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Miller, Allison R. „Painting Bronze in Early China“. Archives of Asian Art 72, Nr. 1 (01.04.2022): 1–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00666637-9577685.
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Abstract Scholars of Greek and Roman art have long recognized that many sculptures that today appear unpainted were originally covered in bright, polychrome paint. In contrast, the hallowed works of China's classical antiquity, the bronzes, are generally believed to have been monochrome works. In recent years, however, many varieties of bronzes have been unearthed with polychrome ornamentation including sacrificial vessels, figural sculptures, mirrors, lamps, weapons, and personal ornaments. This article summarizes and interprets the current evidence for painting on early Chinese bronze artifacts based on recent archaeological discoveries and on newer advances in technical analysis. In particular, I show that the practice of applying paint to bronzes goes far beyond embedding pigment into the intaglio channels of bronzes such as occurred during the Shang and Western Zhou eras. I also demonstrate that especially in the Warring States and early imperial periods, painted coloration on bronzes took off in diversely rich and compelling ways. This article highlights the various modes and techniques of painting bronze in early China, and offers several hypotheses as to why such polychrome ornamentation was desirable in early China, reconciling those motives with our quite different modern sensibilities.
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Kapitanović, Angela, und Helena Otmačić Ćurković. „The Effect of Corrosion Conditions on Aging of Artificial Patina on Three Bronzes“. Coatings 12, Nr. 7 (01.07.2022): 936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12070936.
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The new bronze objects of art are almost always patinated before their exposure outdoors or indoors. Among the many patination methods used by practitioners, sulphide patination is one of the most common techniques. The aim of this work is to examine the corrosion behaviour of sulphide patinated bronzes under various aging conditions, including continuous immersion in simulated urban rain, alternating wet/dry cycles, and exposure to corrosion chamber with NO2 gas. The study was conducted on three types of bronzes with varying tin content. Corrosion characterisation of patinated bronze samples was performed by the means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and polarization measurements. Chemical composition and morphology of sulphide patinated bronze surface was examined by infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Obtained results show that freshly patinated bronze surfaces exhibit low corrosion resistance that gradually improves over time. An increase in corrosion resistance strongly depends on aging conditions, and it appears to be the highest under continuous immersion conditions.
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Geniş, Evren Y., und Thomas Zimmermann. „Early Bronze Age metalwork in Central Anatolia – An archaeometric view from the hamlet“. Praehistorische Zeitschrift 89, Nr. 2 (30.06.2014): 280–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pz-2014-0019.
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Zusammenfassung: Folgender Beitrag diskutiert die Ergebnisse von an Metallfunden der frühbronzezeitlichen Nekropole Kalınkaya-Toptaştepe in Zentralanatolien vorgenommenen Spektralanalysen. Da archäometrische Daten für Zentralanatolien im 3. Jahrtausend immer noch lückenhaft sind und bevorzugt Fundkomplexe früher Zentralorte berücksichtigt, Assemblagen aus dörflichen Ansiedlung jedoch bislang weitgehend unerschlossen sind, ist diese Studie in erster Linie als dringend benötigte Verbreiterung der Quellenbasis zu verstehen. Arsen-Kupferlegierungen bestehen neben „echten“ Bronzen (Kupfer-Zinn), Kontaminationen wie Nickel mögen Rückschlüsse auf bestimmte Lagerstätten zulassen. Die erzielten Resultate ergeben somit einen guten Einblick in Metallverwendung und Legierungstraditionen einer Kleinsiedlung in der jüngeren anatolischen Frühbronzezeit Résumé: L’article ci-dessous présente les résultats d’analyses spectroscopiques menées sur un ensemble d’objets de l’âge du Bronze Ancien provenant de la nécropole de Kalınkaya-Toptaştepe en Anatolie centrale. Vu que les données archéométriques concernant le 3e millénaire av. J.-C. en Anatolie centrale sont encore fort rares, qu’elles proviennent surtout de grands centres occupés précédemment et que les ensembles provenant d’établissements ruraux n’ont presque pas fait l’objet de recherches, l’intention primaire de l’étude que nous présentons ici est d’attirer l’attention sur les données qui sont à notre disposition. Les alliages de cuivre et d’arsenic existent à côté de ‘vrais’ bronzes (alliages de cuivre et d’étain), et la contamination, par exemple par le nickel, peut fournir de nombreux indices sur la présence de dépôts spécifiques. Les résultats permettent de se faire une bonne idée de l’emploi des métaux et des techniques traditionnelles d’alliage utilisés dans un habitat mineur d’Anatolie vers la fin de l’âge du Bronze Ancien. Abstract: The following contribution discusses the results of spectroscopic analyses carried out on metal artefacts from the Early Bronze Age cemetery of Kalınkaya-Toptaştepe in central Anatolia. Given that archaeometric data from 3rd- millennium BCE Central Anatolia are still quite sparse, tend to stem mainly from earlier central places, and the assemblages from village sites have so far remained largely unexplored, the study we present here is primarily intended to draw much needed attention to the data that are available. Copper-arsenic alloys exist alongside ‘true’ bronzes (copper-tin alloys), and contamination, for example by nickel, can yield much information about specific deposits. The results obtained provide good insights into the use of metals and traditional alloying techniques on a minor settlement at the end of the Anatolian Early Bronze Age.
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Berretti, Enrico, Nicola Calisi, Andrea Capaccioli, Claudia Borri, Laura Capozzoli, Abdel Magid Hamouda, Andrea Giaccherini et al. „Electrodeposited White Bronzes: A Comparison between Zn-Bearing and Zn-Free Coatings“. Materials Proceedings 2, Nr. 1 (13.05.2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ciwc2020-06824.
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White bronzes are ternary alloys composed of Cu, Zn and Sn, named after their bright whitish color. This class of alloys shares excellent hardness, corrosion and tarnishing resistance, and is commonly adopted in galvanic industrial processes as technological grade coatings to obtain layers with particular aesthetical and/or anticorrosive properties. Despite the widespread employment of white bronzes in fashion and the electronics industry, the recent literature lacks a characterization of these electrodeposited alloys with respect to more common binary (Cu-Sn) white bronzes. In this presentation, a thorough characterization of a commercial ternary Cu-Zn-Sn white bronze, produced by electrodeposition, is reported. Structural, chemical and physical characteristics of the deposited coating were investigated by various techniques (e.g., FIB/SEM, XPS, XRD, EDX, micro-hardness, color and corrosion tests). Results were compared with a similar set of measures obtained from a binary electrodeposited Cu-Sn white bronze (with a high tin content), in order to shed some light on the influence of Zn in the coating properties.
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Zhang, Changping. „The development and formation of soldering technique on the bronze ritual vessel casting of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties“. Chinese Archaeology 18, Nr. 1 (27.11.2018): 180–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/char-2018-0018.
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Abstract This paper concerns the development of soldering in early China. Soldering requires the use of an additional heating of metal to join two or more existing metal items together. The paper defines the different soft and hard soldering materials. It also describes the evolution from joining two pieces, an animal head and a vessel with additional pour of bronze as an extension of the casting process. The next step was the use of hard solder, using bronze or copper related materials. There were two ways to join the existing bronze sections: the most common was “tenon soldering”. Less common but equally significant was “injection soldering”. In the late Spring-and-Autumn Period, soft soldering with tin and lead was developed. This step allowed much more extravagant decoration of bronzes, leading to new bronze vessel styles and also to much greater sub-division of labor in the production process.
