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1
Weilenmann, Rolf. „Value based Compensation Plans : theoretische und praktische Aspekte von Employee Stock Ownership Plans : Stock Option Plans und weiteren Value based Compensation Plans in der Schweiz /“. Bern : Haupt Verlag, 1999. http://aleph.unisg.ch/hsgscan/hm00002312.pdf.
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Klemund, Michael. „Stock option plans : ein Anreizsystem zur langfristigen Steigerung des Shareholder Value /“. Frankfurt am Main : Bank-Akad.-Verl, 1999. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=008449504&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Alpert, Karen. „The effects of taxation on put-call parity and option exercise behavior /“. [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18166.pdf.
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Váchová, Zdeňka. „Systém zaměstnaneckých pobídek se zaměřením na zdanění opčního plánu“. Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-17110.
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A comparative analysis of tax regime of respective employees' benefits from an employee's and an employer's point of view with focus on the taxation of employees' option plans. The matters concerning option plans describe a historical development, ways of taxation of option plans in the Czech Republic and last but not least the taxation within international framework.
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Shi, Ruoxi. „The effects of the BEPS Action Plans on the tax avoidance behaviors of multinational corporations in China“. HKBU Institutional Repository, 2018. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/598.
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Multinational corporations (MNCs) around the globe commonly use cross-border related-party transactions (CRPTs) to shift profits from high tax jurisdictions to low ones to avoid paying taxes. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and G20 countries launched the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) Action Plans in 2013 to constrain tax avoidance behaviors of MNCs, particularly the widespread use of CRPTs. This study examines how the localization of the BEPS Action Plans affects the tax avoidance behavior of MNCs in China. Using all the listed non-financial MNCs on the Stock Exchanges in China from 2012 to 2017, I find that: (1) Chinese MNCs with more CRPTs are more likely to pay less taxes than those with less CRPTs. Localization of the BEPS Action Plans does not have significant impact on this behavior. (2) The effect of localization of BEPS Action Plans to constrain corporate tax avoidance is more pronounced on MNCs with relatively poor information quality in the pre-location period; (3) local government-controlled firms (LG firms) with more CRPTs engage in more tax avoidance, but localization of the BEPS Action Plans significantly constrains tax avoidance activities by these firms in the post-location period. These findings should shed light on what mechanisms could constrain MNCs’ tax avoidance, especially income shifting through CRPTs, and how it could be affected by tightening of the tax laws on tax avoidance activities and by ownership structure in a developing country setting, in particular.
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Segodi, Vusi Oscar. „A law regulating taxation of pension benefits in South Africa“. Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1435.
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Thesis (LLM. (Labour Law)) -- University of Limpopo, 2015This mini-dissertation discusses the legal reform of the taxation of pension benefits under the South African law. This study also discusses how South African pension benefits are taxed in instances wherein the member exits the fund either as a result of resignation, death, dismissal, retrenchment, disability and retirement. It further discusses the comparative study between South Africa, Canada, Australia and United Kingdom
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Doidge, Stephen. „The tax treatment of receipts and accruals arising from equity option contracts“. Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007921.
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In this thesis the tax treatment of equity option contracts is examined. The writer gives an overview of the derivatives market in general and discusses the nature and effect of equity options in detail. Limited amendments have been made to the South African Income Tax Act No 58 of 1962 ('the Act') since the emergence of derivative instruments and at present only three types of derivative instruments are recognised: forward exchange and option contracts relating to forward exchange, interest rate swaps based on notional capital amounts and option contracts. Other than section 241 of the Act which deems all receipts and accruals from foreign exchange contracts to be income, the other sections dealing with derivatives do not concern themselves with capital or revenue classification. Accordingly, the classification of receipts and accruals arising from an equity option transaction is generally governed by the ordinary principles of South African tax law with the added problem of there being limited South African case law applying these general prinCiples to such transactions. The research undertaken in this thesis results in the establishment of a framework designed to determine the classification as revenue or capital the receipts and accruals arising from equity option contracts. Speculating, trading and investing in equity options is examined with regard to the general principles of South African tax and available case law. Hedging transactions are analysed with specific reference to their exact nature as well as general tax principles and available case law. The analogy of Krugerrands is used to draw parallels with the tax treatment of receipts and accruals arising from equity options used for hedging purposes. Once the theoretical framework has been established for revenue or capital classification, the actual tax treatment of both revenue and capital receipts is examined with reference to the Act and issues such as the gross income definition, the general deduction formula, trading stock and timing provisions are analysed and applied to receipts and accruals arising from equity option transactions. The thesis concludes with a summary of the findings and recommendations are made based on the research conducted.
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Santos, Aline Barreto dos. „Stock options plans: uma ferramenta de geração de valor? Um estudo de eventos para as empresas negociadas na BOVESPA“. Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2008. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/2926.
