Thematische Bibliographien / Tea Estates

Inhaltsverzeichnis

  1. Zeitschriftenartikel
  2. Dissertationen
  3. Bücher
  4. Buchteile
  5. Konferenzberichte
  6. Berichte der Organisationen

Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Tea Estates“

Autor: Grafiati
Veröffentlicht am 18. Mai 2024

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Tea Estates"

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Viswanathan, P., und D. Rameshkumar. „Work, Life and Protest of Indico Tea Estate Workers“. Research and Review: Human Resource and Labour Management 4, Nr. 1 (25.04.2023): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.46610/rrhrlm.2023.v04i01.002.

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Nilgiri tea is a mysterious, extremely pungent, fragrant, and flavoured tea grown in the southern portion of Southern India's Western Ghats. It is grown in the hills of Tamil Nadu's Nilgiri district, but there are numerous other tea-growing districts in South India, such as Munnar and Central Travancore in Kerala. In Nilgiri, many tea estates cultivate tea leaves with their employees. Most of the people in Nilgiri work as employees and workers in tea estates and indico factories. They pick tea daily, and the workers are happy in the estate. This study will determine how satisfied they are. This is a small attempt to know the welfare of the estate employees.
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Kumar, Virender, Neha Jamwal und Divya Sharma. „Economics of tea growing in Himachal Pradesh“. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, Nr. 6 (14.09.2020): 1107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i6.104777.

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The present study was conducted in Palampur, Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh to examine the comparative economics of tea production on small and large tea farms (estates). The study was carried out during 2016 based on a random sample of 50 small tea growers and 3 tea estates chosen using stratified random sampling technique. The results of the study revealed that among different components of operational cost, the share of expenditure on human labour was highest (84-85%) on small farms as well as in estates. Per hectare tea leaf production was 54.5q in case of small and 57q on large tea farms. The cost of production on the small farms was observed to be `₹ 1, 561 per quintal while it was ₹ 1,356 in estates. The economic viability of tea production was higher in estates as compared to small farms partially due to mechanization of some operations and the economies of scale. Output-input analysis showed that the production of made tea was more profitable on estates as compared to small farms. Among the factors affecting tea production, labour days used, area under tea and experience in tea cultivation had positive and significant influence on production of tea. In order to boost tea production in the state, incentivized machine use in tea cultivation and enhancing marketing scope of homemade tea are some of the efforts that need attention of policy makers.
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Daniel, E. Valentine. „Tea Talk: Violent Measures in the Discursive Practices of Sri Lanka's Estate Tamils“. Comparative Studies in Society and History 35, Nr. 3 (Juli 1993): 568–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500018594.

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At the most manifest level, this paper is about agricultural and agronomic terminology as found in the discourse of Tamil-speaking workers on Sri Lanka's tea plantations or tea estates, as they are called there. My use of the terms agricultural and agronomic in this context is admittedly idiosyncratic. In the tea estates of Sri Lanka, two kinds of agricultural (in the unmarked sense) terminology are in use, one belonging to managerial agriculture and the other to folk agriculture. But by and large, the tea estate is the regime of managerial agriculture. Whereas in village India, folk agriculture prevails. I call the class of terms belonging to managerial agriculture, agronomic terminology, and reserve the term “agricultural terminology” for the domain of folk agriculture. By analyzing four communicative events that I observed and recorded on tea estates in Sri Lanka, I attempt to show how these two terminological worlds interact. The nature of that interaction is such that the dominant terminology of agronomy may be seen to be deconstructed by the subdominant terminology of village agriculture.
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Islam, M. N., und A. F. M. Sanaullah. „Physico-chemical Properties of Soil of Rangapani Tea Estate of Bangladesh“. Journal of Scientific Research 3, Nr. 3 (30.08.2011): 683–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v3i3.7503.

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Bangladesh is one of the tea producing countries of the world. It has 163 tea estates. Rangapani is a low yielding tea estate relative to other neighboring tea estates of Chittagong district in Bangladesh. A total 54 soil samples were collected from six different hills and three topographic positions having different depths of Rnagapanni Tea-Estate. Physico-Chemical properties of soils such as active acidity, reserve acidity, cation exchange capacity and clay content of the collected soil samples were determined. The measured parameters of the soil samples were plotted and analyzed with reference to site and topography. The parameters have been found to vary with sampling sites, depths and topography. Active acidity and reserve acidity were very low, with some exceptions compared to the optimum range for tea cultivation. Sand, silt, clay and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were found in reasonable range Keywords: Soil; Active acidity; Reserve acidity; Cation exchange capacity; Clay content. © 2011 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. doi: 10.3329/jsr.v3i3.7503 J. Sci. Res. 3 (3), 683-688 (2011)
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Roy, Nirmal Chandra, und Debasish Biswas. „Closed Tea Estates: A Case Study of the Dooars Region of West Bengal, India“. Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective 22, Nr. 3 (30.07.2018): 329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972262918788231.

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Since the end of the nineteenth century, it has been found that there has been a steady trend of the closure of tea estates in the sub-Himalayan region of Bengal. Besides that, a number of tea estates in the same region have not been operating properly. All these have made workers vulnerable. But this tea-producing region is monadic, and it produced during 2016–2017 358.53 million kg of tea; whereas the total production of India was 1,250.49 million kg. Evidence shows that 16 tea estates of the Duncan Group alone had been virtually closed in 2015 in the Dooars region. As a consequence, nearly 20,000 workers became jobless and subsequently several workers of the closed tea estates died of starvation and malnutrition. Further, some records have mentioned that from 2000 to 2015, 1,400 people had died in 17 closed tea estates in West Bengal. A lion’s portion of deaths has occurred in the Dooars region. In this case, an attempt has been made to unveil the root causes of the closure of tea estates located in the Dooars region in West Bengal.
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Hettiarachchi, H. A. I. L., L. M. H. R. Alwis und T. T. D. Dharmarathna. „Identifying high-performing seedling teas in Passara, Sri Lanka“. Tropical Agricultural Research and Extension 26, Nr. 3 (27.09.2023): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/tare.v26i3.5669.

