité estime que la distance impacte négativement cette dynamique. Confrontées aux défis liés à la distance physique ou aux limitations techniques, les personnes enseignantes déploient diverses stratégies innovantes pour favoriser un climat de classe positif, une présence accrue et une qualité relationnelle optimale. Les résultats de cette recherche soulèvent des questions sur la FAD, soulignant l’importance d’ajuster les pratiques éducatives tout en préservant la qualité de la relation pédagogique.
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Fang, Qizhi, und Shanfeng Zhu. „LINEAR AND INTEGER PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES FOR COOPERATIVE GAMES“. International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 13, Nr. 05 (Oktober 2002): 653–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054102001357.
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Let Γ = (N, v) be a cooperative game with the player set N and value function v : 2N → R. A solution of the game is in the core if no subset of players could gain advantage by breaking away from the grand coalition of all players. This paper surveys theoretical results on the cores for some cooperative game models. These results proved that the linear program duality characterization of the core is a very powerful tool. We will focus on linear and integer programming techniques applied in this area.
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Garnier, Marie. „Correcting erroneous N+N structures in the productions of French users of English“. EuroCALL Review 20, Nr. 1 (22.03.2012): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/eurocall.2012.16050.
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This article presents the preliminary steps to the implementation of detection and correction strategies for the erroneous use of N+N structures in the written productions of French-speaking advanced users of English. This research is carried out as part of the grammar checking project CorrecTools, in which errors are detected and corrected using linguistic-based NLP techniques. We use information from comprehensive and student grammars as well as the results of linguistic research in order to identify a set of constraints on the formation of N+N structures. We use these constraints to propose a classification of the N+N errors found in our corpus and design detection and correction strategies for each error type.
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De Giovanni, Cosimo. „Le palimpseste collocationnel : mécanismes productifs de formation des collocations métaphoriques V + N“. NEO 32 (23.12.2020): 210–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/neo.2020.32.12.
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In this article we argue in favor of a useful model to explain the productive mechanisms of formation of verb + noun metaphorical collocations. We postulate that verbo-nominal collocations, relating to human activities and relating to the fields of techniques, crafts, art and manufactures constitute a model for the metaphorical collocations. We will apply our model to metaphorical collocations with the French verb forger. For the application of our model, a corpus analysis will be necessary.
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Reddy, V. Mohan, John R. Liddicoat, Doff B. McElhinney, Michael M. Brook, Jacques A. M. van Son und Frank L. Hanley. „Biventricular repair of lesions with straddling tricuspid valves using techniques of cordal translocation and realignment“. Cardiology in the Young 7, Nr. 2 (April 1997): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951100009380.
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AbstractSurgical Management of straddling tricuspid valve and associated defects is a complex problem. Between August 1992 and August 1995, 5 patients with major straddling of the tricuspid valve underwent a complete or partial biventricular repair. All patients had either an inlet ventricular septal defect (n=4) or a ventricular septal defect with an inlet component (n=1), Co-existing cardiac lesions included hypoplasia of the right ventricle (n=3), discordant ventriculoarterial connections (n=1), tetralogy of Fallot (n=1), and multiple muscular vetricular septal defects (n=2). At the time of presentation to our institution, two of these patients had previously been palliated in preparation for a Fontan procedure, having undergone construction of a bidirectional superior cavopulmonary shunt. One patient was referred specifically for a Fontan procedure. The tricuspid valve was repaired by transecting all of the straddling cords and reattaching them in the right ventricle or onto the right side of the patch used to close the ventricular septal defect. Associated procedures included closure of the septum in all patients, an arterial switch procedure in one, repair of tetralogy of Fallot in one, and construction of a bidirectional superior cavopulmonary shunt in one. There has been no early or late mortality. Complete heart block requiring insertion of a pacemaker occurred after surgery in three patients. At a median follow-up of 32 months, functional integrity of the tricuspid valve is well maintained, with only one patient having moderate tricuspid regurgitation. None of the patients are receiving any cardiac medication.
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Bednarek, Monika. „Analysing intra-textual patterns in corpus-assisted discourse studies“. Journal of Corpora and Discourse Studies 7 (27.05.2024): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18573/jcads.113.
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Many corpus-based discourse analysts are interested in linguistic patterns that hold across the texts in their corpus. In such corpus-based studies, relatively little attention is given to ‘intra-textual’ patterns or discourse organisation/text structure. For example, a standard practice in corpus-assisted discourse studies is to generate lists of word frequencies, keywords, collocates, and n-grams on the basis of total word frequencies in the corpus, without analysing how these words are used to structure texts or conversations. In this commentary, I reflect on this issue, and introduce selected techniques for integrating analysis of text structure/discourse organisation in corpus-assisted discourse studies, including the analysis of dispersion/concordance plots in media data, the use of clusters/n-grams across sentence breaks in conversational data, and the repurposing of parallel concordances for analysing Twitter posts and responses to them.
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Fiestas, Jose A., und Rainer Spurzem. „Dynamics of Black Holes in Rotating Cores“. Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 5, S267 (August 2009): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921310006587.
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We study the dynamical interaction between stars surrounding black holes in self-gravitating galaxy cores by using realistic N-body techniques, calibrated by Fokker–Planck approximated models (Fiestas, Spurzem, & Kim 2006). We study the evolution over the relaxation time (collisional nuclei) of non-spherical (triaxial) models as flattening of the system due to rotation is allowed. We follow the interplay between velocity diffusion due to relaxation and black hole star accretion and study accretion rates and cusp formation in spherically symmetric and axisymmetric models.
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Αηδονά, Ε., Δ. Κοντοπούλου und R. Scholger. „RE-ORIENTANTION METHODS OF CORE SAMPLES: IMPLICATIONS TO SEDIMENT CORES FROM N. GREECE“. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 36, Nr. 3 (01.01.2004): 1194. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16462.
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The different methods of re-orientation of core samples are discussed in the present study. In order to obtain results from core samples concerning the direction of the formation, their permeability and their anisotropy, it is essential first to bring all the pieces of the core into their initial position with regard to the North and to the horizontal (in-situ). In this study we emphasize particularly to the palaeomagnetic technique. This re-orientation method uses the magnetic components of the rocks (especially the viscous component) in order to determine the direction with regard to the North (declination). Also, the anisotropy method which helps us to correct the angle to the horizontal (inclination) is described here. Finally we applied the last two methods in non-oriented core samples from N. Greece and the significant importance of the re-orientation techniques to the palaeomagnetic studies is shown.
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Zalfa Mulyawati, Hanna, und Wika Soviana Devi. „KONFLIK BATIN PERAN UTAMA DALAM NASKAH DRAMA SAMPEK ENGTAY KARYA N. RIANTIARNO KAJIAN PSIKOLOGI SASTRA“. Matapena: Jurnal Keilmuan Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya 5, Nr. 2 (21.12.2022): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36815/matapena.v5i02.1902.
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This study aims to describe the inner conflict in the main role of Engtay, in the drama script Sampek Engtay by N. Riantiarno using Sigmund Freud's Theory. The method used is a qualitative descriptive research method. The data used in this study are dialogue sentences, monologues delivered by the main character in the drama, data collection techniques using library techniques and using corpus data tables. From the results of this study, there are several forms of inner conflict experienced by the main character, including pain, disappointment, confusion, anxiety, failure. These factors cause the main character's inner conflict with Raden Mas Darmaji as his father, Ray Retno as his mother and Sampek. There are three styles used by the main character in overcoming inner conflicts, namely the fox style, the mouse deer style, and the turtle style. Keywords: Main Character, Inner Conflict, Literary Psychology, Drama, Sampek Engtay
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Sharan. „Prediction of Next Word in Balochi Language Using N-gram Model“. Sukkur IBA Journal of Computing and Mathematical Sciences 7, Nr. 2 (16.05.2024): 48–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.30537/sjcms.v7i2.1273.
