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Yang, Zijia, Hailin Feng, Yaoping Ruan und Xiang Weng. „Tea Tree Pest Detection Algorithm Based on Improved Yolov7-Tiny“. Agriculture 13, Nr. 5 (09.05.2023): 1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13051031.
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Timely and accurate identification of tea tree pests is critical for effective tea tree pest control. We collected image data sets of eight common tea tree pests to accurately represent the true appearance of various aspects of tea tree pests. The dataset contains 782 images, each containing 1~5 different pest species randomly distributed. Based on this dataset, a tea garden pest detection and recognition model was designed using the Yolov7-tiny network target detection algorithm, which incorporates deformable convolution, the Biformer dynamic attention mechanism, a non-maximal suppression algorithm module, and a new implicit decoupling head. Ablation experiments were conducted to compare the performance of the models, and the new model achieved an average accuracy of 93.23%. To ensure the validity of the model, it was compared to seven common detection models, including Efficientdet, Faster Rcnn, Retinanet, DetNet, Yolov5s, YoloR, and Yolov6. Additionally, feature visualization of the images was performed. The results demonstrated that the Improved Yolov7-tiny model developed was able to better capture the characteristics of tea tree pests. The pest detection model proposed has promising application prospects and has the potential to reduce the time and economic cost of pest control in tea plantations.
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Rahmah, N. N., D. Sartiami und R. Y. M. Kusumah. „Diversity and Population Dynamics of Pest in Sambawa Tea Plantation, West Java“. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1208, Nr. 1 (01.07.2023): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1208/1/012025.
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Abstract Tea plants are grown in monoculture on a large scale, so that can be a caused pest in the high population. This study aims to determine the diversity and dynamics of pest populations in Sambawa tea plantations in West Java. Tea pests are found in the crop and on the leaves picked at the plant. The dynamics of the pest population were noted by observing the area of attack, the intensity of the attack, and population density. Twenty-one pests on tea plants were identified based on their morphological characteristics and symptoms. Among them, seven species attack bud and young leaf, two species attack old leaf, twelve species attack young and old leaves, and one pest attacks tree trunk. Twelve pests were carried to the factory’s withering tub of leaves. Tea green leafhopper (Empoasca sp.), tea leaf roller (Caloptilia theivora), tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis bradyi), and tea tortrix (Adoxophyes sp. and Homona coffearia) were the main pests at the observation site. The population of tea green leafhoppers decreased after the second application of pesticides, post-picking, and heavy rains. The tea leaf roller was not found after the first and second pesticide applications. The population of tea leaf rollers began to increase during picking until the last observation. The highest population of tea mosquito bugs was found after the second pesticide application. The population of tea tortrix decreased after the second pesticide application.
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Ekka, Preety, Azariah Babu und Lakhi Ram Saikia. „POTENTIAL OF NEW STRAIN OF BEAUVERIA BASSIANA ISOLATED FROM TINSUKIA (ASSAM) AGAINST TEA MOSQUITO BUG HELOPELTIS THEIVORA WATERHOUSE (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)“. Journal of Biopesticides 12, Nr. 01 (01.06.2019): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.12.1.104-108.
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ABSTRACT Tea mosquito bug, Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse, is the major sucking pest of tea plant. It mainly attacks the young shoots essential for tea production. In lacunae of proper management, the pest remains active throughout the year resulting in almost 100% crop loss. To manage the population of this pest below Economic Threshold Level (ETL) of 5%, several rounds of chemical pesticides are applied during the season. Tea, being a consumable product; the unwanted pesticide residue cause a major concern for the tea industry. Thus, incorporation of alternate strategies like Biological Control Agents (BCA) in pest management programme is important to overcome the problems besides prevent the pest from developing resistance. The BCAs like entomopathogenic bacteria, fungi and virus are effective in an eco-friendly management of the pest population. The entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana has been found to be effective pest control agent in several agro ecosystems including tea. Commercial B. bassiana formulations are available but the local strains are reported to be more efficient in managing the pest population. The present study was aimed to analyze the potential of a new strain of B. bassiana named as BPA/B7 (I.D. No. 10,928.8) isolated from tea soils of Tinsukia (Assam) against H. theivora. The efficacy of six concentrations (5 mlL-1, 10 mlL-1, 15 mlL-1, 20 mlL-1 and 25 mlL-1 ) of powder formulation of BPA/B7 was compared with a commercial formulation to estimate the LC50 of the same. The BPA/B7 (B. bassiana with a spore density of 1.68X106 spores/ml was found to kill 50% of H. theivora at a concentration of 21.87 mlL-1 within 96hrs. Further studies on the standardization of both liquid/powder formulations, shelf life studies, followed by their field evlauation, will ensure the possibility of utilizing this strain as a potential componemt of intergrated management of H. theivora.
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E., Sankarganesh, Lavanya Sravani B., Rajeshwaran B. und Mounika M.N. „Tea Mosquito Bug (Helopeltis spp.): A Pest of Economically Important Fruit and Plantation Crops: Its Status and Management Prospects“. Plant Health Archives 1, Nr. 2 (17.07.2023): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.54083/pha/1.2.2023/18-28.
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The tea mosquito bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) is the recognized pest of fruits and plantations across the world. In India, three species viz. Helopeltis antonii, H. bradyi and H. theivora are dominant among different species and found attacking a wide range of crops. Several alternate host plants of the tea mosquito bug have been recorded, especially in Africa and Asia. The nymphs and adults of the tea mosquito bug suck the sap from leaves, buds and shoots, which results in heavy crop losses. The pest is posing a serious challenge in domestic and overseas trades. For better management decisions, it is very much important to know about pest status, bionomics, distribution, host range, etc. The focus on the management of tea mosquito bug has to emphasize from chemical to traditional, indigenous technical knowledge and integrated pest management using the accessible resources to reduce the resistance development and limit the residual effects. This review highlights the significant works conducted on tea mosquito bug with detailed management strategies. The information on current status, host preference, incidence and early detection of this pest are discussed.
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Jlcai, Tan, Deng-Xing und Qin Zunbing. „INTEGRATIVE PEST MANAGEMENT IN TEA PLANTATION“. HortScience 28, Nr. 5 (Mai 1993): 484d—484. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.5.484d.
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Two major measures were practiced in Dongshanfeng State Farm in Hunan province of China from 1988-1992. a/ Plant trees and readjust structure of crops to protect the natural enviornment and ecosystem of the tea plantation; b/ Put chemical control under ecological blance by using agricultural technical measures as the basic way and natural control of insectpest as the leading technigues. It showed the total average of poisonous element in air SO2 0.025mg/Km3, NOx 0.009mg/Km3, Tsp 0.059mg/km3; there were no-pollution in water of irrigate the fields, the tea plantation soils and the made tea; the quanting of natural enemy intea plantation were increased It had benefited of farm greatly both in production and ecology.
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Qin, Huaguang, Wuxuan Hong, Zehua Qi, Yinghong Hu, Rui Shi, Shuyuan Wang, Yuxi Wang et al. „A Temperature-Dependent Model for Tritrophic Interactions Involving Tea Plants, Tea Green Leafhoppers and Natural Enemies“. Insects 13, Nr. 8 (29.07.2022): 686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13080686.
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The tea green leaf hopper, Empoasca onukii Matsuda, is a severe pest of tea plants. Volatile emissions from tea shoots infested by the tea green leafhopper may directly repel insect feeding or attract natural enemies. Many studies have been conducted on various aspects of the tritrophic relationship involving tea plants, tea green leafhoppers and natural enemies. However, mathematic models which could explain the dynamic mechanisms of this tritrophic interaction are still lacking. In the current work, we constructed a realistic and stochastic model with temperature-dependent features to characterize the tritrophic interactions in the tea agroecosystem. Model outputs showed that two leafhopper outbreaks occur in a year, with their features being consistent with field observations. Simulations showed that daily average effective accumulated temperature (EAT) might be an important metric for outbreak prediction. We also showed that application of slow-releasing semiochemicals, as either repellents or attractants, may be highly efficacious for pest biocontrol and can significantly increase tea yields. Furthermore, the start date of applying semiochemicals can be optimized to effectively increase tea yields. The current model qualitatively characterizes key features of the tritrophic interactions and provides critical insight into pest control in tea ecosystems.