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Tea is a shade-loving plant and is propagated either by seeds or cuttings. The seedling teas exhibit the ability to endure prolonged droughts while still achieving vigorous shoot growth. This study aimed to identify high-performing seedling teas in Passara where drought is a key determinant of tea yield. Twenty-one high-performing seedlings and six extensively-used vegetatively propagated tea cultivars from three randomly selected tea estates in Passara were compared morphologically based on shoot density, banji shoots, shoot weight, internodal length, length, and width of the mature leaf. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Minitab (version 17) software. The findings demonstrated a significant difference among tea bushes considering selected morphological traits at a 5% significance level. Clustering analysis of Gonakele estate grouped GS4 with TRI 2025, GS2, and GS3 with TRI 2043. VS1 and VS3 seedlings from Varellapathna estate were clustered with TRI 2023 and CY9, respectively. Hopton estate seedlings did not cluster with vegetatively propagated cultivars. Therefore, GS2, GS3, GS4 from Gonakale, and VS1, and VS3 from Varellapathna were selected as mother bushes. Thus, the findings unveil distinct clusters of high-performing seedling teas from various estates, providing insights into potential candidates for maintaining genetic diversity in tea plantations.
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Nuruz Zaman, Abu Syed, und D. K. Patgiri. „Comparison of Soil Properties of a Tea Estate using Classical and Geostatistical Technique“. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 12, Nr. 5 (10.05.2023): 199–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2023.1205.026.

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An attempt was made to access soil properties of a tea estate using classical and geostatistical technique where production of tea has decreased tremendously due to an increase in limitation of the soil factors governing production. Similar problem has been reported from many other estates. Tea being a major revenue earner and its productivity being governed by soil factors, this work was undertaken to find out the degree of limitations and possible improvement in production of the crop.
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Bamwai, Aurelia. „Privatisation of the CDC Tea Estates and Impact on the Population“. Journal of Developing Country Studies 7, Nr. 2 (05.09.2023): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/jdcs.2091.

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Purpose: During the Post-colonial period, the Western Powers intervened in African economies in different ways as strategies were put up to guarantee continues influence in Africa. Amongst such policies was the introduction of the Structural Adjustment Programs by the World Bank through the Bretton Woods Institutions which placed privatization as a precondition for giving out loans to developing countries. Following the economic crises that plagued Cameroon in the late 1980s and 1990s, she was pressurised by the Bretton Woods Institutions to privatise State Corporations as a pre-condition to benefit from loans. As a consequence, the Tea Estates of the CDC (Cameroon Development Corporation) was sold to a South African Consortium called Brobon Finex PTY Limited, which ran the tea sector under the name Cameroon Tea Estate (CTE) in 2002. This action bred negative consequences on the workers and the inhabitants of the surrounding areas who had benefitted significantly from the Corporation. The need to ascertain the degree of consequences of privatisation of the Tea Estates to the workers and its environs stimulated this research. All in all, this paper examines why privatisation that was meant to disengage state corporations from public to private ownership with the hope of enforcing efficiency ended up bringing misery and suffering to the people. Methodology: Using information from oral and written sources, and adopting both qualitative and quantitative research methodology, Findings: This paper came out with the findings that privatisation of the Tea Estates ushered in negative consequences on the people. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The paper makes some recommendations that could be considered in future, when privatising state corporations especially those with direct contact on the population like guideline policies on buyers, creation of monitoring strategies to control the activities of buyers as well as the provision of support facilities to the new beneficiaries.
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Das, Uday, und Rafiqul Islam. „LIVELIHOOD REALISM: A REVIEW ON CLOSED TEA GARDENS OF DOOARS, WEST BENGAL“. International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 9, Nr. 2 (23.02.2021): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v9.i2.2021.3355.

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The paper is an attempt to understanding the ongoing livelihood realities in closed/ abandoned tea garden of Bengal-Dooars (Jalpaiguri and Alipurduar). The region produced large scale good qualities tea in more than 150 organised tea estates. Tea industry of North Bengal has been trashily affected by global economic quandary and local constraints. Many tea estates failed to manage the shock; the management closed many gardens. The garden closure and work shutdown have been produced a livelihood disaster. A school drop-out, child trafficking, Child labour mobility, rally of hunger and starvation death and extreme poverty is the ongoing livelihood phenomena in labour colonies of closed tea gardens. The present paper has discussed the particulars (housing, drinking water, medical facilities, education, liabilities etc.) of five closed gardens by using the data from TG Survey Final Report, Labour Commissionerate, Govt. of West Bengal and Tea Board of India.
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Eckstein, Sue. „Improving conditions of workers on tea estates“. Waterlines 3, Nr. 4 (April 1985): 8–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/0262-8104.1985.015.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Tea Estates"

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Biswas, Debasish. „Productivity and industrial Relations : An empirical study on tea Estates in Dooars Region of West Bengal“. Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1421.

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Velani, Chuma. „Funding and governance of cooperatives: a case study of Magwa and Majola tea estates in the Eastern Cape Province“. Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/14411.

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The purpose of this research study is to assess the funding and governance models utilised in the operations of cooperatives, with specific reference to Magwa and Majola Tea Estates in the Eastern Cape. Luyt (2008) observes that poverty levels in South Africa remain high, and have not been greatly reduced since 1994. There is general agreement amongst Eastern Cape communities that more than two decades after apartheid has ended, nearly half of South Africa’s population continue to live in poverty. A common understanding, is that cooperatives are geared and established to address poverty, address both social and economic development, even though they also emphasise a social focus, they are expected to be operated on sound business principles.
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Daneberga, Anna. „Working at an organic tea estate in Darjeeling, India : Qualitative study on the organic awareness, satisfaction and health among the workers of Makaibari Tea Estate“. Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-130694.

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Makaibari Tea Estate is one of the plantations in Darjeeling, West Bengal, which has converted to organic practices. Organic agriculture is an acknowledged farming practice, with both environmental and health-related benefits. However, workers’ direct experience of working at an organic tea estate differs. This study was investigating the organic awareness, level of work satisfaction and health among the workers of Makaibari Tea Estate. The aim was to examine what advantages the workers perceive, as well as what limitations there still are to achieve a good work environment. The method used was qualitative and data was collected by interviewing 31 people from six villages belonging to the tea estate. Thematic analysis was used when coding the data. The results show that there is a lack of knowledge and awareness about the meaning of organic, both in a broader perspective, as well as within the tea estate. Even if there is a knowledge deficiency about the organic practices of Makaibari Tea Estate, the workers were very positive about Makaibari being organic. Moreover, the workers of the tea estate had very few health issues with even less of them related to their work situation. The work satisfaction was high but the majority of workers worked unwillingly. To increase the knowledge and awareness of organic, accessible information from the company should be provided on regular basis. Secondly, the wage and the education level should be raised, in order to empower the people on the tea plantation.
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Kamal, Kithsiry Karunadasa H. R. „Comparison of extension provision for the smallholder and estate tea sectors in Sri Lanka“. Thesis, University of Reading, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386567.