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Balochi Language is among the oldest languages, spoken by approximately 10 million people worldwide. The Balochi language has been spoken for a very long period. In comparison to other languages like English, Urdu, French etc. it has a research gap in Natural language processing (NLP). The next word prediction system is one of the techniques of NLP for suggesting standardization and corpus collection. This research aims to provide a next-word prediction system and a corpus with no ambiguity for the Balochi language. N-gram model for the next word prediction has been utilized, i.e. Unigram, Bigram, Trigram, Quad-gram, and so on. A trained model has been embedded in an application after being evaluated extrinsically and intrinsically. It plays a crucial role in typing through a keyboard and helps users to type faster. Additionally, it helps native users to have fewer typing errors in less time. The results of the research show that Five-gram model has the highest performance of 93% while Quad-gram model has 80% and Trigram model has 76% respectively.
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Yamamoto, Mikio, und Kenneth W. Church. „Using Suffix Arrays to Compute Term Frequency and Document Frequency for All Substrings in a Corpus“. Computational Linguistics 27, Nr. 1 (März 2001): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089120101300346787.
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Bigrams and trigrams are commonly used in statistical natural language processing; this paper will describe techniques for working with much longer n-grams. Suffix arrays (Manber and Myers 1990) were first introduced to compute the frequency and location of a substring (n-gram) in a sequence (corpus) of length N. To compute frequencies over all N(N+1)/2 substrings in a corpus, the substrings are grouped into a manageable number of equivalence classes. In this way, a prohibitive computation over substrings is reduced to a manageable computation over classes. This paper presents both the algorithms and the code that were used to compute term frequency (tf) and document frequency (df) for all n-grams in two large corpora, an English corpus of 50 million words of Wall Street Journal and a Japanese corpus of 216 million characters of Mainichi Shimbun. The second half of the paper uses these frequencies to find “interesting” substrings. Lexicographers have been interested in n-grams with high mutual information (MI) where the joint term frequency is higher than what would be expected by chance, assuming that the parts of the n-gram combine independently. Residual inverse document frequency (RIDF) compares document frequency to another model of chance where terms with a particular term frequency are distributed randomly throughout the collection. MI tends to pick out phrases with noncompositional semantics (which often violate the independence assumption) whereas RIDF tends to highlight technical terminology, names, and good keywords for information retrieval (which tend to exhibit nonrandom distributions over documents). The combination of both MI and RIDF is better than either by itself in a Japanese word extraction task.
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Khateeb, Ahmad Al, und Sultan Almujaiwel. „Communicative Activities in Saudi EFL Textbooks: A Corpus-driven Analysis“. Journal of Language Teaching and Research 9, Nr. 6 (01.11.2018): 1301. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0906.20.
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This paper investigates the speaking and communication tasks in EFL textbooks in Saudi Arabia by means of corpus analysis. This analysis explores the extent to which the speaking tasks provided in Saudi EFL textbooks are communicatively incompetent, and is important due to the unsatisfactory, limited levels achieved by many learners of English at most educational stages, specifically primary, intermediate, and secondary. The reason for the poor oral skills among many EFL learners is due to the absence of authentic language learning tasks in a wide range of situations. The techniques used to detect the range of communicative tasks are based on sketching and retrieving the n-grams of in pairs and the verbal collocates say, talk, tell, ask, and discuss in a span of n = 2 ≤ ≥ 2. The experimental analysis driven from the intended textbooks shows that speaking tasks lack reasonable distributions of everyday communication examples and speaking/communicative situations.
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Khanbhai, Mustafa, Patrick Anyadi, Joshua Symons, Kelsey Flott, Ara Darzi und Erik Mayer. „Applying natural language processing and machine learning techniques to patient experience feedback: a systematic review“. BMJ Health & Care Informatics 28, Nr. 1 (März 2021): e100262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjhci-2020-100262.
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ObjectivesUnstructured free-text patient feedback contains rich information, and analysing these data manually would require a lot of personnel resources which are not available in most healthcare organisations.To undertake a systematic review of the literature on the use of natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML) to process and analyse free-text patient experience data.MethodsDatabases were systematically searched to identify articles published between January 2000 and December 2019 examining NLP to analyse free-text patient feedback. Due to the heterogeneous nature of the studies, a narrative synthesis was deemed most appropriate. Data related to the study purpose, corpus, methodology, performance metrics and indicators of quality were recorded.ResultsNineteen articles were included. The majority (80%) of studies applied language analysis techniques on patient feedback from social media sites (unsolicited) followed by structured surveys (solicited). Supervised learning was frequently used (n=9), followed by unsupervised (n=6) and semisupervised (n=3). Comments extracted from social media were analysed using an unsupervised approach, and free-text comments held within structured surveys were analysed using a supervised approach. Reported performance metrics included the precision, recall and F-measure, with support vector machine and Naïve Bayes being the best performing ML classifiers.ConclusionNLP and ML have emerged as an important tool for processing unstructured free text. Both supervised and unsupervised approaches have their role depending on the data source. With the advancement of data analysis tools, these techniques may be useful to healthcare organisations to generate insight from the volumes of unstructured free-text data.
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Yoshioka, Motoi, Takuji Okumura, Katsumi Aida und Yoshihiro Fujise. „A proposed technique for quantifying muscle progesterone content in minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)“. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, Nr. 2 (01.02.1994): 368–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-051.
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We have developed a new technique for the quantitative extraction of progesterone from very small pieces of muscle tissue of minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) post mortem. Ethanol extracts of approximately 0.5 g of tissue contained, on average, 15.3 ng/g progesterone in the case of pregnant females (SD = 12.7, n = 9) and 0.32 ng/g progesterone in the case of immature females (SD = 0.03, n = 9). Differences in muscle progesterone levels between females in the two reproductive states were significant, as has been previously reported also for serum levels. Our technique is expected to be applicable in the near future to the determination of the presence or absence of the corpus luteum in the ovaries and the reproductive status of free-ranging female whales, provided that sampling techniques for muscle biopsies are developed.
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Welch, Harold E., Martin A. Bergmann, John K. Jorgenson und William Burton. „A Subice Suction Corer for Sampling Epontic Ice Algae“. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45, Nr. 3 (01.03.1988): 562–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f88-067.
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Standard SIPRE coring was compared with a new Subice Suction Corer and cores taken by diver for the quantitative assessment of epontic (subice) algae on first-year congelation sea ice at Resolute, N.W.T., Canada (≈75°N). The diver cores were probably most accurate but were slow and costly. SIPRE coring was as good as other techniques in late winter and early spring but gave progressively poorer (under) estimates as the season progressed, with up to 90% of the ice algae being lost from SIPRE cores by June. The Subice Suction Corer was fast, easy to operate, cheap, and gave results comparable with samples obtained by diving. Sources of error are discussed.
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Kusuma, Anggasta Tirta Adi, und Chanifah I. Ratnasari. „COMPARISON OF SPELL CORRECTION IN BAHASA INDONESIA: PETER NORVIG, LSTM, AND N-GRAM“. JIKO (Jurnal Informatika dan Komputer) 6, Nr. 3 (20.12.2023): 214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33387/jiko.v6i3.7072.
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This study conducts a comprehensive comparison of spell-checking methods in Bahasa Indonesia, specifically focusing on three approaches: Peter Norvig's method, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and N-gram. The primary metric for evaluation is the accuracy in correcting spelling errors. Notably, Peter Norvig's method outperforms the others, with N-gram following closely, and LSTM trailing behind. The study draws valuable insights that contribute to the enhancement of spelling correction accuracy in the Bahasa Indonesia language. To carry out the evaluation, the research employs SPECIL data (Spell Error Corpus for Indonesian Language), which includes documents with various error types such as insertion, deletion, transposition, and substitution. The testing dataset consists of 150 words, aligning with the 150-word corpus references from the 'Leipzig Corpora Collection' used for Peter Norvig's and N-gram methods. It's noteworthy that the LSTM method utilizes a reference dataset from SPECIL, comprising 150 data points and specifically focusing on insertion errors for the test data. This research provides valuable insights for researchers, developers, and language technology enthusiasts seeking to refine spell-checking techniques for the Bahasa Indonesia language. By leveraging diverse error types and a standardized testing dataset, the study aims to contribute to the continual improvement of spell-checking tools
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Fairie, Paul, Zilong Zhang, Adam G. D'Souza, Tara Walsh, Hude Quan und Maria J. Santana. „Categorising patient concerns using natural language processing techniques“. BMJ Health & Care Informatics 28, Nr. 1 (Juni 2021): e100274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjhci-2020-100274.