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Pode-se afirmar que os Planos de Opções de Compra de Ações ou Employee Stock Options Plans (ESOP), concedidos pelas empresas a seus funcionários, em especial aos executivos, é, das ferramentas de remuneração variável, uma das mais discutidas. O presente estudo empírico objetivou verificar o conteúdo informacional de anúncios de eventos de ESOP no mercado de capitais brasileiro. O estudo compreendeu a análise do retorno anormal de 39 ações observados ao redor dos anúncios relativos à deliberação, outorga, exercício de opção e venda de ações das informações disponíveis para o período compreendido entre Julho de 1994 a Março de 2007, utilizando-se da metodologia de estudo de eventos. Uma análise dos planos das empresas presentes no estudo foi feita de modo a verificar se havia a possibilidade da concessão do direito de exercício de opções a todos os funcionários ou se apenas seriam considerados elegíveis os executivos e pessoas consideradas chaves na empresa. Dos eventos analisados, a deliberação do plano foi o único com algum conteúdo informacional, visto que a distribuição dos retornos anormais acumulados antes e depois do evento foram estatisticamente diferentes para a carteira das ações das empresas que estende o benefício a todos os empregados sendo os valores médios da primeira distribuição menores que os da segunda. Os resultados dos demais eventos (outorga, exercício e venda) não permitiram afirmações consistentes a respeito da geração ou não de valor para o acionista. Assim, os resultados do estudo foram não conclusivos quanto a geração de valor para o acionista quando da ocorrência de eventos relativos ao ESOP. Todavia, há indícios da existência de diferenças no conteúdo informacional transmitido ao mercado em relação aos beneficiários elegíveis para o plano e ao tipo de evento anunciado.
Employee Stock Options Plans (ESOP), granted by companies to their employees, especially to top level executives, are probably one of the most discussed tools of compensation. This empirical study aimed to check the informational content of ESOP events in Brazilian capital market. The study performed an event study covering the abnormal return of 39 stocks around announcements of adoption of plan, options grants, options exercise and stocks sales of the disclosed information from June of 1994 to March of 2007. A descriptive analysis of the companies plans was done in order to verify that there was a possibility of granting options to all employees or only to key employees of the company. The announcement of the adoption of the stock option plans indicates an informational content. The cumulative abnormal returns before and after this event are statistically different for the portfolio of companiess stocks that possibility granting options to all employees. In addition, the returns of the first distribution (before event) are less than the second returns. Other events (options grants, options exercise and stocks sales) showed no consistent result about the generation of value for the shareholder. So, the results were not conclusive regarding the generation of value for the shareholders when the occurrence of ESOP event. Meanwhile, the findings indicate differences in the informational content transmitted to the market concerned of the eligible beneficiaries for the plans and the type of ESOP event.
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Vera-Concha, Germán E. „Expropriation, extraction, and evasion decisions in the design of taxation regimes for the natural resources industry“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b55dc55d-218c-4feb-a93b-991eebb61d10.
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This dissertation provides three models pertaining expropriation and production decisions in the natural resources industries. The first two chapters are intertwined: in these, the government relies on two tools to capture the rents from privately-owned Natural Resources Companies, a corporate income tax and the possibility of expropriating the assets. A real options model is used to assess the effect that progressiveness in taxation has on the political risk of a natural resources project. In the first chapter, we discover that under certain conditions for the underlying commodity: low prices or forward curves in backwardation - the introduction of an equivalent but more progressive tax regime decreases the political risk and the corresponding deadweight loss. However, when initial prices are too high or initial futures curves are in strong contango, the introduction of a progressive tax regime ends up significantly increasing the risks. In the second chapter, producers are able to foresee the risks of expropriation and thus change their behaviour: the results are mixed. As in the previous case, with lower prices and less tendency to expropriate, the scheduling of production allows for gains in the value of the operation for the firms. More progressive tax regimes end up being detrimental to the government, which in some cases can even result in a non-stable equilibrium with the producers and governments trying to outguess each other and end up cycling both the production and the expropriation probability in order to maximise their respective expected value for the operations. This has a detrimental effect for all parties involved. Finally, the third chapter introduces the possibility that a government levies royalties over sales. The development of home-based institutions is going to affect the amount of tax evasion that a government will face and thus determine the appropriate combination of taxes that it must choose. We find that when the host country's tax and technological capacity are too low, a state has no incentives to improve its institutions and becomes trapped in a low tax, low revenue situation: what we call a Royalty Trap. We end up by showing the evolution of tax capture in Chile during the 20th century to illustrate how these concepts might be applied.
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Selmane, Nassima. „CEO Stock Option Exercises : Private Information and Earnings Announcements“. Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU10027.
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Cette thèse comprend trois chapitres. Le Chapitre 1 présente des généralités sur les stock-options et synthétise la littérature existante sur les attributions et les exercices de stock-options. Le Chapitre 2 examine le comportement d’exercice des dirigeants dans les plus grandes entreprises françaises. Les résultats fournissent des preuves de l’utilisation d’informations privées pour exercer les options loin de l’expiration. Le Chapitre 3 examine l'annonce des résultats annuels et sa relation avec la décision d’exercice des stock-options des dirigeants. Les résultats de ce chapitre indiquent que les résultats annuels sont plus susceptibles de dépasser les prévisions des analystes quand les dirigeants exercent leurs options proches de l'expiration peu de temps après les annonces. La probabilité d'annonces de résultats positifs est également plus élevée lorsque les dirigeants exercent leurs options et revendent les actions obtenues. Les résultats montrent également la capacité de synchronisation des dirigeants. Ils accélèrent les annonces de résultats quand ils doivent exercer leurs options à proximité de l'expiration, en particulier lorsqu’ils vendent les actions obtenues. Le Chapitre 3 montre que les dirigeants utilisent un niveau plus élevé d’Accruals discrétionnaires lorsqu’ils doivent exercer des options à expirationThis dissertation contains three chapters. Chapter 1 presents a description of stock option compensation and discusses the existing literature on stock option awards and exercises. Chapter 2 investigates CEO exercise behavior in the most important French companies. The results provide evidence of information timing of option exercises. Chapter 3 examines annual earnings announcement and its relation with CEO exercise decisions. The results of this chapter indicate that earnings are more likely to exceed analyst forecasts when CEOs exercise their options close to expiry shortly after the announcements. The likelihood of positive surprise increases when option exercises are followed by stock sales. The results also show CEO timing ability. CEOs accelerate earnings announcements when they have to exercise their stock options close to expiry, especially when they sell the obtained shares. Chapter 3 shows that CEOs use a higher level of discretionary accruals when they have to exercise options that are about to expire
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Fraichot, Jean-Pierre. „Impact du projet européen de taxation des transactions financières sur les marchés de capitaux“. Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLED036/document.