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Jerónimo, Jérémy Silvares. „A nova direita radical americana“. Master's thesis, Universidade da Beira Interior, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.6/1607.

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Esta dissertação tem como principal objetivo demonstrar a heterogeneidade existente no seio do Movimento Tea Party - movimento político norte-americano surgido em 2009, integrado atualmente no Partido Republicano - tanto ao nível da sua ideologia como da sua estrutura. A pesquisa bibliográfica e a análise minuciosa de cada fação (libertários e religiosos) e da estrutura do Movimento possibilita-nos responder a uma série de questões, fulcrais, para uma melhor compreensão do objeto desta investigação. Ao nível da ideologia, teremos a oportunidade de verificar que as duas maiores fações existentes no seio deste Movimento, a libertária e a religiosa, partilham ideias e objetivos políticos distintos: económicos para os libertários; sociais e morais para os tea partiers religiosos. Relativamente à estrutura do Tea Party, uma multitude de grupos e organizações locais independentes umas das outras, bem como, a ausência de uma verdadeira oligarquia política, é visível nesta investigação. Consequentemente teremos a possibilidade de concluir que o Movimento Tea Party não é homogéneo mas antes heterogéneo, realizando de seguida, uma análise sobre quais as consequências que daí advirão, projetando com estes dados o possível futuro deste Movimento político.
The main objective of this dissertation is to demonstrate the heterogeneity that exists inside the Tea Party Movement – a north-american political movement appeared in 2009, today integrated in the Republican Party – as much in its ideology as in its structure. The bibliographical research, a detailed analysis of each faction (libertarian and religious) and an analyses of the structure of this movement will allow us to answer a series of crucial questions and will help us to a better understanding of the purpose of this investigation. We will have the opportunity to check that the ideology of the two biggest existent factions inside the Tea Party – the libertarian faction and the religious faction – share distinct political ideas and purposes: the libertarian are mostly concerned with the economy and the religious tea partiers are more concerned with the social conditions and moral values. About the Tea Party structure, there are a large number of groups and local organizations independent from each other, as well as the lack of a truly political oligarchy which is shown in this investigation. Therefore, we will have the possibility to conclude that the Tea Party movement is not homogeneous but heterogeneous. We will then analyze what consequences could come from this and with the help of these facts, a possible future of this political movement.
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Dall'Orto, Luigi Tancredi Campo. „Auxinas e tipos de estacas no enraizamento de Camellia sinensis“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-21092011-104432/.

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Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência de cultivares, tipos de estacas de Camellia sinensis e doses de ácido indolbutírico no enraizamento de estacas, dois experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, no delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com 16 tratamentos, no esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 4, ou seja, tipos de estaca (herbácea e lenhosa), cultivares (Camellia sinensis IAC 259 e Yabukita) e quatro doses de ácido indolbutírico (AIB) (0, 30, 60 e 90 mg L-1), com quatro repetições. Cada repetição foi composta por 20 estacas da porção mediana dos ramos das plantas matrizes, coletadas em duas épocas do ano (verão e inverno). As estacas foram cortadas em bisel e mantidas com uma gema e uma folha inteira, com 5 a 7 cm de comprimento. A região basal das estacas recebeu ou não tratamento com ácido indolbutírico (AIB), através da imersão de 2,5 cm da base em solução aquosa do produto por 24 horas. Posteriormente, elas foram colocadas em bandejas de isopor de 72 células contendo vermiculita de grânulos médios. As estacas herbáceas apresentaram maior porcentagem de enraizamento com a aplicação de AIB comparada às estacas lenhosas, sendo que as estacas coletadas no período do verão apresentaram maior porcentagem de enraizamento em menor espaço de tempo, quando comparadas com as estacas coletadas no período do inverno. Estacas da cultivar Yabukita apresentaram maior potencial de enraizamento em relação às estacas da cultivar IAC 259. As concentrações recomendadas de AIB para o enraizamento de estacas de Camellia sinensis variaram de 56 a 83 mg L-1 em função da cultivar.
Aiming to evaluate the influence of Camellia sinensis cultivars, types of cuttings and doses of IBA on rooting, two experiments have been conducted in a green house in the experimental design in blocks randomized with 16 treatments, arranged in a 2 x 2 x 4, that is, cutting types (herbaceous and woody), cultivars (Camellia sinensis \'IAC 259\' and \'Yabukita\') and four doses of butyric acid (IBA) (0, 30, 60 and 90 mg L -1) with four replications. Each replication consisted of 20 cuttings from the middle portion of the branches from the mother plants, collected in two seasons (summer and winter). The cuttings were cut in bevel and maintained with a bud and a leaf, with 5-7 cm long. The basal cuttings have received or not treatment with indol butyric acid (IBA) by immersion of 2.5 cm from the base in an aqueous solution of the product for 24 hours. Later, they have been placed in trays with 72 cells containing medium granules of vermiculite. Herbaceous cuttings have presented higher percentages of rooting with IBA application compared to hardwood cuttings, and cuttings collected in summer have showed the highest percentage of rooting in the shortest time compared with the cuttings collected in winter. Yabukita cultivars cuttings had higher rooting potential in relation to the IAC 259 cuttings. IBA level to the rooting of Camellia sinensis varied from 56 to 83 mg L-1 according to cultivars
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Empis, Luisa de Jesus. „Ted Bundy: Estudo de caso“. Master's thesis, ISPA - Instituto Universitário, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.12/2544.

