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1
BORA, POPY, und L. C. BORA. „Revisiting non-chemical modes of diseases and pests management in tea (Camellia sinensis): A review“. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 92, Nr. 1 (31.01.2022): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v92i1.120819.
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Tea [Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze] like any other perennial plantation crop is subjected to loss in biomass yield and functional quality, once exposed to beyond economic thresholds of diseases and pests load. A battery of diseases and pests are reported to badly affect the tea industry of India. Microbial antagonists and botanicals emerged as two most vibrant via-media of addressing tea diseases and pests amongst non-chemical modes, in a manner, closest to residue free production system. Authors revisited the use of microbial antagonists and botanicals through comprehensive updated analysis of breakthroughs recorded in the success of microbial antagonists-and botanicals mediated diseases and pests management in tea. Our efforts also portrays the futuristic viewpoints in terms of developments of commercial formulations of botanicals using their bioactive compounds, consortium of bioagents and fortification of botanicals with bioagents through area wide field response studies in the back drop of growing demand of organic tea, the most pressing developmental issue of tea industry.
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Rahmah, N. N., D. Sartiami und R. Y. M. Kusumah. „Diversity and Population Dynamics of Pest in Sambawa Tea Plantation, West Java“. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1208, Nr. 1 (01.07.2023): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1208/1/012025.
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Abstract Tea plants are grown in monoculture on a large scale, so that can be a caused pest in the high population. This study aims to determine the diversity and dynamics of pest populations in Sambawa tea plantations in West Java. Tea pests are found in the crop and on the leaves picked at the plant. The dynamics of the pest population were noted by observing the area of attack, the intensity of the attack, and population density. Twenty-one pests on tea plants were identified based on their morphological characteristics and symptoms. Among them, seven species attack bud and young leaf, two species attack old leaf, twelve species attack young and old leaves, and one pest attacks tree trunk. Twelve pests were carried to the factory’s withering tub of leaves. Tea green leafhopper (Empoasca sp.), tea leaf roller (Caloptilia theivora), tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis bradyi), and tea tortrix (Adoxophyes sp. and Homona coffearia) were the main pests at the observation site. The population of tea green leafhoppers decreased after the second application of pesticides, post-picking, and heavy rains. The tea leaf roller was not found after the first and second pesticide applications. The population of tea leaf rollers began to increase during picking until the last observation. The highest population of tea mosquito bugs was found after the second pesticide application. The population of tea tortrix decreased after the second pesticide application.
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Yang, Zijia, Hailin Feng, Yaoping Ruan und Xiang Weng. „Tea Tree Pest Detection Algorithm Based on Improved Yolov7-Tiny“. Agriculture 13, Nr. 5 (09.05.2023): 1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13051031.
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Timely and accurate identification of tea tree pests is critical for effective tea tree pest control. We collected image data sets of eight common tea tree pests to accurately represent the true appearance of various aspects of tea tree pests. The dataset contains 782 images, each containing 1~5 different pest species randomly distributed. Based on this dataset, a tea garden pest detection and recognition model was designed using the Yolov7-tiny network target detection algorithm, which incorporates deformable convolution, the Biformer dynamic attention mechanism, a non-maximal suppression algorithm module, and a new implicit decoupling head. Ablation experiments were conducted to compare the performance of the models, and the new model achieved an average accuracy of 93.23%. To ensure the validity of the model, it was compared to seven common detection models, including Efficientdet, Faster Rcnn, Retinanet, DetNet, Yolov5s, YoloR, and Yolov6. Additionally, feature visualization of the images was performed. The results demonstrated that the Improved Yolov7-tiny model developed was able to better capture the characteristics of tea tree pests. The pest detection model proposed has promising application prospects and has the potential to reduce the time and economic cost of pest control in tea plantations.
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Chen, Jing, Qi Liu und Lingwang Gao. „Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Tea Tree Pest Recognition and Diagnosis“. Symmetry 13, Nr. 11 (10.11.2021): 2140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13112140.
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Due to the benefits of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in image classification, they have been extensively used in the computerized classification and focus of crop pests. The intention of the current find out about is to advance a deep convolutional neural network to mechanically identify 14 species of tea pests that possess symmetry properties. (1) As there are not enough tea pests images in the network to train the deep convolutional neural network, we proposes to classify tea pests images by fine-tuning the VGGNET-16 deep convolutional neural network. (2) Through comparison with traditional machine learning algorithms Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), the performance of our method is evaluated (3) The three methods can identify tea tree pests well: the proposed convolutional neural network classification has accuracy up to 97.75%, while MLP and SVM have accuracies of 76.07% and 68.81%, respectively. Our proposed method performs the best of the assessed recognition algorithms. The experimental results also show that the fine-tuning method is a very powerful and efficient tool for small datasets in practical problems.
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Pokharel, Sabin Saurav, Han Yu, Wanping Fang, Megha N. Parajulee und Fajun Chen. „Intercropping Cover Crops for a Vital Ecosystem Service: A Review of the Biocontrol of Insect Pests in Tea Agroecosystems“. Plants 12, Nr. 12 (18.06.2023): 2361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12122361.
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The intercropping of cover crops has been adopted in several agroecosystems, including tea agroecosystems, which promotes ecological intensification. Prior studies have shown that growing cover crops in tea plantations provided different ecological services, including the biocontrol of pests. Cover crops enrich soil nutrients, reduce soil erosion, suppress weeds and insect pests, and increase the abundance of natural enemies (predators and parasitoids). We have reviewed the potential cover crops that can be incorporated into the tea agroecosystem, particularly emphasizing the ecological services of cover crops in pest control. Cover crops were categorized into cereals (buckwheat, sorghum), legumes (guar, cowpea, tephrosia, hairy indigo, and sunn hemp), aromatic plants (lavender, marigold, basil, and semen cassiae), and others (maize, mountain pepper, white clover, round-leaf cassia, and creeping indigo). Legumes and aromatic plants are the most potent cover crop species that can be intercropped in monoculture tea plantations due to their exceptional benefits. These cover crop species improve crop diversity and help with atmospheric nitrogen fixation, including with the emission of functional plant volatiles, which enhances the diversity and abundance of natural enemies, thereby assisting in the biocontrol of tea insect pests. The vital ecological services rendered by cover crops to monoculture tea plantations, including regarding the prevalent natural enemies and their pivotal role in the biocontrol of insect pests in the tea plantation, have also been reviewed. Climate-resilient crops (sorghum, cowpea) and volatile blends emitting aromatic plants (semen cassiae, marigold, flemingia) are recommended as cover crops that can be intercropped in tea plantations. These recommended cover crop species attract diverse natural enemies and suppress major tea pests (tea green leaf hopper, white flies, tea aphids, and mirid bugs). It is presumed that the incorporation of cover crops within the rows of tea plantations will be a promising strategy for mitigating pest attacks via the conservation biological control, thereby increasing tea yield and conserving agrobiodiversity. Furthermore, a cropping system with intercropped cover crop species would be environmentally benign and offer the opportunity to increase natural enemy abundance, delaying pest colonization and/or preventing pest outbreaks for pest management sustainability.
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Roy, Somnath, Ananda Mukhopadhyay, Soma Das und G. Gurusubramanian. „BIOEFFICACY OF COCCINELLID PREDATORS ON MAJOR TEA PESTS“. Journal of Biopesticides 03, Nr. 01 (01.06.2010): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.3.1.33-36.