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Wang, Zhongchi, Yang Li, Xudong Jiang und Chunxu Pan. „Research Progress on Ancient Bronze Corrosion in Different Environments and Using Different Conservation Techniques: A Review“. MRS Advances 2, Nr. 37-38 (2017): 2033–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.222.
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ABSTRACTAncient Chinese bronzes are precious cultural relics. Their surfaces are often severely damaged by dynamic changes in the external environment, both before and after they are unearthed. Therefore, scientific research has been required to preserve these treasures. In recent years, along with the development of modern science and technology, innovative instrumental analytical techniques have become indispensable tools to study corrosion phenomena as well as to evaluate post-excavation conservation techniques. In this paper, we present an overview of bronze corrosion processes in various environments, including analysis of the types of corrosion, mechanisms of formation and factors that influence bronze corrosion products. In addition, we compare the characteristics of corrosion products that have formed on archaeological sites, in tombs, and in museums. Lastly, we introduce some novel techniques for bronze protection, and we propose the focus for future research. Our expectation is that this review will provide a scientific basis for bronze preservation.
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LI, Kin Sum (Sammy). „Precious Stones and Bronzes in Jade Age and Bronze Age of China“. Old World: Journal of Ancient Africa and Eurasia 3, Nr. 1 (02.05.2023): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26670755-20230003.
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Abstract This article aims to revisit the terms ‘Jade Age’ and ‘Bronze Age’ in respect to Chinese archaeology and history. It argues that the active exchanges of techniques, ideas, and tools between the bronze and stone producers have blurred the definitions of these periods and proposes that we focus more on the concrete agents in history. This article adopts evidence from the cold mechanical treatments of precious stones and bronzes. It presents and analyzes traces of polishing and chiseling on bronze surfaces and argues that some of the traces may have been left by abrasives as practiced in the lithic industry. This demonstrates that lapidary skills and the post-casting treatments of bronze objects were interrelated.
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De Caro, Tilde, Emma Angelini und Leila Es Sebar. „Application of µ-Raman spectroscopy to the study of the corrosion products of archaeological coins“. ACTA IMEKO 10, Nr. 1 (31.03.2021): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v10i1.893.
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<p>In this paper, a study of the corrosion products formed on archaeological bronze artefacts excavated in Tharros (Sardinia, Italy) is presented. The investigation was carried out by means of the combination of different analytical techniques, including optical microscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy (µ-RS), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The artefacts under study are three bronze coins from the Phoenician–Punic period that are deeply corroded due to the chloride-rich soil of the Tharros excavation site. µ-Raman spectroscopy was chosen to investigate the corroded surfaces of the artefacts because it is a non-destructive technique, it has high spatial resolution, and it makes it possible to discriminate between polymorphs and correlate colour and chemical composition. Through µ-RS, it was possible to identify different mineralogical phases and different polymorphs, such as cuprite (Cu<sub>2</sub>O), copper trihydroxychloride [Cu<sub>2</sub>Cl(OH)<sub>3</sub>] polymorphs, hydroxy lead chloride laurionite [PbCl(OH)] and calcium carbonate polymorph aragonite. The experimental findings highlight that micro-Raman spectroscopy can be used to provide further knowledge regarding the environmental factors that may cause the degradation of archaeological bronzes in soil.</p>
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Feng, Li. „Solving puzzles about the casting method of bronze inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty“. Chinese Archaeology 15, Nr. 1 (01.01.2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/char-2015-0001.
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AbstractThis paper puts forward a new interpretation about the casting techniques of Western Zhou bronze inscriptions, especially those cast in raised grids. In fuller consideration of the various phenomena seen on the bronzes, this paper suggests a nine-step workflow in which transitional molds were employed to produce the real casting core with raised texts to be used for final casting. This new theory not only fully explains the production of long inscriptions with sunken texts and raised grids, but also explains the technical details behind a number of recently discovered special inscriptions.
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Zhao, Shengwei, Xin Liu, Zhen Chen, Siyu Zhang, Qing Niu und Xing Zhao. „Study on the Bronze Weapons Excavated from Xichuan, China“. Metals 14, Nr. 4 (28.03.2024): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met14040395.
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The collection of twelve bronze artifacts discovered in Xichuan provides invaluable historical insights into the Warring States period (476 BC to 221 BC) of ancient China. To investigate their fabrication techniques and current state of preservation, a comprehensive analysis was conducted using a metallographic microscope, a scanning electron microscope, and an electron spectrometer to examine the microstructure and elemental composition of the artifacts. The findings revealed that the copper content in these bronze artifacts varied between 41.82% and 87.95%, the tin content ranged from 6.79% to 46.88%, and the lead content was less than 28.96%. The microstructure exhibited an α-solid-solution dendritic-crystal-segregation structure, with a substantial amount of (α + δ) eutectic distributed in an island-like pattern. Lead was dispersed unevenly, appearing as small granules and large ellipsoids. The composition of these weapons aligned with their intended use, adhering to the manufacturing standards of traditional Chinese bronzes. However, their state of preservation was suboptimal, necessitating immediate protective measures. This study contributes physical evidence to the research on early Chinese bronze production and offers scientific guidance for the conservation and restoration of these bronze artifacts.
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Ehrlikh, Vladimir R. „Metal of the "Cimmerian elite" of the North Caucasus ( on the materials of tomb 3 of the Terese burial ground)“. Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, Nr. 2 (2023): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080024053-5.
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The article publishes the results of a study of bronze items from tomb 3 of the Terese burial ground (Central North Caucasus, Karachay-Cherkessia), one of the richest burials of the Koban culture of the Central North Caucasus during the Cimmerian campaigns in Transcaucasia and Western Asia.A typological analysis of the bridle accessories of a number of imported metal items from this complex shows that the burial belongs to a war-horseman of the late 8th centuryBC, who participated in military campaigns in Transcaucasia. ED XRF analysis reveals the main alloy groups used for production of the bridle and harness attachments from the Terese tomb 3 (26 samples) and Fars burial ground (2 samples). Tin bronzes and lead-tin bronzes with low, middle, and high tin concentration and a relatively low lead content clearly dominated the Terese selection. Lost wax casting into investment clay moulds was the main manufacturing technique. The Pb-isotope data of 23 samples obtained by MC-ICP-MS reveals the different sources of copper and lead as well as the recycling of scrap metal. Polymetallic ores of the Sadonsky ore field, located in North Ossetia was considered as one of the possible ore sources. Within the framework of the studied samples, arsenic bronze was recorded only as part of the inlay of two pins, originating from the Central Georgia which were probably made to order by a highly qualified Transcaucasian jeweller.
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Slaczka, Anna, Sara Creange und Joosje Van Bennekom. „Nataraja Informed through Text and Technique“. Rijksmuseum Bulletin 67, Nr. 1 (15.03.2019): 5–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.52476/trb.9714.
