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1
Manivel, L., R. Raj Kumar, S. Marimuthu und V. Venkatesalu. „Plant Growth Regulators for Crop Management in Tea“. HortScience 30, Nr. 4 (Juli 1995): 802C—802. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.802c.
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Growth regulators are used in tea plantations from planting to productivity. Paclobutrazol at 500 ppm applied on foliage, 1 month after planting, promotes lateral production, besides feeder root proliferation. Triacontanol at 2 ppm applied in mature tea improves productivity through enhanced photosynthesis, favorable partition of assimilates, and water-use efficiency. Hydrogen cyanamide applied on the pruned frame at 0.5% improves budbreak. Antitranspirants based on long-chain polymers impart drought-tolerance in young and mature tea. Thus, use of PGR for cost-effective management of tea plantations, without affecting the quality of made tea or bush health, has been standardized.
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Peng, Jianfeng, Xiaoqian Ji, Xinqun Xia, Cuiyue Li, Zhaoning Wei, Chen Chu, Zhen Xu, Jun Zhang und Guangmei Xia. „Cellulose-Based Light-Management Films with Improved Properties Directly Fabricated from Green Tea“. Polysaccharides 3, Nr. 4 (02.12.2022): 776–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides3040045.
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Tea polyphenols are a phenolic bioactive compound extracted from tea leaves and have been widely used as additives to prepare functional materials used in packaging, adsorption and energy fields. Nevertheless, tea polyphenols should be extracted first from the leaves before use, leading to energy consumption and the waste of tea. Therefore, completely and directly utilizing the tea leaf to fabricate novel composite materials is more attractive and meaningful. Herein, semi-transparent green-tea-based all-biomass light-management films with improved strength, a tunable haze (60–80%) and UV-shielding properties (24.23% for UVA and 4.45% for UVB) were directly manufactured from green tea by adding high-degree polymerization wood pulps to form entanglement networks. Additionally, the green-tea-based composite films can be produced on a large scale by adding green tea solution units to the existing continuous production process of pure cellulose films. Thus, a facile and feasible approach was proposed to realize the valorization of green tea by preparing green-tea-based all-biomass light-management films that have great prospects in flexible devices and energy-efficient buildings.
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Jlcai, Tan, Deng-Xing und Qin Zunbing. „INTEGRATIVE PEST MANAGEMENT IN TEA PLANTATION“. HortScience 28, Nr. 5 (Mai 1993): 484d—484. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.5.484d.
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Two major measures were practiced in Dongshanfeng State Farm in Hunan province of China from 1988-1992. a/ Plant trees and readjust structure of crops to protect the natural enviornment and ecosystem of the tea plantation; b/ Put chemical control under ecological blance by using agricultural technical measures as the basic way and natural control of insectpest as the leading technigues. It showed the total average of poisonous element in air SO2 0.025mg/Km3, NOx 0.009mg/Km3, Tsp 0.059mg/km3; there were no-pollution in water of irrigate the fields, the tea plantation soils and the made tea; the quanting of natural enemy intea plantation were increased It had benefited of farm greatly both in production and ecology.
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Kim, Hyoun-a. „A Study on the Management of Tea Plantations by Japanese Residents during the Japanese Colonial Period: Focused on Comparison between Ogawa Tea Plantations and Ozaki Tea Plantations“. Association for International Tea Culture 56 (30.06.2022): 33–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21483/qwoaud.56..202206.33.
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The purpose of this thesis is to organize and analyze the records of Japanese tea plantation management in Korea during the Japanese colonial period, and to reveal the hidden goals of Japan and the Japanese Government-General of Korea. This study reveals the intention of the Japanese government and the Japanese government-general to manage tea and tea culture through the management of tea gardens by Japanese living in Korea during the Japanese colonial period. It was confirmed as follows that the intentions of the Japanese and the Japanese Government-General of Korea had an impact on the Japanese tea plantation management. We collected data on Ogawa tea fields in Jeongeup and Ozaki tea fields in Gwangju to review tea field operations and compare the two tea fields. The tea fields in Ogawa are tea fields grown from Japanese tea seeds, and the tea fields in Ozaki are wild tea fields native to Korea. This was revealed in the newspapers promoting the Ogawa tea plantations in Jeongeup and the Ozaki tea plantations receiving warnings not to interfere with the tea business in mainland Japan. Japan and the Japanese Government-General of Korea revealed that there was an intention and purpose to manage Korean tea culture by spreading the lie that Japan started tea culture and tea industry in Korea during the Japanese colonial period.
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Shrestha, Gita, und Resham B. Thapa. „Tea pests and pesticide problems and integrated management“. Journal of Agriculture and Environment 16 (01.06.2015): 188–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v16i0.19852.
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Tea is one of the most popular beverage and main cash crops of Nepal with a very high export potential. Its plantation has expanded over 19000 ha with production of nearly 21 million kg per annum providing employment opportunity to 12000 farmers and many traders in Nepal. This plant suffers from more than 300 recognized pests, of which 25-30 insect pests occur regularly in poorly managed tea garden and some of them are major ones causing significant crop loss. Their recognition of field occurrence and incidence helps in devising management options to reduce crop loss. Therefore, a study was conducted to monitor insect pests, ascertain their nature of incidence and time of occurrence in tea garden in terai (Bhadrapur), foot-hill (Barne) and mid- hill (Kanyam) of eastern Nepal. Information was gathered by interacting with local tea gardeners, close observation in the field, collection of species and their identification in the laboratory, which showed that both terai and foot-hills with warmer climate harbored higher number of species than mid-hills. Their integrated management is essential for sustainable tea production.
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Deng, Huilin, Jia Liu, Ying Xiao, Jian-Lin Wu und Rui Jiao. „Possible Mechanisms of Dark Tea in Cancer Prevention and Management: A Comprehensive Review“. Nutrients 15, Nr. 18 (07.09.2023): 3903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15183903.
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Tea is one of the most popular drinks in the world. Dark tea is a kind of post-fermented tea with unique sensory characteristics that is produced by the special fermentation of microorganisms. It contains many bioactive substances, such as tea polyphenols, theabrownin, tea polysaccharides, etc., which have been reported to be beneficial to human health. This paper reviewed the latest research on dark tea’s potential in preventing and managing cancer, and the mechanisms mainly involved anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, inducing cancer cell apoptosis, inhibiting tumor metastasis, and regulating intestinal flora. The purpose of this review is to accumulate evidence on the anti-cancer effects of dark tea, the corresponding mechanisms and limitations of dark tea for cancer prevention and management, the future prospects, and demanding questions about dark tea’s possible contributions as an anti-cancer adjuvant.
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Mamun, MSA, und M. Ahmed. „Prospect of Indigenous Plant Extracts in Tea Pest Management“. International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 1, Nr. 1-2 (22.02.2013): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v1i1-2.13924.
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Tea is a popular beverage made from the leaves of evergreen shrub or tree Camellia sinensis, under the family Theaceae. Tea plant is subjected to the attack of insects, mites, nematodes and some plant pathogenic diseases. Tea production is greatly hindered due to these maladies. About 10-15% crop loss occurred by these pests per annum. In severe cases, it would be 100%. To combat these problems different groups of pesticides have been used in the tea fields since 1960. As tea is a consumable commodity, the effect of residue of pesticides in made tea is harmful to human health. In this context, biopesticides are being considered as environmentally safe, selective, biodegradable, economical and renewable alternatives for use in IPM programmes. Biopesticides are natural plant products and may be grown by the planters with minimum cost and extracted by indigenous methods. Biopesticides are secondary metabolites, which include alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, and minor secondary chemicals. It is estimated that as many as 2121 plant species have been reported to posses pest control properties. Botanicals like neem, ghora-neem, mahogoni, karanja, adathoda, sweet flag, tobacco, derris, annona, smart weed, bar weed, datura, calotropis, bidens, lantana, chrysanthemum, artemisia, marigold, clerodendrum, wild sunflower and many others may be grown by planters with minimum expense and extracted by indigenous methods. These botanical materials can be used as an alternative to chemical pesticides. These botanical extracts will help in controlling major pests of tea such as Helopeltis, red spider mite, aphids, thrips, jassid, flushworm, termites, nematodes etc. The present note reviews the information of most widely available indigenous plants that may be used for the control of insect pests of tea as a component of IPM. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v1i1-2.13924 Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 1 (1&2): 16-23, December, 2011
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Prematilake, K. G. „Weed management in tea-recent developments“. Tropical Agricultural Research and Extension 6 (30.12.2003): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/tare.v6i0.5447.