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ABSTRACT Twenty species of coccinellid predators were observed in Sub-Himalayan tea plantation of North Bengal during 2004 to 2006. Of these, Micraspis discolor (F) was dominant (42.5%) in the conventionally managed tea plantations. The abundance of M. discolor populations was positively correlated with the abundance of red spider mites (Oligonychus coffeae Neitner, Acarina: Tetranychidae) (R2 =0.705) and tea aphid (Toxoptera aurantii Boyer de Fons, Homoptera: Aphidae) (R2 = 0.893). Both the pests and their predator (M. discolor) populations showed similar patterns of abundance that reached peaks during January to March. In choice test, the mixed population the grub and adult of M. discolor showed a clear choice for the tea aphid. The life cycle studies also suggested that the tea aphid was the preferred prey for M. discolors, but the predator can survive on red spider mite also. The studies on feeding potential indicated that the grubs of M. discolor consumed on an average 280.30 red spider mites and 188.66 tea aphids during its larval period of development, which were 24.10 + 0.77 and 21.70 + 0.72 days, respectively. The regression between the age of grub and rate of consumption showed that the consumption by the predator at larval stage is highly correlated to its age. An adult predator consumed on an average of 20.32 + 11.79 red spider mites per day and 35.9 + 4.95 tea aphids per day. In both case, male individual consumed significantly less number of aphids as compared to the female.
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Shrestha, Gita, und Resham B. Thapa. „Tea pests and pesticide problems and integrated management“. Journal of Agriculture and Environment 16 (01.06.2015): 188–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v16i0.19852.
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Tea is one of the most popular beverage and main cash crops of Nepal with a very high export potential. Its plantation has expanded over 19000 ha with production of nearly 21 million kg per annum providing employment opportunity to 12000 farmers and many traders in Nepal. This plant suffers from more than 300 recognized pests, of which 25-30 insect pests occur regularly in poorly managed tea garden and some of them are major ones causing significant crop loss. Their recognition of field occurrence and incidence helps in devising management options to reduce crop loss. Therefore, a study was conducted to monitor insect pests, ascertain their nature of incidence and time of occurrence in tea garden in terai (Bhadrapur), foot-hill (Barne) and mid- hill (Kanyam) of eastern Nepal. Information was gathered by interacting with local tea gardeners, close observation in the field, collection of species and their identification in the laboratory, which showed that both terai and foot-hills with warmer climate harbored higher number of species than mid-hills. Their integrated management is essential for sustainable tea production.
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Zhang, Jin, Yongchen Yu, Xiaona Qian, Xin Zhang, Xiwang Li und Xiaoling Sun. „Recent Advances in the Specialized Metabolites Mediating Resistance to Insect Pests and Pathogens in Tea Plants (Camellia sinensis)“. Plants 13, Nr. 2 (22.01.2024): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13020323.
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Tea is the second most popular nonalcoholic beverage consumed in the world, made from the buds and young leaves of the tea plants (Camellia sinensis). Tea trees, perennial evergreen plants, contain abundant specialized metabolites and suffer from severe herbivore and pathogen attacks in nature. Thus, there has been considerable attention focusing on investigating the precise function of specialized metabolites in plant resistance against pests and diseases. In this review, firstly, the responses of specialized metabolites (including phytohormones, volatile compounds, flavonoids, caffeine, and L-theanine) to different attacks by pests and pathogens were compared. Secondly, research progress on the defensive functions and action modes of specialized metabolites, along with the intrinsic molecular mechanisms in tea plants, was summarized. Finally, the critical questions about specialized metabolites were proposed for better future research on phytohormone-dependent biosynthesis, the characteristics of defense responses to different stresses, and molecular mechanisms. This review provides an update on the biological functions of specialized metabolites of tea plants in defense against two pests and two pathogens.
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Wang, Yinkai, Renjie Xu, Di Bai und Haifeng Lin. „Integrated Learning-Based Pest and Disease Detection Method for Tea Leaves“. Forests 14, Nr. 5 (14.05.2023): 1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14051012.
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Currently, the detection of tea pests and diseases remains a challenging task due to the complex background and the diverse spot patterns of tea leaves. Traditional methods of tea pest detection mainly rely on the experience of tea farmers and experts in specific fields, which is complex and inefficient and can easily lead to misclassification and omission of diseases. Currently, a single detection model is often used for tea pest and disease identification; however, its learning and perception capabilities are insufficient to complete target detection of pests and diseases in complex tea garden environments. To address the problem that existing target detection algorithms are difficult to identify in the complex environment of tea plantations, an integrated learning-based pest detection method is proposed to detect one disease (Leaf blight) and one pest (Apolygus lucorμm), and to perform adaptive learning and extraction of tea pests and diseases. In this paper, the YOLOv5 weakly supervised model is selected, and it is found through experiments that the GAM attention mechanism’s introduction on the basis of YOLOv5’s network can better identify the Apolygus lucorμm; the introduction of CBAM attention mechanism significantly enhances the effect of identifying Leaf blight. After integrating the two modified YOLOv5 models, the prediction results were processed using the weighted box fusion (WBF) algorithm. The integrated model made full use of the complementary advantages among the models, improved the feature extraction ability of the model and enhanced the detection capability of the model. The experimental findings demonstrate that the tea pest detection algorithm effectively enhances the detection ability of tea pests and diseases with an average accuracy of 79.3%. Compared with the individual models, the average accuracy improvement was 8.7% and 9.6%, respectively. The integrated algorithm, which may serve as a guide for tea disease diagnosis in field environments, has improved feature extraction capabilities, can extract more disease feature information, and better balances the model’s recognition accuracy and model complexity.
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S, Kumbinarasaiah, und Yeshwanth R. „Haar wavelet approach to study the control of biological pest model in Tea plants“. Journal of Fractional Calculus and Nonlinear Systems 4, Nr. 2 (27.12.2023): 14–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.48185/jfcns.v4i2.862.
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n this study, we consider a novel approach called the Haar wavelet collocation method (HWCM) toexamine the mathematical model of pest propagation in tea plants and how biological enemies might controlthem. This model is in the form of a system of coupled ordinary differential equations (ODEs). When studyingthe system, we consider tea plants, pests that harm the plants, biological enemies that are their reasonablecompetitors of pests, self-reproduction of the tea plants, natural death of pests and natural enemies, etc. Byturning the Mathematical model into a system of non-linear algebraic equations, we use the properties ofthe Haar wavelets. The opted method can solve the biological pest management problem in tea plants. Thevalues of the unknown coefficients are recovered using the collocation method and Newton Raphson method.The Mathematica program acquires the numerical results, nature, and uniformity. The acquired findings showthat the current method is more accurate than those indicated in tables and graphs.
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Pandian, Prabhakaran, Radhakrishnan Balakrishnan, Srikumar Kodakkadal Kotian und Kumar Bastian Suresh. „Efficacy of certain common ferns against red spider mite Oligonychus coffeae and tea mosquito bug Helopeltis theivora infesting tea“. Plant Protection Science 53, No. 4 (30.08.2017): 232–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/23/2015-pps.