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The imposing Chola-period bronze Shiva Nataraja at the Rijksmuseum is a product of the living tradition of metal casting established over a thousand years ago in the region of Tamil Nadu. Purchased in 1935 from a Parisian dealer, it is one of the highlights of the collection belonging to the Royal Asian Art Society in the Netherlands, which is exhibited at the Rijksmuseum. The interdisciplinary study presented here links an art historical investigation of ancient texts and scholarly literature with scientific analysis in an attempt to refine the art historical context and at the same time flesh out what is known about the fabrication and provenance of the Nataraja in the Rijksmuseum. The Nataraja was cast by the lost-wax method; x-ray images confirm that the Shiva is solid-cast together with the halo. X-ray fluorescence reveals an alloy consistent with other Chola-period bronzes but not necessarily a pañcaloha alloy (five metals), which seems to be a modern tradition; the front hands were apparently cast on separately as a repair, probably during casting or not long after. Further evidence gathered from the sculpture and its soil encrustations (ICP-MS lead and neodymium isotope ratios, SEM-EDX and XRD) is briefly presented, and supports earlier assumptions about the Nataraja. It appears to date from the twelfth century and was under worship for a relatively short time before it was buried at an unknown location in India. The presence of Indian earth and corrosion products typical of burial imply that it did not re-enter a temple context for worship and was not subject to major restoration before entering the art market in the early twentieth century.
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Magrill, Pamela, und Andrew Middleton. „Did the potter's wheel go out of use in Late Bronze Age Palestine?“ Antiquity 75, Nr. 287 (März 2001): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00052832.
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Wheel-thrown pottery was widely produced in ancient Palestine during the Middle Bronze Age. However, evidence from two sites in Jordan has led to recent suggestions that this technique went out of use throughout the region during the Late Bronze Age. Investigation by xeroradiography of the pottery-forming techniques used in a Late Bronze Age potter's workshop at Lachish, Israel, suggests that the situation may be more complex and that further research is needed before generalized conclusions can be drawn.
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Bazhenov, V. E., A. Yu Titov, I. V. Shkalei, A. V. Sannikov, S. A. Tavolzhanskii, A. M. Mezrin, A. V. Koltygin et al. „Investigation of C92900 bronze properties obtained by permanent mold casting, continuous upcasting and hot extrusion“. Izvestiya Vuzov. Tsvetnaya Metallurgiya (Universities' Proceedings Non-Ferrous Metallurgy), Nr. 3 (13.06.2021): 24–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0021-3438-2021-3-24-36.
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In mechanical engineering, the antifriction tin bronzes, and C92900 bronze for instance are used for parts subjected to wear. The permanent mold casting into steel molds are commonly used to produce parts from C92900 bronze. This work investigates the possibility of C92900 bronze rods production by hot extrusion and upcasting methods. It has been discovered the hot extrusion temperature and ram speed, as well as the casting speed for upcasting that promote no defects in rods. It has been shown that hot extrusion leads to severe grain refinement up to 1.7 gm, and when casting upwards, on the contrary, an increase in the grain size occurs in comparison with the permanent mold casting. After hot extrusion and upcasting, the crystals of the Y-Cu3Sn intermetallic phase are refined in the bronze microstructure. At the same time, large agglomerations of (Pb) particles can be observed in the extruded bronze microstructure, which leads to a decrease in the coefficient of friction. The maximum hardness and tensile strength were obtained for rods produced by hot extrusion at 600 °C, and the highest elongation in rods obtained by the upcasting method. Tribological studies were carried out according to the «shaft — partial insert» scheme in a kerosene medium with a steel counter body showed that hot extrusion leads to a tenfold increase in wear resistance and a threefold decrease in the friction coefficient in comparison with rods obtained by permanent mold casting. At the same time, for the rods obtained by the upcast method, on the contrary, a decrease in wear resistance is observed. In connection with the mentioned results, it is possible to recommend the hot extrusion method for producing C92900 bronze rods in addition with casting technique.
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Figueiredo, Elin, Rui J. C. Silva, M. Fátima Araújo und Francisco M. Braz Fernandes. „Multifocus Optical Microscopy Applied to the Study of Archaeological Metals“. Microscopy and Microanalysis 19, Nr. 5 (26.06.2013): 1248–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927613001608.
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AbstractStudies on cultural metal artifacts can benefit greatly from microscopy techniques. The examination of microstructural features can provide relevant information about ancient manufacturing techniques, as well as about corrosion/degradation processes. In the present work, advantages of the use of multifocus imaging techniques in optical microscopy for the study of archaeological metals are presented. An archaeometallurgical study of a large collection of bronzes demonstrates the possibility of a microstructural study with no need for sample removal, which is a great advantage in the study of cultural objects. In addition, the study of mounted samples illustrates the advantages of the multifocus technique in the examination of particular corrosion features, with the possibility of three-dimensional reconstructions.
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Born, Hermann. „Ban Chiang bronzes: manufacturing techniques and restoration“. Studies in Conservation 33, Nr. 1 (Januar 1988): 130–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sic.1988.33.1.130.
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Born, Hermann. „BAN CHIANG BRONZES: MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES AND RESTORATION“. Studies in Conservation 33, sup1 (Januar 1988): 130–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sic.1988.33.s1.030.
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Martyushev, Nikita. „Alignment of the Microstructure of Castings from the Heterophase Lead Bronzes“. Advanced Materials Research 880 (Januar 2014): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.880.163.
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This paper reports on the use of nanopowders in the coating composition forms in casting blanks from lead bronzes for the petrochemical industry. Influence of composition of used protective separating coating of casting mold on the microstructure castings was investigated. For experimental investigations following coating were selected [1]: the mixture of zirconium dioxide nanopowder with industrial oil and the same composition as it’s, but on the basis of aluminum oxide nanopowder. As the test material multicomponent and lead bronzes were selected. The cooling curves castings using coatings of different compositions by means the developed device thermograph were constructed using techniques developed by the authors. The study results showed that the greatest reduction in the cooling rate at the time of crystallization bronze corresponds to coating casting mold based on powder of zirconium dioxide (45 °C/c). The cooling rate is reduced only to 65 °C/c when coating based on aluminum oxide. Decrease the cooling rate of castings using these coatings can change the shape and size of lead inclusions and align the casting structure in section. Form inclusions lead is becoming more spherical and their interfacial surface is leveled. The greatest changes occur in the surface layers of castings. Is shown that the multicomponent bronzes decreased speed the cooling due to the use plasters leads not only to changes in the morphology of inclusions but also to lead the change in the phase composition. Decrease of cooling rate leads to increasing the amount of eutectoid and growth of hardness casting.
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Beylin, Denis V., Irina V. Rukavishnikova, Nikolay F. Fedoseev, Tatiana N. Smekalova, Anna V. Antipenko, Anastasia Yu Loboda, Polina V. Guryeva et al. „Metal finds from the stone crypt in the northern part of the Pantikapaean necropolis (“Glinishche” district): a comprehensive analysis“. Rossiiskaia arkheologiia, Nr. 1 (01.07.2024): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869606324010058.
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The article is focused on the study of the alloy composition and the peculiarities of the manufacturing technique of metal objects uncovered during the excavation in the crypt in the northern part of the Panticapaeum necropolis. Based on the results of research on the details of funeral wreaths with natural science methods, it was established that they were made of gold of a fairly high standard. The use of such an alloy in the Roman period was recorded for items from the excavations at the Panticapaeum and Phanagoria necropolises. Bosporan jewellers made parts of funeral wreaths by mechanical processing: in the beginning, a metal sheet was forged, after that they cut out items of the required shape from it and applied an embossed ornament. Bronze objects found in the crypt, which were used by their owner during his lifetime, are mostly cast. They are made of pure copper, brass, tin-lead and lead-tin bronzes.