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Dissertação de Mestrado em Psicologia Clínica, apresentada ao ISPA - Instituto Universitário
O presente trabalho tem como objectivo principal abordagem e compreensão da personalidade de Ted Bundy, com o recurso a uma metodologia de investigação qualitativa, o estudo de caso, submetida aos parâmetros da análise de conteúdo, constituindo-se desta forma um estudo de caracter transversal e exploratório. É proposto então uma analise da personalidade de um individuo, de acordo com uma perspectiva psicopatológica, de forma a serem possíveis respostas para questões de “como” e “porquê” que caracterizaram a evolução do presente estudo. Numa primeira fase do estudo, o mesmo debruçou-se na obra biográfica de Ted Bundy escrita por Michaud & Aynesworth, que se constituiu instrumento fundamental para o presente trabalho Num segundo momento foram consultadas obras complementares e indispensáveis à revisão e sustentação teórica da fase precedente. A análise e discussão incidiram sobre bibliografia consultada, que foi articulada e intersectada com a perspectiva psicanalítica para uma compreensão mais holística deste caso psicopatológico. Os resultados obtidos permitiram uma compreensão de Ted Bundy enquanto sujeito com características marcadamente psicopáticas.
ABSTRACT: The main goal of the present study is to approach and understand Ted Bundy’s personality through the research methodology, case study, submitted to the parameters of the content analysis. Due to its characteristics it can be classified as a cross-sectional and exploratory study. It is proposed to approach the individual's personality, within a psychopathological perspective, in order to be possible to answer the "how’s" and the "why’s" that arose throughout the elaboration period of this study. Initially the research was focused on the biography of Ted Bundy, written by Michaud and Aynesworth that became a fundamental instrument in its elaboration. In a second moment, information was collected from a number of other works used for the revision and theoretical support of the phase previously announced. The analysis and further discussion were both focused on bibliographical data collected which was articulated and intersected with the psychoanalytical perspective, for a whole and comprehensive understanding of this psychopathological case. The results obtained allow to understanding Ted Bundy as an individual with strong psychopathic features, and therefore his actions and ways of thinking were thus perceived and explained based on these characteristics.
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Gose, Mark. „Impact of the Federal Estate Tax on the LA Dodgers“. Scholarship @ Claremont, 2010. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/50.

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Esteban, Figuerola Patrícia. „Estat nutricional en nens/es de població escolar amb Trastorns de l’Espectre de l’Autisme“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670968.

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Amb l’objectiu de valorar l’estat nutricional de nens/es amb Trastorn de l’Espectre Autista (TEA) i comparar-ho amb nens/es amb desenvolupament neurotípic (DT), es va estudiar una mostra escolar representativa de la província de Tarragona de nens/es d’Educació Infantil (3374 nens/es) i d’Educació Primària (3520 nens/es) (Projecte EPINED). En aquest estudi varen participar 79 nens/es amb diagnòstic de TEA, 42 nens/es amb TEA subclínic i 333 nens/es amb DT. S’han obtingut cinc articles científics. La revisió sistemàtica i metaanàlisi mostra que els nens/es amb TEA presenten en general ingestes més baixes en comparació amb els nens/es DT, encara que adequades en relació a les recomanacions. En segon lloc, s’ha adaptat i validat un qüestionari breu de consum alimentari per a nens/es preescolars. En tercer lloc, s’ha estudiat el consum alimentari de la mostra escolar, observant un consum similar entre diagnòstics per gran part dels grups d’aliments amb diferències en el grup proteic. En aquest sentit els nens/es preescolars tenen un consum significativament inferior als altres grups diagnòstics, sent aquest consum oposat en els nens/es d’Educació Primària. Els nens/es TEA tenen consums més allunyats de les recomanacions i risc més elevat d’obesitat. En quart lloc i en relació a la ingesta d’energia, macronutrients i micronutrients, en general no s’obtenen diferències entre diagnòstics, encara que s’observen elevades inadequacions en certs nutrients. Finalment, en el cinquè estudi, els nens/es d’Educació Primària amb TEA presenten valors més elevats que els DT en IMC, perímetre de la cintura, índex cintura/talla (ICT) els valors del qual, en aquest últim, s’associen a risc cardiovascular. En relació als resultats de l’ICT s’observa una associació entre aquest i el fet de tenir TEA i de presentar problemes psicològics internalitzats.
Con el objetivo de valorar el estado nutricional de niños/as con Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA) y compararlo con niños/as con desarrollo neurotípico (DT), se estudió una muestra escolar representativa de la provincia de Tarragona de niños/as de Educación Infantil (3374 niños/as) y de Educación Primaria (3520 niños/as) (Proyecto EPINED). En este estudio participaron 79 niños/as con diagnóstico de TEA, 42 niños/as con TEA subclínico y 333 niños/as con DT. Se han obtenido cinco artículos científicos. La revisión sistemática y metaanálisis muestra que los niños/as con TEA presentan en general ingestas más bajas en comparación con los niños/as DT, aunque adecuadas en relación con las recomendaciones. En segundo lugar, se ha adaptado y validado un cuestionario breve de consumo alimentario para niños/as preescolares. En tercer lugar, se ha estudiado el consumo alimentario de la muestra escolar, observando un consumo similar entre diagnósticos para gran parte de los grupos de alimentos con diferencias en el grupo proteico. En este sentido los niños/as preescolares tienen un consumo significativamente inferior a los otros grupos diagnósticos, siendo este consumo opuesto en los niños/as de Educación Primaria. Los niños/as TEA tienen consumos más alejados de las recomendaciones y mayor riesgo de obesidad. En cuarto lugar y en relación con la ingesta de energía, macronutrientes y micronutrientes, en general no se obtienen diferencias entre diagnósticos, aunque se observan elevadas inadecuaciones en ciertos nutrientes. Finalmente, en el quinto estudio, los niños/as de Educación Primaria con TEA presentan valores más elevados que los DT en IMC, perímetro de la cintura, índice cintura/talla (ICT) cuyos valores, en este último, se asocian a riesgo cardiovascular. En relación con los resultados de la ICT se observa una asociación entre éste y el hecho de tener TEA y de presentar problemas psicológicos internalizados.
In order to assess the nutritional status of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and compare it with children with neurotypical development (TD), a representative school sample from the province of Tarragona of children in Nursery Education (3374 children) and Primary Education (3520 children) (EPINED Project) was studied. 79 children with a diagnosis of ASD, 42 children with subclinical ASD and 333 children with TD participated in this study. Five scientific papers were obtained. The systematic review and meta-analysis shows that children with ASD generally have lower intakes compared to TD children, although they are adequate in relation to the recommendations. Secondly, a short food consumption questionnaire for preschoolers was adapted and validated. Thirdly, the food consumption of the school-age sample was studied, observing a similar consumption among diagnoses for a large part of the food groups but with differences in the protein group. In this sense, preschoolers have a significantly lower consumption than other diagnostic groups, being this consumption opposite in school-age children. Children with ASD have higher consumption than recommended and a higher risk of obesity. Fourthly, and in relation to energy intake, macronutrients and micronutrients, no differences are generally obtained among diagnoses, although high inadequacies in certain nutrients are observed. Finally, in the fifth study, school-age children with ASD have higher scores than the DT in BMI, waist circumference, waist/height ratio (WHtR); WHtR has also been associated with cardiovascular risk. In relation to the results of WHtR, there is an association between this and the fact of having ASD and the fact of presenting internalized psychological problems.
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Affonso, Elenira Arakilian. „Teia de relações da ocupação do edifício Prestes Maia“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16139/tde-26052010-144557/.