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In search for botanicals as an alternative remedy to synthetic chemicals in the pest control of tea plantations, ferns such as Adiantum raddianum, Asplenium aethiopicum, Cyclosorus interruptus, Dicranopteris linearis, Diplazium polypodioides, and Pteridium aquilinum were evaluated against the two major pests of tea, red spider mite Oligonychus coffeae Nietner and tea mosquito bug Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse, which are the foremost seasonal pests in tea fields, causing severe crop loss. Apart from synthetic chemicals, only the neem kernel extract is recommended in tea fields. The aqueous extracts of ferns were screened at different concentrations against these pests under laboratory and field conditions. The extracts of P. aquilinum and D. linearis showed good contact toxicity at a 5% concentration to O. coffeae. The acaricidal activity was observed in the order P. aquilinum > D. linearis > C. interruptus > A. raddianum > D. polypodioides > A. aethiopicum. Under field conditions, the extract of D. linearis and P. aquilinum showed a 50% reduction in the population of red spider mite and caused no phytotoxic effect to tea leaves. But their insecticidal activity was less pronounced against H. theivora. They exhibit antifeedant activity, which was sustained only for 24 hours. The photochemical screening of extracts showed a qualitatively increased level of saponins in P. aquilinum, D. linearis, and C. interruptus. The study shows that the aqueous extracts of D. linearis and P. aquilinum can be incorporated in the mite control programme in tea.
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Hazarika, Lakshmi K., Mantu Bhuyan und Budhindra N. Hazarika. „Insect Pests of Tea and Their Management“. Annual Review of Entomology 54, Nr. 1 (Januar 2009): 267–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093359.
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Moitra, Manabendra Nath. „Occurrence of Major Pests on the Trimmed Surface of Tea Plants in Relation to Temperature and Relative Humidity -An Approach towards Minimal Use of Pesticides“. Environment and Ecology 41, Nr. 3A (August 2023): 1523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.60151/envec/wlxv5950.
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Assemblage of tea pests were studied in relation to environmental factors aiming at working out conditions promoting maximum occurrence on the surface of trimmed tea plants and thereby ensuring minimal use of pesticides and damage to the human workers resulting from chemicals. Atmospheric temperature and relative humidity tended to render a positive impact on the occurrence of the pests on plant surfaces, as indicated by correlation analyses, regression lines and the principal component analysis.
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Ye, Rong, Quan Gao, Ye Qian, Jihong Sun und Tong Li. „Improved YOLOv8 and SAHI Model for the Collaborative Detection of Small Targets at the Micro Scale: A Case Study of Pest Detection in Tea“. Agronomy 14, Nr. 5 (13.05.2024): 1034. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14051034.
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Pest target identification in agricultural production environments is challenging due to the dense distribution, small size, and high density of pests. Additionally, changeable environmental lighting and complex backgrounds further complicate the detection process. This study focuses on enhancing the recognition performance of tea pests by introducing a lightweight pest image recognition model based on the improved YOLOv8 architecture. First, slicing-aided fine-tuning and slicing-aided hyper inference (SAHI) are proposed to partition input images for enhanced model performance on low-resolution images and small-target detection. Then, based on an ELAN, a generalized efficient layer aggregation network (GELAN) is designed to replace the C2f module in the backbone network, enhance its feature extraction ability, and construct a lightweight model. Additionally, the MS structure is integrated into the neck network of YOLOv8 for feature fusion, enhancing the extraction of fine-grained and coarse-grained semantic information. Furthermore, the BiFormer attention mechanism, based on the Transformer architecture, is introduced to amplify target characteristics of tea pests. Finally, the inner-MPDIoU, based on auxiliary borders, is utilized as a replacement for the original loss function to enhance its learning capacity for complex pest samples. Our experimental results demonstrate that the enhanced YOLOv8 model achieves a precision of 96.32% and a recall of 97.95%, surpassing those of the original YOLOv8 model. Moreover, it attains an mAP@50 score of 98.17%. Compared to Faster R-CNN, SSD, YOLOv5, YOLOv7, and YOLOv8, its average accuracy is 17.04, 11.23, 5.78, 3.75, and 2.71 percentage points higher, respectively. The overall performance of YOLOv8 outperforms that of current mainstream detection models, with a detection speed of 95 FPS. This model effectively balances lightweight design with high accuracy and speed in detecting small targets such as tea pests. It can serve as a valuable reference for the identification and classification of various insect pests in tea gardens within complex production environments, effectively addressing practical application needs and offering guidance for the future monitoring and scientific control of tea insect pests.
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Koirala, Pramod, und Ananda Shova Tamrakar. „Common Pests and Pesticides used in High Value Crops: A Case Study on Some Selected Districts of Nepal“. Journal of Food Science and Technology Nepal 7 (15.06.2014): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfstn.v7i0.10608.
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This study was carried out in eight districts of Nepal to explore the pests, pesticides and other agro-chemicals used in high value crops viz. tea, coffee, honey and vegetables (tomato and brinjal). The study carried out districts for tea were Jhapa and Illam, whereas for vegetables Bara and Kavre. Similarly, honey was studied in Chitwan and Nawalparasi, whereas coffee in Gulmi and Lalitpur. The results revealed that different type of pests were found to be problematic in high value crops production. Loopers were the major pests in tea, borers in coffee, fruit fly in vegetables and mites in beekeeping. Different pesticides and some other agro-chemicals have been found to be used for pest management. Additionally, pesticide residues analysis for selected pesticides was carried out using GC-MS technique. The result of analysis showed that non of pesticides was found at the detection level of 0.7 parts per million. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfstn.v7i0.10608 J. Food Sci. Technol. Nepal, Vol. 7 (64-69), 2012
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Zou, Yan, Fangyuan Shen, Yanni Zhong, Changning Lv, Sabin Saurav Pokharel, Wanping Fang und Fajun Chen. „Impacts of Intercropped Maize Ecological Shading on Tea Foliar and Functional Components, Insect Pest Diversity and Soil Microbes“. Plants 11, Nr. 14 (20.07.2022): 1883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11141883.
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Ecological shading fueled by maize intercropping in tea plantations can improve tea quality and flavor, and efficiently control the population occurrence of main insect pests. In this study, tea plants were intercropped with maize in two planting directions from east to west (i.e., south shading (SS)) and from north to south (i.e., east shading (ES) and west shading (WS)) to form ecological shading, and the effects on tea quality, and the population occurrence and community diversity of insect pests and soil microbes were studied. When compared with the non-shading control, the tea foliar nutrition contents of free fatty acids have been significantly affected by the ecological shading. SS, ES, and WS all significantly increased the foliar content of theanine and caffeine and the catechin quality index in the leaves of tea plants, simultaneously significantly reducing the foliar content of total polyphenols and the phenol/ammonia ratio. Moreover, ES and WS both significantly reduced the population occurrences of Empoasca onukii and Trialeurodes vaporariorum. Ecological shading significantly affected the composition of soil microbial communities in tea plantations, in which WS significantly reduced the diversity of soil microorganisms.
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Xue, Zhenyang, Renjie Xu, Di Bai und Haifeng Lin. „YOLO-Tea: A Tea Disease Detection Model Improved by YOLOv5“. Forests 14, Nr. 2 (17.02.2023): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14020415.