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Deka, Bhabesh, Suman Sarkar, Debrishi Modak, Somnath Roy und Azariah Babu. „Indigenous plant extracts and their role in pest management in tea ecosystem“. International Journal of Tea Science 16, Nr. 01 (03.11.2022): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20425/ijts1613.
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India is the world's second largest producer of black tea. Insects, mites, nematodes, and plant pathogenic diseases all damage the tea plant which severely hampered tea production causing about 10-15% crop loss every year. It would be 100% in extreme circumstances. In India, many synthetic pesticides are commonly employed to control tea pests. The use of an excessive amount pesticides could lead to a number of issues, including the development of resistance, negative impacts on non-target species such as insect predators and parasitoids, disruption of the ecological balance, and the accumulation of pesticide residues on tea leaves. In the international market, there is an increasing demand for organic tea or tea that is pesticide residue free, which influences the export price. Plant extracts having insecticidal qualities contains secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, and minor secondary compounds can be used as an alternative to synthetic insecticides and these are environmentally safe, selective, biodegradable, cost-effective, and renewable options for use in IPM programmes in this context. Biopesticides are natural plant products that can be grown at a minimal cost by planters and extracted using indigenous methods.
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Lin, Guan-Ying, Bo-Jhen Chen, Chih-Yi Hu und Wei-Yi Lin. „The Impacts of Field Management on Soil and Tea Root Microbiomes“. Applied Microbiology 1, Nr. 2 (08.09.2021): 361–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol1020025.
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Due to the importance of microbes in soil health and crop production, manipulation of microbiomes provides a new strategy for improving crop growth and agricultural ecosystems. Current understanding is limited regarding the responses of soil and crop endophytic microbiomes to field management and microbiome programming. In this study, we investigated soil and tea root bacterial communities under conventional and organic cropping systems using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. A significant difference in soil and root bacterial community structure was observed under different field managements, leading to 43% and 35% variance, respectively. We also identified field management-sensitive species both in soils and tea roots that have great potential as bioindicators for bacterial microbiome manipulation. Moreover, through functional profile predictions of microbiomes, xenobiotics degradation in soil bacterial communities is enriched in organic farms, suggesting that biodegradation capabilities are enhanced under organic cropping systems. Our results demonstrate the effects of field management on both soil and tea root bacterial microbiomes and provide new insights into the reprogramming of microbial structures.
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Cheramgoi, Evelyn, Joel Langat, Richard Mose und Caroline Mutai. „EFFECTS OF EPIPHYTES ON TEA PRODUCTION AND THEIR MANAGEMENT“. International Journal of Tea Science 14, Nr. 01 (30.03.2018): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.20425/ijts1411.
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Epiphytes are a group of non-parasitic plants that settle to obtain support from plants. Under the natural forest ecosystem, the presence of epiphytes is an indicator of unpolluted and undisturbed environment. However, massive infestation by epiphytes to commercial tree crops including tea is a concern to productivity. A study was conducted initiated to determine the influence of different management options on epiphytes which included mosses, ferns, maidenhair ferns, and tongue ferns. The study evaluated the influence of different management options on epiphytes and to determine the effect of the management options on tea yields. The experiment was laid on a field infested with epiphytes in split plot design treatment structure in a randomized complete block layout, replicated three times. In the main plots the epiphytes were manually removed from the tea bush branches whereas the control was left in situ while the subplots involved use of agricultural chemicals; Copper Nordox, Cuprocaffaro, Milraz, Hydrate of lime, Round up Turbo and control (untreated). Post-treatment scoring for 3 years of all types of epiphytes was done using a scale to determine the level of yellowing, scorching, and regrowth. Yield data were also recorded for one prune cycle of four years and data was subjected to analysis of variance. The main treatments (disturbed and undisturbed) management options did not influence the efficacy of the chemical products on epiphytic mosses but disturbance reduced (p less than or equal to0.05) levels of the epiphytic ferns. Copperbased products (Copper Nordox and Cuprocaffaro) reduced (p less than or equal to0.05) in mosses levels (reducing the degree of yellowing and regrowth) than other products and the control. However, all chemical products reduced (p less than or equal to 0.05) levels of epiphytic ferns. The removal of epiphytes on the tea branches increased (p less than or equal to0.05) the yield of tea, while chemical products were ineffective in improving yields. This study, therefore, concludes that the epiphytes on the tea frame have effects on the functioning of the tea bush and removal of the massive epiphytes is necessary for improved productivity of tea bush.
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Fu, Hwai-Hui, Yan-Yu Chen und Guan-Jie Wang. „Using a Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process to Formulate an Effectual Tea Assessment System“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 15 (30.07.2020): 6131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12156131.
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Taiwan tea is very famous around the world. This study aims to establish a quantized tea assessment system to increase the credibility of the current tea evaluation mechanism. In this study, a new procedure using a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process integrated with linguistic variables is proposed to set up measurable indicators and determine their weights for a tea evaluation mechanism. An affinity diagram was used to deduce three dimensions (i.e., tea farm management, the tea-making process, and organoleptic evaluation) and 11 evaluation criteria for the construction of the tea assessment system. Sixteen experts, including 10 senior tea farmers and six national tea appraisers, were invited to participate in the one-on-one linguistic questionnaire survey. Analysis of the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process shows that tea farm management gains the most weight (0.533), followed by the tea-making process (0.329), and organoleptic evaluation (0.138). Surprisingly, organoleptic evaluation, as the assessment criteria today, places last in the three evaluation dimensions. Findings of this study can provide the Taiwan Tea Association with insightful information for enhancing the current tea assessment system.
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Liu, Zemao, Deyu Yang, Guangtao Zhang, Lihong Zheng, Chen Chen, Xin Sun und Fangyuan Yu. „Effects of Soil Physical and Chemical Properties on the Quality of Nanjing ‘Yuhua’ Tea, a Type of Famous Green Tea“. Horticulturae 9, Nr. 2 (02.02.2023): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9020189.
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Tea has become one of the most popular drinks worldwide because of its special taste and health benefits. ‘Yuhua’ tea is a famous specialty of Nanjing, China, a green tea produced from Camelia sinensis. It belongs to the green tea category and is one of the top ten most famous teas in China. The physical and chemical properties of soil are very important to the quality of tea. However, at present, there are few instances of research on the soil of the ‘Yuhua’ tea cultivation area. To provide the theoretical basis for improving the final quality of ‘Yuhua’ tea by soil management measures, the effects of the soil’s physical and chemical properties on the contents of important chemical components (free amino acids, tea polyphenols, and caffeine) of ‘Yuhua’ tea in three different cultivation areas in Nanjing were studied. The quality of ‘Yuhua’ tea is greatly influenced by the physical and chemical properties of the soil in which the tea plant grows. The free amino acid content and tea polyphenol content of tea leaves were significantly and negatively correlated with soil bulk density, pH, and water-soluble calcium content, while a significantly positive correlation was noticed between the two criteria and soil effective nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content. Additionally, the growth of the tea tree will be hampered and perhaps stressed if the soil’s helpful mineral concentration is too low. The tea tree may produce more caffeine as a result, which could lower the quality of the tea leaves. Therefore, implementing targeted soil management techniques is the key to promoting tea tree growth and improving tea quality. This study laid the foundation for the adoption of corresponding soil management measures to improve the quality of ‘Yuhua’ tea.