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Zhang, Chang-Rong, Mei Liu, Fei-Xue Ban, Xiao-Li Shang, Shao-Lan Liu, Ting-Ting Mao, Xing-Yuan Zhang und Jun-Rui Zhi. „Establishment of a Faba Bean Banker Plant System with Predator Orius strigicollis for the Control of Thrips Dendrothrips minowai on Tea Plants under Laboratory Conditions“. Insects 12, Nr. 5 (29.04.2021): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12050397.
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The stick tea thrip Dendrothrips minowai (Priesner) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is a destructive pest in tea plantations in south and southwest China. To control this pest, a non-crop banker plant system was developed using a polyphagous predator Orius strigicollis (Poppius) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) with the black bean aphid Aphis fabae (Scopoli) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) as an alternative prey and the faba bean Vicia faba as the banker plant to support the predator in targeting the pest. The fitness of A. fabae on tea plants and faba bean was evaluated to determine its host specificity. Moreover, the control efficacy of the banker plant system on D. minowai on tea plants was tested in the laboratory and compared with that of direct release of O. strigicollis. The experiments showed that faba bean was an excellent non-crop host for A. fabae because, while the aphid population increased quickly on faba bean, it could only survive for up to 9 days on tea plants. Compared with direct release of O. strigicollis, lower densities of pest were observed when introducing the banker plant system. Our results indicate that this banker plant system has the potential to be implemented in the field to improve the control of the pest thrips.
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DADA, Ebenezer O., Simeon O. NWANI, Sekinat M. YUSUFF und Yusuf O. BALOGUN. „Biopesticide and biofertilizer potential of tropical earthworm vermicast tea“. Notulae Scientia Biologicae 15, Nr. 3 (28.09.2023): 11343. http://dx.doi.org/10.55779/nsb15311343.
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The adverse effects of chemical pesticides have continued to drive the search for safe, biological alternatives. Studies on biopesticide potential of earthworm casts have remained largely limited to those of temperate earthworms. We evaluated the insect pest repellency and growth-promoting potential of tropical earthworm-derived vermicast tea on the seedlings of Arachis hypogaea (groundnut), Zea mays (maize) and Phaseolus vulgaris (bean). Field-sourced earthworm casts were soaked in water for 48 hours, routinely stirred every 6 hours, and filtered through a fine mesh cloth. The filtrate was the vermicast tea. Seedlings grown in garden soil were sprayed with vermicast tea every four days. The seedlings were monitored for insect pest-induced leaf damage and growth performance for 5 weeks. Vermicast tea exhibited insect pest repellency effect on groundnut and bean seedlings, as evidenced by the significantly lower (p<0.01) insect pest attack on the treated seedlings, as against the untreated that recorded high pest infestations. However, leaf damage was relatively low in maize seedlings, and the differences in percentage leaf damage among the treated and untreated were not significant (p>0.05). The effect of vermicast tea on the physical growth of seedlings was positive, but marginal. This result calls for increased research on tropical earthworms.
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Wang, Yinkai, Renjie Xu, Di Bai und Haifeng Lin. „Integrated Learning-Based Pest and Disease Detection Method for Tea Leaves“. Forests 14, Nr. 5 (14.05.2023): 1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14051012.
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Currently, the detection of tea pests and diseases remains a challenging task due to the complex background and the diverse spot patterns of tea leaves. Traditional methods of tea pest detection mainly rely on the experience of tea farmers and experts in specific fields, which is complex and inefficient and can easily lead to misclassification and omission of diseases. Currently, a single detection model is often used for tea pest and disease identification; however, its learning and perception capabilities are insufficient to complete target detection of pests and diseases in complex tea garden environments. To address the problem that existing target detection algorithms are difficult to identify in the complex environment of tea plantations, an integrated learning-based pest detection method is proposed to detect one disease (Leaf blight) and one pest (Apolygus lucorμm), and to perform adaptive learning and extraction of tea pests and diseases. In this paper, the YOLOv5 weakly supervised model is selected, and it is found through experiments that the GAM attention mechanism’s introduction on the basis of YOLOv5’s network can better identify the Apolygus lucorμm; the introduction of CBAM attention mechanism significantly enhances the effect of identifying Leaf blight. After integrating the two modified YOLOv5 models, the prediction results were processed using the weighted box fusion (WBF) algorithm. The integrated model made full use of the complementary advantages among the models, improved the feature extraction ability of the model and enhanced the detection capability of the model. The experimental findings demonstrate that the tea pest detection algorithm effectively enhances the detection ability of tea pests and diseases with an average accuracy of 79.3%. Compared with the individual models, the average accuracy improvement was 8.7% and 9.6%, respectively. The integrated algorithm, which may serve as a guide for tea disease diagnosis in field environments, has improved feature extraction capabilities, can extract more disease feature information, and better balances the model’s recognition accuracy and model complexity.
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Podder, S., H. Biswas, G. K. Saha und S. K. Gupta. „Life cycle of Oligonychus coffeae (Acari: Tetranychidae) on tea leaves in Darjeeling, West Bengal, India“. Animal Biology 64, Nr. 4 (2014): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15707563-00002449.
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The tea plant, Camellia sinensis (L.), has been cultivated since ancient time and is host to several pest species that can significant reduce productivity. One such pest species is the tea red spider mite. The life cycle of this species, Oligonychus coffeae, Nienter was studied on tea leaves in Darjeeling under laboratory conditions at 20°C and 65% relative humidity. Observations were recorded on freshly laid eggs on tea leaves and continued until individuals reached adulthood. The eggs required an average of 16.17 days to develop into adults. The average longevity of adult was 28.67 days. Our findings contribute to the understanding of mite abundance and population fluctuations in different seasons and climates, and will hopefully help to devise a management strategy for this pest species.
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Pokharel, Sabin Saurav, Han Yu, Wanping Fang, Megha N. Parajulee und Fajun Chen. „Intercropping Cover Crops for a Vital Ecosystem Service: A Review of the Biocontrol of Insect Pests in Tea Agroecosystems“. Plants 12, Nr. 12 (18.06.2023): 2361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12122361.
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The intercropping of cover crops has been adopted in several agroecosystems, including tea agroecosystems, which promotes ecological intensification. Prior studies have shown that growing cover crops in tea plantations provided different ecological services, including the biocontrol of pests. Cover crops enrich soil nutrients, reduce soil erosion, suppress weeds and insect pests, and increase the abundance of natural enemies (predators and parasitoids). We have reviewed the potential cover crops that can be incorporated into the tea agroecosystem, particularly emphasizing the ecological services of cover crops in pest control. Cover crops were categorized into cereals (buckwheat, sorghum), legumes (guar, cowpea, tephrosia, hairy indigo, and sunn hemp), aromatic plants (lavender, marigold, basil, and semen cassiae), and others (maize, mountain pepper, white clover, round-leaf cassia, and creeping indigo). Legumes and aromatic plants are the most potent cover crop species that can be intercropped in monoculture tea plantations due to their exceptional benefits. These cover crop species improve crop diversity and help with atmospheric nitrogen fixation, including with the emission of functional plant volatiles, which enhances the diversity and abundance of natural enemies, thereby assisting in the biocontrol of tea insect pests. The vital ecological services rendered by cover crops to monoculture tea plantations, including regarding the prevalent natural enemies and their pivotal role in the biocontrol of insect pests in the tea plantation, have also been reviewed. Climate-resilient crops (sorghum, cowpea) and volatile blends emitting aromatic plants (semen cassiae, marigold, flemingia) are recommended as cover crops that can be intercropped in tea plantations. These recommended cover crop species attract diverse natural enemies and suppress major tea pests (tea green leaf hopper, white flies, tea aphids, and mirid bugs). It is presumed that the incorporation of cover crops within the rows of tea plantations will be a promising strategy for mitigating pest attacks via the conservation biological control, thereby increasing tea yield and conserving agrobiodiversity. Furthermore, a cropping system with intercropped cover crop species would be environmentally benign and offer the opportunity to increase natural enemy abundance, delaying pest colonization and/or preventing pest outbreaks for pest management sustainability.
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Mamun, MSA, und M. Ahmed. „Prospect of Indigenous Plant Extracts in Tea Pest Management“. International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 1, Nr. 1-2 (22.02.2013): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v1i1-2.13924.