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Diseases and insect pests of tea leaves cause huge economic losses to the tea industry every year, so the accurate identification of them is significant. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) can automatically extract features from images of tea leaves suffering from insect and disease infestation. However, photographs of tea tree leaves taken in a natural environment have problems such as leaf shading, illumination, and small-sized objects. Affected by these problems, traditional CNNs cannot have a satisfactory recognition performance. To address this challenge, we propose YOLO-Tea, an improved model based on You Only Look Once version 5 (YOLOv5). Firstly, we integrated self-attention and convolution (ACmix), and convolutional block attention module (CBAM) to YOLOv5 to allow our proposed model to better focus on tea tree leaf diseases and insect pests. Secondly, to enhance the feature extraction capability of our model, we replaced the spatial pyramid pooling fast (SPPF) module in the original YOLOv5 with the receptive field block (RFB) module. Finally, we reduced the resource consumption of our model by incorporating a global context network (GCNet). This is essential especially when the model operates on resource-constrained edge devices. When compared to YOLOv5s, our proposed YOLO-Tea improved by 0.3%–15.0% over all test data. YOLO-Tea’s AP0.5, APTLB, and APGMB outperformed Faster R-CNN and SSD by 5.5%, 1.8%, 7.0% and 7.7%, 7.8%, 5.2%. YOLO-Tea has shown its promising potential to be applied in real-world tree disease detection systems.
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Mamun, MSA, und M. Ahmed. „Prospect of Indigenous Plant Extracts in Tea Pest Management“. International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 1, Nr. 1-2 (22.02.2013): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v1i1-2.13924.
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Tea is a popular beverage made from the leaves of evergreen shrub or tree Camellia sinensis, under the family Theaceae. Tea plant is subjected to the attack of insects, mites, nematodes and some plant pathogenic diseases. Tea production is greatly hindered due to these maladies. About 10-15% crop loss occurred by these pests per annum. In severe cases, it would be 100%. To combat these problems different groups of pesticides have been used in the tea fields since 1960. As tea is a consumable commodity, the effect of residue of pesticides in made tea is harmful to human health. In this context, biopesticides are being considered as environmentally safe, selective, biodegradable, economical and renewable alternatives for use in IPM programmes. Biopesticides are natural plant products and may be grown by the planters with minimum cost and extracted by indigenous methods. Biopesticides are secondary metabolites, which include alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, and minor secondary chemicals. It is estimated that as many as 2121 plant species have been reported to posses pest control properties. Botanicals like neem, ghora-neem, mahogoni, karanja, adathoda, sweet flag, tobacco, derris, annona, smart weed, bar weed, datura, calotropis, bidens, lantana, chrysanthemum, artemisia, marigold, clerodendrum, wild sunflower and many others may be grown by planters with minimum expense and extracted by indigenous methods. These botanical materials can be used as an alternative to chemical pesticides. These botanical extracts will help in controlling major pests of tea such as Helopeltis, red spider mite, aphids, thrips, jassid, flushworm, termites, nematodes etc. The present note reviews the information of most widely available indigenous plants that may be used for the control of insect pests of tea as a component of IPM. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v1i1-2.13924 Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 1 (1&2): 16-23, December, 2011
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Cui, Chuanjian, Yunqin Yang, Tianyu Zhao, Kangkang Zou, Chuanyi Peng, Huimei Cai, Xiaochun Wan und Ruyan Hou. „Insecticidal Activity and Insecticidal Mechanism of Total Saponins from Camellia oleifera“. Molecules 24, Nr. 24 (10.12.2019): 4518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244518.
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Chemical pesticides are commonly used during the cultivation of agricultural products to control pests and diseases. Excessive use of traditional pesticides can cause environmental and human health risks. There are ongoing searches for new plant-derived pesticides to reduce the use of chemical pesticides. In this study, tea saponin extracts of different purities were extracted from Camellia oleifera seeds using AB-8 macroporous resin and gradient elution with ethanol. The insecticidal effects of the tea saponin extracts were evaluated by contact toxicity tests and stomach toxicity tests using the lepidopteran pest of tea plantation, Ectropis obliqua. The total saponins extracted using 70% ethanol showed strong contact toxicity (LC50 = 8.459 mg/L) and stomach toxicity (LC50 = 22.395 mg/L). In-depth mechanistic studies demonstrated that tea saponins can disrupt the waxy layer of the epidermis, causing serious loss of water, and can penetrate the inside of the intestine of E. obliqua. After consumption of the tea saponins, the intestinal villi were shortened and the cavities of the intestinal wall were disrupted, which resulted in larval death. This study highlights the potential of tea saponins as a natural, plant-derived pesticide for the management of plant pests.
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Ekka, Preety, Saikia Lakhi Ram und Babu Azariah. „ISOLATION OF POTENTIAL ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI FROM TEA SOIL OF DIBRUGARH AND TINSUKIA DISTRICT OF ASSAM“. Journal of Advanced Scientific Research 14, Nr. 09 (31.10.2023): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.55218/jasr.202314904.
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Tea garden soil extensively supports monoculture plantation of tea plant and there is comparatively little informationabout the distribution of spores of entomopathogenic fungi within the studied site. The entomopathogenic fungi arepromising natural agents that can parasitize a wide range of insect species and most entomopathogenic fungi have severalvariants and each strain is adapted to various hosts, causing natural infections among insects of many different species.Hence, soil samples from selected tea gardens were qualitatively analysed to find the occurrences of entomogenous fungiin the tea plantation areas which can be used as a bio-control agent against tea pests.
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Liu, Yan, Chang Liu, Jing Chao Zhang und Shu Ying Zhao. „Discussion on Applicability of the Technology of Using Light to Trap in the Field of Pests and Diseases Control in Tea Plantation of China“. Key Engineering Materials 575-576 (September 2013): 487–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.575-576.487.
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The quality and safety of agricultural products is a concern for the entire world. The main focus is pesticide residues, which is especially typical in process of tea production. The technology of Using Light to Trap is the best way to solve the problem, because it is to induce and kill pests with physical means of light, electricity, color and etc. Over the past decade, pilot demonstration and applications of insecticidal lamps applied in tea plantation have been conducted in more than a dozen provinces all over China, which achieved remarkable results. This article aims to conduct the work of conclusion and analysis on the basis of test results from fields over the years and the work of comprehensive analysis and accession with the consideration of current development status of the technology of Using Light to Trap, and thus provides scientific basis for ecological control of pests and diseases in tea plantation, reduction on volume of chemical pesticides, decrease of pesticide residues in tea, maintenance of ecological balance and protection for agricultural ecological environment.
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ZHANG, Xiaoyang, Haozhi LONG, Da HUO, Masood I. AWAN, Jinhua SHAO, Athar MAHMOOD, Shuang LIU et al. „Insights into the functional role of tea microbes on tea growth, quality and resistance against pests and diseases“. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 50, Nr. 4 (05.12.2022): 12915. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha50312915.
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Tea is an economical and most widely used beverage across the globe owing to its unique fragrance and flavor. Plant microbe interaction has emerged as an important topic which got the attention of scientists to improve plant performance. Tea microbes remained a prominent research topic for scientists over the years as tea microbes helps in nutrient cycling and stress management which in turn improve the tea growth, yield and quality. The roots of tea plants are colonized by various microbes including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), bacterial communities, and endophytes increase root growth, development and nutrient uptake which in turn improve tea growth, yield and quality. These microbes also increase the concentration of nutrients, amino acids, soluble proteins, flavonoids, catechuic acid, glucose, fructose, sucrose contents caffeine, and polyphenols concentration in tea plants. Besides this, these microbes also protect the tea plants from harmful pest and diseases which in turn leads to an appreciable improvement in plant growth and development. The most important goal of any farming system is to establish a system with production of maximum food while minimizing impacts on the environment. The present review article highlights the role of various microbes in improving the growth, yield and quality of tea plants. In addition, we also discussed the research gaps to improve our understanding about the role of tea microbes in improving tea growth, yield, pest and diseases resistance. We believe that this review will provide a better insight into the existing knowledge of tea microbes in improving tea growth and yield.