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La thèse étudie les effets du projet européen de taxation des transactions financières. Elle en analyse les conséquences sur la volatilité, la liquidité, les volumes des marchés d’actions et d’options, ainsi que sur le prix des actions et des obligations. Le Chapitre I, analyse les réactions des teneurs de marché d’option et conclut à un impact non significatif pour les marchés d’options très liquides, et un impact significatif pour les marchés d’options peu liquides, qui est maximal lorsque les positions des teneurs de marché sont détenues jusqu'à leur échéance. Le Chapitre II conclut à une hausse du coût du capital pour les entreprises européennes qui serait défavorisées vis à vis de leurs concurrents situés en dehors de l’EU. C’est la non liquidité des marchés d’options à maturité longue, et l’arbitrage entre dérivés de crédit et actions, qui conduit à cette hausse, d’après le Chapitre I. Le Chapitre III modélise simultanément les prix des actions et des obligations des entreprises. Il conclut à une baisse du prix de ces actifs due à l' introduction de la FTT. Les entreprises à fort levier et taxées à des taux faibles verraient une dépréciation du prix des actions plus élevée que leur concurrentes soumises à des taux plus élevés. Ceci suggère une harmonisation des taux de taxes dans l’EU préalablement à la mise en place de la FTT. Enfin, la FTT, qui déprime le prix des actifs émis par les entreprises, est en conflit avec la règlementation BASEL III qui vise à renforcer leurs fonds propres.En conclusion, notre approche par les options permet de formaliser l’impact sur la volatilité et de trouver une justification à la baisse du prix des actifs mise en évidence par plusieurs études empiriques portant sur des introductions passées de telles taxes au Royaume-Uni et en SuèdeThe dissertation reviews the effects, on capital markets, of implementing, within the EU, an excise tax (the FTT) on all financial transactions. We review the effects on the volatility, the liquidity, trading volumes and the price of assets. In Chapter I, we analyze the option market-makers hedging strategies. We conclude to an insignificant effect of the FTT in highly liquid options markets, as opposed to a significant effect in low liquid option markets, the maximum being reached when market makers hold positions until their expiration date. Chapter II evidences a negative impact of the FTT on the corporate cost of capital due to the illiquidity of long dated option markets, and the arbitrage between equity and credit derivatives. The FTT would increase considerably the cost of capital of European companies whose main competitors are outside the EU.In Chapter III, we model both stocks and bonds theoretical prices and conduct simulations of their reaction to the introduction of the FTT. We find that both shares and bond prices will be negatively affected by the FTT, increasing the cost of capital, in the short and long run. Companies with high leverage and a low tax rate will see the price of their shares fall further than the price of shares of comparable, high-tax, leveraged companies. This suggests that EU should level all corporation tax rates, within the EU, prior to the introduction of the FTT. Finally, the FTT has an antagonistic effect to the Basel III regulation which seeks to increase the capital of banks, because at the same time it lowers the prices of securities issued by Banks. In conclusion, our original approach focusing on options, is fruitful. It makes possible to quantify the impact of FTT on volatility and allows a theoretical justification of the negative impact on asset prices found in empirical reviews of past experience of the introduction of a FTT
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Moenig, Thorsten. „Optimal Policyholder Behavior in Personal Savings Products and its Impact on Valuation“. Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/rmi_diss/28.
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Policyholder exercise behavior presents an important risk factor for life insurance companies. Yet, most approaches presented in the academic literature – building on value maximizing strategies akin to the valuation of American options – do not square well with observed prices and exercise patterns.
Following a recent strand of literature, in order to gain insights on what drives policyholder behavior, I first develop a life-cycle model for variable annuities (VA) with withdrawal guarantees. However, I explicitly allow for outside savings and investments, which considerably affects the results. Specifically, I find that withdrawal patterns after all are primarily motivated by value maximization – but with the important asterisk that the value maximization should be taken out from the policyholders’ perspective accounting for individual tax benefits.
To this effect, I develop a risk-neutral valuation methodology that takes these different tax structures into consideration, and apply it to our example contract as well as a representative empirical VA. The results are in line with corresponding outcomes from the life cycle model, and I find that the withdrawal guarantee fee from the empirical product roughly accords with its marginal price to the insurer.
I further consider the implications of policyholder behavior on product design. In particular – due to differential tax treatments and contrary to option pricing theory – the marginal value of such guarantees can become negative, even when the holder is a value maximizer. For instance, as I illustrate with both a simple two-period model and an empirical VA, a common death benefit guarantee may indeed yield a negative marginal value to the insurer.