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Tea is a popular beverage made from the leaves of evergreen shrub or tree Camellia sinensis, under the family Theaceae. Tea plant is subjected to the attack of insects, mites, nematodes and some plant pathogenic diseases. Tea production is greatly hindered due to these maladies. About 10-15% crop loss occurred by these pests per annum. In severe cases, it would be 100%. To combat these problems different groups of pesticides have been used in the tea fields since 1960. As tea is a consumable commodity, the effect of residue of pesticides in made tea is harmful to human health. In this context, biopesticides are being considered as environmentally safe, selective, biodegradable, economical and renewable alternatives for use in IPM programmes. Biopesticides are natural plant products and may be grown by the planters with minimum cost and extracted by indigenous methods. Biopesticides are secondary metabolites, which include alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, and minor secondary chemicals. It is estimated that as many as 2121 plant species have been reported to posses pest control properties. Botanicals like neem, ghora-neem, mahogoni, karanja, adathoda, sweet flag, tobacco, derris, annona, smart weed, bar weed, datura, calotropis, bidens, lantana, chrysanthemum, artemisia, marigold, clerodendrum, wild sunflower and many others may be grown by planters with minimum expense and extracted by indigenous methods. These botanical materials can be used as an alternative to chemical pesticides. These botanical extracts will help in controlling major pests of tea such as Helopeltis, red spider mite, aphids, thrips, jassid, flushworm, termites, nematodes etc. The present note reviews the information of most widely available indigenous plants that may be used for the control of insect pests of tea as a component of IPM. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v1i1-2.13924 Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 1 (1&2): 16-23, December, 2011
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Hazarika, Bidisha, Gautam Kr Saikia, Joyshree Konwar und Kollol Pratim Baruah. „Non-chemical Tea Pest Management Practices Adopted by Small Tea Growers of Dibrugarh & Tinsukia District of Assam, India“. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, Nr. 20 (27.09.2023): 556–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i203839.
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The main objective of the present study was to meticulously document the non-chemical approaches to tea pest management employed by small tea growers in the Dibrugarh and Tinsukia districts of Assam. In response to the constraints imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic, the research team resorted to telephonic interviews, utilizing a well-structured questionnaire to gather information from these tea growers. Through this method, the study successfully captured and documented the specific practices, materials, techniques, and methods utilized by these growers in their ongoing battle against tea pests. The study brought to light a diverse array of non-chemical methods that have been embraced by tea growers in this region. These practices, deeply rooted in traditional knowledge, demonstrated their remarkable effectiveness in pest management. What makes these findings particularly significant is the potential they hold for future scientific investigations. These traditional techniques, when subjected to rigorous validation and refinement, could find broader application in large-scale tea pest management initiatives, offering a more sustainable and eco-friendlier alternative to conventional chemical methods. A noteworthy aspect of these non-chemical practices is the sourcing of ingredients. These materials were found to be locally available and abundant, derived from both plant and animal origins. This accessibility not only ensures the practicality of these methods but also highlights their compatibility with the local ecosystem. Importantly, these traditional practices were identified as crucial tools in combating infestations by various pests, including the red spider mite (Oligonychus coffeae), tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis theivora), and looper caterpillar (Buzura suppresseria). In conclusion, this study focused on the valuable task of gathering insights into the non-chemical pest management methods practiced by small tea growers in the Dibrugarh and Tinsukia districts of Assam. Despite the adversities posed by the pandemic, the telephonic interviews proved to be a robust means of collecting invaluable information about these practices. The study not only underscored the efficacy of these traditional methods but also emphasized their potential for further scientific exploration and subsequent integration into broader tea pest management strategies. This presents a promising and environmentally friendly path forward for the tea industry in this region and beyond.
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Isobe, Kouji. „Integrated pest management system in tea fields“. Japanese journal of crop science 70, Supplement2 (2001): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1626/jcs.70.supplement2_417.
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Murai, Kimiaki, Shigeo Okumura, Yoshikazu Takewaka, Takuya Araki, Seiichi Yoneyama und Yoshiteru Kitada. „Tea Field Condition and Pest Management Survey for the Development of a Hillside Tea Field Pest Control Machine“. Chagyo Kenkyu Hokoku (Tea Research Journal) 2009, Nr. 108 (2009): 108_81–108_89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5979/cha.2009.108_81.
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Fauziah, Fani, Agus Dana Permana und Ahmad Faizal. „Characterization of Volatile Compounds from Tea Plants (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) and the Effect of Identified Compounds on Empoasca flavescens Behavior“. Horticulturae 8, Nr. 7 (10.07.2022): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8070623.
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The tea green leafhopper, Empoasca flavescens, is a major pest of tea Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze. Until recently, it has mainly been controlled by pesticides, but their use has led to high levels of toxic residues in plants, which threaten both the environment and human health. Therefore, a safer biological control approach is needed. Tea plants produce many volatile compounds, and different tea clones differ in their resistance to the pest. We explored the possibility that volatile compounds influence the resistance of tea. Here, we assessed the resistance of 15 clones of tea plants to the pest, the volatile compounds produced by the clones, and the effects of the compounds on E. flavescens behavior. Six clones were classified as resistant, eight as moderately susceptible, and one as susceptible. Fresh leaf samples from resistant and susceptible clones were analyzed using HS–SPME–GC–MS. Sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes were two major groups characterized, representing 30.15% and 26.98% of the total compounds, respectively. From our analysis, we conclude that 3-hexen-1-ol, 2,6-dimethyleneoct-7-en-3-one, humulene, β-bourbonene, styrene, and benzaldehyde were important for the resistance and susceptibility of the clones. In a bioassay, E. flavescens were attracted to β-ocimene and methyl salicylate, but avoided linalool compounds.
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Dechassa, Nagassa, und Misgana Merga. „Tea (Camellia sinensis) Production, Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Prospects in Ethiopia“. Advances in Agriculture 2022 (30.10.2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1942666.
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Tea is one of the most commonly consumed stimulants in the world. It is cultivated commercially at Wushwush, Gumero, and Chewaka tea estate plantations, in Ethiopia. Over 150,000 hectares of Ethiopian land are available for the production of high-quality tea, but only 3,099 hectares are currently under cultivation. In Ethiopia, tea clones Mlk-1, Mlk-2, 11/56, S-15/10, FNF, 11/4, 6/8, L6, B9, Chai, BB-35, and SR-18 are commercially grown. Ethiopia’s favorable environmental conditions for high-quality tea production increased the availability of tea throughout the year, and the availability of a sufficient labor force is a significant opportunity for tea companies. However, tea production is still infant because it needs huge capital to establish the tea plantations and production, the pest problems, limitations of improved technologies like cultivars, and lack of tea genetic resources. Besides, there is a limitation of comprehensive research to develop innovative technologies in the case of tea agronomic, breeding, and pest management for Ethiopian conditions. Thus, the government should invite investors and facilitate necessary things for the investors to increase the tea industry in the country. The tea research should be strengthened for the development and implementation of the appropriate technologies.
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Deka, Bhabesh, Suman Sarkar, Debrishi Modak, Somnath Roy und Azariah Babu. „Indigenous plant extracts and their role in pest management in tea ecosystem“. International Journal of Tea Science 16, Nr. 01 (03.11.2022): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20425/ijts1613.
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India is the world's second largest producer of black tea. Insects, mites, nematodes, and plant pathogenic diseases all damage the tea plant which severely hampered tea production causing about 10-15% crop loss every year. It would be 100% in extreme circumstances. In India, many synthetic pesticides are commonly employed to control tea pests. The use of an excessive amount pesticides could lead to a number of issues, including the development of resistance, negative impacts on non-target species such as insect predators and parasitoids, disruption of the ecological balance, and the accumulation of pesticide residues on tea leaves. In the international market, there is an increasing demand for organic tea or tea that is pesticide residue free, which influences the export price. Plant extracts having insecticidal qualities contains secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, and minor secondary compounds can be used as an alternative to synthetic insecticides and these are environmentally safe, selective, biodegradable, cost-effective, and renewable options for use in IPM programmes in this context. Biopesticides are natural plant products that can be grown at a minimal cost by planters and extracted using indigenous methods.
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T, SIVAKUMAR, und YESHWANTH H. M. „Helopeltis theivora (Heteroptera, Miridae) as a pest of betel vine (Piper betle)“. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, Nr. 2 (16.03.2020): 242–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i2.99053.