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O edifício localizado na Avenida Prestes Maia nº 911, no centro de São Paulo, desde a década de 1990 sem uso, foi ocupado em 2002 pelo Movimento Sem-Teto do Centro (MSTC). A partir do século XX, diversas ocupações foram realizadas por movimentos sociais de luta por moradia em edifícios vacantes no centro da cidade, como forma de pressionar o poder público para a efetivação de políticas habitacionais. Neste território em disputa, a ocupação Prestes Maia se tornou um importante símbolo e, por isso, foi escolhida como objeto de investigação do presente trabalho. Em consonância com o preceito da função social da propriedade, anunciado pelo Estatuto da Cidade, e com a possibilidade do atendimento pelo Programa de Arrendamento Residencial lançado como medida provisória em 1999 e convertido em lei no ano 2001 os movimentos sociais vislumbraram a possibilidade de habitar o centro, caracterizado por uma grande quantidade de edifícios vazios. Envolvida por um complexo jogo de forças, cada ocupação realizada mobiliza uma série de negociações, determinando uma teia de relações. O principal objetivo desta dissertação é desvendar está teia de relações Prestes Maia, a partir dos conflitos vivenciados por esta ocupação. Esta teia parte da identificação dos principais atores desta disputa, de diversas relações estabelecidas e resultados obtidos neste processo. Ao longo deste caminho percebemos a importância de não ficar apenas naquilo que é visível, o que nos permitiu investigar também a trama de interpretações subjetivas que compõe este território. Assim, procuramos lançar um olhar para esta teia de relações considerando a complexidade da disputa física e simbólica do centro, para adentrar diferentes camadas deste processo. Partindo do princípio de que a analise das relações estabelecidas dentro de um processo de mediação podem colaborar para a identificação de seus conflitos e problemas, realizamos uma operação de distinção de discursos no caso da ocupação Prestes Maia e, com isso, buscamos encontrar os impedimentos para a não conquista do território, ou seja, a não permanência de suas 468 famílias no centro da cidade de São Paulo. Assim, esperamos contribuir para a investigação do insucesso do acordo adquirido pelo grupo de sem tetos com o poder público, identificando os obstáculos e entraves decorrentes tanto do processo de negociação, quanto das políticas inadequáveis ao atendimento desta população.
The building number 911 on Avenida Prestes Maia, in the center of São Paulo city, since 1990 without use, was occupied in 2002 by the homeless movement of the center (MSTC). As from the XX century, several ocupations were realized by social movements fighting for home in empty buildings in the center of the city, as means to pressure public power to put into effect habitation policies. In this territory of contend, Prestes Maia occupation became an important symbol and, for this reason, was chosen as investigation object of the present work. In consonance with the precept of propertys social function, announced on the City Statute, and with the possibility of its accomplishment by the Residencial Lease Program- released as a provisory measure in 1999 and converted in law in 2001- the social movements saw the possibility of living in the center, characterized by a great amount of empty buildings. In the midle of a complex of power relations, each occupation realized has put in motion several negotiations, determining a web of relations. The main goal of this dissertation is the construction of the Prestes Maia web of relations, from the conflicts lived by this occupation. The starting point of this web is the identification of the main actors of this contend, the several relations established and the results obtained in this process. Along this path we realized the importance of paying attention not only in what is factual, and with that we could also investigate the thread of subjective interpretations that are part of this territory. In this manner, we tried to look at this web of relations considering the complexity of the fisical and simbolical contend in the center, to get into the diferent layers of this process. Starting from the principle that the analysis of established relations in a mediation process can colaborate with the identification of its conflicts and problems, we realized an operation of discourse distinction in the Prestes Maia occupation case and, with this, found the hindrances to the conquering of the territory, that is, the staying of 468 families in the center of São Paulo city. In this manner, we hope to contribute to the investigations of the unsuccessfullnes of the agreement obtained by the homeless group with the public power, identifying the obstacles and impediments resulting from the process of negotiation and also from the inadequate policies for the accomplishment of the needs of this population.
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Bücher zum Thema "Tea Estates"

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Kansakar, Vidya Bir Singh. Migration and employment in the tea estates of Nepal. Kathmandu: Centre for Economic Development and Administration, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, 1985.

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Tea Districts Labour Association (India), Hrsg. Castes and tribes on the tea-estates of north-east India. 2. Aufl. Haryana, India: Published by Vipin Jain for Vintage Books, 1989.

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Dunham, David. The labour situation on Sri Lankan tea estates: A view to 2005. Colombo: Institute of Policy Studies, 1997.

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Msungu, Edina. Women on the tea and tobacco estates of Thyolo District, 1923 to 1953. [Zomba, Malawi]: University of Malawi, Chancellor College, History Dept., 1994.

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Tea and me: A memoir of planting life. Chennai: East West Books, 2008.

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Trekking Unlimited (Colombo, Sri Lanka), Hrsg. Trekkers' guide to Sri Lanka: Walks along tropical beaches and lagoons, beside temples, tanks, paddy fields, tea, and coconut estates, in rainforest and old cities. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Trekking Unlimited, 1994.

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Generations: The story of a tea estate worker. Chennai, [India]: Notion Press, 2016.

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The champion real estate team. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007.

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G, Steele R. J., und Estate Land Utilisation Study (Malawi), Hrsg. The tea plantations of Malawi: The report of the tea estate surveys 1996 and 1997. [Lilongwe]: Estate Land Utilisation Study, 1997.

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Tea plantation workers in a Himalayan region. New Delhi: Mittal Publications, 2003.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Tea Estates"

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Morris, Brian. „A History of the Tea Estates“. In An Environmental History of Southern Malawi, 183–220. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45258-6_7.

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Männikkö-Barbutiu, Sirkku, Thomas Westin, Ranil Peiris und Peter Mozelius. „Telecenters for the Future in Tea Estates of Sri Lanka“. In ICT for Promoting Human Development and Protecting the Environment, 121–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44447-5_12.

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Namusanya, Dave Mankhokwe. „Appropriating the Commons: Tea Estates and Conflict Over Water in Southern Malawi“. In Green Crime in the Global South, 121–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27754-2_5.