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Chen, Li-Lin, Pei Yuan, Min-Sheng You, Gabor Pozsgai, Xu Ma, Huaiping Zhu und Guang Yang. „Cover Crops Enhance Natural Enemies While Help Suppressing Pests in a Tea Plantation“. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 112, Nr. 4 (14.01.2019): 348–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/say050.
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Abstract Tea is an economically important crop, consumed by billions of people. Despite the increasing market for pesticide-free products, the use of pesticide in tea is still high. In order to investigate whether intercropping promotes biological control organisms, Chamaecrista rotundifolia (Pers.) Greene, Indigofera hendecaphylla Jacq., Trifolium repens L., and Vigna sinensis (L.) were separately intercropped with free weeding as control in a tea plantation at Yangli, China. Arthropods were collected by taking sweep-net samples, and treatment effects on assemblages were investigated. The combined species richness of all arthropods and that of parasitoids was significantly increased in intercropped treatments while the species richness of herbivores and predators was only greater in C. rotundifolia and I. hendecaphylla intercropped treatments. Compared with control, the combined abundance of all arthropods, and that of herbivores was lower, while the abundance of parasitoids and its taxa was greater in all intercropped treatments. The abundance of predators and its taxa was greater only in tea plantations intercropped with C. rotundifolia or I. hendecaphylla. Of the herbivores, the abundance of Empoasca onukii Matsuda, Sternorrhyncha, Aleyrodidae, and Pentatomidae was greater in the areas intercropped with C. rotundifolia in comparison with the control, but the abundance of Thysanoptera and Geometridae caterpillars was lower. The recorded increase in the abundance of beneficial arthropods may explain the lower abundance of Thysanoptera or Geometridae caterpillars detected in the intercropped tea plantations. Our results indicate that intercropping has the potential to enhance arthropod biodiversity, and to provide an option for sustainable pest control in tea plantations.
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Diana, Arista Fitri, Widowati Widowati, R. H. Tjahjana und Eka Triyana. „STABILITY ANALYSIS OF DYNAMICAL MODEL INTERACTIONS TEA PLANTS, PESTS, AND DISEASES WITH FUNGICIDES AND INSECTICIDES CONTROLS“. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTER RESEARCH 11, Nr. 01 (30.01.2023): 3209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.47191/ijmcr/v11i1.14.
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Tea plants are one of the exports commodities in Indonesia. In their development, the plantation ecosystem is heavily influenced by several factors, both internal and external factors. In the field of applied mathematics, mathematical modelling can be used to analyze the development of tea plant growth and their interactions each other in their ecosystem. The mathematical model in this research is combining three main models, there are logistic model, epidemiological model, and predator prey model by adding fungicide and insecticide controls. Furthermore, local and global stability analysis is carried out and the optimal control problem is solved by Pontryagin maximum principle. The results of the analysis obtained five equilibrium points. Local stability analysis was carried out using the Routh Hurwitz criteria which showed the fifth equilibrium point is locally asymptotically stable. The basic reproduction number in the model is 0.99. Because 16R0<1" style="width: 28pt; height: 11pt;">, it can be concluded that there is no spread of disease in the tea plantation ecosystem after a period of 5 years. The control provided can reduce pest and disease attacks. After being given control, the population of infected tea plants decreased by 93.21%, Empoasca pests decreased by 99.47%, and leaf roller caterpillars decreased by 99.31% compared to the model that was not given control.
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Yao, Xianze, Haifeng Lin, Di Bai und Hongping Zhou. „A Small Target Tea Leaf Disease Detection Model Combined with Transfer Learning“. Forests 15, Nr. 4 (25.03.2024): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15040591.
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Tea cultivation holds significant economic value, yet the leaves of tea plants are frequently susceptible to various pest and disease infestations. Consequently, there is a critical need for research focused on precisely and efficiently detecting these threats to tea crops. The investigation of a model capable of effectively identifying pests and diseases in tea plants is often hindered by challenges, such as limited datasets of pest and disease samples and the small size of detection targets. To address these issues, this study has chosen TLB, a common pest and disease in tea plants, as the primary research subject. The approach involves the application of transfer learning in conjunction with data augmentation as a fundamental methodology. This technique entails transferring knowledge acquired from a comprehensive source data domain to the model, aiming to mitigate the constraints of limited sample sizes. Additionally, to tackle the challenge of detecting small targets, this study incorporates the decoupling detection head TSCODE and integrates the Triplet Attention mechanism into the E-ELAN structure within the backbone to enhance the model’s focus on the TLB’s small targets and optimize detection accuracy. Furthermore, the model’s loss function is optimized based on the Wasserstein distance measure to mitigate issues related to sensitivity in localizing small targets. Experimental results demonstrate that, in comparison to the conventional YOLOv7 tiny model, the proposed model exhibits superior performance on the TLB small sample dataset, with precision increasing by 6.5% to 92.2%, recall by 4.5% to 86.6%, and average precision by 5.8% to 91.5%. This research offers an effective solution for identifying tea pests and diseases, presenting a novel approach to developing a model for detecting such threats in tea cultivation.
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Sun, Yubing, Yubing Sun, Jun Wang, Shaoming Cheng, Yongwei Wang, Jun Wang, Shaoming Cheng und Yongwei Wang. „Evaluation of Damage Severity of Tea Plants Using Electronic Nose“. Transactions of the ASABE 62, Nr. 1 (2019): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12246.
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Abstract. In this study, an electronic nose (E-nose) was used to evaluate the damage severity of tea plants, and a new evaluation index (mass loss) was introduced to reflect damage severity. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was employed for proving the potential of the E-nose to detect tea plants with different damage severities. The number of pests attacking tea plants and the time under attack are two traditional evaluation indexes that are widely applied. The prediction performance of mass loss was compared with the number of pests and time under attack based on partial least squares regression (PLSR) according to the correlation coefficient (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE), and the results showed that the prediction performance of mass loss was better than that of the other two indexes. Three regression algorithms, namely PLSR, extreme learning machine for regression (ELMR), and support vector regression (SVR), were applied to predict mass loss, and their performances were compared. The results indicated that these three algorithms all had good performances, and SVR was the best. It could be concluded that E-nose is a feasible technique for evaluating the damage severity of tea plants, and mass loss is an appropriate evaluation index for damage severity. Keywords: Damage severity, Electronic nose, Mass loss, Regression algorithm.
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Das, Soma, Ananda Mukhopadhyay und Somnath Roy. „MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, DEVELOPMENTAL TRAITS AND SEASONAL OCCURRENCE OF LOOPER PESTS (LEPIDOPTERA : GEOMETRIDAE) OF TEA CROP“. Journal of Biopesticides 03, Nr. 01 (01.06.2010): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.3.1.16-19.