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Chen, Guoqi, Bin Zhang, Qiong Wu, Linhong Jin, Zhuo Chen und Xiaofeng Tan. „Group characteristics of tea growers relative to weed management: a case study in southwestern China“. Weed Technology 33, Nr. 6 (22.08.2019): 847–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2019.67.
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AbstractFarmer training is important to improve weed management practices in tea cultivation. To explore the group characteristics of tea growers, we interviewed 354 growers in Guizhou Province, China. Sixty-one percent of the respondents planted tea for companies or cooperative groups, and 56% managed tea gardens larger than 10 ha. Self-employed tea growers tended to be older and smallholders, and to apply herbicides and conduct weed control less frequently (P < 0.05). Approximately 87% of the respondents conducted weed control two to four times yr−1, 83% spent between $200 and $2,000 ha−1 yr−1 for weed control, and 42% thought weed control costs would decrease by 5 years from this study. Twenty-eight species were mentioned by the respondents as being the most serious. According to canonical correspondence analysis, latitude, altitude, being self-employed or a member of a cooperative, having training experience in tea-garden weed management, and frequency and cost of weed control in tea gardens had significant (P < 0.05) influence on the composition of most troublesome weed species listed by respondents. Among the respondents, 60% had had farmer’s training on weed management in tea gardens. Of these, a significant number (P < 0.05) tended to think weed control costs would decrease, and a nonsignificant number (P > 0.05) tended to conduct weed control more frequently and have lower weed management costs in their tea gardens.
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Sitienei, Nancy Cherotich, Meshack Misoi und Chidozie Ibeneme. „Supply Chain Management Practices on Organizational Performance: A Case Study of Tea Industries in North Rift Valley, Kenya“. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VII, Nr. VII (2023): 846–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2023.70765.
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The tea sector in Kenya has been in a crisis for the past decade due to supply and demand implications. Tea prices are increasing in the short term, but long-term prices have decreased to half of what farmers received five decades ago. The main purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of supply chain management practices on organizational performance of tea industry in the North Rift Valley, Kenya. The study was guided by the four objectives: to identify supply chain management practices adopted by firms in the tea industry in North Rift Valley Kenya, to establish the level performance of tea firms in North Rift Valley Kenya, to find out if there is a significant relationship between SCM practices and performance in the tea industry in North Rift Valley, Kenya and to give recommendations on how to improve the levels of supply chain management practices of tea industry in the North Rift Valley, Kenya. This study utilized a descriptive mixed research design. Tea manufacturers in the North Rift Valley region were investigated using a census technique. Purposive sampling and stratified sampling were used, with departments divided into clusters for each level of the organization. To pick respondents in various strata, simple random sampling was used. Total of 71 respondents participated in the study. For data analysis, this study used SPSS version 25.0, which generated descriptive statistics, frequency tables, plots, and graphs. It also supplied inferential statistics and variable correlations. Multiple linear regression was used to test the hypotheses. The study findings showed that tea companies in the region recognize the importance of collaborative partnerships, lean practices, and effective materials management in optimizing their supply chain performance. From the findings, it was concluded that Tea firms in North Rift Valley, Kenya recognize and value strategic partnerships, lean practices, and materials management as key components of effective supply chain management. The study found that the tea companies are performing well in terms of efficiency and profitability. However, there was no significant relationship between strategic partnership and performance, hence the study recommended that tea firms should focus on improving their lean practices and materials management to optimize their supply chain performance.
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Tallei, Trina Ekawati, Fatimawali, Nurdjannah Jane Niode, Rinaldi Idroes, B. M. Redwan Matin Zidan, Saikat Mitra, Ismail Celik et al. „A Comprehensive Review of the Potential Use of Green Tea Polyphenols in the Management of COVID-19“. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021 (03.12.2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7170736.
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Green tea is produced from Camellia sinensis (L.) buds and leaves that have not gone through the oxidation and withering processes used to produce black and oolong teas. It was originated in China, but its cultivation and production have expanded to other Eastern Asian countries. Several polyphenolic compounds, including flavandiols, flavonols, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, are found in green tea and may constitute greater than 30% of the dry weight. Flavonols, especially catechins, represent the majority of green tea polyphenols. Green tea polyphenolic compounds have been reported to confer several health benefits. This review describes the potential use of green tea polyphenols in the management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The immunomodulatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects of green tea polyphenols have also been considered in this review. In addition to describing the bioactivities associated with green tea polyphenols, this review discusses the potential delivery of these biomolecules using a nanoparticle drug delivery system. Moreover, the bioavailability and toxicity of green tea polyphenols are also evaluated.
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Zhang, Qi, Ying Zhang, Yuhua Wang, Jishuang Zou, Shaoxiong Lin, Meihui Chen, Pengyao Miao et al. „Transcriptomic Analysis of the Effect of Pruning on Growth, Quality, and Yield of Wuyi Rock Tea“. Plants 12, Nr. 20 (20.10.2023): 3625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12203625.
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Pruning is an important agronomic measure in tea plantation management. In this study, we analyzed the effect of pruning on gene expression in tea leaves from a transcriptomics perspective and verified the results of a transcriptomic analysis in terms of changes in physiological indicators of tea leaves. The results showed that pruning enhanced the gene expression of nine metabolic pathways in tea leaves, including fatty acid synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, and plant hormone signal transduction, thereby promoting the growth of tea plants and increasing tea yield. However, pruning reduced the gene expression of nine metabolic pathways, including secondary metabolites biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis, and lowered the content of caffeine, flavonoids, and free amino acids in tea plant leaves. In conclusion, pruning could promote the growth of tea plants and increase the yield of tea, but it was not conducive to the accumulation of some quality indicators in tea leaves, especially caffeine, flavonoids, and free amino acids, which, in turn, reduced the quality of tea. This study provides an important theoretical reference for the management of agronomic measures in tea plantations.
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Paul, Tripti, und Sandeep Mondal. „A strategic analysis of tea leaves supply chain before manufacturing – a case in Assam“. Benchmarking: An International Journal 26, Nr. 1 (04.02.2019): 246–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bij-01-2018-0007.
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PurposeThere exists insufficient literature on classification and taxonomy of tea leaves supply chain (TLSC), so the purpose of this paper is to study the existing TLSCs and classify them accordingly. Apart from this, the paper also focuses on identification of key decisions issues in the supply chains (SC) and developing a TLSC decision framework for the state of Assam in India.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is based on a two-year detailed study on TLSC in Assam which encompasses 22 Tea Estates, 41 Small Tea Gardens (STGs) and a Research Institute (Tocklai Tea Research Institute). Secondary data were collected from relevant websites of various government organizations of India, company’s websites, annual reports, official statements from the companies, tea market reports, annual reports of the Indian Tea Association, the Tea Board of India, Tea Research Institute and published reports, etc.FindingsThe “point of origin” of TLSC is a tea garden, “point of consumption” is considered as a tea factory and green tea leaves (GTLs) forms the basic raw material. This SC includes mainly three players: Tea leaves growers, manufacturers of made tea and tea leaves agents. This study identifies the three types of TLSCs existing in Assam: TLSC1, TLSC2 and TLSC3. Among them, only TLSC1 is both responsive as well as an efficient chain, while the rest are only responsive chains. Later two SCs can be made efficient with the proposed TLSC4.Research limitations/implicationsThere is an insufficient literature on classification and taxonomy of TLSC, therefore the study (considerably the classification and taxonomy of TLSC) was developed from the primary data which were collected from the 22 Tea Estates and 41 STGs of four districts of Assam, because of limited time (two years). The study should have involved more tea estates and small tea gardens for better classification and taxonomy.Practical implicationsThe proposed model suggests that small tea growers may create a co-operative whereby smaller tea gardens (STGs) (members of the co-operative) unite to act as a single large garden, set up their own co-operative factory and recruit permanent tea plucking laborers. This up-gradation of TLSC2 and TLSC3 to TLSC4 may enable a group of STGs to work in a manner similar to a Tea Estate.Originality/valueTo the best of authors’ knowledge this is one of the first studies to classify the TLSC in Assam.