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Kohmoto, Daichi. „Marginalization of Tea Estates in Sri Lanka in the Changing Global and National Context“. In Nature, Tourism and Ethnicity as Drivers of (De)Marginalization, 271–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59002-8_19.

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Rajadurai, Roshan, Senaka Alawattegama, Lakshitha Bandara und Krishna Ranagala. „The Role of Integrated Thinking and Reporting in the Sustainable Business Journey: A Case Study of Talawakelle Tea Estates PLC“. In Integrated Reporting (IR) for Sustainability, 265–79. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41833-4_11.

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Boardman, Marty. „Team Building“. In Fixing and Flipping Real Estate, 77–86. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-4645-9_7.

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Duca, John V., Michael Weiss und Elizabeth Organ. „Texas Real Estate: From the 1980s’ Oil Bust to the Shale Oil Boom“. In Ten-Gallon Economy, 109–18. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137530172_8.

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Saha, Debdeep, Amit Jyoti Deka und Israfil Hussain. „Effective Lighting and Load Management of Asia’s Biggest Tea Estate—Monabarie“. In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 1055–62. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9019-1_87.

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Desai, Kaivalya T., und Barsha Kalita. „Resisting Intimate Partner Violence: The Lived Experiences of Women Tea Plantation Laborers of Durrung Tea Estate, Sonitpur District, Assam“. In Social Work, 1–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42602-5_16-1.

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Keogh, Geoffrey, und Éamonn D’Arcy. „Graaskamp, Institutional Economics, and the Real Estate Market“. In Essays in Honor of James A. Graaskamp: Ten Years After, 385–409. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1703-0_19.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Tea Estates"

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Randima, K. A. C., D. I. G. S. Malinga, T. M. J. Kalpana und S. P. Chaminda. „Analysis of topographic effects on tea yield in Sri Lankan tea estates using geomatics“. In International Symposium on Earth Resources Management & Environment - ISERME 2023. Department of Earth Resources Engineering, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/iserme.2023.17.

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This research paper investigates the potential impact of hill shade on tea yield at the Dambatenne tea estate using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Drones were used to take high-resolution aerial photos of the location that was selected. The data were processed using Pix4D software to generate accurate 3D surface models, ortho mosaic maps, and vegetation indices. Additionally, the main goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of hill shade on tea yield. By analysing the obtained data, including vegetation indices derived from the multispectral imagery, the correlation between hill shade and tea yield was examined. Various mapping techniques and statistical analyses were employed to investigate this relationship. The findings suggested that there may be a relationship between hill shade and tea yield and that different levels of shading brought on by topographic characteristics may influence the development and production of tea. The findings from this research contribute to the understanding of how hill shade affects tea yield and provide insights for sustainable tea estate management practices. The results of this study are significant for tea estate owners and managers, as it highlights the importance of considering hill shade factors in optimizing tea cultivation and maximising yield.
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Rajapakse, Umesh, Chamila Jayasinghe, Akila Dalpathadu, Darshika Pathiraja und Sarath Nissanka. „Utilizing Tea Industry By-products to Improve Instant Tea Aroma“. In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/vlzk1136.

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Refuse tea, industrially recognized as Broken Mixed Fannings (BMF) is the most economical raw material that can be used to manufacture instant black tea powder. The commercial interest lies in determining the ideal geographical regions to source BMF to produce instant tea with the desired quality. This study aimed to determine the effect of tea growing elevation on quality parameters of BMF and instant tea produced from BMF. Instant tea was prepared from BMF obtained from eight tea estates from the three growing elevation categories in Sri Lanka i.e., high grown (HG) ( > 600m MASL) , mid grown (MG) (300m-600m MASL) and low grown (LG) (< 300m MASL).Total polyphenol content (TPC) in both instant tea and BMF in HG regions were significantly higher (p< 0.05) than MG and LG regions. TPC of instant tea was significantly higher ( p< 0.05) than that of BMF. Haze value of instant tea from HG region was also significantly higher than that of MG and LG regions. A significant positive correlation (p< 0.05, r= 0.77) was also found between TPC and haze value in instant tea.Analysis of the aroma profile by HS-SPME/GC-MS revealed that 100 to 150 volatile compounds are present in the headspace of each instant tea and BMF samples. Major aroma compounds present in Ceylon black tea such as (Z)-3-hexenol, linalool, geraniol, phenylacetaldehyde and 2-phenylethyl alcohol were detected in BMF, but only a few of those compounds such as phenylacetaldehyde, 2-phenylethyl alcohol and benzyl alcohol remained in instant tea. Aroma profile analysis showed that the most important volatiles in tea have been lost due to evaporation and therefore possibilities exist to produce aroma condensates that resemble the aroma of Ceylon black tea as a byproduct when manufacturing instant tea.
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Joseph, Bobby, und Geethu Maria Joseph. „P327 Back to the basics – protecting and promoting health of tea estate employees“. In Occupational Health: Think Globally, Act Locally, EPICOH 2016, September 4–7, 2016, Barcelona, Spain. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2016-103951.642.

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Olatunji, Oluwole Alfred, und Abiola Abosede Akanmu. „Latent Variables in Multidisciplinary Team Collaboration“. In 2014 International Conference on Construction and Real Estate Management. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413777.076.

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Hills, Raewyn. „The impact of workspace design and fit-out features on meeting employees needs to enable within-team and between-team collaboration“. In 26th Annual European Real Estate Society Conference. European Real Estate Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2019_312.

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Guan, Junfeng. „Exploration on the Methods of Forming an IPD Project Team and the Responsibility of Team Members“. In International Conference on Construction and Real Estate Management 2018. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481752.032.

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SAHDO, KLIRSSIA MATOS ISAAC, EWERTON CASSIANO XAVIER und ISRAEL GONDRES TOMé. „Análise de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica nos Rios do Estado do Amazonas“. In I Brazilian Congress of Engineering. brazco, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51162/brc.eng2021-0017.

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Este trabalho tem por finalidade estudar e avaliar as possibilidades de transmissão de energia elétrica entre regiões separadas por rios, como é o caso dos municípios do Amazonas. O tema é proveniente da percepção das problemáticas que assolam a região amazonense, principalmente, comparada aos outros Estados do Brasil que possuem maior potencial de distribuição de energia (postes em estradas ou torres).,
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Siedler, Marcelo S., Rafael C. Cardoso, Tatiana A. Tavares und Tiago T. Primo. „Explorando as estações: Produto Educacional inclusivo para auxiliar o desenvolvimento de crianças com TEA em idade pré-escolar“. In Workshop em Estratégias Transformadoras e Inovação na Educação. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/wetie.2023.236134.