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Usacheva, Irina V., Ivan A. Spiridonov und Olga N. Korochkova. „SETTING THE STAGE: ENEOLITHIC AND BRONZE AGE LITHIC INDUSTRY MARKERS IN THE MOUNTAIN-FOREST TRANS-URALS“. Ural Historical Journal 79, Nr. 2 (2023): 116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2023-2(79)-116-126.
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The authors propose to discuss the methodology of searching for the defi nitive indicators of flaking techniques of the Eneolithic — Bronze Age in the mountain-forest Trans-Urals. The methodology is based on a step-by-step cross-referencing analysis of raw materials, technological and morphological characteristics of stone artifacts. The multilayer settlement Shaitanskoe 4–6 stone tools assemblage (the Kirovgrad district, Sverdlovsk Oblast) served as the main resource for the analysis. Main stages of the site’s populating correlated with the Eneolithic and the Bronze Age (Cherkaskul culture). Arrowheads were chosen as the key category of artifacts. This choice was based on both the large number of these artifacts (more than 100 items) and their fairly reliable cultural and chronological verification by the well-known interments and single-layer sites of the Urals and the adjacent territories. The Eneolithic flaking technique demonstrated a pronounced variability of tools. Pressure flaking technique used for obtaining blanks of a certain type (blades, microblades, and flakes of preset shapes and sizes) formed the lithic industry basis. During the Bronze Age, the emphasis shifted towards biface-production-oriented striking and counter striking knapping techniques. One of the Bronze Age lithic industry markers was a significant amount of characteristic waste, defected and good blanks as opposed to a small group of two-sided retouched tools with a high level of standardization and manufacturing quality (arrowheads, knives of an asymmetrical triangular shape with an arc-shaped side blade, scrapers of geometric shapes, etc.). The Eneolithic population preferred siliceous and clay shales, high-quality homogeneous jaspers, some types of chalcedony of gray and yellow, homogeneous flint of greenish and greenish-gray shades, and rhyolites of similar colors. During the Bronze Age, most popular materials were mottled flint of mediocre quality, siliceous shales of dark shades, siliceous quartz and chalcedony of light tones, and some varieties of jasper.
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Galeotti, Monica, Simone Porcinai, Andrea Cagnini, Maria Baruffetti, Caterina Biondi, Alice Dal Fovo und Raffaella Fontana. „Organic Patinas on Small Historical Bronzes: From Mock-Ups to Actual Artworks“. Coatings 14, Nr. 2 (06.02.2024): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings14020212.
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This paper deals with the study of organic coatings (patinas) on historical bronzes, specifically those applied on small-size statues in Renaissance workshops. These coatings, often transparent and translucent, contain a mixture of organic and inorganic components and may be still preserved in hidden parts of statues in indoor displays. However, the complexity of the original varnishes, their degradation and alteration over time, and the coexistence of materials added for conservation and maintenance purposes are challenging for their characterization. The often well-preserved surface of varnished bronzes and their small size make it mandatory to make the most of using noninvasive techniques for their investigation. To this end, to simulate the actual historical coatings, we prepared a set of mock-ups following ancient recipes and using materials that were available in the Renaissance. We used the samples to assess to what extent it is possible to disclose the formulation (binders, colourants, and other additives) and the thickness of a Renaissance patina with noninvasive methods. Microprofilometry (MP), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and eddy current (EC) gauge were tested on the samples and the results were combined with reflectance Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The analyses performed on the mock-ups set the ground for investigating a Renaissance bronze featuring reddish semi-transparent varnish layers. The achievements are discussed in this paper, along with the limitations of the use of a noninvasive approach.
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Stranges, Fabio, Mauro La Russa, Antonino Oliva und Giuliana Galli. „Analysis of the Quintilii’s Villa Bronzes by Spectroscopy Techniques“. Journal of Archaeology 2014 (26.02.2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/312981.
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The aim of this work is the characterization, with different diagnostic tests, of three fragments of bronze artefacts recovered from the Villa of the Quintilii (located in the south of Rome). In particular, the sample alloys were investigated by different chemical and morphological analysis. Firstly, an analysis of the alloy, implemented through the electronic spectroscopy, was taken to discriminate the bronze morphology and its elemental composition. Subsequently, a surface analysis was realized by molecular spectroscopy to identify the alteration patinas on surfaces (such as bronze disease). Two diagnostic techniques are used for the alloy analysis: scanning electron microscopy (SEM) connected to the EDX spectroscopy (to study the morphology and alloy composition) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) (to identify the oxidation state of each element). Moreover, for the study of surface patinas, IR and Raman spectroscopies were implemented. All studies were performed on the “as received” samples, covered by a thin layer of excavated soil and on samples processed in an aqueous solution of sulphuric acid (10%), to remove patinas and alterations.
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Respaldiza, M. A., B. M. Gómez-Tubío, A. Sánchez del Junco, F. Barranco und C. Sáiz-Jiménez. „Non-destructive analysis of archaeological bronzes by nuclear techniques“. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 89, Nr. 1-4 (Mai 1994): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(94)95156-x.
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MAHMOUD, Gehan, Ashraf EWAIS und Saleh MOHAMED. „MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUE AND CONSERVATION TREATMENT OF A UNIQUE GILT-BRONZE STATUETTE EXCAVATED THROUGH RESTORATION OF THE STEP PYRAMID, SAQARA“. European Journal of Materials Science and Engineering 6, Nr. 4 (21.12.2021): 176–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.36868/ejmse.2021.06.03.176.
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Unexpected excavation of the Osirian statuette was inaugurated in 2021 during a conservation project at the first step in the western façade of King Djoser Pyramid which dates back to the Ptolemaic era. Varies strategies of the examination techniques, such as stereo and polarizing microscopes, and scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry and X-ray diffraction were undertaken to characterize the chemical structure of gilt-layer, preparatory layer, and bronze alloy to evaluate their condition. This paper describes the actual condition of the statuette after excavation inside the King Djoser Pyramid, and characterization of the corrosion phases, and determines the best technique for conservation. Visual investigation revealed that the core of the bronze statuette was in good condition, but most gold with gesso was misplaced. Investigation and analyses results demonstrate that amazing technique which gilding has been accomplished as a thin layer over the white substrate from gesso. X-ray diffraction establishes that cuprite and atacamite resulting from the activation corrosion were the major minerals covering the statuette. Besides, calcite and gypsum were detected, which are to be a part of the preparatory layer. EDX results demonstrate that pure gold was likely used in the gilding layer. The gilt-bronze statuette was made of multi-layered surfaces. The solid cast was used in the crafting technique. Fixation of remaining plaster to metal was undertaken using Clucel G (4%). The figure was immediately treated via popular methods as mechanical tools and solvents. Benzotriazole inhibitor (3%) was used to cure the activation of bronze disease. The coating system was applied by using 3% paraloid B72. Finally, the statuette was preserved in the storage with the appropriate conditions.