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BORA, POPY, und L. C. BORA. „Revisiting non-chemical modes of diseases and pests management in tea (Camellia sinensis): A review“. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 92, Nr. 1 (31.01.2022): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v92i1.120819.
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Tea [Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze] like any other perennial plantation crop is subjected to loss in biomass yield and functional quality, once exposed to beyond economic thresholds of diseases and pests load. A battery of diseases and pests are reported to badly affect the tea industry of India. Microbial antagonists and botanicals emerged as two most vibrant via-media of addressing tea diseases and pests amongst non-chemical modes, in a manner, closest to residue free production system. Authors revisited the use of microbial antagonists and botanicals through comprehensive updated analysis of breakthroughs recorded in the success of microbial antagonists-and botanicals mediated diseases and pests management in tea. Our efforts also portrays the futuristic viewpoints in terms of developments of commercial formulations of botanicals using their bioactive compounds, consortium of bioagents and fortification of botanicals with bioagents through area wide field response studies in the back drop of growing demand of organic tea, the most pressing developmental issue of tea industry.
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Sita, Kralawi, Achmad Imron Rosyadi und Tri Maruto Aji. „Contract Farming through Tea-Horticulture Intercropping System: A Case Study of Gambung Estate and Horticultural Farmers in Bandung, Indonesia“. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development 15, Nr. 1 (15.06.2018): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37801/ajad2018.15.1.5.
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Contract farming is becoming a viable form of partnership between tea plantation companies and local farmers in the management of tea plantations. This study aimed to: (1) describe a contract farming pattern through the system of intercropping tea-horticulture, (2) analyze the efficiency of the management of tea garden with contract farming, and (3) describe the benefits and sustainability of the contract farming between Gambung Estate and horticultural farmers. The case study was conducted in Gambung Estate using qualitative descriptive analysis and contract farming scheme analysis. The study observed that the contract farming patterns applied was a modified nucleus estate model with a combination of resource provisioning cooperation with production management cooperation. The challenges for future contract farming include land management, new skill transfer, climate change, and shared risk and effort between the two parties so that the bargaining position of horticultural farmers will be increased in the sustainable tea plantation management framework. Value of investment efficiency was 47 percent for new planting and 49 percent for replanting. The highest R/C and B/C values were given to the intercropping system of tea-chili at 2:25 and 1:25, respectively.
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Roy, Nirmal Chandra, und Debasish Biswas. „Closed Tea Estates: A Case Study of the Dooars Region of West Bengal, India“. Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective 22, Nr. 3 (30.07.2018): 329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972262918788231.
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Since the end of the nineteenth century, it has been found that there has been a steady trend of the closure of tea estates in the sub-Himalayan region of Bengal. Besides that, a number of tea estates in the same region have not been operating properly. All these have made workers vulnerable. But this tea-producing region is monadic, and it produced during 2016–2017 358.53 million kg of tea; whereas the total production of India was 1,250.49 million kg. Evidence shows that 16 tea estates of the Duncan Group alone had been virtually closed in 2015 in the Dooars region. As a consequence, nearly 20,000 workers became jobless and subsequently several workers of the closed tea estates died of starvation and malnutrition. Further, some records have mentioned that from 2000 to 2015, 1,400 people had died in 17 closed tea estates in West Bengal. A lion’s portion of deaths has occurred in the Dooars region. In this case, an attempt has been made to unveil the root causes of the closure of tea estates located in the Dooars region in West Bengal.
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Lee, Kyung Jun, Jung-Ro Lee, Raveendar Sebastin, Myoung-Jae Shin, Seong-Hoon Kim, Gyu-Taek Cho und Do Yoon Hyun. „Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Tea Germplasm for Its Management and Sustainable Use in Korea Genebank“. Forests 10, Nr. 9 (08.09.2019): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10090780.
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Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) is cultivated in many developing Asian, African, and South American countries, and is the most widely consumed beverage in the world. It is of critical importance to understand the genetic diversity and population structure of tea germplasm for effective collection, conservation, and utilization. In this study, 410 tea accessions collected from South Korea were analyzed using 21 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Among 410 tea accessions, 85.4% (350 accessions) were collected from Jeollanam-do. A total of 286 alleles were observed, and the genetic diversity and evenness were estimated to be on average 0.79 and 0.61, respectively, across all the tested samples. Using discriminant analysis of principal components, four clusters were detected in 410 tea accessions. Among them, cluster 1 showed a higher frequency of rare alleles (less than 1%). Using the calculation of the index of association and rbaD value, each cluster showed a clonal mode of reproduction. The result of analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that most of the variation observed was within populations (99%) rather than among populations (1%). The present study revealed the presence of lower diversity and simpler population structure in Korean tea germplasms. Consequently, more attention should be focused on collecting and conserving the new tea individuals to broaden genetic variation of new cultivars in future breeding of the tea plant.
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Isobe, Kouji. „Integrated pest management system in tea fields“. Japanese journal of crop science 70, Supplement2 (2001): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1626/jcs.70.supplement2_417.
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Hazarika, Lakshmi K., Mantu Bhuyan und Budhindra N. Hazarika. „Insect Pests of Tea and Their Management“. Annual Review of Entomology 54, Nr. 1 (Januar 2009): 267–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093359.
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Keenan, Brother Joseph. „The Japanese Tea Ceremony and stress management“. Holistic Nursing Practice 10, Nr. 2 (Januar 1996): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004650-199601000-00005.
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Elrggal, Mahmoud E., Sarah Ibrahim Alamer, Saad A. Alkahtani, Mohammed Ahmed Alshrahili, Adnan Alharbi, Bayan Ali Alghamdi und Mohammad Fathullah Zaitoun. „Dispensing Practices for Weight Management Products in Eastern Saudi Arabia: A Survey of Community Pharmacists“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, Nr. 24 (13.12.2021): 13146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413146.
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Due to changing lifestyles and socioeconomic status, obesity prevalence has been rising in Saudi Arabia, and community pharmacists often counsel patients about its management. The study aimed to evaluate practices of community pharmacists involved in dispensing products for weight control in four cities located in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving community pharmacists in Dammam, Dhahran, Khobar, and Al-Ahsa, using a Likert format questionnaire. Only those who consented to participate were handed the questionnaire. A total of 100 complete responses were analyzed. The median value for packs sold per month for tea containing products Al-Diafa Slimming Tea, Jamue Tea, and Green Tea was ≥6 while the same for orlistat and apple cider vinegar were ≤4. Moreover, >50% of pharmacists mentioned that orlistat and apple cider vinegar were effective while ≥35% mentioned that metformin and Jamue tea were effective. Furthermore, ≥25% mentioned that green tea and Al-Diafa slimming tea were effective. Excluding orlistat, >50% of pharmacists did not know about adverse effects for other products. The rate of dispensing of several weight loss products was significant for participants’ background characteristics, such as time duration of consultation, gender, and age of patients, and pharmacist work experience (p < 0.05). The tea products and orlistat were the most frequently sold products, and community pharmacists appeared most knowledgeable about the effectiveness and adverse effect of orlistat. The pharmacists seemed to be aware about the effectiveness of other weight loss products; however, their knowledge about their potential adverse effects was unsatisfactory.
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D’dharan, Shawna Rekshmy, und Dhanraj Ganapathy. „MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF DENTURE STOMATITIS“. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 9, Nr. 5 (01.09.2016): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9i5.12670.