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ObjectivesPatient feedback is critical to identify and resolve patient safety and experience issues in healthcare systems. However, large volumes of unstructured text data can pose problems for manual (human) analysis. This study reports the results of using a semiautomated, computational topic-modelling approach to analyse a corpus of patient feedback.MethodsPatient concerns were received by Alberta Health Services between 2011 and 2018 (n=76 163), regarding 806 care facilities in 163 municipalities, including hospitals, clinics, community care centres and retirement homes, in a province of 4.4 million. Their existing framework requires manual labelling of pre-defined categories. We applied an automated latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA)-based topic modelling algorithm to identify the topics present in these concerns, and thereby produce a framework-free categorisation.ResultsThe LDA model produced 40 topics which, following manual interpretation by researchers, were reduced to 28 coherent topics. The most frequent topics identified were communication issues causing delays (frequency: 10.58%), community care for elderly patients (8.82%), interactions with nurses (8.80%) and emergency department care (7.52%). Many patient concerns were categorised into multiple topics. Some were more specific versions of categories from the existing framework (eg, communication issues causing delays), while others were novel (eg, smoking in inappropriate settings).DiscussionLDA-generated topics were more nuanced than the manually labelled categories. For example, LDA found that concerns with community care were related to concerns about nursing for seniors, providing opportunities for insight and action.ConclusionOur findings outline the range of concerns patients share in a large health system and demonstrate the usefulness of using LDA to identify categories of patient concerns.
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Goutzanis, Lampros, Chara Chatzichalepli, Panagiotis Goutzanis, Michail Mastrogeorgiou und Dimitrios Avgoustidis. „Bone regeneration for dental implant placement: A 5-year retrospective study of 358 cases“. Hellenic Archives of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery 23, Nr. 3 (01.12.2022): 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.54936/haoms233171183.
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Introduction: Bone regeneration techniques are essential prior to dental implant placement in cases of mandibular or maxillary bone deficit. Depending on the area and the extent of bone loss, as well as the type of prosthetic rehabilitation to be applied, different bone regeneration techniques can be used. Aim: The scope of this study is to analyze a series of patients that underwent mandibular or maxillary bone regeneration, in effort to highlight the most widely used techniques and their outcome. Materials and Methods: 358 cases that underwent max- illary or mandibular bone regeneration in an oral and maxillofacial private clinic within the last 5 years are thoroughly analyzed retrospectively in terms of various parameters from their demographic and medical re- cords, the type of bone regeneration technique that was applied and the final bone augmentation and implant osseointegration outcome. Results: The most widely used technique for bone re- generation was GBR (n=184, 51.3%), followed by sinus floor elevation (n=162, 45.3%) and autologous onlay bone block grafts (n=12, 3.4%). In 1 case of GBR with a non-resorbable membrane, membrane exposure was noted. In 5 cases of sinus lift, inflammation occurred. In one case with bone block grafts from the iliac crest, inflammation presented a few weeks after surgery and one of the bone blocks was partially resorbed. Conclusions: GBR with a resorbable membrane barrier and sinus lift appears to have the most predictable outcomes in terms of mandibular or maxillary bone augmentation.
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Obbard, Rachel W., Ian Baker und David J. Prior. „A scanning electron microscope technique for identifying the mineralogy of dust in ice cores“. Journal of Glaciology 57, Nr. 203 (2011): 511–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214311796905622.
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AbstractDust particles in an ice core from East Rongbuk Glacier on the northern slope of Qomolangma (Mount Everest; 28°01′ N, 86°58′ E; 6518 m a.s.l.), central Himalaya, have been identified as mica using a combination of scanning electron microscope-based techniques and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to identify the elements present, and electron backscatter diffraction to identify the crystal type. This technique for identifying individual crystalline dust particles in samples of glacial ice could be especially useful in the future for identifying water-soluble crystals in ice, for studying the strain history (glaciotectonics) of basal ice or in studies of ice–mica composites used as analogs of quartz-mica rocks.
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Stefanovič, Pavel, Olga Kurasova und Rokas Štrimaitis. „The N-Grams Based Text Similarity Detection Approach Using Self-Organizing Maps and Similarity Measures“. Applied Sciences 9, Nr. 9 (07.05.2019): 1870. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9091870.
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In the paper the word-level n-grams based approach is proposed to find similarity between texts. The approach is a combination of two separate and independent techniques: self-organizing map (SOM) and text similarity measures. SOM’s uniqueness is that the obtained results of data clustering, as well as dimensionality reduction, are presented in a visual form. The four measures have been evaluated: cosine, dice, extended Jaccard’s, and overlap. First of all, texts have to be converted to numerical expression. For that purpose, the text has been split into the word-level n-grams and after that, the bag of n-grams has been created. The n-grams’ frequencies are calculated and the frequency matrix of dataset is formed. Various filters are used to create a bag of n-grams: stemming algorithms, number and punctuation removers, stop words, etc. All experimental investigation has been made using a corpus of plagiarized short answers dataset.
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Engel, Jamie, Joseph Gabra, Andrew Esterle, William Lanzinger und John Elias. „In Vitro Comparison of Two Barbed Suture Configurations for Flexor Tendon Repair“. Journal of Hand and Microsurgery 09, Nr. 03 (06.11.2017): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1606628.
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Purpose The current study compares the strength of a previously studied technique for flexor tendon repair with barbed sutures to an experimental approach that aligns all the barbs to oppose distraction. Methods Twelve flexor tendons from cadaveric specimens were mechanically tested following repair of simulated zone II tendon injuries. Two repair techniques utilizing barbed sutures were studied: the Marrero-Amadeo four-core barbed suture approach and the experimental configuration with all barbs on four cores opposing distraction. Maximum applied load at failure, that is, ultimate load, and 2-mm gap force were compared between the two repair techniques, both as raw values and after normalization to cross-sectional area of the intact tendon. Statistical testing was performed using t-tests and Mann-Whitney U-tests, where appropriate, with a significance level of 0.05. Results The ultimate loads, raw (58.2 N) and normalized (4.8 N/mm2), were significantly larger for the Marrero-Amadeo repair than the proposed experimental approach (35.6 N and 2.7 N/mm2; p < 0.05). No significant differences were identified for 2-mm gap force. Conclusion The innovation of suturing to align all barbs to oppose distraction does not improve strength of the repaired tendon. The Marrero-Amadeo technique was found to have superior strength for use in traumatic zone II flexor tendon injuries.
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Psomiadis, D., E. Dotsika, K. Albanakis, N. Zisi, D. Poutoukis und A. Lazaridis. „COMPARISON OF SAMPLING TECHNIQUES FOR ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS OF SHALLOW MARINE CARBONATES“. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 43, Nr. 5 (31.07.2017): 2383. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11638.
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Recent studies have widely used beachrock samples for isotopic and dating techniques; however the source matrix of the analyzed samples varied. Bulk rock material, skeletal fragments, allochems and pure cement have been used in different studies. Basic parameters of each technique are crucial for the accuracy and the reliability of the obtained results, affecting each time important agents. This study includes isotopic analyses (δ13C, δ18O) of marine carbonates (beachrocks) from the coasts of N. Greece (Thassos island). The sub-sampling was carried out along beachrock cores, following different procedures and protocols. The obtained results show in general expecting differences in isotopic composition of the samples. Experiments that included heating of the samples show an influence on oxygen isotope. Different separation and selection of sampling material affect majorly the isotope of carbon (13C). Differences are attributed to the origin of the carbonate component of the analyzed material. The study indicates that a full-range of comparison experiments should be implemented in order to define in detail the analytical parameters that affect isotopic measurements. The results of that kind of studies will be used not only in stable isotope analyses but also in a variety of methods used in palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental research.
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Remillard, R., M. Martínez, G. Bó und R. Mapletoft. „192 THE USE OF FIXED-TIME TECHNIQUES AND eCG TO SYNCHRONIZE RECIPIENTS for FROZEN - THAWED BOVINE IVF EMBRYOS“. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 18, Nr. 2 (2006): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv18n2ab192.