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Massa, Michele, Orlene McIlfatrick und Erkan Fidan. „Patterns of metal procurement, manufacture and exchange in Early Bronze Age northwestern Anatolia: Demircihüyük and beyond“. Anatolian Studies 67 (2017): 51–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066154617000084.
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AbstractThis paper adds a new interpretive layer to the already extremely well-investigated site of Demircihüyük, a small Early Bronze Age settlement at the northwestern fringes of the central Anatolian plateau. It presents a reassessment of the evidence for prehistoric mining in the region, as well as a new programme of chemical composition analysis integrated with an object functional and technological typology of the site's metal assemblages. The results reveal complex manufacturing techniques (such as bivalve mould casting, plating and lost wax) and the co-occurrence of several alloying types, including the earliest tin bronzes in the region. Object typology further indicates that the Demircihüyük community was at the intersection of two distinct metallurgical networks: one centred on the western Anatolian highlands, the other spanning the northern part of the central plateau. Additionally, several strands of evidence suggest that the beginning of interregional exchanges, linking central Anatolia to northern Levantine and Mesopotamian societies, may have started at an earlier date than the commonly assumed ca 3000–2800 BC.
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GUO, JING-DONG, und M. STANLEY WHITTINGHAM. „TUNGSTEN OXIDES AND BRONZES: SYNTHESIS, DIFFUSION AND REACTIVITY“. International Journal of Modern Physics B 07, Nr. 23n24 (30.10.1993): 4145–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979293003607.
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The tungsten oxides and bronzes have been extensively studied since their discovery in the last century, because of their brilliant colors and high electrical conductivity. More recently the driving interest resulted from their potential use in electrochromic displays and other electrochemical systems. Their crystalline structures are generally based on the corner sharing of WO 6 octahedra giving tunnels of variable size and shape leading to exciting intercalation chemistry. These structures readily undergo redox reactions, and in the last quarter century these reactions have often involved soft chemistry. Most recently hydrothermal techniques have been used to prepare new sodium tungstates with the hexagonal tungsten bronze and the pyrochlore structures. The phase formed is a function of the pH of the reaction medium. The pyrochlore phase readily undergoes ion-exchange with a wide range of monovalent cations giving the compounds, M x W 2 O 6+x/2 · y H 2 O ; the value of y is strongly dependent on the identity of the cation, M. WO 3 with the pyrochlore structure could be formed from the hydronium and ammonium complexes. Lithium can be readily intercalated either chemically and electrochemically into both these phases, just as in the previously-known bronze phases. Surprisingly more lithium is incorporated in most cases in the hexagonal than in the pyrochlore phase. The ions in the pyrochlore structure show rapid ionic mobility, with the hydronium ion showing the greatest mobility.
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Tafto, J., R. L. Sabatini und M. Suenaga. „Crystal Site Occupancy of Alloying Elements in Polycrystalline Nb3Sn Superconductors By Electron Channeling“. Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 43 (August 1985): 196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100117935.
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Many of the crystallographic problems encountered in materials science require techniques that can be used on small volumes of materials, e.g., in VLSI semiconductors, thin films, and the composite materials used in high magnetic field superconductors. In recent years several sensitive and accurate microcrystallographic techniques, based on diffraction of 100-keV electrons, have been developed. For example, convergent beam electron diffraction is a powerful technique to determine the symmetry of microcrystals and electron channeling techniques for the location of dilute elements in the crystal unit cell.We shall here deal with the application of the electron channeling technique called ALCHEMI (Atom Location by Channeling Enhanced Microanalysis) to study composite materials by determining the crystal sites of small amounts of alloying elements in Nb3Sn made by the bronze process. This is a problem of considerable interest in conjunction with the development of high magnetic field superconductors, because small amounts of certain alloying elements increase the upper critical magnetic field significantly.
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Pan, Chun Xu, Ling Min Liao und Ya Li Hu. „Functions and Morphology of Metal Lead Addition to Ancient Chinese Bronzes“. Advanced Materials Research 26-28 (Oktober 2007): 523–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.26-28.523.
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The typical morphology of metal lead (Pb) in ancient bronzes made in the Spring-Autumn Warring States Period (770 B.C. –221 B.C.), China, was examined by using electron microscopic techniques. We propose that the main purposes for adding metallic Pb in a large quantity into ancient bronzes such as arrows and ritual vessel-Ding were for increasing weight and economical reasons. SEM observations from the fracture surface of the bronzes revealed that the Pb particle possessed a “hollow–cored bubble” structure, which was formed due to absorbing casting gases during solidification and therefore indirectly eliminated the casting porosity and loosen.
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Shimizu, Yasuji, Takashi Uno, Fuminori Sugaya, Takushi Toyooka und Katsuro Shimizu. „Mirror Mold Reuse Techniques in Ancient East Asia“. Materials Science Forum 983 (März 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.983.1.
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Re-using technique of casting molds for “bronze mirrors with triangular rims and designs of divinities and animals” have been considered. Presence of the same carving decorative patterns have recognized because crack marks of the surface of mirror are comparable. Although this technique was applied for casting of bronze mirrors in ancient Japan, it was presence in the Linzi site in Early Han Dynasty in China.
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Caloi, Ilaria. „Identifying Wheel-Thrown Vases in Middle Minoan Crete? Preliminary Analysis of Experimental Replicas of Plain Handleless Conical Cups from Protopalatial Phaistos“. Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica Natural Sciences in Archaeology XII, Nr. 2 (30.12.2021): 201–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24916/iansa.2021.2.7.
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Recent work in Middle Bronze Age Crete has revealed that most Protopalatial or First Palace period pottery is produced through the use of a combination of coil-building and the wheel, i.e., wheelcoiling. Experimental work conducted on pottery from Minoan sites of Northern and Eastern Crete (e.g., Knossos, Myrtos Pyrgos, Palaikastro) has indeed determined that Minoan potters did not develop the skills required to adopt the wheel-throwing technique. However, my recent technological study of Protopalatial ceramic material from Middle Minoan IIA (19th century BC) deposits from the First Palace at Phaistos, in Southern Crete, has revealed that though pottery was produced by the wheelcoiling techniques, yet other forming techniques were practised too. In this paper I present a preliminary analysis of experimental replicas of MM IIA Phaistian plain handleless conical cups, manufactured on the potter’s wheel using three different forming techniques: wheel-pinching, wheel-coiling, and throwing-off-the-hump. This analysis will proffer answers to several questions on the use of the potter’s wheel in Middle Bronze Age Crete and opens the possibility that at MM IIA Phaistos there co-existed potters who had developed skills to employ different forming techniques on the wheel, including possibly that of throwing-off-the-hump.
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Agostinho, Marcus Fábio, und Emerson Franchini. „Observational analysis of the variability of actions in judo: the key for success?“ Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 15, Nr. 2 (19.01.2021): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v15i2.6341.
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The main objective of the present study was to determine whether variation in gripping action, actions before attacking, throwing techniques, direction of attack, transition from standing to groundwork combat, and groundwork techniques varied between male and female judo athletes and between gold, silver and bronze medalists in judo World Championships for cadet, junior and senior athletes. Therefore, 296 athletes who won medals in these competitions between 2018 and 2019, who executed a total of 1202 scoring actions in standing position and 300 scoring actions in the groundwork combat were analyzed. Higher variation was observed for gold medal winners for grip, actions before attack compared to bronze medalists, whereas transition variation was greater for gold medal winners compared to the other medalists. However, no differences were found between age groups, except when interacting with sex, as a lower technique variation was observed in female cadets compared to all other male age groups. Additionally, less variation was observed in females compared to males for grip, actions before attacking, number of techniques and direction of attacks. Therefore, variation in some elements can properly discriminate the podium position, females present less variation than males, but no relevant differences were found between age groups.