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Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento do Produto Educacional(PE) Explorando as estações, desenvolvido para apoiar o aprendizado de crianças com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) usando a tecnologia como ferramenta de apoio. Explorando as estações é um PE composto por jogo digital e material concreto, que aplica boas práticas de criação de conteúdo adaptado para provar um material que auxilie crianças com TEA no processo de aprendizagem, tendo como objetivo trabalhar competências relacionadas a coordenação motora, pareamento, identificação de formas e sons. Este artigo descreve o PE criado, destacando os resultados obtidos e o estágio atual do trabalho.
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Netto, Guilherme T., Jorge Arigony-Neto und Adenauer Correa Yamim. „Redes de Monitoramento Ambiental: Um projeto aplicado às Geleiras Patagônicas“. In VII Workshop de Computação Aplicada à Gestão do Meio Ambiente e Recursos Naturais. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/wcama.2016.9548.

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As mudanças climáticas são um tema em constante debate atualmente, e as Geleiras têm um papel importante neste contexto, pois são como sensores naturais que reagem a estas mudanças. Seu monitoramento é de grande importância a fim de conhecermos seu comportamento perante a eventos climáticos e sua influência no clima. O presente trabalho propõe a utilização do modelo de redes de sensores para realizar o monitoramento de Geleiras de forma integrada, utilizando um conjunto variado de sensores. Os primeiros testes com estações meteorológicas automáticas (AWS) mostram-se promissores mesmo com condições climáticas severas.
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Niu, Xiangfei, und Xiaolong Xue. „The Mechanism of Immunity in a Mega Project Team“. In 2014 International Conference on Construction and Real Estate Management. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413777.088.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Tea Estates"

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Arretche, Marta Teresa S., und Rogerio Schlegel. Os estados nas federações: Tendências gerais e o caso brasileiro. Inter-American Development Bank, Februar 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007887.

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Este trabalho explorara o papel dos estados na federação brasileira com base em duas dimensões distintas: a autoridade constitucional dos estados e a avaliação dos cidadãos sobre a importância dos diferentes níveis de governos na federação brasileira. Assim fazendo, os autores buscam explorar facetas diversas da autoridade política estadual, exercida a partir de regras explícitas estabelecida nas leis. Com relação à primeira dimensão, examinam a autoridade dos estados sobre suas próprias políticas (self-rule) bem como sua autoridade para afetar decisões tomadas nas arenas decisórias nacionais (shared-rule), com base nas regras constitucionais. Esta abordagem tem um propósito estritamente comparativo. São feitas comparações da posição dos estados brasileiros com a dos governos intermediários em outros países bem como os direitos dos estados brasileiros no regime democrático contemporâneo com seus direitos no regime democrático de 1946 e no regime militar. Para a comparação internacional, o Brasil foi comparado com estados unitários, diferentes tipos de federações, países latino-americanos e asiáticos.
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Pareja, Alejandro, Cecilia Fernández und Flora Tawata. Simplificando vidas: qualidade e satisfação com os serviços públicos: estados do Brasil 2018. Inter-American Development Bank, Juni 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003359.

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O projeto Simplificando Vidas visa melhorar a prestação de serviços públicos, através da geração de conhecimento acionável sobre simplificação administrativa, digitalização e atendimento ao cidadão. Esta publicação corresponde à sua terceira medição (a primeira para o Brasil) realizada no primeiro semestre de 2018. Tem como foco os procedimentos-chave para as pessoas (em oposição aos das empresas), que so estudados sob duas perspectivas: a da oferta (como os órgãos responsáveis por cada processo gerenciam a qualidade) e a da demanda (como é a experiencia do usuário, ou seja, a satisfação cidadã). Com a mesma metodologia, cinco procedimentos de alto impacto para nossas vidas foram analisados em cinco estados do Brasil. As informações recolhidas mostram que, em média, houve uma satisfação cidadã levemente positiva e superior à média da América Latina; que o que os brasileiros mais valorizam é a eficiencia dos funcionários e o tempo que levou o procedimento; que houve já antes da pandemia de COVID-19 uma demanda reprimida por interação digital; e, finalmente, que existia uma variabilidade significativa em tempos y custos, o que se traduz em injustiças contra os cidadãos de diferentes estados.
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Córdoba-Restrepo, Juan Felipe, Julio César Díaz Calderón, Gabriel Rudas-Burgos, Hansel Mera, María Mercedes Palumbo und Camilo Serrano Corredor. Tendencia Editorial UR Número 32. Universidad del Rosario, Juli 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12804/issn.2382-3135_10336.34619_teur.

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Proponer un Tendencia Editorial como el que estamos entregando en esta oportunidad, y que está dedicado a reunir algunas de las reseñas divulgadas en diferentes medios de libros publicados por nuestro sello editorial, tiene el objetivo de realzar este género y mostrar su utilidad para los lectores. El punto de partida obligado es reconocer el trabajo de cada una de las personas que se dedican a escribir reseñas, cada una de estas merece nuestra gratitud, pues dedicar tiempo y esfuerzo para producir textos de calidad que permitan contar con elementos para motivar la lectura y proponer discusiones alrededor de un tema particular es sin lugar a dudas útil. Los elementos de una reseña, tales como un análisis crítico del texto, la información del autor o autores del libro, las características de la obra, demuestran que consultarlas y leerlas es valioso para entablar un diálogo con un texto.
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Zabludovsky, Jaime, und Sergio Gómez Lora. Principales retos de la negociación de un tratado de libre comercio con Estados Unidos: Disciplinas en materia de inversión. Inter-American Development Bank, Juli 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009704.