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Two experiments were designed to investigate the use of eCG in a fixed-time embryo transfer (FTET) protocol for Chinese Yellow crossbred recipients receiving in vitro-produced (IVP) bovine embryos. In Experiment 1, cows were observed for spontaneous estrus (Group 1) or following 500 �g cloprostenol (PGF; Schering-Plough Animal Health, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Group 2) with nonsurgical embryo transfer 7.5 or 8.0 days later. Cows in Groups 3, 4, and 5 were treated with a CIDR insert (Bioniche Animal Health, Beijing, China), 2 mg estradiol benzoate (EB), and 50 mg progesterone (Sigma-Aldrich, Canada) i.m. on Day 0, PGF on Day 5, CIDR removal on Day 7, and 1 mg EB i.m. 24 h later with nonsurgical transfer of Holstein IVP embryos 8.5 days later, without estrus detection. In addition, cows in Group 3 received no further treatment, whereas cows in Group 4 received 400 IU eCG i.m. (Pregnecol; Bioniche) on Day 5, and cows in Group 5 received eCG on Day 7. Holstein embryos were produced utilizing slaughterhouse ovaries and standard IVF procedures. Expanded blastocysts of quality grade 1 (IETS) were cryopreserved in 10% ethylene glycol and 20% fetal bovine serum using standard procedures. Straws were thawed in a 30�C water bath, and embryos were expelled directly into holding medium and evaluated prior to nonsurgical transfer (NT) ipsilateral to the corpus luteum (CL). Pregnancy was diagnosed ultrasonically 30 d later. Although pregnancy rates, based on numbers of recipients synchronized, numerically favored the administration of eCG on Day 5, there were no significant differences (P = 0.40) among groups (Group 1: 15.4%, n = 52; Group 2: 20.0%, n = 50; Group 3: 19.2%, n = 99; Group 4: 28.1%, n = 96; Group 5: 21.3%, n = 75). In Experiment 2, Chinese Yellow crossbred cattle were synchronized with a CIDR insert plus estradiol and progesterone on Day 0, PGF on Day 5, CIDR removal on Day 7 and estradiol on Day 8, and were randomly assigned to received no further treatment (Group 1; n = 400) or an injection of 400 IU eCG on Day 5 (Group 2; n = 391). Recipients with a detectable CL received a frozen-thawed IVP Holstein embryo by NT 8.5 days after the second injection of estradiol without estrus detection, as in the first experiment. Pregnancy diagnosis was done ultrasonically 30 days later. Although CL size, cow age, and embryo quality, prior to transfer, were recorded, no effects on pregnancy rates were demonstrated (P = 0.30). Pregnancy rates, based on recipients receiving embryos, did not differ (P = 0.5) between groups (Group 1: 21.4%, n = 154; Group 2: 24.5%, n = 290). Overall pregnancy rates (based on the total number of recipients synchronized) were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in Group 2 (eCG; 18.2%) than in Group 1 (no eCG; 8.3%), because of the significantly higher (P < 0.03) percentage of recipients used following treatment with eCG (74.2% vs. 38.5%). Results indicate that the administration of eCG on Day 5 of an 8-d synchronization protocol for FTET of frozen-thawed bovine IVP embryos will improve pregnancy rates in beef recipients, especially those of marginal quality.
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Gharbi, Ismail, Amina Samia Dechicha, Mustapha Ferrouk, Djamila Baazize-Ammi, Seddik Kebbal und Djamel Guetarni. „Effets de la dose de gonadotrophines sur l’œstrus et la production d’embryons chez les brebis Hamra et Ouled Djellal“. Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 71, Nr. 3 (23.10.2018): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.31639.
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L’application des techniques de superovulation et de production d’embryons est incontournable pour la conservation des ressources génétiques ovines. L’objectif de la présente étude a été d’évaluer l’effet de l’administration de deux doses d’hormone folliculostimulante d’origine porcine (pFSH) sur le délai d’apparition et la durée de l’œstrus, la réponse ovarienne, et la production d’embryons chez les brebis des races Ouled Djellal (OD) et Hamra (H). Les brebis OD (n = 15) et H (n = 14) ont été synchronisées par la pose d’éponges vaginales imprégnées avec 40 mg d’acétate de fluorogestone (FGA), et superovulées par l’administration de 16 ou 20 UA de pFSH durant les trois derniers jours du traitement progestagène. Le septième jour après œstrus et saillie naturelle, les embryons ont été collectés par laparotomie. Chez les brebis OD le début de l’œstrus a été plus précoce avec l’utilisation de 20 UA qu’avec celle de 16 UA (22,1 ± 4,5 vs 25,0 ± 3,5, p < 0,05), de même la durée de l’œstrus a été plus longue (34,0 ± 6,6 vs 40,0 ± 7,1, p < 0,05). Chez les brebis H l’augmentation de la dose de pFSH de 16 UA à 20 UA a induit une baisse de production d’embryons : taux de collecte 72,2 vs 47,1, p < 0,001 ; nombre de structures récoltées 5,9 ± 3,4 vs 3,6 ± 2,1, p < 0,05 ; nombre d’embryons récoltés 3,2 ± 1,9 vs 5,1 ± 2,6, p < 0,05 ; embryons de grade 1 et 2, 4,3 ± 2,4 vs 2,1 ± 1,7, p < 0,01. En revanche, chez les brebis OD le taux d’ovulation et la production d’embryons ont été nettement améliorés lors de l’utilisation d’une dose de 20 UA : nombre de corps jaunes 6,9 ± 3,9 vs 10,4 ± 5,4, p < 0,05 ; nombre d’embryons récoltés 3,2 ± 2,0 vs 5,1 ± 2,3, p < 0,05 ; embryons de grade 1 et 2, 2,2 ± 1,6 vs 4,3 ± 1,7, p < 0,05. Les résultats indiquent que la réponse ovulatoire, l’œstrus, et la production d’embryons sont influencés par la dose de la pFSH et par la race.
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Lessard, Veronica, David D. Reed und Nicholas Monkevich. „Comparing N-Tree Distance Sampling with Point and Plot Sampling in Northern Michigan Forest Types“. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 11, Nr. 1 (01.03.1994): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/11.1.12.
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Abstract This study demonstrates the utility of n-tree distance sampling as an alternative to the more common point and plot sampling. This practical demonstration was conducted in Michigan's Upper Peninsula in three forest types: northern hardwood stands, plantation red pine stands, and clumped, mixed hardwood stands. Seven types of field sampling techniques were used: 1/5 ac and 1/10 ac fixed radius plot sampling, BAF 10 and BAF 20 variable radius point sampling, and n-tree distance sampling of 3, 5, and 7 trees. Estimates of mean board foot volume, cords, basal area, and number of trees per acre produced by n-tree distance sampling are biased, but when a bias correction factor is applied to the northern hardwood estimates, the results are equivalent to estimates from point and plot sampling. Investigation of bias in the plantation and clumped forests is ongoing. N-tree distance sampling is cost-competitive with the more traditional point and plot northern hardwoods. North. J. Appl. For. 11(1):12-16.
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Owens, Kentrell, Erin Freiburger, Ryan Hutchings, Mattea Sim, Kurt Hugenberg, Franziska Roesner und Tadayoshi Kohno. „Face the Facts: Using Face Averaging to Visualize Gender-by-Race Bias in Facial Analysis Algorithms“. Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society 7 (16.10.2024): 1101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aies.v7i1.31707.
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We applied techniques from psychology --- typically used to visualize human bias --- to facial analysis systems, providing novel approaches for diagnosing and communicating algorithmic bias. First, we aggregated a diverse corpus of human facial images (N=1492) with self-identified gender and race. We tested four automated gender recognition (AGR) systems and found that some exhibited intersectional gender-by-race biases. Employing a technique developed by psychologists --- face averaging --- we created composite images to visualize these systems' outputs. For example, we visualized what an "average woman" looks like, according to a system's output. Second, we conducted two online experiments wherein participants judged the bias of hypothetical AGR systems. The first experiment involved participants (N=228) from a convenience sample. When depicting the same results in different formats, facial visualizations communicated bias to the same magnitude as statistics. In the second experiment with only Black participants (N=223), facial visualizations communicated bias significantly more than statistics, suggesting that face averages are meaningful for communicating algorithmic bias.