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Tea mosquito bug (TMB), Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse (Heteroptera, Miridae) has been recorded for the first time from Kerala, India, as a pest of betel vine (Piper betle L.). Nymphs and adults feed on the tender leaves making it unfit for consumption and sale. Angular water-soaked patches which later appear like shot holes were the symptoms of infestation. Neem oil soap emulsion (0.2%) was effective against the pest. The infested plot was not near tea or cashew plantations, which ruled out the possibility of opportunistic incidence of H. theivora on P. betle. Hence, it is evident that H. theivora has to be reckoned as a pest of betel vine. The current observation on betel vine is important as many of the betel vine growing states in the country are also known for large scale cultivation of tea. Host shift from tea to betel vine and vice versa in these areas may pose a challenge to the production of both the crops. An IPM module with safe organic pesticides has to be developed for contingencies in future.
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Zhang, Qiuqiu, Rongmeng Lan, Dezhong Ji, Yanni Tan, Xia Zhou, Xiaofeng Tan, Qiong Wu und Linhong Jin. „The Detection of Wolbachia in Tea Green Leafhopper (Empoasca onukii Matsuda) and Its Influence on the Host“. Agriculture 12, Nr. 1 (29.12.2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12010036.
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Tea green leafhopper (Empoasca onukii Matsuda) is a critical pest in tea production. Wolbachia has attracted much attention as a new direction of pest biological control for its ability of manipulating the hosts’ reproductive biology. In this work, we focused on the detection of Wolbachia in tea green leafhopper and its effect on host reproduction and development. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time PCR, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques were used to detect the distribution of Wolbachia in tea green leafhopper. Wolbachia infection levels were different in different organs of hosts in different insect stages. In addition, comparison between the infected populations and cured population (treated by tetracyclines) revealed that presence of Wolbachia apparently influenced the growth, life cycle, and other reproductive factors of tea green leafhopper, caused, for example, by cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), thereby reducing number of offspring, shortening lifespan, and causing female-biased sex ratio. This research confirmed that the bacteria Wolbachia was of high incidence in tea leafhoppers and could significantly affect the hosts’ reproductive development and evolution.
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Formentini, M. A., L. F. A. Alves und M. E. Schapovaloff. „Insecticidal activity of neem oil against Gyropsylla spegazziniana (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) nymphs on Paraguay tea seedlings“. Brazilian Journal of Biology 76, Nr. 4 (03.05.2016): 951–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.04915.
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Abstract Gyropsylla spegazziniana (Paraguay tea ampul) is one of the most important pests of Paraguay tea plants, and prohibition of synthetic insecticide use for control of this pest has led to the search for alternative methods. This laboratory study aimed to compare different control strategies for G. spegazziniana, utilizing a commercial neem seed oil product. Paraguay tea seedlings were treated with neem oil solution both pre- and post-infestation with 5th instar nymphs. The systemic action of neem oil was also evaluated by treating plant soil with the neem oil solution, followed by transfer of the insects to plants 24 h post-treatment. Spray treatments were effective against the pest, especially post-infestation (80% mortality), demonstrating the potential of neem oil for control of the Paraguay tea ampul. No significant effects were observed with respect to systemic activity.
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Yao, Xianze, Haifeng Lin, Di Bai und Hongping Zhou. „A Small Target Tea Leaf Disease Detection Model Combined with Transfer Learning“. Forests 15, Nr. 4 (25.03.2024): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15040591.
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Tea cultivation holds significant economic value, yet the leaves of tea plants are frequently susceptible to various pest and disease infestations. Consequently, there is a critical need for research focused on precisely and efficiently detecting these threats to tea crops. The investigation of a model capable of effectively identifying pests and diseases in tea plants is often hindered by challenges, such as limited datasets of pest and disease samples and the small size of detection targets. To address these issues, this study has chosen TLB, a common pest and disease in tea plants, as the primary research subject. The approach involves the application of transfer learning in conjunction with data augmentation as a fundamental methodology. This technique entails transferring knowledge acquired from a comprehensive source data domain to the model, aiming to mitigate the constraints of limited sample sizes. Additionally, to tackle the challenge of detecting small targets, this study incorporates the decoupling detection head TSCODE and integrates the Triplet Attention mechanism into the E-ELAN structure within the backbone to enhance the model’s focus on the TLB’s small targets and optimize detection accuracy. Furthermore, the model’s loss function is optimized based on the Wasserstein distance measure to mitigate issues related to sensitivity in localizing small targets. Experimental results demonstrate that, in comparison to the conventional YOLOv7 tiny model, the proposed model exhibits superior performance on the TLB small sample dataset, with precision increasing by 6.5% to 92.2%, recall by 4.5% to 86.6%, and average precision by 5.8% to 91.5%. This research offers an effective solution for identifying tea pests and diseases, presenting a novel approach to developing a model for detecting such threats in tea cultivation.
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Paul, SK, M. Ahmed, MSA Mamun und MJ Alam. „Diversity of insect, mite and nematode species in tea ecosystem of Bangladesh“. Journal of Biodiversity Conservation and Bioresource Management 3, Nr. 1 (22.05.2018): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcbm.v3i1.36758.
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The study was undertaken on insect, mite and nematode species diversity in Bangladesh Tea Research Institute (BTRI) main farm, Baraoora and Phulcherra tea estates in Sreemangal, Bangladesh from the period of 2014 to 2015. The study was done through direct field observations, sweeping net, food trap, sticky trap, light trap and Baermann Funnel method. A total of 71 insect, mite and nematode species was recorded belonging to 45 families under 14 orders. Among these, 25.35% species were foliar insects and mites, 26.76% soil insects and nematodes, 21.13% beneficial insects and 26.76% butterflies. All the foliar and soil insects, mites and nematodes were found as recognized pests of tea. The highest number of individuals among foliar pest was the red spider mite (Oligonychus coffeae) and the lowest number was the coffee red borer (Zeuzera coffeae). Of the soil pests, 77.47% species were termites, 14.33% nematodes, 4.86% field cricket, 2.63% mole cricket and 0.72% cockchafer grub. Regarding the soil pests, live wood termite (Microtermes obesi) was the highest and dagger nematode (Xiphinema sp.) was the lowest in number. One species of foliar insect, looper caterpillar (Hyposidra infixaria) and three species of nematodes, viz. reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus sp.), ring nematode (Criconemoides sp.) and dagger nematode (Xiphinema sp.) were recorded for the first time as tea pest in Bangladesh. In case of beneficial insects, 81.49% species were predators, 16.73% parasitoids and 1.78% parasites. Lady bird beetle (Micraspis discolor) was the highest in number and anthocorids (Anthocoris sp.) were the lowest. Nineteen species of butterflies were found. Of the observed butterflies, lemon emigrant (Catopsilia pomona) was the highest and large oakblue (Arhopala amantes) was the lowest in number. According to pest status, tea mosquito bug, red spider mite, thrips, looper caterpillar, live wood termites, root knot nematode and root lesion nematode were major, and the rest of those were occasionally regarded as minor pest. The population of most of the pest species was higher in peak cropping season (April-November), whereas the lowest population was recorded in off season (December-February). According to diversity indices, the diversity of foliar pest was higher than the other groups and the foliar pest was more evenly distributed in comparison to soil, beneficial insects and butterflies.J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2017, 3(1): 31-44
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ZHANG, Xiaoyang, Haozhi LONG, Da HUO, Masood I. AWAN, Jinhua SHAO, Athar MAHMOOD, Shuang LIU et al. „Insights into the functional role of tea microbes on tea growth, quality and resistance against pests and diseases“. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 50, Nr. 4 (05.12.2022): 12915. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha50312915.
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Tea is an economical and most widely used beverage across the globe owing to its unique fragrance and flavor. Plant microbe interaction has emerged as an important topic which got the attention of scientists to improve plant performance. Tea microbes remained a prominent research topic for scientists over the years as tea microbes helps in nutrient cycling and stress management which in turn improve the tea growth, yield and quality. The roots of tea plants are colonized by various microbes including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), bacterial communities, and endophytes increase root growth, development and nutrient uptake which in turn improve tea growth, yield and quality. These microbes also increase the concentration of nutrients, amino acids, soluble proteins, flavonoids, catechuic acid, glucose, fructose, sucrose contents caffeine, and polyphenols concentration in tea plants. Besides this, these microbes also protect the tea plants from harmful pest and diseases which in turn leads to an appreciable improvement in plant growth and development. The most important goal of any farming system is to establish a system with production of maximum food while minimizing impacts on the environment. The present review article highlights the role of various microbes in improving the growth, yield and quality of tea plants. In addition, we also discussed the research gaps to improve our understanding about the role of tea microbes in improving tea growth, yield, pest and diseases resistance. We believe that this review will provide a better insight into the existing knowledge of tea microbes in improving tea growth and yield.