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ABSTRACTDenture stomatitis is a chronic inflammatory lesion which is commonly associated with Candida albicans infection. It is frequently seen in completedenture patients and clinically presented as erythema and inflammation on the palatal mucosa. This review covers the different medical managementof denture stomatitis. The first line of treatment is by topical antifungal agents, which are available as suspension, gels, lozenges, pastilles, etc. Inpatient where topical treatment was unsuccessful and in immunocompromised patient, systemic antifungal agents are prescribed. Recent studieshave shown the effectiveness of natural products such as propolis, green tea extracts, and various essential oils in the treatment of denture stomatitis,to decrease colony count and reduce erythema of palatal mucosa.Keywords: Denture stomatitis, Antifungal drugs, Propolis, Green tea, Essential oils.
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Silva, Arely Tereza Cavalieri, Vanessa Talia Jost, Ana Paula Souza Santos, Beatriz Cristina de Jesus und Monica Augusta Mombelli. „Contribuições da terapia assistida por animais as crianças com transtorno do espectro autista: perspectivas de pais e profissionais“. Research, Society and Development 11, Nr. 5 (15.04.2022): e56011528711. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i5.28711.
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O Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) é uma desordem neurológica que afeta o desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor de crianças. O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar a percepção de pais e profissionais sobre o uso da Terapia Assistida por Animais (TAA) como recurso terapêutico nas intervenções com crianças com TEA. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, realizado por meio de um questionário, que foi aplicado a pais e profissionais que possuem experiência na realização de atendimento com animais coterapeutas. Participaram do estudo oito pais de crianças com TEA, com idades entre três e onze anos, que realizam terapia com animais a mais de um ano, e sete profissionais, dentre eles, psicólogos, fisioterapeutas, pedagogo e psicopedagogo. Os resultados apontam que a TAA tem grande potencial como recurso terapêutico na redução de sintomas autísticos em relação a comunicação, interação social e afetividade, apresentando mudanças comportamentais após a realização das sessões e da interação com o animal, na perspectiva de pais e profissionais. Deste modo, este estudo contribui ao avanço científico, a qualidade de vida e bem-estar de pessoas com TEA seus familiares e, oferece informações a profissionais que atuam com este grupo específico.
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Li, Shaojuan, Jun Lu, Edward Pope, Nicola Golding, Tianjun Zhou, Fazhi Li und Wei Duan. „Influence of multi-timescale precipitation indices on primary tea production in Baoshan, Yunnan, China“. Environmental Research Communications 4, Nr. 2 (01.02.2022): 025009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ac5087.
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Abstract The regional economy in Yunnan, Southwest China, relies heavily on tea production. Both the quality and amount of tea production are sensitive to extreme climate events, but exactly how different timescale climate events influence tea production remains unknown. In this study, we explore the dynamic responses of tea production indices in Baoshan, Yunnan to 6 multi-timescale precipitation indices (MPIs) at lags of up to 20 years. The results are as follows: (1) Wet injury caused by precipitation during summer and autumn is a prominent threat to annual tea production in Baoshan, which leads to negative impacts on annual tea yield and raw tea price, with the impact on the latter mainly reflected in tea quality during the primary processing for black tea and green tea. (2) Annual tea yield and raw tea price are negatively correlated with CDD (consecutive dry days) and R20 (very heavy precipitation days) at lags greater than one year. (3) Spring tea yield and raw tea price are negatively correlated with spring precipitation, but positively correlated with days in the winter-spring dormancy period of tea plant (WSDP) and precipitation in WSDP; the positive correlation of days in WSDP is the most prominent with spring tea production of the 3 MPIs. (4) Unlike other famous tea areas, lower R20 frequency in Baoshan is not associated with high rates of soil erosion, but the lack of drainage ditches in the tea garden still means that continuous precipitation or heavy rainfall are a risk to Baoshan tea production. The insights provided by this study will help farmers and other decision-makers to understand the mechanism of MPIs’ influence on tea production, inform regional responses in tea plantation management to the observed different precipitation trends, and improve future management decisions under a changing climate.
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Unnithan, Sujata, und John Strang. „Poppy Tea Dependence“. British Journal of Psychiatry 163, Nr. 6 (Dezember 1993): 813–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.163.6.813.
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A patient presenting with dependence on opium poppy tea infusion is reported. Poppy tea drinking, although previously described in certain parts of the UK, rarely presents in the form of a dependence syndrome. Issues relating to the management of poppy tea dependence are discussed, including the results of existing laboratory urinalysis for drugs of abuse, the calculation of opiate dose equivalence, and the likelihood of transition (or not) from use of poppy tea to use of other opiates.
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Yegon, Charles Kiprotich, Willy Muturi und Oluoch Oluoch. „Moderating Effect of Ownership Structure on the Relationship between Working Capital Management Decisions and Financial Performance of Tea Firms in Kenya“. International Journal of Finance 7, Nr. 5 (02.10.2022): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ijf.1049.
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Purpose: The general objective of this research study was to examine the moderating effect of ownership structure on the relationship between working capital management decisions and financial performance of tea firms in Kenya. Expansive research studies are available on the strategies employed by tea firms to boost their financial performances. However, Very minimal of these research studies are geared towards the contribution of working capital management decisions employed by these companies within the tea sector in Kenya.
Methodology: The study employed a correlational research design. The data was collected was collected from the audited financial statements of all the multinationals and KTDA managed tea firms in Kericho, Bomet and Nandi counties of Kenya. The data was analyzed by employing both descriptive and inferential statistics.
Findings: This research study revealed that there exists a moderating effect of ownership structure on the relationship between working capital management decisions and financial performance of tea firms in Kenya.
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The research study recommended that the KTDA managed tea firms should be advised to adopt the strategies employed by multinational tea firms in order to boost and improve their financial performance. Tea firms are strongly cautioned against increasing accounts receivables period, accounts payables payment period and inventory conversion period because this would minimize their financial performance in the long-run.
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Zheng, Rongrong, Jiasui Zhan, Luxing Liu, Yanli Ma, Zishuai Wang, Lianhui Xie und Dunchun He. „Factors and Minimal Subsidy Associated with Tea Farmers’ Willingness to Adopt Ecological Pest Management“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 22 (06.11.2019): 6190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226190.
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Scientific assessment related to the externalities of the tea ecological pest management (TEPM) system that can affect socio-economic development and ecological benefits is important to the sustainable development of the tea industry. This paper used the contingent valuation method to evaluate the externalities associated with TEPM and the factors affecting its adoption by farmers through survey data collected from Anxi county, Fujian province, China. The results showed that the positive externalities, which were not internalized (embodied in price), affected the willingness of tea farmers to adopt TEPM. The willingness to accept a subsidy for adopting the TEPM system was significantly affected by the individual tea farmer’s age, education level, income, plantation, knowledge of human health and risk preference. The compensation threshold of externalities for TEPM was 5668.80 yuan per hectare per year. It is suggested that the government should adopt this threshold as a minimum subsidy to mitigate information asymmetry in two markets, namely ecological management technology and trading between suppliers and buyers of tea products. Finally, production stability and improved price for high quality tea resulting from healthy ecology in TEPM could enhance positive externalities. This coupled with other benefits, such as a reduction in the amount of resources spent on pesticides, could result in governmental subsidies for TEPM being gradually reduced over time.
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Millath, Dr M. Ayisha, und Dr K. Malik Ali. „Awareness on Sustainability Perspective among Consumers’ of Tea“. Restaurant Business 118, Nr. 7 (16.07.2019): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/rb.v118i7.7670.