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Barrile, V., A. Fotia und E. Bernardo. „THE SUBMERGED HERITAGE: A VIRTUAL JOURNEY IN OUR SEABED“. ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W10 (17.04.2019): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w10-17-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> On 21 and 22 August 1972, a young diver near the coast of Riace Marina (South Italy) found two bronze statues representing one of the highest moments of the sculptural production and the most important archaeological discovery of the last century: the Riace Bronzes. The Geomatics Laboratory of the Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria sets a goal to relive and re-propose the experience of a real immersion and the exciting moment of the discovery: an immersive journey in the interest of interactivity in virtual reality. Immersive Virtual Reality tries to combine the real and the virtual world, even involving our senses. In other words, it allows us to enter into the scenery like the virtual reality one, but without being just simple spectators. We become protagonists and we can participate and decide what to do and how to do it. Unity 3D is the multi-platform development environment used. The scenarios and the objects included in the scene from three-dimensional models were realized through photogrammetric techniques (seabed and bronzes). Remote Operated Vehicles (ROVs) have been widely used in recent times by researchers to explore underwater environments, both in shallow and deep water, for different types of studies. The seabed was detected through the aid of an experimental ROV (realized in a broader project of agreement with the IPCF CNR Messina). The use of a grid of known dimensions assisted the ROV’s use in order to correct the effects of distortion effects obtained in water. The proposed app is still being perfected and completed.</p>
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Barrile, Vincenzo, Antonino Fotia, Gabriele Candela und Ernesto Bernardo. „Geomatics Techniques for Cultural Heritage Dissemination in Augmented Reality: Bronzi di Riace Case Study“. Heritage 2, Nr. 3 (29.07.2019): 2243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage2030136.
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The Riace Bronzes are two full-size bronzes cast around the 5th century BC, located at the ‘Museo Archeologico Nazionale della Magna Grecia’ in Reggio Calabria; they truly represent significant sculptural masterpieces of Greek art in the world due to their outstanding manufacture. This paper describes the methodology for the achievement of a 3D model of the two sculptures lead by the Geomatics Laboratory of the Department of Civil, Energetic, Environmental and Material Engineering (DICEAM) of the Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria. 3D modeling is based on the use of imaging techniques such as digital photogrammetry and computer vision. The achieved results demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique used in the cultural heritage field for the creation of a digital production and replication through 3D printing. Moreover, when considering renewed interest in the context of international museological studies, augmented reality (AR) innovation represents a new method for amplifying visitor numbers into museums despite concerns over returns on investment. Thus, in order to further valorize and disseminate archaeological heritage, we are developing an app for tourism purposes. The created app allows the user, in real time, to obtain additional information on the object of investigation, even allowing them to view the 3D model in AR.
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Kovács, K., und K. Hanke. „Recovering prehistoric woodworking skills using spatial analysis techniques“. ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-5/W3 (11.08.2015): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-ii-5-w3-153-2015.
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Recovering of ancient woodworking skills can be achieved by the simultaneous documentation and analysis of the tangible evidences such as the geometry parameters of prehistoric hand tools or the fine morphological characteristics of well preserved wooden archaeological finds. During this study, altogether 10 different hand tool forms and over 60 hand tool impressions were investigated for the better understanding of the Bronze Age woodworking efficiency. Two archaeological experiments were also designed in this methodology and unknown prehistoric adzes could be reconstructed by the results of these studies and by the spatial analysis of the Bronze Age tool marks. Finally, the trimming efficiency of these objects were also implied and these woodworking skills could be quantified in the case of a Bronze Age wooden construction from Austria. The proposed GIS-based tool mark segmentation and comparison can offer an objective, user-independent technique for the related intangible heritage interpretations in the future.
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Kurt, Adem, und Hakan Ates. „Investigation of Weldability of P/M Bronze Materials by Tig Welding Technique“. Advanced Materials Research 23 (Oktober 2007): 315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.23.315.
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In this study, weldability of bronze parts produced by powder metallurgy has been investigated by using TIG welding technique. Bronze powders were pressed into 55x44x5 mm size specimens under pressure of 350 MPa. Then these specimens were sintered at 650, 750 and 870 °C for 45 minute under argon atmosphere. Finally, the parts were welded by TIG welding method. Hardness values of the welded joints were measured and microstructural features were investigated.
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Xie, Chi, Chunlin Fu, Sishi Li, Lingmin Liao, Guantao Chen und Chunxu Pan. „A Special Ancient Bronze Sword and Its Possible Manufacturing Technique from Materials Science Analysis“. Materials 15, Nr. 7 (28.03.2022): 2491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15072491.
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In this study, it was found that an ancient bronze sword had special microstructures, i.e., a tin (Sn)-rich layer (Sn: 38.51 wt.%), that was around 0.1–0.3 mm in thickness in the bronze substrate (Sn: 18.57 wt.%). This sword was unearthed from the same Chu tombs of the “Sword of Gou Jian”, and dated back to the late Spring and Autumn Period (496 BC–464 BC). The experimental and theoretical analyses revealed that (1) the Sn-rich layer exhibited higher microhardness (around 650 HV) than the sword body (around 300 HV); (2) the Sn-rich layer showed a brittle fracture due to the formation of a large amount of α + δ eutectoid, while the sword body was of good toughness due to a large amount of α-Cu solid solution phase; and (3) theoretical calculations of Sn diffusion in the Cu substrate indicated that this Sn-rich layer could have been formed within several hours or several days if the temperature was above 600 °C. Therefore, this sword was proposed to be a novel kind of composite bronze sword, and the possible manufacturing technique was a surface treatment called “dip or wipe tinning” or tin amalgam, which was widely used in the Bronze Age. Technically, this process possesses more advantages than the well-known two-times casting for making the “double-colour” or bi-metallic composite bronze sword. This research showed that the materials processing level was beyond our expectations for ancient China 2500 years ago.
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Hou, Shuhong, Yanping Li, Mengxia Xie, Thomas R. M. De Beer, Willy R. G. Baeyens, Shenghong Hu und Jin Ouyang. „Investigation of patinas formed on Chinese bronzes using modern multianalytical techniques“. Surface and Interface Analysis 39, Nr. 9 (2007): 775–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.2591.
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Xu, Yu Song, und Xiao Lian Wang. „Research on Heat Treatment Techniques and Structure Properties of CuNi2TiCrZr Alloy“. Materials Science Forum 575-578 (April 2008): 1070–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.575-578.1070.
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To replace the heavily contaminative and long price CuCo2Be alloy, the titanium bronze of no more than 3.5wt% alloying agents was introduced in this article, and its best techniques of heat treatment and cold deformation were confirmed. The metallurgical structures and fracture patterns were observed and analyzed respectively, and the microstructure was also surveyed by TEM. Results showed that titanium bronze belonged to deposition strengthening, and the main precipitated phase Ni3Ti distributed dispersedly in the group, whose size was about 20nm. Compared to the CuCo2Be alloy, the grain size of titanium bronze is more sensitive to temperature. So the titanium bronze can not be applied under overaging situation.