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Zheng, Rongrong, Yanli Ma, Luxing Liu, Beiying Jiang, Runmei Ke, Sisi Guo, Dunchun He und Jiasui Zhan. „Synergistic Improvement of Production, Economic Return and Sustainability in the Tea Industry through Ecological Pest Management“. Horticulturae 8, Nr. 12 (06.12.2022): 1155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8121155.
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The use of ecological principles to manage plant pests has attracted renewed attention, but our knowledge related to the contributions of ecological pest management to social and natural sustainability is fragmented. In this study, we compared the performance and resilience of tea production and the economic benefits of tea ecological management (TEM) and tea conventional management (TCM). We show that TEM significantly improved tea biomass and quality, nutritional efficiency, and beneficial insects, but reduced seasonal variation. As a result, economic return increased by $8045/ha in the TEM mode compared to $6064/ha in the TCM mode. These results confirm that TEM is a promising production mode that can reconcile the conflict between the immediate and long-term service of agriculture. However, environmental improvements associated with organic pest control benefit society, and the government should provide adequate financial support to promote the production system.
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Zhang, Ni, Jinqiu Wang, Tianyi Pu, Zhibing Zhao, Weiwen Tan, Zhengwen Yu und Yuehua Song. „HS-SPEM-GC-MS Analyses of Volatiles and Transcriptome Analysis of Camellia tetracocca in Response to Feeding by Empoasca onukii Matsuda“. Forests 14, Nr. 10 (15.10.2023): 2059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14102059.
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The tea leafhopper (Empoasca (Matsumurasca) onukii Matsuda, 1952) is the predominant pest infesting tea and causes significant losses in yield. Plants have evolved multiple defense responses to protect themselves from insect herbivores. Camellia tetracocca, a kind of ancient tea with local popularity, is unique to southwest China. This ancient tea is often attacked by the tea leafhopper. However, there are no relevant reports on changes in volatile components and defense signaling pathways after Camellia tetracocca has been attacked by E. onukii. To reveal changes in the responses of the volatile components of C. tetracocca to E. onukii, the headspace sampling technique and GC-MS were adopted to determine and analyze the volatiles. Furthermore, to unveil the defense mechanisms of C. tetracocca in response to E. onukii, transcriptome analysis was applied to damaged tea leaves and healthy leaves. The GC-MS analysis showed significant increases in the linalool and (E)-2-hexenal contents. The transcriptome analysis revealed a set of core pest-responsive genes (3074 upregulated and 5098 downregulated). Most of the enriched pest-responsive genes are mainly involved in plant hormone signal transduction photosynthesis, terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, and the NF-κB signaling pathway. A conjoint analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome indicated that N2-acetylornithine, D-malic acid, theogallin, fucosyllactose, 5-caffeoylquinic acid, fumarprotocetraric acid, and arabinogalactose have a significant correlation with LOC114279735, LOC114317534, LOC114282078, LOC114317768, and LOC114263181. This study lays a foundation for further research on the breeding and cultivation of insect-resistant germplasm resources for C. tetracocca and on the promotion and development of the plant.
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Chen, Jing, Qi Liu und Lingwang Gao. „Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Tea Tree Pest Recognition and Diagnosis“. Symmetry 13, Nr. 11 (10.11.2021): 2140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13112140.
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Due to the benefits of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in image classification, they have been extensively used in the computerized classification and focus of crop pests. The intention of the current find out about is to advance a deep convolutional neural network to mechanically identify 14 species of tea pests that possess symmetry properties. (1) As there are not enough tea pests images in the network to train the deep convolutional neural network, we proposes to classify tea pests images by fine-tuning the VGGNET-16 deep convolutional neural network. (2) Through comparison with traditional machine learning algorithms Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), the performance of our method is evaluated (3) The three methods can identify tea tree pests well: the proposed convolutional neural network classification has accuracy up to 97.75%, while MLP and SVM have accuracies of 76.07% and 68.81%, respectively. Our proposed method performs the best of the assessed recognition algorithms. The experimental results also show that the fine-tuning method is a very powerful and efficient tool for small datasets in practical problems.
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S. VISHNU SHANKAR, R. AJAYKUMAR, P. PRABHAKARAN, R. KUMARAPERUMAL und M. GUNA. „Modelling of tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis theivora) incidence on neem tree: A zero inflated count data analysis“. Journal of Agrometeorology 24, Nr. 4 (02.12.2022): 409–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v24i4.1891.
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Neem (Azadirachta indica) is an evergreen tree belonging to the Meliaceae family and is highly infected by the seasonal pest called Helopeltis theivora, the tea mosquito bug. The study monitors the pest infection between May 2019 and April 2021 by the direct counting method. Weekly counts of insect pest population were found to be correlated with weather parameters viz., maximum temperature (Tmax.), minimum temperature (Tmin), relative humidity [morning (07.22hrs) and afternoon (14.22hrs) (RH)], rainfall (mm/day) and wind speed (km/h). Zero inflated count data techniques were opted for modelling the pest dynamics of tea mosquito bug as the data was featured by excess zeroes and heteroscedasticity nature. Poisson, Negative Binomial (NB), zero-inflated Negative Binomial (ZINB) and Negative Binomial Hurdle (NBH) models were fitted for the collected data and compared. The results of different count data models show that the negative binomial hurdle model is a good fit for given data, followed by the zero-inflated negative model. The fitted models show the weather covariates, which highly influencing the pest infestation on neem tree.
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Chang, Yali, Yuxian Xing, Yanan Dong, Xiwang Li, Songbo Lin, Yi Chen und Xiaoling Sun. „Biological evidences for successive oogenesis and egg-laying of Matsumurasca onukii“. PLOS ONE 17, Nr. 2 (17.02.2022): e0263933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263933.
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Tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is one of the most important horticultural cash crops, and tea green leafhopper (Matsumurasca onukii) is an extremely harmful sap-sucking pest of tea plant. Serious generation overlapping, which is mainly caused by the long oviposition period, leads to poor control effect of pesticides on this pest in the tea plantation. But the intuitive evidences of continuous oogenesis and egg-laying of this pest are still lacking, which seriously hindered the development of genetic control methods. Here, we clarified the main structures of the inner reproductive system of tea green leafhopper female adult. Oviposition behaviors were monitored as well, and six oviposition steps were recorded. According to the maturity of oocytes, the maturity stages of the reproductive system under different copulation periods were classified into 4 stages. For female adults at stage IV, mature and immature oocytes were presented simultaneously, and the developmental levels of oocytes were asynchronous among different ovarioles. The proportion of gravid females with mature oocytes significantly increased when the continuous copulation time was prolonged. In sync with the development of the ovary maturity, female adults started to slightly deposit eggs at the 5th day, and then increased dramatically. In addition, we found that, whether mature or immature, oocytes in the ovarioles always emitted green fluorescence under blue light excitation, which in turn provide solid proof for the new egg detection method from the insect physiology point of view.
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LI, YAJIN, ZHENGYUE LI und HONGRUI ZHANG. „Two new species of Mycterothrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) from Southwestern China“. Zootaxa 4353, Nr. 2 (23.11.2017): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4353.2.8.
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Mycterothrips gongshanensis sp.n. and M. yelangi sp.n. are described from Southwestern China. Both species have been collected from tea (Camellia sinensis), and M. gongshanensis sp.n. is a potential pest in tea gardens. An identification key is provided to the Mycterothrips species recorded from China.
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S, Kumbinarasaiah, und Yeshwanth R. „Haar wavelet approach to study the control of biological pest model in Tea plants“. Journal of Fractional Calculus and Nonlinear Systems 4, Nr. 2 (27.12.2023): 14–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.48185/jfcns.v4i2.862.