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Tea is an imperative beverage elsewhere in the world. The need and demand for tea are increasing day by day. Tea Association of USA expects continued growth in tea sales due to awareness on its health benefits. There are more than 3000 kinds of tea varieties are there but only four varieties are widely used. The authors investigated the opinion on sustainability perspectives and problems faced by them while they intend to buy. Willing Participants are included in survey with the sample size of 237. The correlation result revealed that there is a positive relationship between educational qualification and sustainability perspectives of tea products among consumers. . It is also found that lack of information and high price were the major problems faced by tea consumers while intend to buy sustainable tea. So the tea manufacturers and processors must throw light on these issues to improve its preference among consumers.
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Saidi, Reza, Haydeh Heidari, Morteza Sedehi und Behrouz Safdarian. „Evaluating the effect of Matricaria chamomilla and Melissa officinalis on pain intensity and satisfaction with pain management in patients after orthopedic surgery“. Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology 9, Nr. 4 (01.07.2020): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/jhp.2020.43.
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Introduction: The most important compliant of post-operative orthopedic patients is severe and intolerable pain. This pain has negative impacts on patient’s satisfaction with pain management and bone healing after surgery. This study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the effects of Melissa officinalis (Melissa) tea and Matricaria chamomilla (Chamomile) tea on pain intensity and satisfaction with pain management in patients after lower limb orthopedic surgery. Methods: This was a randomized controlled trial conducted on 96 patients after lower limb orthopedic surgery in Ayatollah Kashani hospital of Shahrekord city, Iran. Patients were randomized to M. officinalis, Chamomile and control groups with blocking randomization method. For M. officinalis group, 1 g of Melissa tea, for Chamomile group 1 g chamomile tea and for control group black tea was prescribed 3 times a day. Study variables were evaluated before and 30 min after each stage of intervention and then the mean changes of pain intensity and satisfaction before interventions and after each step of intervention were compared between groups. Significance level was considered as P<0.05. Results: Before intervention, the mean scores of pain intensity and satisfaction with pain management had no significance difference between groups. The mean changes of pain intensity and satisfaction with pain management (after first 3 steps of intervention) in M. officinalis and M. chamomilla groups were significantly greater than the ones in control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Prescription of M. officinalis tea or Chamomile tea might be used as effective remedy for reducing pain and increasing satisfaction with pain management after orthopedic surgery.
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E., Sankarganesh, Lavanya Sravani B., Rajeshwaran B. und Mounika M.N. „Tea Mosquito Bug (Helopeltis spp.): A Pest of Economically Important Fruit and Plantation Crops: Its Status and Management Prospects“. Plant Health Archives 1, Nr. 2 (17.07.2023): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.54083/pha/1.2.2023/18-28.
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The tea mosquito bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) is the recognized pest of fruits and plantations across the world. In India, three species viz. Helopeltis antonii, H. bradyi and H. theivora are dominant among different species and found attacking a wide range of crops. Several alternate host plants of the tea mosquito bug have been recorded, especially in Africa and Asia. The nymphs and adults of the tea mosquito bug suck the sap from leaves, buds and shoots, which results in heavy crop losses. The pest is posing a serious challenge in domestic and overseas trades. For better management decisions, it is very much important to know about pest status, bionomics, distribution, host range, etc. The focus on the management of tea mosquito bug has to emphasize from chemical to traditional, indigenous technical knowledge and integrated pest management using the accessible resources to reduce the resistance development and limit the residual effects. This review highlights the significant works conducted on tea mosquito bug with detailed management strategies. The information on current status, host preference, incidence and early detection of this pest are discussed.
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Tan, Lin, Songsong Gu, Shi Li, Zuohua Ren, Ye Deng, Zhonghua Liu, Zhihua Gong, Wenjun Xiao und Qiulong Hu. „Responses of Microbial Communities and Interaction Networks to Different Management Practices in Tea Plantation Soils“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 16 (16.08.2019): 4428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11164428.
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Soil microorganisms play important roles in the plant health and agricultural production. However, little is known about the complex responses of microbial communities and interaction networks to different agricultural management practices in tea plantation soils. In the present study, Illumina Miseq high-throughput sequencing technology and molecular ecological network (MEN) analysis were used to investigate the soil microbial diversity, community structure and composition, interaction networks of organic tea plantation (OTP), non-polluted tea plantation (NPTP) and conventional tea plantation (CTP). Alpha-diversity indices, Chao1 and richness, of OTP soil were significantly higher than those of NPTP and CTP soils. The beta-diversity analysis showed there were significant differences among bacterial community structures of OTP, NPTP and CTP soils. Composition analysis showed that Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi were the most dominant bacteria in all tea plantation soil samples under different management practices, and the beneficial community compositions of OTP soil were significantly different from NPTP and CTP soils at the phylum and genus levels. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and mantel test revealed that TOC and NO3-N contents as well as pH values were the key soil factors to affect the bacterial community structures of tea plantation soils. Furthermore, network analysis showed that the network of OTP soil possessed more functionally interrelated microbial modules than NPTP and CTP soils, indicating that OTP soil possessed the higher ecosystem multi-functionality. These results provided the theoretical basis and reference for improving soil microbial diversity and enhancing community multi-functionality in tea plantation soil ecosystems through effective agricultural management practices.
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Hazarika, Bidisha, Gautam Kr Saikia, Joyshree Konwar und Kollol Pratim Baruah. „Non-chemical Tea Pest Management Practices Adopted by Small Tea Growers of Dibrugarh & Tinsukia District of Assam, India“. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, Nr. 20 (27.09.2023): 556–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i203839.
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The main objective of the present study was to meticulously document the non-chemical approaches to tea pest management employed by small tea growers in the Dibrugarh and Tinsukia districts of Assam. In response to the constraints imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic, the research team resorted to telephonic interviews, utilizing a well-structured questionnaire to gather information from these tea growers. Through this method, the study successfully captured and documented the specific practices, materials, techniques, and methods utilized by these growers in their ongoing battle against tea pests. The study brought to light a diverse array of non-chemical methods that have been embraced by tea growers in this region. These practices, deeply rooted in traditional knowledge, demonstrated their remarkable effectiveness in pest management. What makes these findings particularly significant is the potential they hold for future scientific investigations. These traditional techniques, when subjected to rigorous validation and refinement, could find broader application in large-scale tea pest management initiatives, offering a more sustainable and eco-friendlier alternative to conventional chemical methods. A noteworthy aspect of these non-chemical practices is the sourcing of ingredients. These materials were found to be locally available and abundant, derived from both plant and animal origins. This accessibility not only ensures the practicality of these methods but also highlights their compatibility with the local ecosystem. Importantly, these traditional practices were identified as crucial tools in combating infestations by various pests, including the red spider mite (Oligonychus coffeae), tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis theivora), and looper caterpillar (Buzura suppresseria). In conclusion, this study focused on the valuable task of gathering insights into the non-chemical pest management methods practiced by small tea growers in the Dibrugarh and Tinsukia districts of Assam. Despite the adversities posed by the pandemic, the telephonic interviews proved to be a robust means of collecting invaluable information about these practices. The study not only underscored the efficacy of these traditional methods but also emphasized their potential for further scientific exploration and subsequent integration into broader tea pest management strategies. This presents a promising and environmentally friendly path forward for the tea industry in this region and beyond.
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Walsh, Elaine, Heidi Greider und Debra Ridling. „Tea for the Soul“. Nursing Management 53, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2022): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.numa.0000897480.52072.a1.
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Muthumani, Jagadesh, Selvi Duraisamy, Thiyageshwari Subramanium, Kalaiselvi Thangavel, Keisar Lourdusamy und Kumaraperumal Ramalingam. „Carbon management Index under different land uses of Conoor region of Western ghats in Tamil Nadu“. Journal of Applied and Natural Science 14, Nr. 3 (16.09.2022): 931–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i3.3662.