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Kim, Woo Hyun, Ji Min Jeon und Nam Chul Cho. „A Study on Manufacturing Technique and Corrosion Characteristics of Bronze Dirk, Bronze Sword, Bronze Mirror in Early Iron Age Excavated from the Osong Site in Cheongju“. Journal of Conservation Science 39, Nr. 1 (20.03.2023): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.12654/jcs.2023.39.1.06.
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Metallography, SEM-EDS, and Raman Micro-Spectroscopy analysis were conducted on bronze dirk, bronze sword, and bronze mirror excavated from the pit tomb No. 1-1 at 12th Point of Osong Site in Cheongju to study the manufacturing techniques and corrosion properties. The bronze dirk, bronze sword and bronze mirror are judged to be binary alloys of Cu(79.16∼79.89 wt%)-Sn (19.12∼20.34 wt%). The microstructure is a cast structure composed of δ phase and (α+δ) eutectoid, and no heat treatment was performed. As a result of classifying the corrosion characteristics, it was confirmed that the bronze dirk, bronze sword, bronze mirror were Type I. As a result of EDS analysis in subsurface area, tin oxide is located as a selective corrosion of (α+δ) eutectoid, and as a result of Raman Micro-Spectroscopy analysis, corrosion products of Cassiterite and Malachite were identified for the bronze dirk and Cassiterite for bronze sword and bronze mirror. The secondary metallic copper was mainly present in the hole left by corrosion of Pb particles and on the (α+δ) eutectoid, and was found to be 100.00 wt% of Cu as a result of the analysis, confirming that all of them were high-purity copper.
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Gambhir, Gagan. „THE MAGICAL TECHNIQUE OF CHAMBA RUMAL“. ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts 2, Nr. 2 (27.09.2021): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/shodhkosh.v2.i2.2021.33.
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India is known for its textiles and embroidery all over the world. Indications of cotton fabrics have been found at the site of the Mohen-jo-Daro excavations and the finest muslins and silks are seen represented in the murals of the Ajanta and Bagh caves. The art of embroidery has been practiced since the remote ages in India. At the excavations made at Mohen-jo-Daro, bronze needles have been found which were most probably used for purposes of embroidery. Ancient literature and sculptures also prove the antiquity of the art of embroidery in India.
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Selly, Rini, Siti Rahmah, Hafni Indriati Nasution, Ricky Andi Syahputra und Moondra Zubir. „Electroplating Method on Copper (Cu) Substrate with Silver (Ag) Coating Applied“. Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science and Technology (IJCST) 3, Nr. 2 (13.08.2020): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/ijcst.v3i2.19524.
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Knowing about metal coating (electroplating) is the electrodeposition of coatings or coatings attached to the electrodes to protect the substrate by giving surface properties and dimensions different from the base metal or finishing technique, by coating metal that is easily corroded (corrosion) with metals that are resistant to corrosion with electrical and chemical engineering. Whereas in Indonesian society the technique for metal coating is very familiar with the name of the gilding technique. In ancient times before electroplating and gilding were discovered to avoid corrosion of metals, the incorporation of metals such as copper with tin into bronze, copper with zinc into brass in addition to being resistant to corrosion also added to the beauty of color. Among the alloys above bronze is the oldest alloys that have been used by humans. With the development of the times, more modern gilding techniques were found to be a more practical method, namely electroplating, gilding with electrical and chemical processes that make metals resistant to corrosion. Metal coating is a scientific field which is one of the applications of electro chemical technology. Very closely related to the material science and technology, surface chemistry, physical chemistry, to the engineering. Various metals can be plating. The various metals are classified into five groups: "tumbal" coatings, decorative-protective coatings, engineered metal coatings, rare-use metals, and various types of alloys. All of these have their own characteristics, both advantages and disadvantages.
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Woodford, S. „Note. The technique of Greek bronze statuary. D Haynes“. Classical Review 46, Nr. 2 (01.02.1996): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cr/46.2.388.
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Laguzzi, G., L. Tommesani, L. Luvidi, R. Bucci und G. Brunoro. „Thin layer activation technique application in bronze corrosion monitoring“. Corrosion Science 41, Nr. 1 (Januar 1999): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-938x(98)00105-x.
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Berger, Daniel, Katja Hunger, Sabine Bolliger-Schreyer, Daniel Grolimund, Stefan Hartmann, Jan Hovind, Felix Müller, Eberhard H. Lehmann, Peter Vontobel und Marie Wörle. „New insights into early bronze age damascene technique north of the alps“. Antiquaries Journal 93 (04.06.2013): 25–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581513000012.
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Damascening, defined in this context as the inlay of one metal into a different metal base, is a rare decorative technique in the Early Bronze Age, known only from seven bronze artefacts found north of the Alps. This paper reports on the first thorough scientific examination of one such find, the axe from Thun-Renzenbühl grave no. 1. This interdisciplinary project involving several institutions in Germany and Switzerland investigated the axe by means of neutron radiographic imaging and X-ray microprobe methods, supported by microscopic examination. The result is an attempt to reconstruct the fabrication and decoration process and to reconsider the enigmatic question of the origins of the damascene technique north of the Alps.
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Degtyareva, A. D., N. B. Vinogradov, S. V. Kuzminykh und M. A. Rassomakhin. „METAL PRODUCTS OF THE ALEKSEYEVKA-SARGARY CULTURE FROM THE MIDDLE AND UPPER TOBOL AREAS“. VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, Nr. 4(47) (30.12.2019): 28–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2019-47-4-3.