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Ceder, Marcus. „Optionsprogram : Vem tjänar på det?“ Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Handels- och IT-högskolan, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-17332.
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Optionsprogram har sedan 1990-talet blivit en allt mer tillämpad form av ekonomisk kompensation i företag. Orsaken till varför denna kompensationsform blivit allt mer populär är för att undvika intressekonflikter som kan uppstå mellan aktieägarna och VD eller övriga anställda.Informationsassymmetri är grundproblemet i denna intressekonflikt, som uppstår i situationer då VD eller andra anställda innehar information om företaget som aktieägarna inte har tillgång till. För att undvika intressekonflikter och för att skapa en intressesammanslagning används optionsprogram för att säkerställa att VD eller anställda arbetar i enlighet med aktieägarnas vilja. Inom vetenskaplig forskning har detta område studerats flitigt och där bland annat nyttan av optionsprogram har ifrågasatts. Forskning på området har också visat att marknaden reagerar positivt när ett optionsprogram introduceras.I denna studie har därför utgångspunkten varit att undersöka vilket utfall optionsprogram har haft och vilka skillnader som går att finna beroende på till vilka optionsprogrammen riktat sig till. I uppsatsens syfte ingår explicit att hitta brister i optionsprogrammen som kan leda till förbättringar. För att göra undersökningen hanterbar har en avgränsning gjorts till företagen på Stockholmsbörsens Small-Cap lista. Därefter har information om optionsprogrammen inhämtats tillsammans med aktiekursdata med hjälp av Aktiespararnas analysprogram.Resultatet av undersökningen visar att de implementerade optionsprogrammen haft ett negativt utfall överlag. Detta innebär att det går att ifrågasätta om intressesammanslagning verkligen sker och om marknadens positiva reaktion är försvarbar i denna kontext. I utfallet för de olika målgrupperna framkom att optionsprogram riktade till flera personer presterar bättre än optionsprogram riktade till ett fåtal personer. I forskningsfrågan gällande programutformning framkom att den traditionella varianten utan prestationskrav var den vanligast förekommande och som också medför svagheter jämfört med nyare varianter.Ett förslag på forskning som i framtiden kan vara av intresse att göra inom ämnesområdet är en undersökning av utfallet efter att nya programutformningar implementerats och vilka svagheter eller styrkor som är inneboende hos dessa.
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Sanjar, Márcio Alves. „Aspectos jurídicos societários dos planos de opção de compra de ações“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2132/tde-05122016-141022/.
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A presente dissertação tem por finalidade a análise dos principais aspectos jurídicos societários do tratamento dado aos planos de opção de compra de ações de emissão de sociedades por ações comumente designados stock option plans , especialmente quanto aos planos adotados por companhias abertas brasileiras. Para tanto, o estudo se inicia com a contextualização dos planos de opção no Brasil em face da chamada Teoria da Agência, bem como das normas atualmente aplicáveis ao referido instituto. Em seguida, por se tratar de questão intimamente relacionada, são discutidos determinados aspectos sobre a eventual natureza trabalhista dos planos de opção, para, então, proceder-se à análise das principais características dos stock option plans. Por fim, é apresentado o panorama atual das companhias abertas brasileiras que possuem um plano de opção aprovado por seus acionistas, como esforço da caracterização da evolução da forma de remuneração variável no Brasil.This dissertation aims the analysis of the main corporate legal aspects of corporations stock option plans, particularly with regards the plans adopted by Brazilian publicly held companies. To this end, the study begins with the background of the option plans in Brazil in the face of the so-called agency theory, as well as the currently rules applicable thereto. Thereafter, are discussed certain aspects involving the eventual labor nature of the stock option plans, as well as their main characteristics. Finally, the study presents the current panorama of Brazilian companies that have an option plan approved by its shareholders, as an effort to illustrate the evolution of the variable compensation in Brazil.
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Nogueira, Julia de Menezes. „Tributação do seguro, do resseguro e dos planos de previdência privada, das seguradoras, resseguradoras e entidades de previdência complementar, sob a óptica do constructivismológico-semântico“. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6484.