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Nowakowski, Karol, Michal Ptaszynski und Fumito Masui. „MiNgMatch—A Fast N-gram Model for Word Segmentation of the Ainu Language“. Information 10, Nr. 10 (16.10.2019): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info10100317.
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Word segmentation is an essential task in automatic language processing for languages where there are no explicit word boundary markers, or where space-delimited orthographic words are too coarse-grained. In this paper we introduce the MiNgMatch Segmenter—a fast word segmentation algorithm, which reduces the problem of identifying word boundaries to finding the shortest sequence of lexical n-grams matching the input text. In order to validate our method in a low-resource scenario involving extremely sparse data, we tested it with a small corpus of text in the critically endangered language of the Ainu people living in northern parts of Japan. Furthermore, we performed a series of experiments comparing our algorithm with systems utilizing state-of-the-art lexical n-gram-based language modelling techniques (namely, Stupid Backoff model and a model with modified Kneser-Ney smoothing), as well as a neural model performing word segmentation as character sequence labelling. The experimental results we obtained demonstrate the high performance of our algorithm, comparable with the other best-performing models. Given its low computational cost and competitive results, we believe that the proposed approach could be extended to other languages, and possibly also to other Natural Language Processing tasks, such as speech recognition.
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Wan Jusoh, Wan Nur Aida Sakinah, Norfaizah Abdul Jobar, Md Zahril Nizam Md Yusoff und Hanifah Mahat. „Exploring corpus linguistics via computational tool analysis: key finding review“. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 34, Nr. 2 (01.05.2024): 1052. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v34.i2.pp1052-1062.
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Corpus linguistics investigates language using extensive text databases. Tools assist researchers in analyzing, extracting, and interpreting linguistic information efficiently. Furthermore, if researchers only use traditional tools in corpus linguistic analysis, they will lack the comprehensiveness and efficiency required to effectively navigate and derive valuable insights from language data. This paper employed the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) approach to find the primary data based on a few keywords in corpus linguistic, corpus analysis, computational linguistic, text corpora and tool support. Based on this method, we used advanced searching techniques on Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) and discovered (N=28) data pertinent to the study. Expert scholars decide on a theme based on the problem, which is (i) types of corpus tools and their uses; (ii) their contributions and their capabilities (iii) limitations of corpus tools. All the tools were used in interdisciplinary studies. In summary, this systematic review uncovers pivotal key findings at the intersection of computational tools and corpus analysis, enriching linguistic knowledge. It highlights the interdisciplinary potential of corpus-based analysis in advancing linguistic tools and, their applications, as well as language analysis.
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Stansfield, Fiona. „Assessment of African elephant (Loxodonta africana) molars and mandibles and their association with estimated age and sex“. Pachyderm 57 (21.07.2016): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.69649/pachyderm.v57i.392.
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Introduction: Estimates of an elephant’s age are made by observing the movement of their molars through the mandible. Established ageing techniques have produced varying results and problems have been exacerbated by the difficulty of molar identification. Molar identification is made easier when the sex of the individual is known, as male teeth tend to be larger than female teeth. Elephant mandibles (n = 323) and molars of Zimbabwean origin where gender was known were studied in an attempt to identify relationships between molar/mandible size and sex. Measurements of molars and mandibles were recorded. Results: From the molar measurements made, the crown-base length of complete molars proved to be useful in determining molar type and may be suggestive of sex in some molar types. On each mandible body, a novel marker, the age reference point, was determined and a measurement based on this point was found to be significantly associated with sex (p ≤0.05) at given ages. Furthermore, inter-rami width was found to be associated with sex between 0–5 y and highly significantly so after 12 y of age. This study also addressed the question of the impact of the number of lamellae present in a given molar type on molar occlusal life; the results suggest that the variable number of lamellae counted in this Zimbabwean population did not affect occlusal life and therefore should not influence ageing techniques. Conclusion: This is the first detailed study in published literature of both male and female complete elephant molars of the left and right mandible from within the same populations. The results of molar size described here, together with mandible width, should aid in molar identification and sexing of found mandibles, and should therefore improve the estimation of elephant age using existing ageing techniques. Introduction: Les estimations de l’âge d’un éléphant sont faites en observant le mouvement de leurs molaires par la mandibule. Les techniques de vieillissement établies ont produit des résultats variables et les problèmes ont été aggravés par la difficulté d’identification des molaires. L’identification des molaires est facilitée lorsqu’on connait le sexe de l’individu, car les dents des mâles ont tendance à être plus grandes que les dents des femelles. On a étudié les mandibules et les molaires des éléphants (n = 323) d’origine zimbabwéenne où l’on connaissait le sexe dans le but d’identifier les relations entre la taille des molaires/mandibules et le sexe. On a enregistré les mesures des molaires et des mandibules. Résultats: A partir des mesures des molaires faites, la longueur de leur base couronnée complète s’est avérée utile pour déterminer leur type et peut suggérer le sexe dans certains types de molaire. Sur chaque corps de mandibule, on a déterminé un nouveau marqueur, le point de référence de l’âge, et on a trouvé qu’une mesure basée sur ce point était associée de manière significative avec le sexe (p ≤0.05) à des âges donnés. En outre, on a trouvé que la largeur inter-rami était associée au sexe entre 0-5 ans et très considérablement après l’âge de 12 ans. Cette étude a également abordé la question de longue date de l’impact du nombre de lamelles présentes dans un type de molaires donné sur leur vie occlusale; les résultats suggèrent que le nombre variable de lamelles comptées dans cette population zimbabwéenne n’a pas d’incidence sur la vie occlusale et ne devrait donc pas influencer les techniques de vieillissement. Conclusion: C’est la première étude détaillée dans la littérature publiée sur des molaires complètes des éléphants mâles et aussi femelles de la mandibule gauche et droite au sein des mêmes populations. Les résultats de la taille des molaires décrits ici, ainsi que la largeur de la mandibule, devraient faciliter l’identification et la détermination du sexe des mandibules trouvées, et devraient donc améliorer l’estimation de l’âge des éléphants en utilisant des techniques de vieillissement existantes.
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Qaiser Abbas. „Template Matching Based Probabilistic Optical Character Recognition for Urdu Nastaliq Script“. Lahore Garrison University Research Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology 5, Nr. 2 (21.06.2021): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/lgurjcsit.2021.0502207.
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This paper presents a technique for optical recognition of Urdu characters using template matching based on a probabilistic N-Gram language model. Dataset used has the collection of both printed and typed text. This model is able to perform three types of segmentations including line, ligature and character using horizontal projection, connected component labeling, corners and pointers techniques, respectively. A separate stochastic lexicon is built from a collected corpus, which contains the probability values of grams. By using template matching and the N-Gram language model, our study predicts complete segmented words with the promising result, particularly in case of bigrams. It outperforms three out of four existing models with an accuracy rate of 97.33%. Results achieved on our test dataset are encouraging in one perspective but provide direction to work for further improvement in this model.
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Lenfant, François, Mehdi Benkhadra, Pierre Trouilloud und Marc Freysz. „Comparison of Two Techniques for Retrograde Tracheal Intubation in Human Fresh Cadavers“. Anesthesiology 104, Nr. 1 (01.01.2006): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200601000-00009.
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Background During retrograde tracheal intubation, the short distance existing between the cricothyroid membrane and vocal cords may be responsible for accidental extubation. The insertion of a catheter into the trachea before the removal of the guide wire may help to cope with this problem. This work was conducted to study the impact of such a modification on the success rate and the duration of the procedure. Methods Procedures of retrograde tracheal intubation following the classic and modified techniques were randomly performed in cadavers (n = 70). The duration of the procedure from the puncture of the cricothyroid membrane to the inflation of the balloon of the endotracheal tube was measured, and, at the end of the procedure, the position of the endotracheal tube was checked under laryngoscopy. The procedure was considered to have failed if it had taken more than 5 min or when the endotracheal tube was not positioned in the trachea. Results The mean time to achieve tracheal intubation was similar in both groups (123 +/- 51 vs. 127 +/- 41 s; not significant), but intubation failed significantly more frequently with the classic technique (22 vs. 8 failures; P < 0.05). All failures were related to incorrect positioning of the endotracheal tube. In four cases, both techniques failed. Conclusions This efficient, simple modification of the technique significantly increases the success rate of the procedure, without prolonging its duration. These data should be confirmed in clinical conditions but may encourage a larger use of the retrograde technique in cases of difficult intubation.