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The increased land-use change (LUC) from native lands to other land use at the Conoor region of western ghats in Tamil Nadu has severely declined soil carbon concentration. Therefore to quantify this decline, Carbon Management Index (CMI) was worked out under major land uses {(Forest (FOR), cropland (CRP), tea plantation (TEA)} using total organic carbon (TOC) and carbon pools under varying degrees of lability {a) NLC (non-labile carbon) b) VLC (very labile carbon) c) LC (labile carbon) d) LLC (less labile carbon)}. Results portray that the carbon pools were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in FOR than in TEA and CRP. The contribution of active pools {(very labile carbon (VLC) and labile carbon (LC)} towards TOC was higher in TEA and CRP, whereas in FOR, the passive pool {(less labile carbon (LLC) and non-labile carbon (NLC)} was higher. TOC (0-45 cm) was concentrated on the surface soils of FOR (32.88 g kg-1), CRP (11.87 g kg-1) and TEA (18.84 g kg-1) and it gradually declined with the increase in depth. The decline in TOC was maximum between 0 – 15 and 15 – 30 cm depth in CRP (30.62%) and FOR (22.17%), whereas it was maximum (37.16%) between 15 -30 and 30 -45 cm depth in TEA. Therefore, LUC spotlights the degradation of carbon pools and its extent was quantified using the carbon management index (CMI). The CMI (0 – 45 cm) recorded at CRP (12.93) and TEA (32.62) signals the need for an implementation of carbon management strategies at Conoor to keep the soils alive and protect biodiversity.
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Ningombam, Hemarjit, und O. P. Roy. „A sustainable embedded shade management system for tea cultivation“. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2236, Nr. 1 (01.03.2022): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2236/1/012006.
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Abstract Tea farming stands on a vast area. The quality and quantity of products enormously depend on the management and control of the environmental conditions of the tea farms. Feasible and continuous monitoring of the plantations’ parameters is needed to achieve the desired farm output. 50%-60% of the light intensity needs to be filtered on each tea plant throughout the year. Traditionally, shading is achieved by planting leguminous trees inside the farms. So it is extensively required to monitor the shading capacity continuously to overcome the degradation of the farm’s product. In this paper, a simple, sustainable shade management system is designed. The system is embedded with Atmega 2560 controller, and a wireless network has been achieved using the ZigBee module. A systematic array of LDRs acquires light Intensity. The measured parameters are wirelessly transmitted continuously to the central decision support system with associated information like locations, sensor values, etc. The proposed method is easily extensible and user-friendly.
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Gessesse, Abrham Tezera, und Ge He. „Land Tenure and Technical Efficiency of Smallholder Tea Producers: The Case of Ya’An City, China“. E+M Ekonomie a Management 24, Nr. 2 (Juni 2021): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15240/tul/001/2021-2-002.
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70 percent of the world and 80 percent of China’s tea production produced by smallholder farmers. However, the tea production per unit area significantly unchanged in the past decades. Understanding factors affecting the technical efficiency of smallholder tea producers is very important to maximize tea production. Aimed at examining the impact of land tenure security and land certification on smallholder tea producers’ technical efficiency, this paper employs the Cobb- Douglas Stochastic Production Frontier (CD-SPF) and Translog Stochastic Production Frontier (TL- SPF) methods for Maximum Likelihood Estimate (MLE) with cross-sectional data collected from 161 randomly selected tea farm plot households in Ya’an city, China. We found that an 1 mu (0.067 ha) increase in the tea farm size will produce a 1.086 tea yield advantage for smallholder tea farmers. We also found that the values of input-output elasticity of land size, household income and labor decrease in turn with 0.144, 0.105 and 0.010 respectively. The results show that farm size is a more crucial input for tea production than income and labor. Moreover, we identify the determinations which enhance the technical efficiency of smallholder tea producers such as land certification, land tenure security age, education, farming experience, total farm size holding, chemical fertilizer, plot steepness and plot distance from home and find that the elimination of land tenure insecurity through land registration and certification makes a clear difference in that. We therefore recommend that tea farmland need to expand and enlarge for better production through comprehensive land consolidation program. We also suggest endorsing the land certificates of all land holders as this will help improve land tenure security, enhance technical efficiency and promote the tea production of smallholder producers.
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Vithanage, J. H. P., Salwathura S.R, De Silva D.K.T.J.S, Wickramasinghe D.K.G.T.I, Suriya Kumari und Uthpala Samarakoon. „SMART TEA: Churn, Trend, Inventory and Sales Prediction System Using Machine Learning“. International Research Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology 07, Nr. 11 (2023): 453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.47001/irjiet/2023.711061.
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Managing operations at a tea factory requires consistency and planning. This paper presents a complete platform that uses advanced machine learning methods specifically designed for the tea sector. Sales prediction, churn prediction, trend prediction, and smart inventory management are the four essential features of our solution. While using Neural Networks for Churn Prediction offers exact insights into customer churn, utilizing Gradient Boosting for Sales Prediction guarantees accurate revenue estimates. Linear regression models were used for trend prediction and smart inventory management to enable efficient utilization of resources and trend identification. With the help of this integrated system, tea companies can now operate more profitably and sustainably in a market that is always changing. This research acts as a beacon, demonstrating the revolutionary potential of data-driven management as operations in the tea industry evolve.
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Gamage, Anuruddha, und Widana Pathiranage Richard Wickramaratne. „Quality of Life and Quality of Work Life as Determinants of Employee Productivity: Self-reports of Tea Harvesters in Sri Lanka“. EMAJ: Emerging Markets Journal 11, Nr. 1 (08.09.2021): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/emaj.2021.217.
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Tea industry plays a prominent and strategic role in Sri Lanka due to its significant impact on national output, employment and socio-economic status. Therefore, the overall worker productivity in tea industry plays an integral role in terms of national income and foreign exchange earnings. Today, the tea industry in Sri Lanka has been facing the burning issue of declining worker productivity which is the lowest among the tea producing countries in the world. In order to increase the level of worker productivity, simply applying conventional Human Resource Management (HRM) practices is not adequate and a sustainable HRM model is a vital requirement as a strategy for dealing with this crisis and sustains the tea industry in the competitive global marketplace. This research was aimed at proposing human care practices (HCPs) and knowledge management practices (KMPs) as sustainable Human Resource Management Practices (SHRMPs) for enhancing the worker productivity through quality of work-life (QWLs) and quality of life (QLs). The study is specifically focusing on the tea industry, since tea is the key contributor for overall performances of the plantation industry. Un-structured and one-on-one interviews were used as the qualitative research technique for this study. 100 randomly selected tea harvesters who are working in well performing tea estates in Sri Lanka reported a list of HCPs and KMPs that enhance QWL and QL, which in return enhance the worker productivity. The responses of tea harvesters were grouped into pre-defined structure according to comparative importance and then were validated with the findings of previous research studies. The findings were well supported by the premises of psychological contract and social exchange theories. The study also provides some implications for policy decisions and future research directions on identified HCPs and KMPs as sustainable HR practices, which has a direct relationship on the worker productivity.
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Ramadhan, Ilmi, Rina Devnita und Mahfud Arifin. „Assessing Pruning Intensity to Improve the Tea Productivity in Tropical Plantations by Multispectral Image Classification Model Using K-Means Algorithm“. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, Nr. 23 (22.12.2023): 464–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i234263.