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Previous issue date: 2014-08-04The goal of this thesis is to analyze, from the perspective of Logical-Semantic Constructivism, all the tax norms incident on insurance, reinsurance and pension plans. We also went through the tax rules applicable to revenues and profits (or surplus) of the entities that are necessary parties to those contracts: insurers, reinsurers, open and closed private pension entities. The analysis of these normative sets under a single point of view is justified, since the contracts on focus and the activities of these entities have a common goal of ensuring risks. In the case of insurance risks, the risks must only be lawful and subject to the categories of damage insurance and personal insurance. In the case of private pension, it protects primarily the social risk of old age. Regarding the taxation of the entities, identity is shown in many aspects, especially the requirement for establishment of technical provisions to meet the future obligations, providence that must necessarily be observed by the Tax Law. In the last chapter, we concentrate on the system built in Brazil, during the last two decades, regarding the taxation of private pension plans. We analyzed each of its stages, to conclude that currently a scheme called "EET" (exemption/exemption/taxation) is adopted, according to which in the first step exemption and deductibility of contributions are granted, in the second step there is also income tax exemption during the accumulation of resources in the plan, with taxation only in the third stage, when the perception of benefits or redemption by the beneficiary occurs, privileging the long-term savings as opposed to the immediate consumption of the income
Nosso objetivo, neste trabalho, é analisar, sob a perspectiva do Constructivismo Lógico-Semântico, as normas tributárias incidentes sobre o seguro, o resseguro e os planos de previdência privada. Também nos ocupamos da tributação incidente sobre as receitas e lucros (ou superávit) das entidades que são partes necessárias nesses contratos: seguradoras, resseguradoras, entidades abertas e fechadas de previdência complementar. A análise desses conjuntos normativos sob ponto de vista único se justifica, pois os contratos em foco e as atividades desenvolvidas pelas referidas entidades têm como objetivo comum garantir cobertura de riscos. No caso do seguro, riscos de qualquer natureza, bastando que sejam lícitos e submetidos às categorias de seguro de dano e seguro de pessoas. No caso da previdência privada, protege-se primordialmente o risco social da velhice. No último capítulo, nos concentramos sobre o sistema construído no País, nas últimas duas décadas, voltado à tributação dos planos de previdência privada. Analisamos cada uma de suas etapas, para concluir que atualmente se adota regime denominado IIT , segundo o qual há isenção e dedutibilidade na etapa das contribuições, isenção na etapa da acumulação dos recursos no plano, havendo tributação somente por ocasião da percepção dos benefícios, ou resgate, pelo beneficiário, privilegiando-se a poupança de longo prazo em detrimento do consumo imediato
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Oliveira, Carl Douglas de Gennaro. „Convergência brasileira às normas internacionais de contabilidade: uma aplicação prática do IFRS 2 em um programa de phantom stock options real praticado no Brasil“. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2010. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/1767.
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Previous issue date: 2010-05-24The process of Brazil s compliance with the International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) took a big step forward, definitively getting on the agenda of regulatory agencies, companies and auditing firms, when Federal Law 11.638 was signed in December 2007, altering the accounting chapter of Brazilian Corporate Law, 6.404/76. This study contributes to Brazil s process of compliance with the IFRS, specifically regarding the applicability of IFRS 2 Share-based Payment, or its Brazilian corollary CPC 10 Pagamento Baseado em Ações, and the impact on accounting and on the disclosure of a long-term compensation program for executives, characterized as phantom stock options. IFRS 2 was published in February 2002 and was required internationally from January 2005, as an outcome of the growing use of commercial transaction payments based on shares, and also the IOSCO´s report that pointed out the lack of an accounting standard dealing with this kind of transaction. The study found that IFRS 2 or CPC 10 can be appropriately applied to guide the accounting treatment given to a phantom stock option program, and was a more informative accounting practice than that which had been used in Brazil, before 2008. The study also found a wide-spread need of financial knowledge regarding the valuation of stock options, such as the Black-Scholes-Merton model, as well as statistical methods for appropriately account and disclose the fair value of share-based incentive plans. Furthermore, in order to understand more fully the economic event which is being accounted, it is highly important to understand its essence. In the case of long-term share-based incentives for executives, the essence of their existence can be found in agency theory
O processo de convergência do Brasil às Normas Internacionais de Contabilidade (IFRSs) deu um grande salto e entrou definitivamente na agenda dos órgãos reguladores, empresas e auditorias, com a sanção da lei federal 11.638 em dezembro de 2007, que alterou o capítulo contábil da Lei das Sociedades Anônimas, 6.404/76. Este estudo contribui para o processo de convergência brasileiro às IFRSs, especificamente quanto à aplicabilidade do IFRS 2 Share Based Payment, ou sua correlação brasileira CPC 10 Pagamento Baseado em Ações, e dos impactos contábeis e de divulgação decorrentes de um programa de compensação de longo prazo a executivos, com as características de phantom stock options, ou opções fantasmas. O IFRS 2 foi publicado em fevereiro de 2002 e requerido internacionalmente a partir de janeiro de 2005, como uma decorrência do crescente uso de pagamento das transações comerciais com base em ações e também do relatório da IOSCO, que identificou como falha a lacuna de norma contábil que tratasse deste tipo de transação. O estudo identificou que o IFRS 2 ou CPC 10 aplica-se adequadamente para orientar o tratamento contábil de um programa de phantom stock option e representou uma prática contábil mais informativa que aquela até então adotada no Brasil, antes do ano de 2008. O estudo também identificou a grande necessidade de conhecimento de finanças relacionado à avaliação de opções, tal como o modelo Black-Scholes-Merton, bem como de métodos estatísticos, para uma apropriada contabilização e divulgação do valor justo dos planos de incentivo baseados em ações. Além disso, para que se entenda com profundidade o evento econômico que se contabiliza, é de suma importância a compreensão de sua essência. No caso de incentivos de longo prazo para executivos, baseados em ações, a essência de sua existência pode ser encontrada na Teoria de Agência
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Gaudenzi, Patrícia Bressan Linhares. „O perfil jurídico do imposto de renda e a tributação dos planos de previdência complementar privada“. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2006. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/7358.