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Walsh, Erin I., Marnie E. Shaw, Daniela A. Espinoza Oyarce, Mark Fraser und Nicolas Cherbuin. „Assumption-Free Assessment of Corpus Callosum Shape: Benchmarking and Application“. Concepts in Magnetic Resonance Part A 2019 (01.07.2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8921901.
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Shape analysis provides a unique insight into biological processes. This paper evaluates the properties, performance, and utility of elliptical Fourier (eFourier) analysis to operationalise global shape, focussing on the human corpus callosum. 8000 simulated corpus callosum contours were generated, systematically varying in terms of global shape (midbody arch, splenium size), local complexity (surface smoothness), and nonshape characteristics (e.g., rotation). 2088 real corpus callosum contours were manually traced from the PATH study. Performance of eFourier was benchmarked in terms of its capacity to capture and then reconstruct shape and systematically operationalise that shape via principal components analysis. We also compared the predictive performance of corpus callosum volume, position in Procrustes-aligned Landmark tangent space, and position in eFourier n-dimensional shape space in relation to the Symbol Digit Modalities Test. Jaccard index for original vs. reconstructed from eFourier shapes was excellent (M=0.98). The combination of eFourier and PCA performed particularly well in reconstructing known n-dimensional shape space but was disrupted by the inclusion of local shape manipulations. For the case study, volume, eFourier, and landmark measures were all correlated. Mixed effect model results indicated all methods detected similar features, but eFourier estimates were most predictive, and of the two shape operationalization techniques had the least error and better model fit. Elliptical Fourier analysis, particularly in combination with principal component analysis, is a powerful, assumption-free and intuitive method of quantifying global shape of the corpus callosum and shows great promise for shape analysis in neuroimaging more broadly.
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Lederer, Jenny. „Lexico-grammatical alignment in metaphor construal“. Cognitive Linguistics 30, Nr. 1 (25.02.2019): 165–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2017-0135.
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AbstractThis study concerns the distribution of metaphorical lexis in discrete syntactic constructions. Source and target seed language from established conceptual metaphors in economic discourse is used to catalogue the specific patterns of how metaphorical pairs align in five syntactic constructions: A-NP, N-N, NP-of-NP, V-NP, and X is Y. Utilizing the Corpus of Contemporary American English (Davies, Mark. 2008–present. The corpus of contemporary American English: 450 million words, 1990–present [Online Corpus]), the examination includes 12 frequent metaphorical target triggers combined with 84 source triggers to produce 2,016 ordered collocations, i.e. investment freeze and turbulent market. Through detailed type and token counts, results confirm that source domains function as conceptual material used to structure the target domain and disproportionally fill syntactic positions associated with predication (cf. Sullivan, Karen. 2009. Grammatical constructions in metaphoric language. In B. Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk & K. Dziwirek (eds.), Studies in cognitive corpus linguistics. Frankfurt: Peter Lang Publishers; Sullivan, Karen. 2013. Frames and constructions in metaphoric language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing). Given a lexeme’s origin – source or target – when used in source-target metaphors, syntactic alignment can be predicted, market climate is metaphorical, climate market is not. Exceptions to these strong tendencies are explained through genre-specific lexicalization processes in which predicate denoting terms like bubble (market bubble) establish themselves as domain modifiers (bubble market) in economic jargon. Through quantitative techniques to gage metaphorical conventionality and lexical versatility, corpus methodology is used to define and inform the value of frequency effects in cataloguing and understanding metaphorical lexicalization.
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Adil Jaafar, Eman. „Corpus Stylistic Analysis of Thomas Harris' The Silence of the Lambs“. Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 20, Nr. 1 (April 2017): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2017.20.1.25.
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This paper aims to employ one of the corpus stylistic methods to analyze Thomas Harris's novel, The Silence of the Lambs. Recently, technology has invaded our lives. To put it differently, researchers depend highly on computers to access and gain information about certain data. Thus, it is crucial to keep up with the up-to-date developments concerning computational methodologies and toolkits. Corpus stylistics helps to find certain features that cannot be understood without using the techniques of computers. In order to achieve this goal, a quantitative and qualitative methodology is applied. Corpus stylistics helps to analyze lengthy texts more efficiently. This is not to say that it substitutes the manual stylistic one. In fact, both the corpus and manual stylistic analyses work hand in glove, and they complement each other. The tool that is used to conduct the analysis by examining keywords and key semantic domains is Wmatrix3. In addition to the previous tool, AntConc is a complementary tool to investigate n- grams in the novel and to point out their significance to the overall interpretation.
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Rosko, Lauren, Tyler Gentile, Victoria Smith und Jeffrey K. Huang. „86583 The role of creatine in developmental myelination and remyelination“. Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 5, s1 (März 2021): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2021.655.
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ABSTRACT IMPACT: This study highlights the importance of creatine in developmental myelination and remyelination to investigate whether creatine provides a therapeutic value during a central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating insult with a potential value in patients with Multiple Sclerosis. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Creatine is vital for ATP buffering in the brain. Interestingly, the cells that generate myelin express the main enzyme for creatine synthesis, Gamt. Patients with Gamt mutations display intellectual delays and impaired myelination. Therefore, we hypothesize that creatine is essential for developmental myelination and improves remyelination. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: To investigate these hypotheses, we developed a new transgenic mouse model with LoxP sites flanking exons 2-6 of the guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (Gamt) gene where excision leads to expression of a green fluorescent tag allowing us to track the cells normally expressing Gamt. We used immunohistochemistry techniques to look at the corpus callosum, the main white matter tract in the brain, and evaluate the number of oligodendrocytes (OL), glial cells responsible for generating myelin. We also used the cuprizone model of toxic demyelination to investigate whether dietary creatine and cyclocreatine, a planar analog of creatine that more efficiently crosses the blood-brain barrier, can enhance remyelination. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: In this mouse model, we show a 95% (+/-0.47%, n=3) co-localization of Gamt within mature OL during postnatal (P) day P14 with no co-localization in neurons or other glial cells. This suggests that mature OL are the main cells making creatine in the CNS. Next, we show that knocking out Gamt leads to a significant reduction in OL in the developing corpus callosum, at P14 and P21 (P14: 0.007, n=3; P21: 0.04, n=3). We also show that creatine supplementation causes a trending increase in mature OL density in the corpus callosum following cuprizone demyelination (2% creatine; p=0.052; n=4). Interestingly, cyclocreatine supplementation significantly increased mature OL density in the corpus callosum following cuprizone demyelination (0.1% cyclocreatine; p=0.034; n=4). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: These studies highlight the important role creatine plays in developmental myelination and remyelination to investigate whether creatine and cyclocreatine provide a therapeutic value during a CNS demyelinating insult. This work investigates a potential therapeutic value of creatine to patients with Multiple Sclerosis.
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Sultana, Humaira, Helen C. Suter, Roger Armstrong, Marc E. Nicolas und Deli Chen. „The effectiveness of nitrification inhibitor application on grain yield and quality, fertiliser nitrogen recovery and soil nitrous oxide emissions in a legume–wheat rotation under elevated carbon dioxide (FACE)“. Soil Research 56, Nr. 2 (2018): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr16371.
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Managing nitrogen (N) supply to better match crop demand and reduce losses will be an important goal under future predicted elevated carbon dioxide (e[CO2]) conditions. This study comprised two Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experiments conducted in southern Australia in 2011. The first experiment (Exp-1) was a field experiment that investigated the impact of a nitrification inhibitor (NI), 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP), and supplementary irrigation on utilisation of legume (field pea) residual N by a wheat crop and soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. The second experiment (Exp-2) used 15N techniques in soil cores to investigate the impact of DMPP on recovery of fertiliser N. In Exp-1, grain N concentration increased (by 12%, P < 0.001) with NI application compared with no NI application, irrespective of CO2 concentration ([CO2]) and supplementary irrigation. With NI application the grain N harvest index increased under e[CO2] (82%) compared with a[CO2] (79%). Applying the NI compensated for decreased grain copper concentration observed under e[CO2] conditions. NI had minimal effect on soil N2O emissions in the wheat crop regardless of [CO2]. In Exp-2, 65% (±1 standard error, n = 15) of the applied N fertiliser was recovered in the aboveground plant, irrespective of NI use. The use of a NI in a cereal–legume rotation may help to increase grain N concentration, increase the mobilisation of N towards the grain under e[CO2], and may also help to compensate for decreases in grain copper concentration under e[CO2]. However, use of a NI may not provide additional benefit for productivity or efficiency of N utilisation.