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n this study, we consider a novel approach called the Haar wavelet collocation method (HWCM) toexamine the mathematical model of pest propagation in tea plants and how biological enemies might controlthem. This model is in the form of a system of coupled ordinary differential equations (ODEs). When studyingthe system, we consider tea plants, pests that harm the plants, biological enemies that are their reasonablecompetitors of pests, self-reproduction of the tea plants, natural death of pests and natural enemies, etc. Byturning the Mathematical model into a system of non-linear algebraic equations, we use the properties ofthe Haar wavelets. The opted method can solve the biological pest management problem in tea plants. Thevalues of the unknown coefficients are recovered using the collocation method and Newton Raphson method.The Mathematica program acquires the numerical results, nature, and uniformity. The acquired findings showthat the current method is more accurate than those indicated in tables and graphs.
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Zheng, Rongrong, Jiasui Zhan, Luxing Liu, Yanli Ma, Zishuai Wang, Lianhui Xie und Dunchun He. „Factors and Minimal Subsidy Associated with Tea Farmers’ Willingness to Adopt Ecological Pest Management“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 22 (06.11.2019): 6190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226190.
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Scientific assessment related to the externalities of the tea ecological pest management (TEPM) system that can affect socio-economic development and ecological benefits is important to the sustainable development of the tea industry. This paper used the contingent valuation method to evaluate the externalities associated with TEPM and the factors affecting its adoption by farmers through survey data collected from Anxi county, Fujian province, China. The results showed that the positive externalities, which were not internalized (embodied in price), affected the willingness of tea farmers to adopt TEPM. The willingness to accept a subsidy for adopting the TEPM system was significantly affected by the individual tea farmer’s age, education level, income, plantation, knowledge of human health and risk preference. The compensation threshold of externalities for TEPM was 5668.80 yuan per hectare per year. It is suggested that the government should adopt this threshold as a minimum subsidy to mitigate information asymmetry in two markets, namely ecological management technology and trading between suppliers and buyers of tea products. Finally, production stability and improved price for high quality tea resulting from healthy ecology in TEPM could enhance positive externalities. This coupled with other benefits, such as a reduction in the amount of resources spent on pesticides, could result in governmental subsidies for TEPM being gradually reduced over time.
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Kusumah, R. Yayi Munara, Lestia Revi und Fitrianingrum Kurniawati. „KARAKTERISASI MOLEKULER NUCLEAOPOLYHEDROVIRUS (NPV) HYPOSIDRA TALACA WLK. DI PERKEBUNAN TEH GUNUNG MAS BOGOR“. JURNAL HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN TROPIKA 17, Nr. 2 (01.10.2017): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.217147-155.
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Characterize molecular the Nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) Hyposidra talaca Wlk. of tea plantation at Gunung Mas Bogor. Hyposidra talaca is one of the most important pest in tea plantation, and generally attacks of leaves and shoots. This pest cause yield loss up to 40-100%. NPV can be pathogenic to the pest of H. talaca and can be developed as an alternative measure to control H. talaca in tea plantations and based management appears to be more ecofriendly and effective. However, information regarding characterisation molecular of HytaNPV is limited. The study conducted to characterize molecular the NPV of H. talaca by restriction nucleotide and amino acid, by using gens lef-8. Molecular identification used Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) consisted of DNA extraction, DNA amplication, and DNA electrophoresis. DNA amplication using gen lef-8 showed positif result with approximately 770 bp. Gen lef-8 can identified HytaNPV. DNA sequance showed that isolate HytaNPV Bogor had high homology of pathogonic NPV of genus Helicoverpa from Brazil, Australia, Spanyol and Netherland with homology nucleotide and amino acid reached 98% and 100%. Based on philogeny tree of HytaNPV was one group with pathogenic NPV of genus Helicoverpa.
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Deka, B., Suman Sarkar, Debrishi Modak und Azariah Babu. „Significance of Microbes and their Role in Pest Management in Tea Ecosystem“. International Journal of Tea Science 16, Nr. 01 (03.11.2022): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20425/ijts1614.
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Tea crop damage is caused by mites and insect pests, and each year a significant amount of crop loss is occurring due to their damage. Synthetic pesticides' efficiency has allowed them to be widely used as a control tool for several decades. Synthetic pesticides, on the other hand, have resulted in the development of insect pest resistance, pollution, and pesticide residues in the finished product, among many other issues, forcing the planting community to look for an alternative strategy. Microbial pesticides have been used to combat mite and insect pest-damaging tendencies, and a substantial portion of scientific evidence indicates that their actions are both desirable and environmentally beneficial. In recent years, there has been a lot more emphasis on the use of natural enemies such as entomopathogens for pest control. entomopathogenic microorganisms (EM) expands the range of pest control possibilities. Eco-friendly alternatives to existing agricultural pesticides that are employed to manage insect pests and improve agricultural sustainability are being developed. The study summarises current knowledge on EM (entomopathogenic fungi, nematodes, viruses, bacteria, etc) as it relates to their present application as biological pest management.
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Sari, Novira Maya, Arman Wijonarko und Fransiscus Xaverius Wagiman. „The Vertical Distribution of Helopeltis bradyi and Oxyopes javanus on Tea“. Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia 23, Nr. 1 (03.07.2019): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpti.38118.
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Helopeltis bradyi is the main pest of tea plants. Ecological characteristics of this pest are important to be understood to support the development of their management and control measures. This study aimed to determine the coexistence and vertical distribution pattern of H. bradyi and its predator, Oxyopes javanus, on tea plant parts. The study was conducted at the PT Pagilaran tea plantation in Central Java, in the 2018 rainy season. Population observations were carried out in situ on 20 infested sample-trees taken randomly, for 10 consecutive days, in the morning, at noon, and in the afternoon. Vertical distribution patterns were determined based on Poisson dispersion index (DI), negative binomial, and Green index (GI). The results showed that the O. javanus spider was found preying on H. bradyi. Coexistence between this pest and predator in the same part of the plant, the pest, and the predator, occurred in the morning were 50.0, 42.8, and 7.2%; at noon were 58.3, 41.7, and 0%; and at the afternoon were 66.7, 33.3, and 0%, respectively. The parts of the plant for the coexistence are pekoe leaves; the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th of young leaves; and 1st of older leaves. The pattern of vertical distribution in the morning, at noon and in the afternoon for H. bradyi was the weak clump, while for O. javanus was uniform. The ratio of predator: prey in the morning, at noon and in the afternoon was 1:10.7, 1:16.7, and 1:10.0, respectively.
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Riani, Uci Sarly, Hasnah Hasnah und Ira Wahyuni Syarfi. „Analysis of Factors Affecting the Productivity of Smallholder Tea Farming in Solok Regency, West Sumatra“. International Journal of Agricultural Sciences 6, Nr. 2 (30.12.2022): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/ijasc.6.2.75-79.2022.
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This study aims to analyze the factors affecting the productivity of smallholder tea farming in Solok Regency. Sixty-five tea farmers, selected using a simple random sampling approach, were involved in this study. The study reveals that urea fertilizer, SP-36 fertilizer, insecticides, labor, plant age, and seedling varieties significantly affect tea yield at the level of α = 0.10. Farmers can increase the yield of tea farming by increasing fertilizer and labor and intensive pest and disease control. Gambung variety produces a higher yield than TRI, and the yield increases with the age of the plant.
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Zou, Yan, Fangyuan Shen, Yanni Zhong, Changning Lv, Sabin Saurav Pokharel, Wanping Fang und Fajun Chen. „Impacts of Intercropped Maize Ecological Shading on Tea Foliar and Functional Components, Insect Pest Diversity and Soil Microbes“. Plants 11, Nr. 14 (20.07.2022): 1883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11141883.
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Ecological shading fueled by maize intercropping in tea plantations can improve tea quality and flavor, and efficiently control the population occurrence of main insect pests. In this study, tea plants were intercropped with maize in two planting directions from east to west (i.e., south shading (SS)) and from north to south (i.e., east shading (ES) and west shading (WS)) to form ecological shading, and the effects on tea quality, and the population occurrence and community diversity of insect pests and soil microbes were studied. When compared with the non-shading control, the tea foliar nutrition contents of free fatty acids have been significantly affected by the ecological shading. SS, ES, and WS all significantly increased the foliar content of theanine and caffeine and the catechin quality index in the leaves of tea plants, simultaneously significantly reducing the foliar content of total polyphenols and the phenol/ammonia ratio. Moreover, ES and WS both significantly reduced the population occurrences of Empoasca onukii and Trialeurodes vaporariorum. Ecological shading significantly affected the composition of soil microbial communities in tea plantations, in which WS significantly reduced the diversity of soil microorganisms.