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Previous issue date: 2006-10-16Considering the progress reached by the private pension fund system, because of the edition of the Constitutional Amendment n. 20, as of 1998, which has resulted in the edition of the Complementary Law n. 109, as of 2001, and the offering of new pension products to the public, private pension is presently a fundamental element for the structure of the Brazilian pension system especially towards the actuarial and financial instability of the public pension system , rendering alternative for the individuals to keep themselves economical actives even in the inactivity phase of professional duties. In order to organize the retirement planning, the individual assesses the tax consequences of the investment in private pension funds, in comparison to other kinds of investment. Facing this reality, the purpose of this study is to present the analysis of the constitutional profile of the income tax, its matrix-rule and the tax treatment imposed to the values invested in private pension funds. As from this analysis, the intention is to review if the income tax deferment regime applicable to the investment in private pension funds effectively corresponds to a postponement of the financial tax burden or if it can result the income tax incidence on part of the individual s heritage (and not his/her income)
Diante dos avanços alcançados pelo regime de previdência complementar, com a edição da Emenda Constitucional nº 20, de 1998, que ensejou a edição da Lei Complementar nº 109, de 2001, e do oferecimento de novos produtos previdenciários ao público, a previdência privada figura atualmente como elemento fundamental na estruturação do sistema previdenciário brasileiro especialmente em vista do conhecido desequilíbrio atuarial e financeiro da previdência oficial , propiciando meios para que os indivíduos permaneçam economicamente ativos mesmo com a chegada da fase de inatividade profissional. A fim de realizar o seu planejamento para o período de aposentadoria futuro, o indivíduo passa a avaliar os impactos tributários do investimento de recursos em planos de previdência complementar, em relação aos outros instrumentos de poupança. Com vistas a esta realidade é que se propõe a apresentar como tema deste estudo a análise do perfil constitucional do imposto de renda, a sua matriz de incidência, e o tratamento tributário atualmente conferido aos valores aplicados em planos de previdência privada. A partir deste estudo, pretende-se analisar criticamente se o regime de diferimento do imposto de renda aplicável aos investimentos em planos de previdência privada efetivamente traduz uma postergação do ônus financeiro do tributo ou pode acarretar a incidência do referido tributo sobre parcela do patrimônio (e não da renda) da pessoa física
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Pradat, Yannick. „Retraite et risque financier“. Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLED022/document.
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Le premier chapitre examine les caractéristiques statistiques à long terme des rendements financiers en France et aux USA. Les propriétés des différents actifs font apparaître qu’à long terme les actions procurent un risque sensiblement moins élevé. En outre, les propriétés de retour à la moyenne des actions justifient qu’elles soient utilisées dans une stratégie de cycle de vie comme « option par défaut » de plans d’épargne retraite. Le chapitre deux fournit une explication au débat sur l'hypothèse d’efficience des marchés. La cause du débat est souvent attribuée à la petite taille des échantillons et à la faible puissance des tests statistiques dédiés. Afin de contourner ce problème, nous utilisons l'approche développée par Campbell et Viceira (2005) qui utilisent une méthode VAR pour mettre en évidence l’existence de retour vers la moyenne dans le cours des actifs risqués.Le troisième chapitre évalue la vitesse de convergence des cours des actions. Un moyen classique pour caractériser la vitesse de retour vers la moyenne est la « demi-vie ». En comparant les indices boursiers de quatre pays développés (États-Unis, Royaume-Uni, France et Japon) sur la période 1950-2014, nous établissons une vitesse de convergence significative, avec une demi-vie entre 4,0 et 5,8 ans.Le dernier chapitre présente les résultats d'un modèle conçu pour étudier les interactions entre la démographie et les régimes de retraite. Afin d’étudier les risques inhérents à l’utilisation des revenus du capital pour financer les retraites, nous utilisons un « Trending OU process » au lieu d’un MBG classique pour modéliser les rendements. Pour un épargnant averse au risque le marché pourrait concurrencer les régimes par répartitionChapter one examines the long run statistical characteristics of financial returns in France and the USA for selected assets. This study clearly shows that the returns’ distributions diverge from the Gaussian strategy as regards longholding periods. Thereafter we analyze the consequences of the non-Gaussian nature of stock returns on default-option retirement plans.Chapter two provides a reasonable explanation to the strong debate on the Efficient Market Hypothesis. The cause of the debate is often attributed to small sample sizes in combination with statistical tests for mean reversion that lackpower. In order to bypass this problem, we use the approach developed by Campbell and Viceira (2005) who have settled a vectorial autoregressive methodology (VAR) to measure the mean reversion of asset returns.The third chapter evaluates the speed of convergence of stock prices. A convenient way to characterize the speed of mean reversion is the half-life. Comparing the stock indexes of four developed countries (US, UK, France and Japan) during the period 1950-2014, we establish significant mean reversion, with a half-life lying between 4,0 and 5,8 years.The final chapter provides some results from a model built in order to study the linked impacts of demography and economy on the French pension scheme. In order to reveal the risks that are contained in pension fund investment, we use a Trending Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process instead of the typical GBM for modeling stock returns. We find that funded scheme returns, net of management fees, are slightly lower thanthe PAYG internal rate of return
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Bachtík, Tomáš. „Daňové implikace zaměstnaneckých opčních plánů a jejich alternativ v České republice“. Master's thesis, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-446067.