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El Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN) incluyó, por primera ocasión en un tratado de libre comercio (TLC), disciplinas de amplio alcance en materia de inversión, además de un mecanismo a través del cual un inversionista puede demandar a un Estado por violación del nivel de protección previsto en el acuerdo. El tema es una alta prioridad en la agenda estadounidense de negociaciones comerciales internacionales y ha sido incorporado en los tratados de libre comercio que este país ha negociado en el hemisferio después del TLCAN, Chile (TLC Chile) y Centroamérica (TLCCA). Además, seguramente formará parte de los acuerdos entre Estados Unidos (EE.UU.) y los países andinos, ya que constituye uno de los grandes intereses ofensivos estadounidenses. En este mismo contexto, en caso de que el ALCA prospere, muy probablemente incluirá un mecanismo de solución de controversias inversionista-Estado. Una vez dicho esto, el capítulo de inversión del TCLAN ha sido objeto de enorme controversia debido al potencial alcance de las decisiones emitidas por los paneles constituidos en virtud del denominado mecanismo inversionista-Estado.
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Elacqua, Gregory, Isabel Jacas, Thomas Krussig, Carolina Méndez und Christopher Neilson. Incentivando alunos vulneráveis a frequentar escolas de tempo integral: evidências sobre o uso do nudge em Pernambuco. Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento, Dezember 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004629.

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O Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil, tem sido um dos estados pioneiros na oferta de Escola Integral (tempo integral) para melhorar o desempenho dos alunos e garantir a igualdade de oportunidades para sua população. Nesse contexto, estuda-se uma possível causa do menor ingresso nesse tipo de escola para alunos de baixo nível socioeconômico, como a falta de informação sobre a oferta de Escolas Integrais e seus métodos de ensino.
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González, Anabel, und Eduardo Lizano Fait. El Tratado de Libre Comercio entre el Istmo Centroamericano y los Estados Unidos de América: Oportunidades, desafíos y riesgos. Inter-American Development Bank, März 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009449.

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La ampliación de mercado representa, sin duda, un elemento de gran importancia para acelerar el crecimiento económico por su incidencia en el grado de especialización, la acumulación de capital, las oportunidades de inversión, el nivel de productividad, el mayor grado competencia y las ventajas comparativas. Esto es así cuanto más pequeña sea la economía de que se trate. Por eso mismo, la posible suscripción de un tratado de libre comercio de Centroamérica con los Estados Unidos de América tiene un gran significado para los cinco países del Istmo. Ahora bien, ese tratado de libre comercio no representa una panacea para los problemas del desarrollo y la pobreza de los cinco países del Istmo, pero sí significa una gran oportunidad, a mediano plazo, para acelerar el ritmo de crecimiento económico y aumentar las posibilidades de mejorar el nivel de vida de sus poblaciones. Pero además, este tratado presenta a la par de las oportunidades, importantes desafíos. Por ello los cinco países centroamericanos deberán llevar a cabo programas específicos para aprovechar dichas oportunidades y hacer frente a esos desafíos. Lograr la suscripción del TLC representa para Centroamérica una tarea ardua, llena de dificultades. Se trata, en efecto de negociaciones entre la economía más desarrollada del mundo con un grupo de economías pequeñas, débiles y pobres. Las asimetrías son evidentes y su tratamiento será de gran relevancia. Además el TLC será sin duda, complejo. De hecho, su ámbito no podrá circunscribirse solo al tema del libre comercio, sino que abarcará otros asuntos de gran significado para los países centroamericanos como para EE.UU. Finalmente, este tratado tendrá singular importancia como precedente para otras negociaciones como el ALCA en el continente americano y la nueva Ronda de Doha, en el seno de la Organización Mundial del Comercio.
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Martin, Carmen, Mariangela Mendoza, Lucia Rios und Vivian Roza. Llamar a la violencia por su nombre. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003796.

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La Violencia Sexual y Basada en Género (VSBG) es una violación de los derechos humanos que continúa afectando la vida de millones de mujeres, niñas, y personas LGBTQ en todo el mundo. Proponemos y explicamos por qué el uso del término Violencia Sexual y Basada en Género (VSBG) es apropiado como concepto paraguas para el abordaje de este tema pues describe el fenómeno de una forma amplia que incluye el conjunto de dimensiones (estructurales, políticas, institucionales, normativas, simbólicas y subjetivas) que diferencian a las personas por su sexo biológico e identidad de género y que pueden cruzarse con la clase social, la edad, la pertenencia étnica, el estatus migratorio, la discapacidad o la orientación sexual.
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Barreix, Alberto Daniel. Administración Tributaria Internacional en América Latina. Inter-American Development Bank, Mai 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007739.

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Cuando se trata de capturar dinero, América Latina queda en jaque al tratar el tema de la recaudación de impuestos con los inversionistas extranjeros. A través de diversas políticas tributarias, los gobiernos latinoamericanos buscan incentivar el comercio y la inversión extranjera, pero estas medidas muchas veces no cumplen su objetivo. Esta presentación contiene una discusión de efectos tributarios de la integración y liberalización financiera y comercial.
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Santamaría, Ricardo. Presentación de Ricardo Santamaría, Asesor del Secretario General de la Organización de los Estados Americanos ante el Foro sobre convivencia y seguridad ciudadana en el istmo centroamericano, Haití y República Dominicana. Inter-American Development Bank, Juni 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007814.

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La presentación expone las funciones de la Organización de los Estados Americanos (OEA) en torno a la seguridad. La OEA actúa en diplomacia preventiva, manejo de crisis y gestión posterior al conflicto con un mismo objetivo: defender el sistema democrático; afianzar las conquistas democráticas que se realizan en los países y fortalecer sus instituciones representativas, procurando siempre la solución pacífica de los conflictos. El tema de las medidas de fomento de la confianza y la seguridad en la agenda de la Organización de los Estados Americanos se introdujo en 1993, cuando la Asamblea General de la Organización aprobó una resolución en el sentido de iniciar un proceso de consultas sobre seguridad hemisférica. Esta presentación fue preparada para el Foro Sobre Convivencia y Seguridad Ciudadana en el Istmo Centroamericano, Haití y República Dominicana, que tuvo lugar en San Salvador, el 4 de junio de 1998.
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Lanusse, José Antonio. Servicios de tecnología para microempresas con base en el mercado. Inter-American Development Bank, März 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007780.

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El presente documento expone la experiencia del Instituto de Investigaciones Socioeconómicas y Tecnológicas (INSOTEC) de Ecuador, que brinda asistencia técnica y capacitación para pequeños empresarios. INSOTEC ha recibido apoyo de la Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional (USAID). Este documento trata del proceso de aprendizaje y evolución tanto en la gestión administrativa como en la gestión operativa, con una orientación hacia la sostenibilidad de largo plazo. Principalmente se hace referencia a la oferta de servicios de acceso tecnológico para microempresas ubicadas en la ciudad de Pelileo, cuya población se ha especializado en la confección de prendas elaboradas en tela jean.
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