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ABSTRACT Caterpillars of three major geometrid species such as, Hyposidra talaca, H. infixaria and Buzura suppressaria frequently attack tea plantations of sub-Himalayan plains of Terai and the Dooars region. The feeding activity of these pests often leads to heavy defoliation of tea bushes almost throughout the year. A clear understanding of the morphological diversity of these sympatric species is necessary at all life stages in order to contemplate their management strategies. Field observations indicated that amongst the loopers there is a dominance of H. talaca and H. infixaria at different seasons compared to the third species, B. suppressaria. Although a clear morphological difference of the adult moths of three concerned species was evident along with their distinct morphometry and weights, the larval instars of the congeners of Hyposidra were difficult to distinguish. However, a significant difference was observed in their development periods, which were 55 days for H. talaca and 48 days for H. infixaria. A clear distinction of the concerned species based on morphometrics and weight of pupa was also evident. In recent past, loopers have assumed the status of severe pest of tea in the sub- Himalayan plains mainly due to invasion of the two species of Hyposidra that have joined B. suppressaria in sharing the tea leaves as their ideal host. The newer pest species of Hyposidra otherwise known to occur on forest and fruit plants have of late turned to be a major defoliator of tea.
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OSAKABE, Masaru. „Problems on the control of tea insect pests in Japan.“ Chagyo Kenkyu Hokoku (Tea Research Journal), Nr. 64 (1986): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5979/cha.1986.64_1.
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OSAKABE, Masaru. „Review of the Lists of Tea Insect Pests in Japan“. Chagyo Kenkyu Hokoku (Tea Research Journal), Nr. 64 (1986): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5979/cha.1986.64_45.
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Muraleedharan, N., R. Selvasundaram und B. Radhakrishnan. „Natural Enemies of Certain Tea Pests Occurring in Southern India“. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 9, Nr. 05 (Oktober 1988): 647–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758400005166.
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Ye, Gong-Yin, Qiang Xiao, Mao Chen, Xue-xin Chen, Zhi-jun Yuan, David W. Stanley und Cui Hu. „Tea: Biological control of insect and mite pests in China“. Biological Control 68 (Januar 2014): 73–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2013.06.013.
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Maiti, A., A. K. Pal und G. P. Samanta. „Usefulness of Biocontrol of Pests in Tea: A Mathematical Model“. Mathematical Modelling of Natural Phenomena 3, Nr. 4 (2008): 96–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mmnp:2008072.
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Wu, Wei. „Identification of tea leaf diseases based on deep transfer learning“. Frontiers in Computing and Intelligent Systems 2, Nr. 3 (13.02.2023): 75–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/fcis.v2i3.5218.
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Tea trees are often vulnerable to diseases and insect pests in the process of growth, resulting in the decline of tea production and quality. It is of great significance to identify and prevent tea leaf diseases in time to ensure the steady increase of tea. This study proposes a tea leaf disease identification method based on deep transfer learning, which improves the recognition accuracy of the model through knowledge transfer. Besides, for the unbalanced distribution of the number of samples, the cross-entropy loss function is replaced with the focal loss function, which further improves the identification effect of the model. The experiment shows that the identification model of tea leaf disease proposed in this study can achieve the accuracy of more than 90.42%, which verifies the effectiveness of this research and has important theoretical and practical significance in promoting the development of intelligent agriculture.
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Prasad, Anjali Km, Somnath Roy, Suzanne Neave, Ankur Jyoti Sarma, Pranjal Jyoti Phukan, Azizur Rahman, Narayanannair Muraleedharan und Ananda Mukhopadhyay. „Sticky bands as effective tools to manage looper pests (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in tea crops“. Entomologia Generalis 39, Nr. 3-4 (23.12.2019): 347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/entomologia/2019/0735.
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Kawooya, Ronald. „Accomplishments of Tea Research in Uganda in the Year 2019“. European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 3, Nr. 1 (23.01.2021): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejfood.2021.3.1.214.
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Tea is Uganda’s third most important export earner and oscillates between coffee and fish. The current production in the country is 59,000 tonnes of made tea per year, earning 104 million United States Dollars to the Uganda’s economy. Despite its importance to Uganda, the tea sector is faced with a number of constraints that include rising production costs, age of tea bushes, high overhead costs, poor agronomic agricultural practices, pests and diseases, low genetic potential, poor seed system, low labour productivity,and climate change. Since the collapse of Tea Research Institute of East Africa, tea research in Uganda has been dormant for three decades, due to limitations in tea experts, finance, and infrastructure. This review paper highlights the current tea research accomplishments made with the help of government of Uganda Agricultural Technology and Agribusiness Advisory Service (ATAAS) funding. These endeavors include: a) Genetic structure of tea diversity in Uganda has been determined, b) Characterization of tea clones with desirable attributes initiated, c) Soil nutrient up take of tea clones has been determined, d) Screening tea clones for resistance to Xylaria and Armillaria diseases and e) Tea dissemination material accomplished. This paper further spells out the future perspective and strategic intervention of tea research in Uganda.
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Fatma S Moursy, Doaa AM Gad, Dalia Adly und Ihab I Sadek. „Study the effect of two organic fertilizers, methods of fertilization on productivity, pests and predatory insects associated with eggplant under modified climatic condition“. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 16, Nr. 1 (30.07.2021): 170–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2021.16.1.0205.
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This study investigated the effects of two organic fertilizer (compost tea and humic acid) compared to chemical fertilizer on plant growth, productivity, pests and predatory insects associated with eggplant Solanum melongena var. Black beauty under net house in 1st of April at 2019 and 2020 seasons. Application of fertilizers through fertigation enhanced significantly number of leaves, stem fresh weight, average fruit weight and total fruit yield. Moreover, stem diameter, nitrogen content in leaves (%), phosphorus content in leaves (%), potassium content in leaves (%), number of fruits and total yield were enhanced significantly due to using compost tea. However, using the humic acid cause a significant enhancement in number of shoots, number of leaves, stem diameter and leaves fresh weight. In addition, application of compost tea through the fertigation cause a significant superiority in number of shoots, nitrogen content in leaves (%), phosphorus content in leaves (%), potassium content in leaves (%), number of fruits, average fruit weight and total yield. The highest significant values of leaves fresh weight and stem dry weight were mainly due using humic acid through foliar application. Three main pest species and seven different predators' species were recorded associated with pests on eggplant. The application of foliar and fertigation compost tea increased pest populations significantly compared with humic acid and control. But also, increase the predators' population.
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Achar, Sindhu J., Chandrali Baishya, Pundikala Veeresha und Lanre Akinyemi. „Dynamics of Fractional Model of Biological Pest Control in Tea Plants with Beddington–DeAngelis Functional Response“. Fractal and Fractional 6, Nr. 1 (21.12.2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract6010001.
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In this study, we depicted the spread of pests in tea plants and their control by biological enemies in the frame of a fractional-order model, and its dynamics are surveyed in terms of boundedness, uniqueness, and the existence of the solutions. To reduce the harm to the tea plant, a harvesting term is introduced into the equation that estimates the growth of tea leaves. We analyzed various points of equilibrium of the projected model and derived the conditions for the stability of these equilibrium points. The complex nature is examined by changing the values of various parameters and fractional derivatives. Numerical computations are conducted to strengthen the theoretical findings.