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1 ABSTRACT Tax implications of employee stock option plans and their alternatives in the Czech Republic This thesis deals with possible ways in which Czech startups in the form of a limited liability company can enable their employees to participate in the value of the company. The main goal of the thesis is to give the reader a general overview of what possibilities these dynamic companies have and at the same time to analyze them both from a civil law (especially commercial law) perspective and from a tax law perspective. Another goal was to evaluate whether one optimal type can be selected from this range of diverse programs at all. Finally, the author tried to outline the necessary adjustments to the relevant legislation so that stock option plans can be effectively implemented in companies. To achieve these goals, the work is divided into six parts. The first introductory part explains the focus of the thesis on the issue of option plans (and their alternatives) in startups in the form of a limited liability company, both for employees and contractors supplying startups with their services as business partners. The second part describes the general non-legal aspects concerning enabling the employees to participate in the value of the company, which must be considered before deciding on the introduction...
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Fouche, Charlene. „Taxation consequences of providing shares to employees through a trust“. Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23502.
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People make a company. Their expertise and talents, efficiency and job performance determine the company‘s profitability and growth. The long-term retention of employees is of the utmost importance, as these employees have a wealth of knowledge about the company, its industry and the products or services being sold. Businesses have created plans to retain employees for a maximum period of time. These ideas include cash bonuses, phantom share schemes, and providing the employee with shares in the business. This study will look at such ideas in general, and specifically investigate the different ways of providing employees with shares in the business. There are different ways of providing the employee with shares in a business. This can include loans (including interest-free loans) to the employee from the employer, loans to the employee from a financial institution, employee share ownership plans, company share option plans and providing the employee with shares in the business through an employee share trust. Each of these methods attracts certain taxes such as income tax, capital gains tax and secondary tax on companies or dividend tax. The aim of this study is to use a case study approach, critically analysing an anonymous company providing its employees with shares in the company through an employee share trust, and will specifically investigate the different tax consequences of each transaction taking place in the trust AFRIKAANS : Werknemers is 'n maatskappy se belangrikste bate. 'n Maatskappy se winsgewendheid en groei word deur sy werknemers se kennis, doeltreffendheid en werksprestasie bepaal. Dit is vir 'n maatskappy van kritieke belang om sy werknemers vir so lank as moontlik te behou, aangesien hierdie werknemers oor kosbare kennis besit rakende die maatskappy, die bedryf waarin die maatskappy besigheid doen en die produkte of dienste wat die maatskappy bemark. Talle maatskappy het skemas bewerkstellig om hulle werknemers vir so lank as moontlik te behou. Dit behels onder andere kontantbonusse, fiktiewe aandeleskemas en die verkryging van aandele in die maatskappy deur die werknemer. Hierdie studie ondersoek sodanige skemas in die algemeen, en fokus spesifiek op werknemers wat aandele in 'n maatskappy bekom. Werknemers kan aandele in die maatskappy op verskillende wyses bekom. Hierdie wyses sluit in lenings (insluitend rentevrye lenings) van die maatskappy aan die werknemer, lenings aan die werknemer van 'n finansiële instelling, aandeleskemas, opsies om aandele in 'n maatskappy te koop, en die verskaffing van aandele aan die werknemer deur 'n werknemer-aandeletrust. Elkeen van hierdie opsies het spesifieke belastinggevolge, insluitend inkomstebelasting, kapitaalwinsbelasting, en sekondêre belasting op maatskappye of dividendbelasting. Die doel van hierdie studie is om 'n spesifieke gevallestudie van 'n annonieme maatskappye te ontleed, waar die maatskappy aandele aan sy werknemers deur 'n werknemer-aandeletrust verskaf het, en sal in detail na die belastinggevolge van elke aksie in die trust te kyk. Copyright 2011, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Fouche, C 2011, Taxation consequences of providing shares to employees through a trust, MCom dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03262012-153458 / > F12/4/187/gmDissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Taxation
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Chaves, Angela Barros. „Stock option plans no âmbito dos trabalhadores“. Master's thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/13808.
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Fang, Sing-ying, und 方馨英. „The Evaluation of American Executive Stock Option Plans Least-Squares Monte Carlo Method“. Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31011816334415155824.
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碩士國立高雄第一科技大學
金融營運所
97
The American executive stock option is that companies give executives and employees compensation for improving the firm’s stock price. Because issuing options causes the cost of the firms, we need to find a method to achieve this goal but cost less. Traditional stock options ignore the factor of market, so the payoff of options can’t react the firm’s performance relative to the market situation. We price the various kinds of nontraditional executive stock option: Premium options, Performance-vested options, Repriceable options, Reload options and Indexing options. To price Indexing options, we apply relative performance models based on Johnson and Tina （2000）、Camara （2001） and Duan and Wei（2003）. This article we use least-squares Monte Carlo approach to simulate stock process. In addition, we combine stochastic interest rate consisting with the actual condition. Finally, we compare with the incentive effects of the different executive stock option plans. The results show that the options value join stochastic interest rate is higher than constant and the relative performance option’s issuing cost is lower, but high incentive than traditional options. The results reveal show that there has a tradeoff relation between issuing option cost and incentive effect of employees working effort.
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Wu, I.-Chen, und 吳怡箴. „A Research on the Taxation of Employee Pension Plans under the New Employee Pensions Act“. Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/41289868567443808816.
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Wen, Yen-Hsiang, und 溫燕翔. „The Impact of Employee Stock Ownership Plans and Employee Stock Option on the Performance and Capital “. Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/vvnufy.