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Qian, Yu, Yang Du, Xiongwen Deng, Baojun Ma, Qiongwei Ye und Hua Yuan. „Detecting new Chinese words from massive domain texts with word embedding“. Journal of Information Science 45, Nr. 2 (10.07.2018): 196–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165551518786676.
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Textual information retrieval (TIR) is based on the relationship between word units. Traditional word segmentation techniques attempt to discern the word units accurately from texts; however, they are unable to appropriately and efficiently identify all new words. Identification of new words, especially in languages such as Chinese, remains a challenge. In recent years, word embedding methods have used numerical word vectors to retain the semantic and correlated information between words in a corpus. In this article, we propose the word-embedding-based method (WEBM), a novel method that combines word embedding and frequent n-gram string mining for discovering new words from domain corpora. First, we mapped all word units in a domain corpus to a high-dimension word vector space. Second, we used a frequent n-gram word string mining method to identify a set of candidates for new words. We designed a pruning strategy based on the word vectors to quantify the possibility of a word string being a new word, thereby allowing the evaluation of candidates based on the similarity of word units in the same string. In a comparative study, our experimental results revealed that WEBM had a great advantage in detecting new words from massive Chinese corpora.
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Krishnan, Anusuya, und Kennedyraj K. „DETECTING DECEPTIVE REVIEWS: AN INTEGRATED MACHINE LEARNING APPROACH“. ICTACT Journal on Soft Computing 14, Nr. 2 (01.10.2023): 3173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21917/ijsc.2023.0444.
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In recent years, online reviews have become a crucial factor in promoting products and services. However, the rise of fake reviews has posed a significant challenge. Businesses, marketers, and advertisers often resort to embedding fake reviews to attract customers or undermine their competitors. Deceptive reviews have become a common practice, as they serve as a means of promoting one''''s own business or tarnishing the reputation of rivals. Consequently, the identification of deceptive reviews has emerged as a critical and ongoing research area. This research paper presents a machine learning model approach to detect deceptive reviews. The study focuses on experiments conducted using a deceptive opinion spam corpus dataset, specifically targeting restaurant reviews. An n-gram model combined with max features is developed to identify deceptive content, with a particular emphasis on fake reviews. Additionally, a benchmark study is conducted to explore the performance of two different feature extraction techniques and their application in five machine learning classification techniques. The experimental findings demonstrate that the passive aggressive classifier outperforms other algorithms, achieving the highest accuracy not only in text classification but also in identifying fake reviews. Moreover, the research delves into the identification of deceptive reviews and explores diverse feature extraction and machine learning techniques to improve the model''''s accuracy.
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Bui, Duong Thuy, Radim Havelek, Karel Královec, Lenka Kubíčková, Jarmila Kuličková, Petr Matouš, Vít Herynek et al. „Multimodal Contrast Agent Enabling pH Sensing Based on Organically Functionalized Gold Nanoshells with Mn-Zn Ferrite Cores“. Nanomaterials 12, Nr. 3 (27.01.2022): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12030428.
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Highly complex nanoparticles combining multimodal imaging with the sensing of physical properties in biological systems can considerably enhance biomedical research, but reports demonstrating the performance of a single nanosized probe in several imaging modalities and its sensing potential at the same time are rather scarce. Gold nanoshells with magnetic cores and complex organic functionalization may offer an efficient multimodal platform for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), photoacoustic imaging (PAI), and fluorescence techniques combined with pH sensing by means of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). In the present study, the synthesis of gold nanoshells with Mn-Zn ferrite cores is described, and their structure, composition, and fundamental properties are analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, magnetic measurements, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The gold surface is functionalized with four different model molecules, namely thioglycerol, meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinate, 11-mercaptoundecanoate, and (11-mercaptoundecyl)-N,N,N-trimethylammonium bromide, to analyze the effect of varying charge and surface chemistry on cells in vitro. After characterization by dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering measurements, it is found that the particles do not exhibit significant cytotoxic effects, irrespective of the surface functionalization. Finally, the gold nanoshells are functionalized with a combination of 4-mercaptobenzoic acid and 7-mercapto-4-methylcoumarin, which introduces a SERS active pH sensor and a covalently attached fluorescent tag at the same time. 1H NMR relaxometry, fluorescence spectroscopy, and PAI demonstrate the multimodal potential of the suggested probe, including extraordinarily high transverse relaxivity, while the SERS study evidences a pH-dependent spectral response.
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Ma, Yongshan, Fengxia Zhang, Tianyi Jiang, Huixue Ren, Xiaofeng Wei, Yanyan Zhu und Xianqiang Huang. „Photophysical, electrochemical, self-assembly, and molecular packing properties of a sulfur-decorated perylene derivative“. Canadian Journal of Chemistry 97, Nr. 11 (November 2019): 780–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2019-0098.
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A sulfur-decorated perylene derivative, 1-propanethiol-N,N′-dicyclohexyl perylene-3,4,9,10 tetracarboxylic diimide (PTPDI), was synthesized and fully characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FTIR, HRMS, UV–vis absorption, fluorescence, fluorescence lifetime, fluorescence quantum yield, cyclic voltammetry, and thermogravimetric techniques. The optical, fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopies were employed to study its self-assembly process. The photophysical properties were affected strongly by modifying the propanethiol unit linking to the perylene core. Furthermore, the chromophore showed two irreversible oxidations and two quasi-reversible reductions in dichloromethane at modest potential. The optical properties of PTPDI in various conditions and complementary density functional theory calculations were reported. Due to steric hindrance of the bulky n-propyl mercaptan substituent, PTPDI molecules are arranged in slipped face-to-face fashion to form J-aggregates. Thus, the intermolecular π–π actions of the molecule are weak, causing its high luminescence efficiency. In the meantime, the space between perylene cores is very short (3.45 Å), which is favorable for the hopping transportation of charge carrier from one molecule to an adjacent one. PTPDI could be a candidate material for acquiring a well-defined organic nanostructure with excellent charge-transporting and light-emitting capabilities.
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Borreggine, Marisa, Sarah E. Myhre, K. Allison S. Mislan, Curtis Deutsch und Catherine V. Davis. „A database of paleoceanographic sediment cores from the North Pacific, 1951–2016“. Earth System Science Data 9, Nr. 2 (28.09.2017): 739–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-739-2017.
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Abstract. We assessed sediment coring, data acquisition, and publications from the North Pacific (north of 30° N) from 1951 to 2016. There are 2134 sediment cores collected by American, French, Japanese, Russian, and international research vessels across the North Pacific (including the Pacific subarctic gyre, Alaskan gyre, Japan margin, and California margin; 1391 cores), the Sea of Okhotsk (271 cores), the Bering Sea (123 cores), and the Sea of Japan (349 cores) reported here. All existing metadata associated with these sediment cores are documented here, including coring date, location, core number, cruise number, water depth, vessel metadata, and coring technology. North Pacific sediment core age models are built with isotope stratigraphy, radiocarbon dating, magnetostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, tephrochronology, % opal, color, and lithological proxies. Here, we evaluate the iterative generation of each published age model and provide comprehensive documentation of the dating techniques used, along with sedimentation rates and age ranges. We categorized cores according to the availability of a variety of proxy evidence, including biological (e.g., benthic and planktonic foraminifera assemblages), geochemical (e.g., major trace element concentrations), isotopic (e.g., bulk sediment nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon isotopes), and stratigraphic (e.g., preserved laminations) proxies. This database is a unique resource to the paleoceanographic and paleoclimate communities and provides cohesive accessibility to sedimentary sequences, age model development, and proxies. The data set is publicly available through PANGAEA at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.875998.