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Zhang, Ruifang, Dezhong Ji, Qiuqiu Zhang und Linhong Jin. „Evaluation of Eleven Plant Species as Potential Banker Plants to Support Predatory Orius sauteri in Tea Plant Systems“. Insects 12, Nr. 2 (14.02.2021): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12020162.
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Tea green leafhoppers and thrips are key pests in tea plantations and have widely invaded those of Asian origin. Pesticides are currently a favorable control method but not desirable for frequent use on tea plants. To meet Integrated Pest Management (IPM) demand, biological control with a natural enemy is viewed as the most promising way. Orius sauteri are slated to be a natural enemy to tea pests. However, more knowledge of rearing O. sauteri and selecting banker plant systems is strongly needed. The reproductive biology evaluation of the egg oviposition and population life parameters of O. sauteri under laboratory conditions were examined, and the supporting ability of 11 plant species—motherwort, white clover, red bean, mung bean, peanut, soybean, kidney bean, herba violae, bush vetch, smooth vetch, and common vetch—in a greenhouse was assessed. Most of the selected plants, except for herba violae, performed relatively well with high oviposition quantity and survival. The mean fecundity per female on red bean and motherwort was 148.75 eggs and 148.25 eggs, respectively, and 90.20 eggs for tea plants (the smallest); there also were significant differences. In an experiment to determine the life parameters of O. sauteri, all the tested plants, except herba violae, were found to be able to complete the growth and development of the life cycle; there also were significant differences. The intrinsic rate of increase of motherwort and red bean was 1.18 and 1.17, respectively, and higher compared to that of the other plants, including tea plants (1.13). This result of the O. sauteri population development index was also confirmed in a greenhouse with the number of motherwort and red beans being as high as 113.33 and 112.67. Since motherwort was found to be susceptible to aphids and powdery mildew in each trial, it cannot be used for intercropping in tea gardens. Among the 11 plants, red bean was found to be the most suitable to support O. sauteri in tea plantations.
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Hazarika, Bidisha, Gautam Kr Saikia, Joyshree Konwar und Kollol Pratim Baruah. „Non-chemical Tea Pest Management Practices Adopted by Small Tea Growers of Dibrugarh & Tinsukia District of Assam, India“. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, Nr. 20 (27.09.2023): 556–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i203839.
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The main objective of the present study was to meticulously document the non-chemical approaches to tea pest management employed by small tea growers in the Dibrugarh and Tinsukia districts of Assam. In response to the constraints imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic, the research team resorted to telephonic interviews, utilizing a well-structured questionnaire to gather information from these tea growers. Through this method, the study successfully captured and documented the specific practices, materials, techniques, and methods utilized by these growers in their ongoing battle against tea pests. The study brought to light a diverse array of non-chemical methods that have been embraced by tea growers in this region. These practices, deeply rooted in traditional knowledge, demonstrated their remarkable effectiveness in pest management. What makes these findings particularly significant is the potential they hold for future scientific investigations. These traditional techniques, when subjected to rigorous validation and refinement, could find broader application in large-scale tea pest management initiatives, offering a more sustainable and eco-friendlier alternative to conventional chemical methods. A noteworthy aspect of these non-chemical practices is the sourcing of ingredients. These materials were found to be locally available and abundant, derived from both plant and animal origins. This accessibility not only ensures the practicality of these methods but also highlights their compatibility with the local ecosystem. Importantly, these traditional practices were identified as crucial tools in combating infestations by various pests, including the red spider mite (Oligonychus coffeae), tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis theivora), and looper caterpillar (Buzura suppresseria). In conclusion, this study focused on the valuable task of gathering insights into the non-chemical pest management methods practiced by small tea growers in the Dibrugarh and Tinsukia districts of Assam. Despite the adversities posed by the pandemic, the telephonic interviews proved to be a robust means of collecting invaluable information about these practices. The study not only underscored the efficacy of these traditional methods but also emphasized their potential for further scientific exploration and subsequent integration into broader tea pest management strategies. This presents a promising and environmentally friendly path forward for the tea industry in this region and beyond.
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Lou, Sha, Bingru Zhang und Dehua Zhang. „Foresight from the hometown of green tea in China: Tea farmers’ adoption of pro-green control technology for tea plant pests“. Journal of Cleaner Production 320 (Oktober 2021): 128817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128817.
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Deka, Bhabesh, Suman Sarkar, Debrishi Modak, Somnath Roy und Azariah Babu. „Indigenous plant extracts and their role in pest management in tea ecosystem“. International Journal of Tea Science 16, Nr. 01 (03.11.2022): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20425/ijts1613.
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India is the world's second largest producer of black tea. Insects, mites, nematodes, and plant pathogenic diseases all damage the tea plant which severely hampered tea production causing about 10-15% crop loss every year. It would be 100% in extreme circumstances. In India, many synthetic pesticides are commonly employed to control tea pests. The use of an excessive amount pesticides could lead to a number of issues, including the development of resistance, negative impacts on non-target species such as insect predators and parasitoids, disruption of the ecological balance, and the accumulation of pesticide residues on tea leaves. In the international market, there is an increasing demand for organic tea or tea that is pesticide residue free, which influences the export price. Plant extracts having insecticidal qualities contains secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, and minor secondary compounds can be used as an alternative to synthetic insecticides and these are environmentally safe, selective, biodegradable, cost-effective, and renewable options for use in IPM programmes in this context. Biopesticides are natural plant products that can be grown at a minimal cost by planters and extracted using indigenous methods.
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Formentini, M. A., L. F. A. Alves und M. E. Schapovaloff. „Insecticidal activity of neem oil against Gyropsylla spegazziniana (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) nymphs on Paraguay tea seedlings“. Brazilian Journal of Biology 76, Nr. 4 (03.05.2016): 951–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.04915.
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Abstract Gyropsylla spegazziniana (Paraguay tea ampul) is one of the most important pests of Paraguay tea plants, and prohibition of synthetic insecticide use for control of this pest has led to the search for alternative methods. This laboratory study aimed to compare different control strategies for G. spegazziniana, utilizing a commercial neem seed oil product. Paraguay tea seedlings were treated with neem oil solution both pre- and post-infestation with 5th instar nymphs. The systemic action of neem oil was also evaluated by treating plant soil with the neem oil solution, followed by transfer of the insects to plants 24 h post-treatment. Spray treatments were effective against the pest, especially post-infestation (80% mortality), demonstrating the potential of neem oil for control of the Paraguay tea ampul. No significant effects were observed with respect to systemic activity.
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KAWAI, Akira, Toshihiro MUKAI, Hideki HORIE und Katsunori KOHATA. „Control Effect of Tea Seed Saponins against Insect Pests and Mites.“ Chagyo Kenkyu Hokoku (Tea Research Journal), Nr. 87 (1999): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5979/cha.1999.7.
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Roy, Somnath, und Narayanannair Muraleedharan. „Microbial management of arthropod pests of tea: current state and prospects“. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 98, Nr. 12 (24.04.2014): 5375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-5749-9.
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He, Haifang, Longqing Shi, Guang Yang, Minsheng You und Liette Vasseur. „Ecological Risk Assessment of Soil Heavy Metals and Pesticide Residues in Tea Plantations“. Agriculture 10, Nr. 2 (20.02.2020): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10020047.