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碩士中原大學
企業管理研究所
92
Abstract The employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) has implemented for a long time in Taiwan, it also causes many controversial issues. During the past three years, as the option market has been established, the employee stock option (ESO) becomes one of the major compensation systems in Taiwan. According to previous literatures, ESO is benefitial for the performance of the corporations. Nevertheless, there has not been adequate evidence to demonstrate the ESO is helpful for Taiwanese to corporations. This study investigates the relationship among employee stock ownership, employee stock option, corporate performance, and investment expenditure. This work empirically examines the effects of stock ownership and stock option announcements for companies listed in the TSE. Panel data is used and the sample period is from January 2001 to December 2003. The empirical results are summarized as follows： Both of the ESOP and ESO do not significantly affect the firm’s performance. Since ESO has just been started two years ago and is not popular at this moment, ESO does not significantly affect corporate performance. Empirical results indicate that corporate investment expenditure is not affected by the implement of ESOP and ESO. The possible explanation is that the corporations which exercise ESOP by repurchasing it’s own stock so that repurchased stocks become major factor to affect corporate investment expenditure. Although ESO is matched with the new common stocks, yet the exercising date has not come right now, the ESO does not affect corporate investment expenditure so far. Keywords：ESOP、ESO、Corporate performance、Panel Data
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Chang, Chih Wei, und 張志維. „A Study on Determinants of Issuing Employee Stock Option Plans: the Case of the Electronic Industry“. Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/37076832690925618248.
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碩士中國文化大學
會計研究所
96
This study is intended to explore the factors that influence firms to grant stock option. Based on financial theory, we construct some hypotheses to examine the determinants of stock option grants using logistic regression model, this study teaches the following conclusions: (1)Firms with higher growth opportunity have to higher probability of issuing stock option. (2)Firms are more likely to adopt stock options when face liquidity con-straints.
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Yu, Hsia-Hua, und 余夏華. „The Impact of Employee Stock Option Plans on Employee’s Perception of Goodwill and Intention to Retain“. Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93218065190916262578.
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碩士國立中央大學
人力資源管理研究所碩士在職專班
99
The purpose of this research is to study how the different employee stock option plan scenarios impact employee’s perception of goodwill and intention to retain in the specific regulatory and industrial environment of Taiwan. By policy capturing approach, the three dependent variables, executive price, time period, and product life cycle, were permuted and combined into eight employee stock option plan scenarios. The experiment was conducted as internet questionnaire for R&D staff of new economic industry to catch their perception of goodwill and intention to retain in the eight scenarios. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and ANCOVA. We found that lower executive price or shorter time period would induce better attitude. But the results of different industry are identical. No matter in what industry, employee has the best perception of goodwill and intention to retain when lower executive price and shorter time period were combined. On the other hand, scenarios with high price and long period, employees show the worst response. We also conclude that there are interaction between executive price and time period. It means, under the shorter time period condition, that employee would show better perception and intention about low executive price. Furthermore, R&D staffs in consumer electronic product company are more sensitive to the design of time period.
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Hunt, Kirsten. „'Is Treasury broadening the divide between shareholders and employees - an analysis of the role taxation plays in share incentive plans'“. Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/15227.
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Thesis (M.Com. (Taxation))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, School of Accountancy, 2014.It is commonly understood that it is the people within the organisation that hugely affect the efficiency and work environment, which ultimately brings about greater profitability and value. With this in mind, corporate entities continue to ensure that they are attracting and retaining high performing individuals to their organisations with the view of generating greater value for shareholders. The question then arises as to how to attract key individuals to an organisation and keep those individuals. The use of share incentive plans is an established tool implemented by corporates which incentivises employees to remain at an organisation for an extended term while at the same time, attempts to align the interest of the employee with that of the shareholders. Share incentive plans provide one such solution of achieving both these objectives, but how practical is it to implement such an incentive plan in light of the constantly changing tax landscape. Against this commercial driver to attract and retain employees is the apparent mistrust by Treasury and SARS of the use of share plans to incentive employees which is considered by Treasury and SARS as a salary conversion plan with the objective of obtaining a tax advantage. This paper will consider the practical issues faced by corporates trying to implement share incentive schemes to secure the employee’s income earning structure for a prolonged period and aligning the interests of the employee with the shareholders, by considering the tax influencers behind share incentive plans which are being indirectly moulded by the tax legislation, drafted by National Treasury and implemented by SARS. This report will consider the taxation of income earned qua employee versus the income qua shareholder. In order to consider this the paper will attempt to determine where the line currently rests between employee and shareholder, by providing an outline of the current legislation around share plans and some of the commonly seen share schemes implemented in practice. This paper will then consider the direction that this line is moving, if at all, by considering the proposed changes to the legislation as drafted by Treasury and lastly consider how these proposed legislative changes impacts corporates who are trying to implement a long term share incentive plan.
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Maia, Sara Margarida Vasconcelos. „A tributação das stock options no ordenamento jurídico português“. Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/35120.
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As stock options revestem uma especial importância no seio das operações sobre instrumentos financeiros derivados. Assim sendo, a presente dissertação tem como finalidade analisar o regime fiscal das stock options, abordando principalmente a evolução legislativa no âmbito da tributação das mais-valias. Para realizar o presente estudo, recorre-se à doutrina existente e ainda à legislação fiscal em vigor.Stock options are of special importance within operations about financial derivatives. As such, this dissertation has as aim analyse the fiscal regime of stock options, mainly addressing the legislative evolution within the scope of capital gains taxation. To carry out the present study, the current principles and fiscal legislation in force were used.