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Zeng, Chi, Lingbing Wu, Yao Zhao, Yueli Yun und Yu Peng. „Tea saponin reduces the damage of Ectropis obliqua to tea crops, and exerts reduced effects on the spiders Ebrechtella tricuspidata and Evarcha albaria compared to chemical insecticides“. PeerJ 6 (19.03.2018): e4534. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4534.
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Background Tea is one of the most economically important crops in China. However, the tea geometrid (Ectropis obliqua), a serious leaf-feeding pest, causes significant damage to tea crops and reduces tea yield and quality. Spiders are the most dominant predatory enemies in the tea plantation ecosystem, which makes them potentially useful biological control agents of E. obliqua. These highlight the need for alternative pest control measures. Our previous studies have shown that tea saponin (TS) exerts insecticidal activity against lepidopteran pests. Here, we investigate whether TS represents a potentially new alternative insecticide with no harm to spiders. Methods We investigated laboratory bioactivities and the field control properties of TS solution against E. obliqua. (i) A leaf-dip bioassay was used to evaluate the toxicity of TS to 3rd-instar E. obliqua larvae and effects of TS on the activities of enzymes glutathione-S-transferase (GST), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase (CES) and peroxidase (POD) of 3rd-instar E. obliqua larvae in the laboratory. (ii) Topical application was used to measure the toxicity of 30% TS (w/v) and two chemical insecticides (10% bifenthrin EC and 50% diafenthiuron SC) to two species of spider, Ebrechtella tricuspidata and Evarcha albaria. (iii) Field trials were used to investigate the controlling efficacy of 30% TS against E. obliqua larvae and to classify the effect of TS to spiders in the tea plantation. Results The toxicity of TS to 3rd-instar E. obliqua larvae occurred in a dose-dependent manner and the LC50 was 164.32 mg/mL. Activities of the detoxifying-related enzymes, GST and POD, increased in 3rd-instar E. obliqua larvae, whereas AChE and CES were inhibited with time by treatment with TS. Mortalities of E. tricuspidata and E. albaria after 48 h with 30% TS treatment (16.67% and 20%, respectively) were significantly lower than those with 10% bifenthrin EC (80% and 73.33%, respectively) and 50% diafenthiuron EC (43.33% and 36.67%, respectively). The highest controlling efficacy of 30% TS was 77.02% at 5 d after treatment, which showed no difference to 10% bifenthrin EC or 50% diafenthiuron SC. 30% TS was placed in the class N (harmless or slightly harmful) of IOBC (International Organization of Biological Control) categories for natural enemies, namely spiders. Conclusions Our results indicate that TS is a botanical insecticide that has a good controlling efficacy in E. obliqua larvae, which suggests it has promise as application in the integrated pest management (IPM) envisaged for tea crops.
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SANGITA BORTHAKUR und DIPSIKHA BORA. „Identification of chemical cues of Camellia sinensis (Ericales: Theaceae) and alternate host plants for preference by tea mosquito bug Helopeltis theivora (Hemiptera: Miridae)“. International Journal of Science and Research Archive 8, Nr. 1 (28.02.2023): 710–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2023.8.1.0123.
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The tea mosquito bug (TMB), Helopeltis theivora (Hemiptera: Miridae) is a polyphagous pest causing serious economic loss in tea plantations of north east India. The push-pull companion cropping system can be used as a component of integrated pest management system to control the pest. We examined the host plant choice of H. theivora for Duranta erecta (Lamiales: Verbenaceae), Senna tora (Fabale: Fabaceae), Lawsonia inermis (Myrtales: Lythraceae), Psidium guajava (Myrtales: Myrtaceae) and Melastoma malabathricum (Myrtales: Melastomataceae) including the primary host, Camellia sinensis (Ericales: Theaceae) using two-choice olfactometric bioassay. The growth index and relative growth index of H. theivora were calculated for different host plants. H. theivora preferred the odor released from the mechanically damaged leaves of C. sinensis and P. guajava. The further study on biochemical constituents of all the host plants reflected the role of soluble sugar, total flavonoids and terpenoids as cues for host preference by H. theivora which indicate a scope for electroantennographic assessment in future. The information generated for P. guajava preference can be utilized in trap cropping or trap formulating approaches for management of H. theivora.
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Imboma, Titus S., De-ping Gao, Min-sheng You, Shijun You und Gabor L. Lövei. „Predation Pressure in Tea (Camellia sinensis) Plantations in Southeastern China Measured by the Sentinel Prey Method“. Insects 11, Nr. 4 (29.03.2020): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11040212.
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Tea (Camellia sinensis) is an important food product with thousands of years of human use. Being a non-washable food, no pesticide residues are allowed, which increases the importance of natural means of plant protection. Predation, a component of natural pest control, is an important contributor to this, but its level and sustainability are not known in most of the areas of tea production. We quantified predation intensity using the artificial sentinel prey method in a tea-growing landscape containing remnants of the original forest vegetation in Fujian Province, China. The most common predators were chewing arthropods (49.8% of predation events) and birds (48.1%). Overall, predation rates at the edges of forest fragments (18.9% d-1) were lower than either in fragment interiors (25.4%d−1) or in the surrounding tea plantations (19.2–24.1%d-1). Arthropod predation was higher inside, and at the edge of, forest fragments than within plantations, and generally decreased with increasing distance from a fragment edge, indicating limited spillover of arthropod predators from the native habitat remnants to the cultivated matrix at the local scale. Bird predation, though, showed a different trend: it was lower on the inside of forest fragments than in the tea planation, and bird attack rates increased at increasing distances (up to 40 m) from the forest fragment edge. We also found a reciprocal relationship between attack rates by birds and arthropods, suggesting intra-guild predation. Measures protecting arthropod natural enemies could increase the combined pest suppression effect, contributing to pesticide-free tea production in China.
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Babu, Azariah. „Integrated pest management in tea: recent advances and future challenges#“. Indian Journal Of Entomology 83, Nr. 1 (2021): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8172.2021.00007.9.
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Tianhua, Li, und Pan Zhengkun. „Research on the LED Pest Control Light for Tea Plantations“. Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 13, Nr. 4 (01.04.2016): 2296–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2016.4576.
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Roy, Somnath, Gautam Handique, Narayanannair Muraleedharan, Kavya Dashora, Sudipta Mukhopadhyay Roy, Ananda Mukhopadhyay und Azariah Babu. „Use of plant extracts for tea pest management in India“. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 100, Nr. 11 (22.04.2016): 4831–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-016-7522-8.
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Liu, Shengjie, Zhipeng Li, Yi Sui, Douglas A. Schaefer, Peter O. Alele, Jin Chen und Xiaodong Yang. „Spider foraging strategies dominate pest suppression in organic tea plantations“. BioControl 60, Nr. 6 (23.07.2015): 839–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10526-015-9691-2.
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Achar, Sindhu J., Chandrali Baishya, Pundikala Veeresha und Lanre Akinyemi. „Dynamics of Fractional Model of Biological Pest Control in Tea Plants with Beddington–DeAngelis Functional Response“. Fractal and Fractional 6, Nr. 1 (21.12.2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract6010001.
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In this study, we depicted the spread of pests in tea plants and their control by biological enemies in the frame of a fractional-order model, and its dynamics are surveyed in terms of boundedness, uniqueness, and the existence of the solutions. To reduce the harm to the tea plant, a harvesting term is introduced into the equation that estimates the growth of tea leaves. We analyzed various points of equilibrium of the projected model and derived the conditions for the stability of these equilibrium points. The complex nature is examined by changing the values of various parameters and fractional derivatives. Numerical computations are conducted to strengthen the theoretical findings.
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Das, Soma, Ananda Mukhopadhyay und Somnath Roy. „MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, DEVELOPMENTAL TRAITS AND SEASONAL OCCURRENCE OF LOOPER PESTS (LEPIDOPTERA : GEOMETRIDAE) OF TEA CROP“. Journal of Biopesticides 03, Nr. 01 (01.06.2010): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.3.1.16-19.