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Garrote Salazar, Marta. „The role of the input frequency in L1 Spanish phonological acquisition. A corpus-based study“. Loquens 9, Nr. 1-2 (14.06.2023): e089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/loquens.2022.e089.
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This study presents the phonological system exhibited by children (n=59) aged 3;0 to 6;0 and focuses on the role of input frequency. Using a spontaneous child speech corpus of Spanish (CHIEDE) as a data source, as well as computational processing techniques -including an automatic phonological transcriber-, data relating to the phonological level was retrieved. This resulted in a phonological inventory of Spanish-speaking children, ordered by frequency of use, which may serve as a model for research on typical and atypical child language development. Additionally, a study was carried out on the stability of the participants’ phonological systems by calculating the variability that the different age groups displayed, and outcomes were compared with other similar corpora. Results obtained from the comparison of the phonological inventory of children and adults show that there is a relationship between frequency of use in adult speech and the order of acquisition of phonemes.
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Reser, David, Margaret Simmons, Esther Johns, Andrew Ghaly, Michelle Quayle, Aimee L. Dordevic, Marianne Tare, Adelle McArdle, Julie Willems und Tyson Yunkaporta. „Australian Aboriginal techniques for memorization: Translation into a medical and allied health education setting“. PLOS ONE 16, Nr. 5 (18.05.2021): e0251710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251710.
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Background Writing and digital storage have largely replaced organic memory for encoding and retrieval of information in the modern era, with a corresponding decrease in emphasis on memorization in Western education. In health professional training, however, there remains a large corpus of information for which memorization is the most efficient means of ensuring: A) that the trainee has the required information readily available; and B) that a foundation of knowledge is laid, upon which the medical trainee builds multiple, complex layers of detailed information during advanced training. The carefully staged progression in early- to late- years’ medical training from broad concepts (e.g. gross anatomy and pharmacology) to in-depth, specialised disciplinary knowledge (e.g. surgical interventions and follow-on care post-operatively) has clear parallels to the progression of training and knowledge exposure that Australian Aboriginal youths undergo in their progression from childhood to adulthood to Tribal Elders. Methods As part of the Rural Health curriculum and the undergraduate Nutrition and Dietetics program in the Monash University Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, we tested Australian Aboriginal techniques of memorization for acquisition and recall of novel word lists by first-year medical students (N = 76). We also examined undergraduate student evaluations (N = 49) of the use of the Australian Aboriginal memory technique for classroom study of foundational biomedical knowledge (the tricarboxylic acid cycle) using qualitative and quantitative analytic methods drawing from Bloom’s taxonomy for orders of thinking and learning. Acquisition and recall of word lists were assessed without memory training, or after training in either the memory palace technique or the Australian Aboriginal narrative technique. Results Both types of memory training improved the number of correctly recalled items and reduced the frequency of specific error types relative to untrained performance. The Australian Aboriginal method resulted in approximately a 3-fold greater probability of improvement to accurate recall of the entire word list (odds ratio = 2.82; 95% c.i. = 1.15–6.90), vs. the memory palace technique (odds ratio = 2.03; 95% c.i. = 0.81–5.06) or no training (odds ratio = 1.5; 95% c.i. = 0.54–4.59) among students who did not correctly recall all list items at baseline. Student responses to learning the Australian Aboriginal memory technique in the context of biomedical science education were overwhelmingly favourable, and students found both the training and the technique enjoyable, interesting, and more useful than rote memorization. Our data indicate that this method has genuine utility and efficacy for study of biomedical sciences and in the foundation years of medical training.
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Pelemans, Joris, Noam Shazeer und Ciprian Chelba. „Sparse Non-negative Matrix Language Modeling“. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 4 (Dezember 2016): 329–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00102.
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We present Sparse Non-negative Matrix (SNM) estimation, a novel probability estimation technique for language modeling that can efficiently incorporate arbitrary features. We evaluate SNM language models on two corpora: the One Billion Word Benchmark and a subset of the LDC English Gigaword corpus. Results show that SNM language models trained with n-gram features are a close match for the well-established Kneser-Ney models. The addition of skip-gram features yields a model that is in the same league as the state-of-the-art recurrent neural network language models, as well as complementary: combining the two modeling techniques yields the best known result on the One Billion Word Benchmark. On the Gigaword corpus further improvements are observed using features that cross sentence boundaries. The computational advantages of SNM estimation over both maximum entropy and neural network estimation are probably its main strength, promising an approach that has large flexibility in combining arbitrary features and yet scales gracefully to large amounts of data.
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Zhang, Yang, Tianyuan Liu, Liqun Chen, Jinxurong Yang, Jiayi Yin, Yuncong Zhang, Zhixi Yun et al. „RIscoper: a tool for RNA–RNA interaction extraction from the literature“. Bioinformatics 35, Nr. 17 (21.01.2019): 3199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btz044.
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Abstract Motivation Numerous experimental and computational studies in the biomedical literature have provided considerable amounts of data on diverse RNA–RNA interactions (RRIs). However, few text mining systems for RRIs information extraction are available. Results RNA Interactome Scoper (RIscoper) represents the first tool for full-scale RNA interactome scanning and was developed for extracting RRIs from the literature based on the N-gram model. Notably, a reliable RRI corpus was integrated in RIscoper, and more than 13 300 manually curated sentences with RRI information were recruited. RIscoper allows users to upload full texts or abstracts, and provides an online search tool that is connected with PubMed (PMID and keyword input), and these capabilities are useful for biologists. RIscoper has a strong performance (90.4% precision and 93.9% recall), integrates natural language processing techniques and has a reliable RRI corpus. Availability and implementation The standalone software and web server of RIscoper are freely available at www.rna-society.org/riscoper/. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Birkenes, M. B. „North Frisian dialects: A quantitative investigation using a parallel corpus of translations“. Us Wurk 68, Nr. 3-4 (30.12.2019): 119–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/5c98880d173a4.
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North Frisian is well-known for its small-scale variation and the traditional classification found in Århammar (1968) assumes as many as ten dialect groups within a small area. Until this day, however, a dialect classification based on quantitative methods is lacking and the criteria for the traditional classification are also far from clear. In order to address this problem, the paper uses parallel text material (the questionnaires from Georg Wenker's “Sprachatlas des Deutschen Reichs”) and character n-grams (trigrams). Applying cosine distance to the trigram inventories of 55 North Frisian questionnaires, the paper employs several dimension reduction techniques, e. g. multidimensional scaling, Neighbor-Net and hierarchical cluster analysis and compares the results with the traditional classification. While the latter can be confirmed to a large extent, the distinctions within Southern Mainland North Frisian seem to be less clear. Using an association measure (log-likelihood), prominent features are extracted for the six main dialect groups that emerge on basis of the aggregated data. Finally, the paper discusses the quality of the North Frisian Wenker questionnaires in the light of these findings.
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Rosselin-Bareille, Céline. „Corps, techniques et matières élémentaires“. Socio-anthropologie, Nr. 48 (15.12.2023): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/socio-anthropologie.15868.
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Carbonell-Alcocer, Alejandro, Juan Romero-Luis und Manuel Gertrudix. „A Methodological Assessment Based on a Systematic Review of Circular Economy and Bioenergy Addressed by Education and Communication“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 8 (12.04.2021): 4273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084273.
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The circular economy and bioenergy are essential strategies for combatting climate change. In the last 10 years, there has been an increase in research on this subject by different disciplines. Educational and communication approaches may prompt a change to make citizens agents of change in the environmental struggle. Therefore, evaluating their level of methodological formalisation allows the identification of characteristics of the research carried out, and to ascertain where academic studies in these disciplines are aimed. Through a systematic literature review (SLR) applying the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) model, literature from 2009 to 2019 was identified on the Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar, using Publish or Perish software to obtain it. A qualitative and quantitative synthesis of the results was carried out, using cluster analysis and statistic percentages, and comparing column proportions. The analysis of the articles (n = 74) focused on collection techniques, data typology, characteristics of samples and analysis techniques, and showed that the majority were descriptive, oriented toward presenting proposals on educational intervention, with small samples and basic analytical techniques. Despite consistency in the corpus of the research, it is concluded that the studies had a low level of methodological formalisation, which indicates it they were generally related to exploratory research with limited scope, addressing a limited part of the object of study.