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Tea (Camellia sinensis) plays a crucial role in the Indonesian economy, but its production has witnessed a decline over the last two years. The majority of tea plantations in Indonesia have historical roots from the Dutch East Indies colonial government, underscoring the importance of monitoring pruning practices in tea plantation management. However, manual monitoring methods prove ineffective, prompting the exploration of precision farming principles using satellite imagery and machine learning to address this challenge. This study was conducted on a 231-hectare tea plantation south of the Tangkuban Perahu Volcano in West Bandung Regency, Indonesia. Sentinel-2B imagery from June to October 2019-2023 was utilized to calculate Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) values and assess tea productivity. Employing the K-Means algorithm, productivity values were grouped, and pruning intensity was categorized into three classes, revealing spatial dynamics influencing tea tree productivity. Our results illustrate distinct spatial patterns of pruning intensity across the 231-hectare tea plantation, identifying three classes: less pruned, moderately intensive pruned, and intensively pruned. We show that proposed model of pruning intensity from K-Means algorithm has overall accuracy of 0.57, with highest precision in less pruned class, while the lowest in moderately intensive pruned class. Notably, consistently higher productivity was observed in less pruned tea trees, while an increase in productivity in intensively pruned trees occurred after the second pruning in 2022. These findings highlight the potential of satellite imagery and machine learning for enhancing precision monitoring in tea plantations, offering a practical approach for long-term plantation management. Emphasizing the significance of pruning strategies, our study suggests that optimizing tea productivity amidst environmental and management challenges is achievable through informed monitoring and strategic pruning practices.
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Warnasooriya, W. M. R. S. K., D. I. D. S. Benaragama, K. D. K. Wanasinghe und R. W. W. K. A. D. Rajapaksha. „Therapeutic value of organic and conventional teas in Sri Lanka against microbial agents“. Journal of Agriculture and Value Addition 6, Nr. 1 (07.07.2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/java.v6i1.51.
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Due to its naturally occurring medicinal ingredients known as polyphenols, tea attracts the interest of the pharmaceutical and scientific disciplines. Besides the established antioxidant activity, many phenolic compounds in tea exhibit significant antimicrobial activity. Environmental factors and crop management substantially influence the amount and activity of polyphenols available in tea leaves. In Sri Lanka, there are six main agro-ecological regions where tea is grown using either conventional or organic management. Present study focused to determine the effects of tea production system and their growing region on polyphenol content and antimicrobial properties of made tea. Fresh leaf samples were collected from randomly selected tea estates each for organically certified and conventional from major tea growing regions in Sri Lanka. They were manufactured into CTC black tea using a miniature system. Polyphenol content was assessed by ISO standard method, while the anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties were evaluated using disk diffusion technique against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and clinical pathogen of Aspergillus niger. Polyphenol content, anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties were significantly different (P<0.05) between the tea production systems and among the growing regions, where organic tea had higher polyphenol content, anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties than conventional teas. The Southern region tea had greater anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties probably due to the high polyphenol content, while it was the lowest in Uva region. In conclusion, this research presents preliminary evidence that Sri Lankan teas grown and managed organically have superior antimicrobial properties over conventional teas. To confirm the findings, more investigation using time series measurement in all tea-growing regions is suggested.
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Zheng, Rongrong, Yanli Ma, Luxing Liu, Beiying Jiang, Runmei Ke, Sisi Guo, Dunchun He und Jiasui Zhan. „Synergistic Improvement of Production, Economic Return and Sustainability in the Tea Industry through Ecological Pest Management“. Horticulturae 8, Nr. 12 (06.12.2022): 1155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8121155.
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The use of ecological principles to manage plant pests has attracted renewed attention, but our knowledge related to the contributions of ecological pest management to social and natural sustainability is fragmented. In this study, we compared the performance and resilience of tea production and the economic benefits of tea ecological management (TEM) and tea conventional management (TCM). We show that TEM significantly improved tea biomass and quality, nutritional efficiency, and beneficial insects, but reduced seasonal variation. As a result, economic return increased by $8045/ha in the TEM mode compared to $6064/ha in the TCM mode. These results confirm that TEM is a promising production mode that can reconcile the conflict between the immediate and long-term service of agriculture. However, environmental improvements associated with organic pest control benefit society, and the government should provide adequate financial support to promote the production system.
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Tô, Hữu Tín, Thị Thiên Ngân Huỳnh Thị Thiên Ngân, Nguyễn Thu Ngân Phạm, Minh Huyền Phạm, Trần Vương ChÂu Nguyễn und Đức Duy Nguyễn. „Project management for start-up businesses in F&B industry: A case study for milk tea shop in Vietnam“. TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC TẾ HỒNG BÀNG 4 (24.06.2023): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.59294/hiujs.vol.4.2023.381.
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Milk tea or Bubble tea is currently growing and becoming entirely developed. Through our investigation into how milk tea shops are constructed nowadays, we discovered that there are no precise plans for handling and building projects; instead, milk tea shops are merely created and controlled using manual solutions. Therefore, we utilize Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) to separate and organize work objects throughout the project scope to address this issue. WBS also aids in minimizing project risks and job-related variations with the person in charge of that activity. Moreover, we used Microsoft Project software to effectively plan, organize, and finish the construction of a milk tea establishment in compliance with the initial budget and schedule. By doing this, we can better understand how to design and manage a project and ensure its success.
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Ngoc Huy, Dinh Tran, Pham Van Tuan, Nguyen Dinh Trung, Duong Thi Huyen, Nguyen Thi Hang, Nguyen Bich Hong, Le Thu Ha und Bui Thi Sun. „Management Issues of Tea Planting and Tea Crops in Vietnam in the Concept of Sustainable Agricultural Development - and Recommendations on Marketing 4P“. Tobacco Regulatory Science 7, Nr. 5 (30.09.2021): 1784–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.18001/trs.7.5.102.
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Thai Nguyen and Lam Dong provinces are two biggest ares of Vietnam to have tea crops planting. Farmers produce various tea products and among them, Green tea contains polyphenols and catechins as well as caffeine, but green tea has less caffeine than coffee, and many extracts are decaffeinated. Our research goal is to find out real situation of tea planting in Vietnam in the concept of sustainable agricultural development in Vietnam and recommendations and marketing 4P solutions for agriculture and tea products, with the using of both qualitative analysis and regression -quantitative model in order to identify barriers for tea crops and planting as well as management issues of agricultural value chain. Research results show us that CPI and R (lending rate) and Risk free rate (Rfj have negative correlation with tea export price, while GDP growth has positive impacts. Next, the State plays an important role in supporting and promoting contractual linkages. Government policies must hold farmers and businesses accountable for the performance of the contract. In Vietnam, with a still agricultural fragmented, backward, the link between farmers and businesses is still loose, the determination of The right direction and support of the Government will create a great impetus to promote development economic links between businesses and farmers. Our research limitation is that we can expand for other crops, industries and markets as well.
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Birghila, Semaghiul, und Viorica Popescu. „FLUORIDE CONTENT IN SOME TEA LEAVES AND TEA INFUSIONS“. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 12, Nr. 12 (2013): 2449–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2013.297.
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Wijetunge, Wijetunge Arachchige Deepani Sajeewa, Siti Khalidah Binti Md Yusoff, Ferdous Azam und Jacquline Tham. „Determinants of intrapreneurial intention of small tea exporters in Sri Lanka“. International Journal of Management and Sustainability 13, Nr. 2 (01.02.2024): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/11.v13i2.3628.
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The purpose of the study is to investigate the factors affecting the intrepreneurial intentions of small tea exporters in Sri Lanka. Intentions are crucial in any behavior to realize such behaviors and yield expected results. Owing to the problem of this study as how to initiate innovations in the global tea market, the study was carried out to find out the determinants of intentions of small tea exporters in Sri Lanka. This is a quantitative study followed by deductive reasoning. This study selected small tea exporters with the view of enhancing their intentions to proceed with these innovations, as large tea exporters are already introducing innovations to the tea industry. The study collected data from 120 small tea exporters who had registered with the Sri Lanka Tea Board by the end of 2020 using a structured questionnaire. The findings revealed that Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation (IEO), attitudes, and Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy (ESE) have significant and positive impact on Intrapreneurial Intention (INI) of small tea exporters in Sri Lanka while IEO contributes more to the INI. Finally, the findings of this study provide useful insights for small tea exporters in stimulating their intentions towards the introduction of innovations leading to a better performance in the global tea market. Further, it will guide policymakers and the government in designing the appropriate policies, rules, and regulations in this context.