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ABSTRACT Caterpillars of three major geometrid species such as, Hyposidra talaca, H. infixaria and Buzura suppressaria frequently attack tea plantations of sub-Himalayan plains of Terai and the Dooars region. The feeding activity of these pests often leads to heavy defoliation of tea bushes almost throughout the year. A clear understanding of the morphological diversity of these sympatric species is necessary at all life stages in order to contemplate their management strategies. Field observations indicated that amongst the loopers there is a dominance of H. talaca and H. infixaria at different seasons compared to the third species, B. suppressaria. Although a clear morphological difference of the adult moths of three concerned species was evident along with their distinct morphometry and weights, the larval instars of the congeners of Hyposidra were difficult to distinguish. However, a significant difference was observed in their development periods, which were 55 days for H. talaca and 48 days for H. infixaria. A clear distinction of the concerned species based on morphometrics and weight of pupa was also evident. In recent past, loopers have assumed the status of severe pest of tea in the sub- Himalayan plains mainly due to invasion of the two species of Hyposidra that have joined B. suppressaria in sharing the tea leaves as their ideal host. The newer pest species of Hyposidra otherwise known to occur on forest and fruit plants have of late turned to be a major defoliator of tea.
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Ye, Rong, Quan Gao, Ye Qian, Jihong Sun und Tong Li. „Improved YOLOv8 and SAHI Model for the Collaborative Detection of Small Targets at the Micro Scale: A Case Study of Pest Detection in Tea“. Agronomy 14, Nr. 5 (13.05.2024): 1034. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14051034.
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Pest target identification in agricultural production environments is challenging due to the dense distribution, small size, and high density of pests. Additionally, changeable environmental lighting and complex backgrounds further complicate the detection process. This study focuses on enhancing the recognition performance of tea pests by introducing a lightweight pest image recognition model based on the improved YOLOv8 architecture. First, slicing-aided fine-tuning and slicing-aided hyper inference (SAHI) are proposed to partition input images for enhanced model performance on low-resolution images and small-target detection. Then, based on an ELAN, a generalized efficient layer aggregation network (GELAN) is designed to replace the C2f module in the backbone network, enhance its feature extraction ability, and construct a lightweight model. Additionally, the MS structure is integrated into the neck network of YOLOv8 for feature fusion, enhancing the extraction of fine-grained and coarse-grained semantic information. Furthermore, the BiFormer attention mechanism, based on the Transformer architecture, is introduced to amplify target characteristics of tea pests. Finally, the inner-MPDIoU, based on auxiliary borders, is utilized as a replacement for the original loss function to enhance its learning capacity for complex pest samples. Our experimental results demonstrate that the enhanced YOLOv8 model achieves a precision of 96.32% and a recall of 97.95%, surpassing those of the original YOLOv8 model. Moreover, it attains an mAP@50 score of 98.17%. Compared to Faster R-CNN, SSD, YOLOv5, YOLOv7, and YOLOv8, its average accuracy is 17.04, 11.23, 5.78, 3.75, and 2.71 percentage points higher, respectively. The overall performance of YOLOv8 outperforms that of current mainstream detection models, with a detection speed of 95 FPS. This model effectively balances lightweight design with high accuracy and speed in detecting small targets such as tea pests. It can serve as a valuable reference for the identification and classification of various insect pests in tea gardens within complex production environments, effectively addressing practical application needs and offering guidance for the future monitoring and scientific control of tea insect pests.
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Chen, Zhichao, Hongping Zhou, Haifeng Lin und Di Bai. „TeaViTNet: Tea Disease and Pest Detection Model Based on Fused Multiscale Attention“. Agronomy 14, Nr. 3 (21.03.2024): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14030633.
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The tea industry, as one of the most globally important agricultural products, is characterized by pests and diseases that pose a serious threat to yield and quality. These diseases and pests often present different scales and morphologies, and some pest and disease target sizes can be tiny and difficult to detect. To solve these problems, we propose TeaViTNet, a multi-scale attention-based tea pest and disease detection model that combines CNNs and Transformers. First, MobileViT is used as the feature extraction backbone network. MobileViT captures and analyzes the tiny pest and disease features in the image via a self-attention mechanism and global feature extraction. Second, the EMA-PANet network is introduced to optimize the model’s learning and attention to the Apolygus lucorum and leaf blight regions via an efficient multi-scale attention module with cross-space learning, which improves the model’s ability to understand multi-scale information. In addition, RFBNet is embedded in the module to further expand the perceptual range and effectively capture the information of tiny features in tea leaf images. Finally, the ODCSPLayer convolutional block is introduced, aiming to focus on acquiring richer gradient flow information. The experimental results show that the TeaViTNet model proposed in this paper has an average accuracy of 89.1%, which is a significant improvement over the baseline network MobileViT and is capable of accurately detecting Apolygus lucorum and leaf blight of different scales and complexities.
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Zhan, Baishao, Ming Li, Wei Luo, Peng Li, Xiaoli Li und Hailiang Zhang. „Study on the Tea Pest Classification Model Using a Convolutional and Embedded Iterative Region of Interest Encoding Transformer“. Biology 12, Nr. 7 (17.07.2023): 1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12071017.
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Tea diseases are one of the main causes of tea yield reduction, and the use of computer vision for classification and diagnosis is an effective means of tea disease management. However, the random location of lesions, high symptom similarity, and complex background make the recognition and classification of tea images difficult. Therefore, this paper proposes a tea disease IterationVIT diagnosis model that integrates a convolution and iterative transformer. The convolution consists of a superimposed bottleneck layer for extracting the local features of tea leaves. The iterative algorithm incorporates the attention mechanism and bilinear interpolation operation to obtain disease location information by continuously updating the region of interest in location information. The transformer module uses a multi-head attention mechanism for global feature extraction. A total of 3544 images of red leaf spot, algal leaf spot, bird’s eye disease, gray wilt, white spot, anthracnose, brown wilt, and healthy tea leaves collected under natural light were used as samples and input into the IterationVIT model for training. The results show that when the patch size is 16, the model performed better with an IterationVIT classification accuracy of 98% and F1 measure of 96.5%, which is superior to mainstream methods such as VIT, Efficient, Shuffle, Mobile, Vgg, etc. In order to verify the robustness of the model, the original images of the test set were blurred, noise- was added and highlighted, and then the images were input into the IterationVIT model. The classification accuracy still reached over 80%. When 60% of the training set was randomly selected, the classification accuracy of the IterationVIT model test set was 8% higher than that of mainstream models, with the ability to analyze fewer samples. Model generalizability was performed using three sets of plant leaf public datasets, and the experimental results were all able to achieve comparable levels of generalizability to the data in this paper. Finally, this paper visualized and interpreted the model using the CAM method to obtain the pixel-level thermal map of tea diseases, and the results show that the established IterationVIT model can accurately capture the location of diseases, which further verifies the effectiveness of the model.
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Fatma S Moursy, Doaa AM Gad, Dalia Adly und Ihab I Sadek. „Study the effect of two organic fertilizers, methods of fertilization on productivity, pests and predatory insects associated with eggplant under modified climatic condition“. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 16, Nr. 1 (30.07.2021): 170–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2021.16.1.0205.
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This study investigated the effects of two organic fertilizer (compost tea and humic acid) compared to chemical fertilizer on plant growth, productivity, pests and predatory insects associated with eggplant Solanum melongena var. Black beauty under net house in 1st of April at 2019 and 2020 seasons. Application of fertilizers through fertigation enhanced significantly number of leaves, stem fresh weight, average fruit weight and total fruit yield. Moreover, stem diameter, nitrogen content in leaves (%), phosphorus content in leaves (%), potassium content in leaves (%), number of fruits and total yield were enhanced significantly due to using compost tea. However, using the humic acid cause a significant enhancement in number of shoots, number of leaves, stem diameter and leaves fresh weight. In addition, application of compost tea through the fertigation cause a significant superiority in number of shoots, nitrogen content in leaves (%), phosphorus content in leaves (%), potassium content in leaves (%), number of fruits, average fruit weight and total yield. The highest significant values of leaves fresh weight and stem dry weight were mainly due using humic acid through foliar application. Three main pest species and seven different predators' species were recorded associated with pests on eggplant. The application of foliar and fertigation compost tea increased pest populations significantly compared with humic acid and control. But also, increase the predators' population.