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The article describes morphological and typological characteristics of non-ferrous metal, determines the for-mulae of alloys, as well as identifies techniques used for the production of tools by the Alekseyevka-Sargary cul-ture from the South Trans-Urals (15th/14th and 12th/11th BC). We carried out the morphological and typological study of the non-ferrous metal along with the X-ray fluorescence (Institute of Archaeology RAS, Institute of Mine-ralogy UB RAS; X-MET3000TX analysers from Oxford Instruments Analytical, M1 Mistral from Bruker Nano GmbH) and metallographic (Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS; Zeiss Axio Observer D1m microscope) analyses. A total of 19 tools exhibiting morphology inherent to the tool collections of the Alekseyevka-Sargary culture were selected for the study. These tools comprised random finds and items from the settlements of the Chelyabinsk and Kurgan regions of Russia, as well as from the Kostanay Region of Kazakhstan: daggers, а spearhead, sick-les, socketed chisels, a spear end cap and single-blade knives. A group of tools and weapons characteristic of all Eurasian cordoned-ware cultures was distinguished — daggers with handguards and socketed grooved chisels. In addition, weapons characteristic of the sites attributed to the Alekseyevka-Sargary culture (Saryarka, Altai, and Semirechye) were identified within the weapon complex of the South Trans-Urals. These weapons included bush hooks of the Sosnovaya Maza type, knives having marked handles, spearheads with holes and socketed straight-blade chisels. The metal of the South Trans-Urals is distinguished by the marked heterogeneity of its chemical composition with the predominance of low-alloyed bronzes Cu–Sn, Cu–Sn–As and Cu–As (66.7 %). There are 4 pure copper items, as well as products from the complex alloy Cu–Sn–As–Ni–Co and products with elevated iron concentrations (up to 2.68 %). These data indicate that the population experimented in the course of metal-lurgical processing of raw materials; they transitioned to smelting metal from sulphide ores or to the smelting of copper with sulphide or silicate nickel ores of the Ufaley Massif (deposits in the Chelyabinsk Region). South Ural craftsmen produced bronze and copper primarily using technologies for casting tools in one-sided (with flat cov-ers) and two-sided moulds. The casting was followed by refining operations using the cold forming technology with the intervals of low-temperature forging modes. This choice of temperature is justified in the procession of low-alloyed bronze. Clearly, the centre for metal production of the Alekseyevka-Sargary culture in the South Trans-Urals was a metallurgical one, with the development of both oxidised and sulphide deposits in the South Urals. Innovative technologies of smelting copper with chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, and nickel-containing ores were introduced. The complex of tools attributed to the Alekseyevka-Sargary tribes from the Tobol area is generally identical to the bronze inventory from Saryarka, Altai and Kyrgyzstan. Local craftsmen employed the traditional technologies of processing copper and bronze commonly used in the centres for metal production throughout the area of the Alekseyevka-Sargary culture, working primarily with bronzes low-alloyed by tin. As in previous eras, tin ingots and products were delivered from Central Kazakhstan and Ore Altai, but in much smaller quantities. The small number of products and the data of an analytical study indicate the relocation of the main centres for metal production of the Alekseyevka-Sargary culture from the Urals region (as compared to the big centres of Petrovka and Alakul cultures) to Central and Eastern Kazakhstan, up to Xinjiang in China.
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Borodovsky, A. P. „A HALF OF A METAL BIPARTITE MOLD OF THE SEIMA-TURBINO PERIOD FROM THE UPPER IRTYSH REGION“. Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 46, Nr. 3 (21.09.2018): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2018.46.3.059-065.
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We describe a rare fi nd—part of a Middle Bronze Age bipartite metal chill mold from the Upper Irtysh basin, used for casting three socketed javelin heads of the Seima-Turbino type. The use of metal molds (chill molds) for bronze casting is a sophisticated technique that is rather rare even at the present time. Having originated in the Bronze Age, it was subsequently abandoned for a long time. Chill molds indicate an advanced and effi cient bronze casting. In terms of the gate system, the specimen is a hinged vertically split chill mold. In Eurasia, the technique of casting javelin heads in chill molds was practiced until the Early Iron Age. In Western Siberia, it originated no later than the Middle Bronze Age. At that time, bronze casting in molds made of metal, stone, clay, and organic materials was highly developed. Apparently, the Upper Irtysh basin, including western Altai, was the region from whence prototypical metal molds had spread and were subsequently replicated in less valuable and less technologically effi cient materials such as clay.
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Grigoryev, Artem Petrovich. „The features of the skeleton of the population in the early bronze age of the Volga-Ural Region“. Samara Journal of Science 9, Nr. 4 (30.11.2020): 224–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv202094203.
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The paper is devoted to the study of a series of postcranial skeletons from the Early Bronze Age burial grounds on the steppe and forest-steppe territory of the Volga and Ural Rivers basin. Using the standard osteometric technique in the processing of the material and statistical techniques in its analysis, the morphological originality of the male part of the population was revealed. Within the group a robust tall type of constitution dominates, more or less found among the representatives of the early pastoral groups in the Ural-Volga Region. The specificity of the group originating from the territory of the left bank of the Sok River is revealed; it consists in the gracile of the skeleton. Compared to the chronologically synchronous groups of the Early Bronze Age, the Volga-Ural group has a somewhat more massive skeleton structure, especially on the background of the gracile sample of the Lower Don. The author has revealed similarity with the Eneolithic group of the Dnieper-Donets Region. The dominance of the hypermorphic body type in the group of the Early Bronze Age in the Volga-Ural Region is genetically associated with the population of the Late Stone Age in the Dnieper Region. The population of the Khvalynsk Eneolithic culture of the Volga Region, considered by some specialists as ancestral for the Early Bronze Age pastoralists, has a noticeably more gracile osteological constitution and morphologically approaches the Neolithic population of Central Europe.
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Leonard, A., M. Hughes, A. Middleton und L. Schofield. „The making of Aegean stirrup jars: technique, tradition, and trade“. Annual of the British School at Athens 88 (November 1993): 105–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400015902.
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This paper presents the results of a project designed to investigate the techniques used to make late bronze age Aegean stirrup-jars and to determine whether the identified techniques were influenced by regional-cultural factors. The project was initiated by the need to address the question of whether 12th-cent. BC stirrup-jars from Tell es-Sa'idiyeh in the Jordan valley, apparently of local clay, were made by local potters or by immigrant Mycenaeans. The stirrup-jars studied comprised examples from Tell es-Sa'idiyeh, Gezer, the Greek mainland, Aegina, Rhodes, Cyprus, Caria, and Egypt. Xeroradiography was used to elucidate variations in construction techniques, and the findings were tested by practical experimentation. The observations indicate that there is a degree of linkage between the techniques of manufacture and cultural background. In order to make the discussion of production techniques more secure, neutron activation analyses were also carried out; these provided information on the place of manufacture as opposed to the find-spot, and have also thrown some interesting light on patterns of trade in the Mediterranean area towards the end of the Late Bronze Age.
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Purowski, Tomasz. „Identifying Bronze Age glass production centres through bead-making techniques“. Archeologia Polski 67 (04.01.2023): 61–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.23858/apol67.2022.003.
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The assemblage of Bronze Age glass beads found in the territory of present-day Poland counts 3100 pieces. The earliest examples known from excavations in central Europe are dated most often to the BrB–HaA1/A2 phases of the Bronze Age (= BA II–III/IV); they are made of high magnesium glass (HMG), which is now most frequently corroded. In the HaA2–HaB3 phases (= BA IV–V), beads were produced of a “mixed alkali” glass, also called low magnesium and high potassium glass (LMHK), which is usually preserved in rather good condition. The oldest beads are large as a rule, well made, using, at least in some cases, the folding technique. Small, undecorated beads made of “mixed alkali” glass were produced by the winding technique.
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Syed-Khaja, Aarief, Christopher Kaestle und Joerg Franke. „Feasibility Studies on Selective Laser Melting of Copper Powders for the Development of High-temperature Circuit Carriers“. International Symposium on Microelectronics 2016, Nr. 1 (01.10.2016): 000517–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2016-poster1.
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Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) has the potential to lead significant changes in the present state-of-the-art production processes. This provides tool-free and direct manufacturing of complex geometries simultaneously integrating various functions into components. Though AM techniques are widely used in various sectors, the application into electronics production has been not yet explored. In electronics production, substrate development has high relevance due to their multi-functionality in giving the mechanical support and electrically connecting electronic components. This contribution introduces an innovative approach in the development of high-temperature substrates through additive layered manufacturing. The technique used in the investigations was selective laser melting (SLM) of copper based powder materials mainly bronze alloy and pure copper, for the generation of conductive patterns on ceramic surfaces. The process parameters for the SLM technique and the influential factors in the generation of conductive structures are discussed in detail.