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Tea plantations have used many synthetic chemicals to ensure performance and control of pests. This has led to increased contamination of soils and reduced tea growth. We assessed the levels of heavy metals, including Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn, Hg, As, and pesticide residues, such as HCHs, biphenyl chrysanthemum ester, methamidophos, imidacloprid, permethrin, in the soil of tea plantations of Taiwan, Tibet, Guangdong, and Fujian. The Potential Ecological Risk Index and the Nemerow comprehensive pollution index were used to analyze the data. The results showed that risk indices in Tibet, Guangdong and Fuzhou were considered as moderate ecological harm level. Ecological risk assessment index of Anxi organic and Anxi conventional tea gardens suggested a “low” risk level. The Nemerow comprehensive pollution indices for soil pesticide residues in the tea plantations of Taiwan, Tibet, Anxi organic and Anxi conventional were considered mild. Guangdong and Fuzhou had values suggesting “slight pollution” levels. According to National Soil Environmental Quality Standard (GB15618-1995), soil in tea plantations in Taiwan, Tibet, and Anxi conventional matched the national first grade of soil quality and those from Guangdong, Fuzhou, and Anxi organic tea garden matched the national second grade.
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Jha, Sanjeev Kumar. „Ameliorating Effect Of Emblica Officinalis On Lipid Profile Of Endosulfan Induced Mice“. Toxicology: Current Research 4, Nr. 1 (02.09.2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24966/tcr-3735/100020.
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In the recent times wide use of agrochemicals in agricultural practice has caused severe health hazards to humans while their side effects have damaged the environment also. Endosulfan is an organochlorine insecticide effective against a wide range of pests of cereals, coffee, cotton, fruits, oilseeds, potato, tea and vegetables.
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Jha, Sanjeev Kumar. „Ameliorating Effect Of Emblica Officinalis On Lipid Profile Of Endosulfan Induced Mice“. Toxicology: Current Research 4, Nr. 1 (02.09.2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24966/tcr-3735/100020.
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In the recent times wide use of agrochemicals in agricultural practice has caused severe health hazards to humans while their side effects have damaged the environment also. Endosulfan is an organochlorine insecticide effective against a wide range of pests of cereals, coffee, cotton, fruits, oilseeds, potato, tea and vegetables.
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Tian, Yueyue, Hanyue Wang, Jian Hou, Lixia Zhang, Zhengqun Zhang und Xiaoming Cai. „Occurrence and Distribution of Apolygus lucorum on Weed Hosts and Tea Plants in Tea Plantation Ecosystems“. Insects 10, Nr. 6 (11.06.2019): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10060167.
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The mirid bugs are one of the most important piercing–sucking insect pests in tea plantations, which severely reduce the quality and economic benefits of tea. In this study, the mirid bug species in the three tea-producing areas in Shandong Province of China were investigated. The distribution and occurrence of dominant species of mirid bugs on four weed host plants and tea plants Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze (Theaceae) were also studied in the tea agro-ecosystems. The results showed that Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür) (Hemiptera: Miridae) was the dominant mirid bug species in the tea growing areas. Apolygus lucorum densities on Humulus scandens (Lour.) (Moraceae) and Artemisia lavandulaefolia DC. (Asteraceae) were relatively higher than those on Conyza canadensis (Linn) Cronq (Asteraceae), Artemisia annua Linn (Asteraceae), and C. sinensis. Host plant switching of A. lucorum in the tea agro-ecosystem was: A. lucorum scattered on and seriously infested tea plants in June and July; A. lucorum largely migrated to and gathered on H. scandens, A. lavandulaefolia, C. canadensis, and A. annua at the flowering stage, and population densities of A. lucorum on these flowering hosts peaked in late September; in October, A. lucorum gradually moved back to flowering tea plants. These results could provide a reference for selecting host plants, such as Artemisia plants, as trap plants for sustainable control of mirid bugs in tea plantations.
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Zheng, Rongrong, Yanli Ma, Luxing Liu, Beiying Jiang, Runmei Ke, Sisi Guo, Dunchun He und Jiasui Zhan. „Synergistic Improvement of Production, Economic Return and Sustainability in the Tea Industry through Ecological Pest Management“. Horticulturae 8, Nr. 12 (06.12.2022): 1155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8121155.
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The use of ecological principles to manage plant pests has attracted renewed attention, but our knowledge related to the contributions of ecological pest management to social and natural sustainability is fragmented. In this study, we compared the performance and resilience of tea production and the economic benefits of tea ecological management (TEM) and tea conventional management (TCM). We show that TEM significantly improved tea biomass and quality, nutritional efficiency, and beneficial insects, but reduced seasonal variation. As a result, economic return increased by $8045/ha in the TEM mode compared to $6064/ha in the TCM mode. These results confirm that TEM is a promising production mode that can reconcile the conflict between the immediate and long-term service of agriculture. However, environmental improvements associated with organic pest control benefit society, and the government should provide adequate financial support to promote the production system.
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Paul, SK, M. Ahmed, MSA Mamun und MJ Alam. „Diversity of insect, mite and nematode species in tea ecosystem of Bangladesh“. Journal of Biodiversity Conservation and Bioresource Management 3, Nr. 1 (22.05.2018): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcbm.v3i1.36758.
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The study was undertaken on insect, mite and nematode species diversity in Bangladesh Tea Research Institute (BTRI) main farm, Baraoora and Phulcherra tea estates in Sreemangal, Bangladesh from the period of 2014 to 2015. The study was done through direct field observations, sweeping net, food trap, sticky trap, light trap and Baermann Funnel method. A total of 71 insect, mite and nematode species was recorded belonging to 45 families under 14 orders. Among these, 25.35% species were foliar insects and mites, 26.76% soil insects and nematodes, 21.13% beneficial insects and 26.76% butterflies. All the foliar and soil insects, mites and nematodes were found as recognized pests of tea. The highest number of individuals among foliar pest was the red spider mite (Oligonychus coffeae) and the lowest number was the coffee red borer (Zeuzera coffeae). Of the soil pests, 77.47% species were termites, 14.33% nematodes, 4.86% field cricket, 2.63% mole cricket and 0.72% cockchafer grub. Regarding the soil pests, live wood termite (Microtermes obesi) was the highest and dagger nematode (Xiphinema sp.) was the lowest in number. One species of foliar insect, looper caterpillar (Hyposidra infixaria) and three species of nematodes, viz. reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus sp.), ring nematode (Criconemoides sp.) and dagger nematode (Xiphinema sp.) were recorded for the first time as tea pest in Bangladesh. In case of beneficial insects, 81.49% species were predators, 16.73% parasitoids and 1.78% parasites. Lady bird beetle (Micraspis discolor) was the highest in number and anthocorids (Anthocoris sp.) were the lowest. Nineteen species of butterflies were found. Of the observed butterflies, lemon emigrant (Catopsilia pomona) was the highest and large oakblue (Arhopala amantes) was the lowest in number. According to pest status, tea mosquito bug, red spider mite, thrips, looper caterpillar, live wood termites, root knot nematode and root lesion nematode were major, and the rest of those were occasionally regarded as minor pest. The population of most of the pest species was higher in peak cropping season (April-November), whereas the lowest population was recorded in off season (December-February). According to diversity indices, the diversity of foliar pest was higher than the other groups and the foliar pest was more evenly distributed in comparison to soil, beneficial insects and butterflies.J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2017, 3(1): 31-44